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PRESENTED BY:-
PRIYANKA CHUGH
M.Sc Food & Nutrition (prev)
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Stages of replication
1. Initiation:-
At least nine different enzymes or proteins participate in the initiation
phase of replication. They open the DNA helix at the origin. The crucial
component in the initiation process is the DnaA protein. A single
complex of four to five DnaA protein molecules binds to the four 9 bp
repeats in the origin then recognizes and successively denatures the
DNA in the region of the three 13 bp repeats, which are rich in AUT
pairs. This process requires ATP. The DnaB protein then binds to the
unwound region in a reaction that requires the DnaC protein.
Two hexamers of DnaB each DNA strand act as
helicases,unwinding the DNA bidirectionally and creating two
replication forks. single-stranded DNA–binding protein (SSB) and DNA
gyrase (DNA topoisomerase II) are now added , thousands of base pairs
are rapidly unwound by the DnaB helicase, proceeding out from the
origin.Many molecules of SSB bind to singlestranded DNA, stabilizing
the separated strands and preventing renaturation while gyrase
relieves the topological stress produced by the DnaB helicase.
2. Elongation
The elongation phase of replication includes two operations:
A) leading strand synthesis and
B) lagging strand synthesis.
Parent DNA is first unwound by DNA helicases, and the resulting
topological stress is relieved by topoisomerases. Each separated
strand is then stabilized by SSB.
3.Termination
the two replication forks of the meet at a terminus region containing
multiple copies of a 20 bp sequence called Ter (for terminus) to create
a sort of trap that a replication fork can enter but cannot leave. The
Ter sequences function as binding sites for a protein called Tus
(terminus utilization substance). The Tus-Ter complex can arrest a
replication fork from only one direction. Only one Tus-Ter complex
functions per replication cycle—the complex first encountered by
either replication fork. Given that opposing replication forks
generally halt when they collide.
Steps involved in DNA replication
Initiation of DNA synthesis on a primer RNA & attachment of subsequent
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate.