MAGNETICALLY

COUPLED CIRCUITS
• When one loop affects the neighboring
loop through current conduction, they are
said to be conductively coupled.
• When two loops with or without contacts
between them affect each other through
the magnetic field generated by one of
them, they are said to be magnetically
coupled.
• The transformer is an electrical device
designed on the basis of the concept of
magnetic coupling. It uses magnetically
coupled coils to transfer energy from one
circuit to another.
• Transformers are key circuit elements.
They are used in power systems for
stepping up or stepping down ac voltages
or currents.
• Transformers are used in electronic circuits
such as radio and television receivers for
such purposes as impedance matching,
isolating one part of a circuit from another,
and again for stepping up or down ac
voltages and currents.
 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
• When two inductors (or coils) are in a
close proximity to each other, the magnetic
flux caused by current in one coil links with
the other coil, thereby inducing voltage in
the latter. This phenomenon is known as
mutual inductance, M.
• The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber
(Wb) (in derived units: Volt-second), and
the CGS unit is the Maxwell.
• Magnetic flux is usually measured with a
fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils
and electronics, that evaluates the change
of voltage in the measuring coils to
calculate the magnetic flux.
• Magnetic flux produced by a single coil
with N turns.

• According to Faraday’s law, the voltage v

induced in the coil is proportional to the
number of turns N and the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux φ; that is,
 FARADAY’S LAW OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

If a conductor is moved through a magnetic

field so that it cuts magnetic lines of flux, a
voltage will be induced across the conductor.
Magnetic flux lines around a current-carrying
conductor.
Flux distribution of a current-carrying coil
The greater the number of flux lines cut per unit time
(by increasing the speed with which the conductor
passes through the field), or the stronger the
magnetic field strength the greater will be the
induced voltage across the conductor.
 FARADAY’S LAW
If a coil of N turns is placed in the region of a
changing flux, a voltage will be induced
across the coil as determined by
• INDUCE - Produce something by
induction: to produce an electric current or a
magnetic field by induction
• INDUCTION - creation of electric or
magnetic forces: the process by which
electric or magnetic forces are created in a
circuit by being in proximity to an electric or
magnetic field or a varying current without
physical contact

Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights

reserved.
• But the flux φ is produced by current i so
that any change in φ is caused by a
change in the current.
• This inductance is commonly called self-
inductance, because it relates the voltage
induced in a coil by a time-varying current
in the same coil.
• Two coils with self-inductances L1 and L2
that are in close proximity with each other.
Coil 1 has N1 turns, while coil 2 has N2
turns.
Assume that the second inductor carries no
current. The magnetic flux φ1 emanating
from coil 1 has two components:
• one component φ11 links only coil 1, and
• another component φ12 links both coils.
• Although the two coils are physically
separated, they are said to be
magnetically coupled. Since the entire flux
φ1 links coil 1, the voltage induced in coil
1 is
Only flux φ12 links coil 2, so the voltage induced
(open-circuit mutual voltage) in coil 2 is

M21 is known as the mutual inductance of coil

2 with respect to coil 1.
• We refer to M as the mutual inductance
between the two coils. Like self-inductance
L, mutual inductance M is measured in
Henrys (H).
• Keep in mind that mutual coupling only
exists when the inductors or coils are in
close proximity, and the circuits are driven
by time-varying sources.
• Inductors act like short circuits to dc,
why?
 Mutual Inductance
• Mutual inductance is the ability of one
inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor, measured in Henry
(H).
• Although mutual inductance M is always a
positive quantity, the mutual voltage Mdi/dt
may be negative or positive, just like the
self-induced voltage Ldi/dt.
 Polarity for mutual voltage
• The choice of the correct polarity for
mutual voltage Mdi/dt is made by
examining the orientation or particular way
in which both coils are physically wound
and applying Lenz’s law in conjunction
with the right-hand rule.
 LENZ’S LAW
If the current increases in magnitude, the
flux linking the coil also increases. It was
shown that a changing flux linking a coil
induces a voltage across the coil. For this
coil, therefore, an induced voltage is
developed across the coil due to the
change in current through the coil.
The polarity of this induced voltage tends to
establish a current in the coil that produces a
flux that will oppose any change in the
original flux.
In other words, the induced effect is a result of
the increasing current through the coil.
However, the resulting induced voltage
will tend to establish a current that will
oppose the increasing change in current
through the coil.
 Lenz’s Law

An induced effect is always such as to

oppose the cause that produced it.
 Dot Convention
• A dot is placed in the circuit at one end of
each of the two magnetically coupled coils
to indicate the direction of the magnetic
flux if current enters that dotted terminal of
the coil.
• The reference polarity of the mutual
voltage depends on the reference
direction of the inducing current and the
dots on the coupled coils.
 NOTE
• At this introductory level we are not
concerned with the determination of the
mutual inductances of the coils and their
dot placements.
• We assume that the mutual inductance
and the dots placement are the “givens” of
the circuit problem.
Dot convention for coils in series; the sign
indicates the polarity of the mutual voltage:
(a) series-aiding connection

(b) series-opposing connection

 Example
For the three coupled coils, calculate the
total inductance.
 Example
For the three coupled coils, calculate the
total inductance.
Example
 REVIEW
For the three coupled coils, calculate the
total inductance.
SELF-INDUCTION VOLTAGE
 DOT CONVENTION
• The dot convention makes use of a large
dot placed at one end of each of the two
coils which are mutually coupled.
• The dot convention reveals the polarity of
the induced voltage across the mutually
coupled coil.
 Check Your Understanding
Assuming M = 10 H, coil L2 is open circuited,
and i1 = - 2e-5t A, determine the voltage v2.
 Check Your Understanding
Assuming M = 10 H, coil L2 is open circuited,
and i1 = 5e-50t A, determine the voltage v2.
 Check Your Understanding
Assuming M = 10 H, coil L2 is open circuited,
and i1 = 2cos10t A, determine the voltage
v2.
 Check Your Understanding
For the circuit shown, determine the open
circuit voltage v1 if i2 = 5sin45t A and i1 =
0.
 Check Your Understanding
For the circuit shown, determine the open
circuit voltage v1 if i2 = 5sin45t A and i1 =
0.
 Check Your Understanding
For the circuit shown, determine the open
circuit voltage v2 if i1 = - 8e-t A and i2 = 0.
 Check Your Understanding
For the circuit shown, determine the open
circuit voltage v2 if i1 = - 8e-t A and i2 = 0.
COMBINED MUTUAL AND
SELF-INDUCTION VOLTAGE
The voltage across L1
The voltage across L2
The voltage across L1
The voltage across L2
 Check Your Understanding
For the circuit shown, determine the output
voltage across the 400 ohms resistor.
 Check Your Understanding
Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the
circuit.
 Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage V0 in the circuit.
ENERGY IN A COUPLED
CIRCUIT
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING,
K
• For k<0.5, coils are said to be loosely
coupled; and for k>0.5, they are said to be
tightly coupled.
(a) loosely coupled (b) tightly coupled
If the entire flux produced by one coil links
another coil, then k =1 and we have 100
percent coupling, or the coils are said to
be perfectly coupled.
Determine the coupling coefficient. Calculate
the energy stored in the coupled inductors
at time t =1s if v=60 cos(4t +30o )V.
Determine the coupling coefficient and the
energy stored in the coupled inductors at
t =1.5s.