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7
8 of minor
INDICATIONS: For the temporary relief
aches and pains associated with the
common Unidade
cold, 2 headache, toothache,
muscular aches, backaches, for the minor 8
pain of arthritis, for the pain of menstrual Post-World War I and the Great Depression
para and
cramps leitura.
for reduction of fever. (1918–1940)
DIRECTIONS: Adults: Take 1 caplet
every 4 to 6 hours while symptoms persist. If Following World War I, the U.S. grew
pain of fever does not respond to 1 caplet, 2 steadily in stature as an economic and military
caplets may be used but do not exceed 6 world power. The aftershock of Russia's October
caplets in 24 hours, unless directed by a Revolution resulted in real fears of communism
doctor. The smallest effective dose should be in the United States, leading to a three-year Red
used. Scare.
Prohibition agents destroyed barrels of
alcohol in Chicago, 1921. The United States
Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles
imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central
Powers; instead, the United States chose to
pursue unilateralism, if not isolationism.
In 1920, the manufacture, sale, import and
export of alcohol was prohibited by the
Eighteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution. The "Prohibition" encouraged illegal
breweries and dealers to make substantial
amounts of money selling alcohol illegally. The
Prohibition ended in 1933, a failure.
During most of the 1920s, the United States
enjoyed a period of unbalanced prosperity: farm
prices and wages fell, while industrial profits
grew. The boom was fueled by a rise in debt and
an inflated stock market. The Wall Street Crash
of 1929, the Dust Bowl, and the ensuing Great
Depression led to government efforts to restart
the economy and help its victims with Franklin D.
Roosevelt's New Deal. The recovery was rapid in
all areas except unemployment, which remained
fairly high until 1940.
A
Able adj. capaz
About prep. sobre; adv. por volta de
Above adj.acima
Abroad adv. exterior
Accept v. aceitar
Accomplish(ed) v. realizar; (realizado)
Account n. relato
Accurate adj. preciso
Achieve(ment) v. alcançar, realizar (n. realização)
Acquire v. adquirir
Actual(ly) adj. verdadeiro (adv. realmente)
Address n. discurso, endereço
Advice n. conselho
Advise v. aconselhar
Affair n. assunto, caso
Afford v. custear
Afraid adj. amedrontado (medo)
Age n. idade, época; v. envelhecer
Agenda n. pauta
Agree(ment) v. concordar (n. acordo)
Aid n. ajuda
Aim n. objetivo; v. visar
Allow v. permitir
Almost adv. quase
Amend(ment) v. emendar, corrigir (n. melhoria)
Amount n. quantia
Ancient adj. antigo
Apply v. candidatar-se
Approach v. aproximar-se; n. abordagem
Arrive v. chegar
Article n. artigo
Assemble v. reunir(-se)
Asses(met) v. avaliar (n. avaliação)
Asset(s) n. bem, trunfo (n. pl. bens)
Assign(ment) v. atribuir, designar (n. tarefa, atribuilção)
Assume v. presumir, supor
Assure v. garantir
Attach v. anexar
Attend v. assistir, freqüentar, comparecer
Attempt v. tentar
Available adj. disponível
Average n. média
Prof. Rafael Dupont Página 4
Inglês BNDES
Avoid v. evitar
Aware adj. ciente
As frases abaixo trazem exemplos de palavras que iniciam com a letra ‘A’. Nem todas elas
aparecem na lista acima. Nestes casos, tente inferir o significado das palavras em destaque.
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
I - Complete the sentences below by using the words from the box.
1. ABROAD
2. ADVISE
3. AFFAIR
4. ASSETS
5. AID
6. AWARE
7. ASSEMBLE
8. ASSIGN
9. ASSURE
10. ACCURATE
( ) ACONSELHAR
( ) EXTERIOR
( ) BENS
( ) DESIGNAR, ATRIBUIR
( ) ASSUNTO
( ) PRECISO
( ) CIENTE
( ) GARANTIR
( ) REUNIR
( ) AUXÍLIO
TESTES
1. There are many who will work hard to achieve their goals.
(A) alcançar
(B) determinar
(C) prender
(D)fazer
(E) terminar
2. Most areas suffered more rain than usual, with Northern Ireland getting double the average
for the month.
(A) situação
(B) chuva
(C) montante
(D) quantiade
(E) média
5. The new laws allow the confiscation of assets purchased with proceeds of the drugs trade.
(A) remedios
(B) drogas
(C) acessórios
(D) bens
(E) aparelhos
6. Her leadership qualities were the greatest asset of the Conservative Party.
(A) vantagem
(B) sorte
(C) bens
(D) bem
(E) segredo
8. I see your point but I’m not sure if I agree with you.
(A) discordo
(B) prefiro
(C) acordo
(D) concordo
(E) vou
16. We approach the end of the year with the economy slowing and little sign of cheer.
(A) abservamos
(B) aproximamos
(C) terminamos
(D) começamos
(E) permitimos
Unidade 3
Para não sermos surpreendidos com o vocabulário dos textos, é imprescindível que a
leitura das questões – principalmente as de interpretação – seja feita antes da primeira leitura
do texto. Desse modo, ao lermos o texto, já teremos uma noção acerca do seu assunto e das
informações que devemos encontrar durante a leitura.
Além das questões de interpretação, é comum encontrarmos questões de referência
pronominal ou numérica. Elas exigem do candidato a habilidade de relacionar pronomes e
números a substantivos encontrados no texto. Vale lembrar que utilizamos pronomes para
evitar a repetição de substantivos.
Leia as questões abaixo e reflita sobre o possível assunto do texto. Logo após, sublinhe
nos textos o pronome citado em cada uma das questões de referência. Finalmente, faça uma
leitura atenta do texto para responder às questões.
TEXTO I
TEXTO II
TEXTO III
Though women’s Day has come and gone, here is a site that truly celebrates the gentler sex. The
cleverly-named www.handbag.com offers in-depth coverage of issues of great interest and
importance to women. There’s a career expert, for example, to help you with your job change and
an online house-price predictor to get you through those messy property issues. But you’ll also
find some lighter editorial content, like the latest in celebrity gossip, fitness trends and beauty
products. Definitely worth a visit!
TEXTO IV
25. According to the last lines of the text, it can be inferred that
(A) The site will be removed from the net due to the Vice President’s complain.
(B) There’s a real picture of the Vice President’s wife with a clown nose.
(C) The Vice President’s wife works as a clown.
(D) The site responded by sending the Vice President a doctored picture of his wife.
(E) The site will be maintained besides the complaints received.
Humor or Disrespect?
“Courage. Passion. Faith. Petroleum. Xenophobia.” That’s how one extremely popular satiric web
site (www.whitehouse.org) sums up the Bush administration. a lampoon of the White House’s
official web site (www.whitehouse.gov), whitehouse.org has been under fire lately for its less-
than-lovely portraits of Lynne Cheney, the Vice President’s wife, that prompted the Vice
President’s office to send a letter to the site requesting that it removes her satiric biography
(pictures and all). The site’s response: to devilishly doctor her picture with a clown nose and black
tooth.
TEXTO V
Even if the automobile is one of the most powerful symbols of the American Dream, the recent
war in Iraq led many people to question the country’s dependence on oil. It wasn’t the car itself
which came under attack from environmentalists so much as some of the most wasteful models.
The massive SUV, or Sports Utility Vehicle, which is a truck on wheels, rather than a car, is a
particular object of hate: the Hummer, for example, gives you as little as 12 miles per gallon,
whereas a Toyota Prius can do 52 and this led the Union of Concerned Scientists to observe: “If
everybody in the US who drives an SUV drove a car instead, we could cut out Middle Eastern oil
imports entirely.”
Unidade 4
Observe com atenção a lista de palavras abaixo. Todas elas iniciam com as letras ‘’B’’ e “C” e
foram extraídas de textos de vestibulares. Esta é a continuação da lista básica de vocabulário
para concursos.
B
Back n. costas; v. mover para trás; adj. de trás; adv. atrás, no
passado, de volta
Background n. formação, experiência
Basis n. pl. base, parte principal
Before prep. diante de, perante; conj. antes que; adv. na frente de
Behave v. comportar-se, agir
Being n. existência, se; v. (+ing) sendo, estando, ser, estar
Belief n. crença
Believe v. acreditar
Belong v. pertencer
Blame v. culpar; n. culpa
Bond n. elo, vínculo
Born (be born) adj. nascido, nato; (v. nascer)
Borrow v. pegar emprestado
Both adj./pron. ambos;
Bound adj. compelido; n. limite; v. limitar
Boundary n. limite (linha divisória)
(line)
Brand n. marca (registrada)
Brief n. breve; adj. conciso
Broad adj. largo, amplo
Broadcast n. transmissão; v. transmitir
Bureau n. agência, departamento
Business n. negócio
But conj. mas, porém; prep. exceto
C
Care n. cuidado; v. cuidar de
Caution n. prudência
Century n. século
Certain adj. certo, determinado
Challenge n. desafio; v. desafiar
Chance n. possibilidade, chance
Change n. mudança; v. mudar
Chapter n. capítulo
Character n. caráter, personagem
Charge n. carga; v.carregar,acusar
Chart n. mapa, tabela
Childhood n. infância
Choice n. escolha; adj. escolhido
Citizen n. cidadão
Claim n. reivindicação, alegação;
v. reivindicar, alegar
Class n. classe, sala, aula
Clever adj. inteligente, esperto
Clue n. pista, indício
College n. faculdade, universidade
Commitment n.compromisso
Compare n. comparação; v. comparar
Complain(t) v. reclamar (n. reclamação)
Compliance n. consentimento
Comply v. concordar, consentir
Comprehensive adj. abrangente, amplo
As frases abaixo trazem exemplos das palavras acima em diferentes contextos. Nem todas elas
aparecem na lista. Tente inferir o significado dessas palavras através do seu uso nas orações.
1. She was too young to give the child the care it needed.
2. You should exercise extreme caution when driving in fog.
3. Generosity is part of the American character.
4. Reducing the gap between rich and poor is one of the main challenges facing the
government.
5. He claimed that it was all a conspiracy against him.
6. He rejected claims that he had affairs with six women.
7. There’s been a record number of complaints about the standard of mobile phone
services on Brazil’s companies.
8. The move is in compliance with the European agreement on pesticides.
9. The group has expressed concern about reports of political violence in Africa.
10. The growing number of people seeking refuge in Thailand is beginning to concern
western aid agencies.
11. The government contends that he is fundamentalist.
12. The director is reluctant to discuss the contents of the play.
13. Sandon Hall and its contents will be auctioned by Sotheby's on November 12th.
14. In every one of her pictures Frida Khalo conveys a sense of immediacy.
15. He also conveyed his views and the views of the bureaucracy.
16. He has had to cope with losing all his previous status and money. (=contend)
Prof. Rafael Dupont Página 15
Inglês BNDES
17. It was amazing how my mother coped with bringing up three children on less than three
pounds a week. (=manage)
18. The core of the city is a series of ancient squares. (=centre)
19. We must look the core of the problem. (heart)
20. The Secretary of State and his Russian counterpart met to try to solve the problems
involving both countries.
21. Ten years after its release, the Land’s End shirt has suffered countless improvements.
22. There used to be strong bond between church and power.
23. FBI stands for Federal Bureau of Investigation.
24. He greeted them with a wave and a broad smile.
25. Mark wouldn’t let me borrow his clothes.
26. Under certain conditions, electrons can behave like waves rather than particles.
27. Nothing would relieve his terrible sense of blame.
28. Kirgizia is bounded by Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan.
29. The Minister is concerned about this issue.
30. Mozart’s life was brief.
31. In a broadcast on state radio the government also announced that it is willing to resume
peace negotiations.
32. He asked several questions concerning the future of the company.
33. She is unable to conceive.
34. I just can’t even conceive of that huge quantity of money.
35. Christopher is commonly known as Kit.
36. Everyone has the right to good medical care regardless of their ability to pay.
37. Standards in health care have improved a lot.
38. Caution is the key word in this situation.
39. Statistics should be treated with caution.
40. The decision will impose serious constraints on all schools
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
I – Complete the sentences below by using the words from the box.
TESTES
30. I can’t bear people who make judgments and label me.
(A) gosto
(B) interesso
(C) presto atenção
(D) relaciono
(E) suporto
31. How could she tell beforehand that I was going to fail?
(A) distantemente
(B) posteriormente
(C) anteriormente
(D) distantemente
(E) erroneamente
32. One billion people throughout the world are Muslins, united by belief in one God.
(A) favor
(B) lado
(C) culpa
(D) crença
(E) marca
34. The commission is expected to blame the army for many o the atrocities.
(A) acusar
(B) aceitar
(C) cobrar
(D) negociar
(E) amparar
35. The agreement strengthened the bonds between the two countries.
(A) desavença
(B) acordo
(C) ligação
(D) disputa
(E) negócio
36. The new treatment could save Emma’s life and the lives of countless others.
(A) poucas
(B) contáveis
(C) incontáveis
(D) sempre
(E) mais
38. That incredible experience created a very special bond between us.
(A) distância
(B) reação
(C) elo
(D) negócio
(E) paixão
40. The local branch of Bank of America is having serious problems with its shareholders.
(A) matriz
(B) quartel-general
(C) banco
(D) repartição
(E) filial
Unidade 5
1 It's just after sunset on a recent Friday, a quiet time in the off season on
2 the island of Ibiza. The $200-a-week package tours from the north of England
3 have not begun to descend on San Antonio Bay, which resembles a mini-Miami
4 Beach on the Spanish Mediterranean.
5 Ibiza owes its life to tourism. When holiday makers from Europe began flocking
6 to the arid and impoverished island 30 years ago, they saved it from collapse.
7 Their dollars helped compensate for the stagnant salt, fishing and agriculture
8 industries. But to tourism grew too much, too fast. Ibiza became synonymous
9 with sun, sex and sangria. Thousands of young Europeans descended upon the
10 island each summer, threatening to destroy the local culture and the people's
11 peaceful life.
12 Now the island is fighting back. The government is desperately trying to
13 take tourism in a new direction, by inviting more capital from up-market tourists
14 and promoting cultural tourism to attract selected groups of culture-hungry
15 tourists so as to avoid the damaging effects of uncontrolled tourist trade. It is
16 also setting high standards for hotels and restaurants, and forbidding new
17 construction close to the water.
extracted and reduced from a report by
Stryker McGuire in NEWSWEEK, May 12,1997
46. “But tourism grew too much and too fast". The growth of mass tourism in Ibiza is described as
(A) a necessary and agreeable occurrence
(B) a policy established by the government
(C) a danger for the local people's life-style
(D) a problem for the young European tourists.
(E) a desirable thing for everyone on the island
1 I was born in 1942 and raised in a poor village in one of the poorest areas
2 of rural India, a place with kerosene lamps and no running water. In 1980, at
3 38, I was a U.S. citizen and a self-made telecommunications millionaire. By
4 1990, I was 47 years old and nearing the end of nearly a decade back in India
5 as leader of a controversial but largely successful effort to build an Indian
6 information industry and begin the immense task of extending digital
7 telecommunications to every corner of my native country, even to villages like
8 the one where I was born.
9 That effort persists today at an increased pace, but it remains
10 controversial. Some of the controversy has centered on me and my methods.
11 Most of it focuses on the efficacy and logic of bringing information technology to
12 people who are in global terms the poorest of the poor. Common sense and
13 accepted thinking about economic development have long held it ridiculous to
14 supply Third-World villages with modern technology. What subsistence farmers
15 need is not high-tech science and complex systems, the argument goes, but
16 basic literacy, disease resistant cereals and oilseeds, that is, all the "appropriate"
17 technologies that the unsophisticated rural poor can use and understand.
18 For me, modern telecommunications and electronic information systems
19 are appropriate technologies even in those regions of the world that still lack
20 adequate water, food, and power. The reason is simply that modern
21 telecommunications is an indispensable a id in meeting basic needs. Wouldn't a
22 telephone help a poor community if a natural calamity, like fire or flood,
23 happened?
24 Technology can eliminate cultural barriers, affect economic inequalities, even
25 compensate for intellectual disparities. In short, high technology can put unequal
26 human beings on an equal footing, and that makes it the most potent
27 democratizing tool ever devised.
49. Some years after having become an American citizen, the writer
(A) didn't even think about his village in India
(B) decided to become a farmer in his village
(C) chose not to think about the poor people's needs
(D) decided to work only for the poor areas in the U.S.
E) began fighting for telecommunications in India
50. The writer's project for telecommunications in his native country is controversial because
(A) people there really hate the leader of the project
(B) the leader wants to receive a great amount of money
(C) the propositions in the project seem inappropriate
(D) the project will only protect the poorest people
(E)the villagers consider the project unsophisticated
52. The expression at an increased pace (l. 7) indicates that the project in India is now being
carried out with
(A) greater delay
(B) weaker enthusiasm
(C) fewer people involved
(D) more rigorous control
(E) greater speed
53. Technology can eliminate cultural barriers... (L. 18) – In this sentence, the modal verb can
indicates that the writer considers the elimination of cultural barriers
(A) doubtful
(B) impossible
(C) hypothetical
(D) unconvincing
(E) probable
Unidade 6
Observe com atenção a lista de palavras abaixo. Todas elas iniciam com as letras ‘D e “E” e
foram extraídas de textos de concursos. Esta é a continuação da lista de palavras essenciais
para o vestibular.
D
Damage n. dano; v. danificar
Data n. pl. (de datum) dados
Deal (with) n. acordo; v. negociar (lidar com)
Dealing(s) n. negócio(s), procedimento
Death n. morte
Decrease n. decréscimo; v. diminuir
Deep n. profundidade; adj. profundo, intenso
Defeat n. derrota; v. derrotar
Definetly adv. Definitivamente
Degree n. grau, diploma
Delay n. atraso; v. adiar
Deliver(y) v. entregar, dar a luz (n. entrega)
Demand n. demanda; v. demandar
Deny v.negar
Depth n. profundidade
Deserve v. merecer, ser digno de, ter direito a
Design n. projeto, desenho
v. projetar, desenhar
Desire n. desejo, vontade; v. desejar
Develop v. desenvolver
Device n. dispositivo, aparelho
Disease n. doença, enfermidade; v. infectar
Display n. exibição; v. exibir
Double n. dobro, duplo
Doubt n. dúvida; v. duvidar
Drop n. gota; v. gotejar, deixar cair
Duty n. dever, taxa, imposto
E
Each adj. cada (um), cada qual
Earn v. ganhar, receber, merecer
Ease n. sossego, facilidade; v. aliviar, abrandar
Eastern n./adj. Oriental
Edge n. extremidade, beira, limite, vantagem; v. margear, avançar
devagar
Effect n. efeito, resultado; v. efetuar, causar
Effort n. esforço, empenho
Either adj. um ou outro; adv. também, em vez de; conj. ou, senão
Emphasize v. enfatizar
Employ v. empregar
Enable v. permitir, capacitar
Enhance v. aumentar, melhorar
Enough n. o suficiente;adj. bastante
Entire adj. inteiro; n. o todo
Establish v. estabelecer, determinar
Eventually adv. eventualmente, finalmente
Ever adv. sempre, alguma vez
Excerpt n. excerto; v. extrair
Exchange n. troca; v. trocar
Expect v. esperar
Expense n. despesa
Explain v. explicar
21. If the warranty is limited, the term may entitle you to a replacement or a refound.
22. Pupils in our schools are taught in a safe, secure environment.
23. We have a duty to persuade others to respect the environment.
24. The UN has established detailed criteria for who should be allowed to vote.
25. The human race has enough weapons to annihilate itself.
26. The committee was established in 1912
1. Complete the sentences below by using the words from the box.
DELIVER ENOUGH
DEFEAT DERIVE
DECREASE EVENTUALLY DELAY
DESIGN DEVICE
DEPTH DATA
ENHANCE
a. The study was based on ………………………….. from 2,100 men and women.
b. You must gradually …….………………….. the amount of vitamin C you are taking.
c. Cesar’s guerrillas …………………… the colonial army in 1968.
d. For sentimental reasons I wanted to ………………………… my departure until February.
e. The Canadians plan to …………………. more food to southern Somalia next summer.
f. This is an opportunity to ………………….. the reputation of the company.
g. The smallest lake in this region ranges from ten to fifteen feet in .………………. .
h. The word Easter ……………….. from Eostre, the pagan goddess of spring.
i. They wanted to ……………………a machine that was both practical and attractive.
j. They were selling an electronic ……….……… that protects your vehicle 24 hours a day.
k. Is there …………….. room for me?
l. She hopes to get a job on the local newspaper and ………………...work for ‘The Times’.
(F) develop
(G) disease
(H) display
(I) distress
(J) domain
(K) draft
(L) drop
(M) duty
( ) angústia, aflição
( ) domínio, propriedade
( ) esboço, rascunho
( ) desenvolver
( ) doença
( ) exibir, revelar
( ) gota, gotejar
( ) dever, obrigação
TESTES
57. The teacher disagrees with the methods and approaches employed in this study.
(A) testados
(B) aplicados
(C) direcionados
(D) revisados
(E) observados
58. The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early.
(A) capacitar – problema
(B) permitir – doença
(C) ajudar – doença
(D) permitir – problema
(E) avisar – doença
59. Large paintings can enhance the feeling of space in small rooms.
(A) favorecer
(B) capacitar
(C) aumentar
(D) suportar
(E) diminuir
Unidade 7
ANIMAL mAGIS
1 ANIMAL MAGIC 2
Most animals have a better sense of
smell than humans. Dogs, for example, are NIGHT MOVES
renowned for their acute sense of smell – a No one knows why some people
hunting dog has around 220 million sensory sleepwalk. But it tends to run in families and is
cells, 35 times more than a human. Horses much more common in children than in adults.
also have highly developed noses, to make Although sleepwalkers are usually able to guide
up for their poor eyesight, and fish and water themselves through doors and down stairs, they
mammals also usually have a good sense of are infallible and can quite easily hurt themselves
smell. Sharks, in particular, can detect fresh by walking into things. It is difficult and not
blood at great distances. Smell can ensure advisable to wake a sleepwalker. Usually the
the survival of the species – male silkworm best idea is simply to guide them back to bed.
can locate a female five miles away by her According to Dr Hanning, the people most likely
specific aroma. Some animals, however, to sleepwalk – and to sleep talk – are those who
can’t smell at all. Most underground animals tend to be more deeply affected by outside
have an acute sense of vibration, but cannot events such as horror films and disturbing news
detect any scent. stories. This may well explain why children are
TOP SANTÉ - Health and Beauty more prone than adults.
TOP SANTÉ, Health and Beauty
IDÉIA CENTRAL
1: ___________________________________________________________
2: ___________________________________________________________
3: ___________________________________________________________
4: ___________________________________________________________
http://www.ran.org/info_center/factsheets/05f.html
1995-2003 Rainforest Action Network
Unidade 8
Observe com atenção a lista de palavras abaixo. Todas elas iniciam com as letras ‘’F’’, “G”,
“H”, “I”, “J” e “K” e foram extraídas de textos de concursos.
F
Face n. rosto; v. enfrentar
Fail v. fracassar
Failure n. fracasso
Fair n. feira; adj. justo
Faith n. fé
Fall (fell, n. queda, outono; v. cair
fallen)
Far adj. distante
Fate n. destino, sorte; v. destinar, condenar
Fault n. culpa, defeito, falha; v. causar defeito
Fear n. medo; v. temer
Feature(s) n. (pl.) aspecto, característica; v. exibir
Field n. campo, área de atuação; adj. de campo
Figure (out) v. imaginar (deduzir, entender)
Fill v. preencher
Fit adj. adequado; v. adequar-se, caber
Fix v. consertar
Foreign adj. estrangeiro
Foreword n. prefácio, prólogo, introdução
Forgive v. perdoar
Former adj. primeiro, anterior, antigo, ex-
Fortunately adv. felizmente
Found v. fundar
Full(ly) adj. cheio (completamente)
Full-time n. tempo integral
Further adj. mais distante, mais; adv. mais, além (disso)
G
Gender n. gênero, sexo
General adj. geral; n. general
Goal n. meta, objetivo, finalidade, fim
Good adj. Bom
Goods n. pl. mercadorias, bens, artigos
Grant n. doação; v. conceder, admitir
Great(ly) adj. grande, ótimo
(adv. grandemente, muito)
Gross n. grosso, total; adj.bruto, grosseiro
Ground n. terra, base; v. estabelecer
Growth n. crescimento, aumento
Guess n. palpite; v. adivinhar, supor
Exemplos de uso.
1. Students can gain valuable experience by working on the campus radio or magazine.
2. Excessive weight gain doesn’t do you any good.
3. The figures show a general decline in employment.
4. John’s goal on life is to write a book.
5. That clothing store is specialized in leather goods.
6. Mr. Brown granted the man permission to leave.
7. Sally was awarded a grant for studying abroad.
8. The crowds behaved grossly during the whole match.
9. A strong wind was blowing right in my face.
10. You’ll face many challenges next year.
11. He failed in his attempt to take control of the company.
12. Their marriage was a failure and they both wanted to be free of it.
13. The result of the contest was very fair according to specialists.
14. I ought to seal the boxes. I don’t want the books falling out from them.
15. I know a nice Italian restaurant not very far from here.
16. All that trouble was George’s fault.
17. It is a big fault to think that you can learn how to manage people in business
school.
18. The spacious garden and the pool are special features of the house.
19. I watched an incredible movie which features a Spanish actor in the main role.
20. They went for walks together in the fields.
21. They’ve spent a lifetime fighting against prejudice and racism.
22. The new government figures predict that two in ten marriages will end in divorce.
23. They are trying to figure out the politician of this whole situation.
24. The government has files on people’s taxes and incomes.
25. Those pants were too small and didn’t fit his waist.
26. The president fulfilled his promise of announcing date for the referendum.
27. Without them you will not be able to fulfill the tasks you have before you.
28. Fortunately, our train arrived on time.
29. More than half of all households report incomes above $ 10,000.
30. You’ll have to be able to handle the whole situation.
31. If Mark asks what happened in court I think we should tell him the truth.
32. She was dressed in the height of fashion.
33. What is the height of this building?
34. George is always very helpful to his mother.
35. The trade imbalance is likely to rise again in 2010. Hence anew set of policy actions
will be required.
36. I can’t carry this parcel. It is too heavy for me.
37. I‘m very worried about John’s heavy drinking.
38. The traffic along Trafalgar Square was really heavy.
39. Those children are nearly the same height.
40. What is the height of that mountain?
41. The highlight of our tour was seeing the palace.
42. Internacional’s match was one of the highlights of the championship.
43. I watched a TV program which was highlighting the problems of the unemployed.
44. Two events have highlighted the tension in recent days.
45. Mr. Smith is highly successful salesman.
46. The new laws will hinder rather than promote prison reform.
47. Laura hopes to find a new job within the next two weeks.
48. All the players felt incredibly ill after eating that meal.
49. His silence seemed to imply agreement.
50. We need to improve our performance on the next game.
51. It is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more
prosperous economy.
52. They’ll have to find a way to augment their income in order to buy the house of
their dreams.
53. The world population continues to increase.
54. It became increasingly expensive to hire baby-sitters.
55. I was absolutely right. There was indeed a conspiracy.
56. The researchers will have to do an in-depth analysis of the figures.
57. I inferred from what you said that she has not been feeling well recently.
58. He was a man with considerable insight.
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
( 1 ) FACE
( 2 ) FORBID
( 3 ) FARTHER
( 4 ) FIELD
( 5 ) FILE
( 6 ) FURTHERMORE
( 7 ) FIT
( 8 ) GENDER
( 9 ) GROWTH
(10) GOODS
(11) GROSS
(12) GRANT
(13) GO ON
(14) GIVE RISE
( ) ALÉM DISSO
( ) DAR ESPAÇO
( ) PROIBIR
( ) ADEQUAR-SE, AJUSTAR-SE
( ) SEGUIR
( ) ARQUIVO, ARQUIVAR
( ) CONCEDER
( ) CAMPO, ÁREA DE ATUAÇÃO
( ) GROSSEIRO
( ) MAIS DISTANTE
( ) ENFRENTAR
( ) MERCADORIAS, BENS
( ) GÊNERO,SEXO
( ) CRESCIMENTO
2. Fill in the blanks by using the words from the box below.
a) She will never make a good teacher – she doesn’t know how to ………………….. children.
b) He normally stays home during the weekends. He ……………………….. goes out.
c) There’s no need to be frightened – they will do you no ………………….…….. .
d) Medicines can be ………………………… if you take too much of them.
e) You may find this book very ………………………….. to your research.
f) Seeing the palace was the …………………….. of our tour.
g) John’s comments served to ……………………… many points in our discussion.
h) His first response was to say no. Later, …………………….. he changed his mind.
i) I feel ………………….. that we’ll find a way to solve this problem very soon.
3. Supply he correct words for the definitions and examples below (letters “J” and “K”).
a) A ……………….. is a magazine, especially one that deals with a specialized subject. ex.: All
the results of this research will be published in Scientific …………………… .
b) If someone ……………………. in a particular state, they remain in it. ex.: All this noise will
…………………….. him awake.
c) A ……………………. is a part of the human body such as an elbow or a knee where two
bones meet and are able to move together. ex.: Her ……………………. ache if she exercises.
d) A …………………… is a specially shaped piece of metal that you place in a lock and turn in
order to open or lock a door, or to stop or start the engine of a vehicle. ex.: They put the
……………………… in the door and entered the room.
TESTES
64. The company is in urgent need to improve the quality of its services.
(A) modificar
(B) implementer
(C) alterar
(D) manter
(E) melhorar
67. There has been an increase of nearly 50% on oil prices over last year.
(A) aumento
(B) redução
(C) diferenciação
(D) moderação
(E) recuo
68. Later, he admitted that the payments had indeed been made.
(A) claramente
(B) felizmente
(C) não obstante
(D) de fato
(E) parcialmente
70. We visited America and Australia, staying longer in the former than in the latter.
(A) último
(B) inicial
(C) final
(D) primeiro
(E) antigo
74. We were very short of money, hence we had to spend the night in a cheap hotel.
(A) por outro lado
(B) depois
(C) além disso
(D) contudo
(E) portanto
75. In French the adjective must agree with the noun in number and ……………….. .
(A) gender
(B) goods
(C) gross
(D) grant
(E) growth
Unidade 9
Time to practice!!!
human beings
and contribute to our quality of life.
There are many kinds of benefits for people that have pets. Imagine a
normal
citizen, meaning someone healthy who needs some kind of therapy.
The presence
of a pet can lower his/her blood pressure, which is one of the reasons
for a pet
guardian’s better quality of life, one year after having a heart attack.
Another
explanation is obvious and applies to all guardians of dogs who wish
to guard
against heart disease: more daily exercise due to the necessary dog
walking. Pet
guardians generally have a lower level of cholesterol and are therefore
less prone
to heart attacks. A study published by the British Journal of the Royal
Society of
Medicine shows that pet guardians are less likely to be bothered by
small health
problems and enjoy a better quality of life than people who have no
pets.
Companionship animals are also of help to children, both at home and
in school.
They augment children’s self-esteem, improve their integration with
other children
and increase their performance in school.
77. Segundo o texto (linhas 1-18), o Dr. Turner exerce diversas atividades,
EXCETO:
(A) Presidente da IAHAIO.
(B) Professor de veterinária .
(C) Professor na Universidade de Zurich.
(D) Líder de comunidades sul-africanas.
(E) Organizador de congressos.
80. No texto, encontramos várias palavras que têm significados opostos, por
exemplo “succeeds” (linha 12) e “failed” (linha 12). Nos pares de palavras
abaixo, assinale aquele que NÃO representa uma oposição.
(A) health (10) >< illness
(B) major (13) >< small
(C) lower ( 28 ) >< higher
(D) less ( 30 )>< more
(E) improve (33) >< increase (34)
82. Nas linhas 15-18, o autor diz que vários tipos de pessoas podem ser ajudados
por animais de estimação. Das opções abaixo, o único grupo NÃO
mencionado no texto é o dos(das):
(A) Idosos.
(B) Crianças.
(C) Criminosos.
(D) Deficientes mentais.
(E) Jovens delinqüentes.
83. A respeito das necessidades dos animais, o texto diz que “Knowing the physical
and psychological needs of cats and dogs helps us to treat them better”
(linhas 19-20). Assinale a alternativa que pode substituir, no mesmo
contexto, a frase sublinhada.
(A) We know what cats and dogs need but we don’t treat them better.
If we know the physical and psychological needs of cats and dogs, we will
(B)
treat them better .
If cats and dogs know their physical and psychological needs, we will be
(C)
able to treat them better.
(D) Everyone knows the needs of cats and dogs because we treat them well.
(E) We need to treat cats and dogs better so we can know their needs.
84. Indique a opção que expressa a idéia principal do quinto parágrafo do texto.
(A) A AAT ajuda aqueles que tiveram um ataque cardíaco.
(B) Os animais trazem vários benefícios para as pessoas.
(C) Os animais são, em geral, mais saudáveis do que os seres humanos.
(D) O maior benefício de se ter um animal é o aumento do exercício físico.
Não se sabe exatamente como os animais ajudam as pessoas com a
(E)
terapia.
85. A respeito da relação entre os animais e as crianças, o texto (linhas 32-34) diz
que:
A companhia dos animais ajuda as crianças tanto na escola como em
(A)
casa.
(B) Os animais irritam as crianças, que perdem a auto-estima.
(C) Os animais acompanham as crianças na escola e em casa.
(D) Os animais se integram melhor com as crianças na escola.
(E) As crianças nunca observam os hábitos dos animais.
Gabarito
77 D 78 E 79 A 80 E 81 A 82 C 83 B 84 B 85 A 86 C
Gabarito
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A X X X
B X X X
C X X X X
D X X X X X
E X X X
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
A X X X
B X X X X
C X X X X
D X X X
E X X X X
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
A X
B X X X X
C X X X X X X
D X X
E X X X X X
55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
A X X X
B X X X
C X X X X
D X X X X X X
E X X
73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
A X X X X
B X X X
C X X X
D X
E X X X
PARTE II
Gramática
Unidade 1
Pronomes
Pronomes Pessoais
(I, me; she, her,)
SUBJECT OBJECT
Singular
1st person I Me
2nd person You You
3rd person He Him
She Her
It It
Plural
1st person We Us
2nd person You You
3rd person They Them
Estes pronomes são usados quando nos referimos a pessoas e coisas. Eles são utilizados quando
não é necessário repetir um substantivo ou noun phrase.
Peter has broken his leg. He will be in hospital for 3 days.
Tell Priscilla that I miss her.
I don’t want this dirty money. You can have it.
I never go to parties. I don’t like them.
Os subject pronouns são usados na frase como sujeito e aparecem antes do verbo.
I know Suzy.
They really want to watch that movie.
He wants the key.
Os object pronouns funcionam como objeto nas orações e aparecem depois do verbo e/ou após
preposições.
Suzy knows me.
Linda never drinks milk. She doesn’t like it.
I don’t like dogs. I’m afraid of them.
Who is that lady? Why are you looking at her.
I like dogs.
Dogs don’t like me.
Além de referir-se a nomes de coisas, o pronome it pode ser usado para não repetirmos as
palavras nothing, everything e all.
I did all I could, but it wasn’t enough.
Everything is all right, isnt it?
1c. One
Pronomes Possessivos
(my, mine; her, hers; his, his)
POSSESSIVES
ADJECTIVES
Singular
1st person My Mine
2nd person Your Yours
3rd person His His
Her Hers
Its Its
Plural
1st person Our Ours
2nd person Your Yours
3rd person Their Theirs
Os possessive pronouns são usados para não repetirmos estruturas como my car, your keys,
their books.
My flat is close to downtown. Where’s yours? (yours = your flat)
Our dog is smaller than theirs. (theirs = their dog)
Your house is older than mine. (mine = my house)
My car is faster than yours. (yours = your car)
Pronomes Reflexivos
(myself, herself, himself)
Na língua inglesa, os pronomes reflexivos são: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. O uso mais comum destes pronomes é para
falar de ações onde o sujeito e o objeto são a mesma pessoa.
She cut herself last weekend.
I’m going to the mall to get myself some new clothes.
Uso enfático
Expressão
by oneself
By myself/yourself etc. pode ter dois sentidos: ‘alone, without company’ ou ‘without help’.
They often like to spend time by themselves.
‘Do you need any help?’ ‘No, thanks. I can do it by myself.
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
a) Paul and I saw Peter yesterday. He bought Paul and me a cup of coffee.
__________________________________________________________________________
b) I’m looking for Sally. Have you seen Sally. Sally isn’t at home.
__________________________________________________________________________
c) Sally and Ie saw a film called ‘The Hedgehog’ yesterday. Have you seen this film?
__________________________________________________________________________
d) Paul and Ringo are meeting George today. George is having dinner with Paul and Ringo.
__________________________________________________________________________
e) Come to the garden with Susan and me. Susan and I are having fun here.
__________________________________________________________________________
TESTES
3. Each dog has ………. own dish for food and water.
(A) its
(B) theirs
(C) his
(D) hers
(E) it
7. Na frase A scorpion comes along and asks the toad to take him to the other side of the pond,
a palavra sublinhada se refere a
(A) scorpion
(B) pond
(C) toad
(D) along
(E) asks
8. Technology for young people today is new, …. is exciting, and … is the difference between
… and he older generation.
(A) he – he – their
(B) it – it – they
(C) its – its – them
(D) she – she – they
(E) it – it – them
9. With Tel-net services a user could connect to another computer anywhere in the world and
use ………. as if were sitting on …..… own desktop.
(A) he – its
(B) it – him
(C) he – its
(D) it – his
(E) him – it
GABARITO UNIDADE 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
A X X X X
B X X
C X X X
D X X X
E X X
Unidade 2
VERBOS
Presente Simples
(I go, I don’t go)
O presente simples é formado pela forma infinitiva dos verbos menos a partícula to. Na terceira
pessoa do singular acrescentamos o -s nos verbos. Observe no quadro abaixo a sua conjugação
na forma afirmativa.
I DRIVE
YOU DRIVE
HE/SHE/IT
DRIVES
WE DRIVE
YOU DRIVE
THEY DRIVE
Nas formas negativas e interrogativas, usamos o verbo auxiliar do/does + verbo. Note que o
verbo principal permanece sempre no infinitivo.
WORK
I/WE/YOU/TH DON’T DO
EY DRIVE
WORK
HE/SHE/IT DOESN’T DO
DRIVE
WORK?
DO I/WE/YOU/TH DO?
EY DRIVE?
WORK?
DOES HE/SHE/IT DO?
DRIVE?
Falar de ações habituais que acontecem o tempo todo ou repetidamente. Nestes casos, é
comum o uso de advérbios de freqüência ou locuções adverbiais de freqüência como : always;
often;, usually; sometimes; seldom, never; every day; on Sundays; once a week; twice a week;
three times a week; etc.
Verdades universais.
Instruções.
A: How do I get to the nearest bus stop?
B: You go straight on to the traffic lights, then you turn right…
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
b) (He/drink/tea)
_________________________________________________________________________
TESTES
3. Once a week, from eight till nine o’clock or later, Paul goes to Victor’s to watch television.
A ação descrita,
(A) acaba de acontecer.
(B) acontece regularmente.
(C) vinha acontecendo.
(D) aconteceu uma vez.
(E) aconteceu no passado.
4. She ________________ movies. She ______________ to the cinema five times a week.
(A) love - go
(B) hates - gos
(C) loves - goes
(D) loves - going
(E) hated – go
10. Os verbos TEACH, STUDY, PLAY, KISS e GO, na terceira pessoa do singular do simple
present ficariam, respectivamente:
(A) teachs – studys – plays – kisses – goes
(B) teaches – studys – plaies – kisses – goes
(C) teaches – studies – plays – kiss – goes
(D) teaches – studies – plays – kisses – goes
(E) teaches – studys – plaies – kisses – gos
Passado Simples
(I played/I didn’t play)
O simple past é usado para falar de ações e acontecimentos no passado que já estão
encerrados. Os verbos são geralmente acompanhados de expressões temporais (advérbios) que
determinam quando tal ação aconteceu. Quando estas expressões não aparecem na frase, os
falantes sabem quando a ação do verbo ocorreu. As formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa
do passado simplest estão no quadro abaixo. Note que nas estruturas negativas e interrogativas,
utilizamos o verbo auxiliar did e colocamos o verbo principal no infinitivo.
Os verbos do quadro abaixo são regulares. Eles formam o passado com o acréscimo da
terminação -ed no seu final.
live – lived walk –
walked
cook – cooked ask –
asked
Usos
ATIVIDADES DA AULA
Charles Bukowski is a famous American writer. He was born in Andernach, Germany. His
father was an American soldier and he met his mother in Germany. His parents went to the
United States when he was three. He grew up in Los Angeles and lived there for fifty years. He
published his first story in 1944 when he was twenty-four and began writing poetry at the age of
thirty five. During his lifetime he published more than forty-five books of poetry and prose. He
died in San Pedro, California on March 9, 1994 at the age of seventy-three..
Adapted from: ‘Women’, ECCO.
Reescreva as frases abaixo de acordo com o texto.
d) He grew up in Germany.
_________________________________________________________________________
f) He died in Germany.
_________________________________________________________________________
1. Love _______
2. Be _________
3. Have _______
4. Pass _______
4. Grow _______
5. Find ________
“I have always loved animals. I ________ them deeply, from the very first days of my life. When
I ____ young, we always ____ many animals in our house, and so I used to spend most of my
days playing with them and taking care of them. As the years ______, I _______ into a quiet,
gentle man, and my love for animals ______ too. I ________ that they ______ more friendly,
more honest than most men. Animals ______ always my best friends.”
Adapted from: ‘Tales of Mystery and Imagination’, Oxford University Press
Ex.
a) I went to Africa in 1997.
When did you go to Africa?
d) It rained yesterday.
________________________________________________________________________?
TESTES
12. Read what Suzy says about a typical day in her life:
Suzy: I usually get up at 8 o’clock and have breakfast. I take a bus to work and I arrive at the
office at 9 o’clock. I never have lunch. I finish work at 6 o’clock and I generally go to the
University after it. I go to bed around 10 o’clock every night.
Yesterday was a typical day for Suzy. Complete the sentences based on the information given.
She _________ up at 8 o’clock. She ________ a bus to work. She _________ there at 9 a.m.
She _________ lunch. She __________ work at 6 p.m. and probably __________ to the
University after it. She _________ to bed around 10 p.m.
(A) got – took – arrived – had – finished – went – went
(B) gets – took – arrive – has – finished – went – went
(C) got – took – arrived – has – finished – gone – gone
(D) got – taken – arrived – had – finished – gone – gone
(E) got – took – arrived – has – finished – went – went
16. The murderer ………………….. the room and …………………. the old woman.
(A) enters – shot
(B) entered – shooted
(C) enter – shot
(D) entered – shoots
(E) entered – shot
20. Sheila was very thirsty. She …………………… the water quickly
(A) drank
(B) drinks
(C) didn’t drank
(D) drink
(E) doesn’t drink
Presente Contínuo
(I’m driving, I’m not driving)
1. Formas
to be + -ing
AFFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTERROGATIVA
I am working I’m not working Am I working?
you are working you aren’t working Are you working?
etc etc Etc
2. Usos
2a. temporary actions and situations that are going on ‘around now’: before, during and after
the moment of speaking.
2b. future
repeated actions: the present continuous is more used in this case if the event is happening
around the moment of speaking. Compare:
Lucy is watching a lot of Friends these days.
Sarah goes to the cinema twice a week.
Translation
Passado Contínuo
(I was driving, I wasn’t driving)
1. Formas
2. Usos
2a. say that something was in progress around a particular time in the past.
‘What were you doing at 9 o’clock yesterday night?’ ‘I was playing cards with John. I swear.’
When I got up this morning it was raining.
2b. say that something was in progress at every moment during a period of time.
They were walking on the street while the girls were watching them.
It is often common to use the simple past with the past continuous. The past continuous refers
to an action or situation which was being developed; the simple past refers to an action or event
that happened in the middle of the other action or that interrupted it..
Translation
a) Two couples were playing cards when John accidentally dropped some cards on the floor.
b) When he bent down under the table to pick up the cards, he noticed that Bill's wife was
cheating!
______________________________________________________________________________
Gabarito Unidade 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A X X
B X X
C X X X X
D X X X X
E
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
A X X
B X X X
C X X
D X X
E X
Unidade 3
Present Perfect
O present perfect é formado com o verbo auxiliar have / has e um verbo no particípio (done,
seen, put). Observe no quadro abaixo a conjugação do verbo work no present perfect.
1. When we use the present perfect tense we are saying that a finished action or event is
connected with the present. When we say that something has happened we are thinking about
the present and the past at the same time.
‘What is Ted doing?’ ‘He is looking for his key. He has lost it.’
I can’t go to the park with you because I’ve broken my leg. (my leg is broken now)
Susan has had a baby.
Our cat has died.
3. The present perfect is also used to give the idea of completion or achievement.
3. The present perfect can be used when we are referring to a period of time continuing up to the
present.
Have you ever seen the movie ‘Lethal Weapon’?
I’m sure we’ve met before.
He’s never apologized for anything in his life!
‘Has Bob come yet?’ ‘Yes, and he’s already started to make trouble.’
‘Have you told the whole story to Peter’ ‘No, I haven’t told him yet.’
4. It is also correct to use the present perfect to say that something has happened several times
up to the present.
I’ve been to Canada once/twice/three times.
I’ve already written ten e-mails to Anna and she hasn’t answered me yet.
How often have you been in love in your life?
5. It is common to use the present perfect to say how long a present situation has lasted.
I’ve been a student since 1984.
They’ve studied hard for years.
‘How long have you been a teacher?’ ‘I’ve been a teacher for seven years.’
NOTES
TESTES
1. I know now I shall never write a book better than the ones I ……………
(A) did write
(B) have written
(C) had write
(D) have writing
(E) wrote
2. Choose the alternative which presents all the verbs in the past participle.
(A) cut – readed – played – put
(B) hung – read –put – come
(C) cutted – putted – readed – came
(D) read – put – come – sang
(E) drank – read – come – put
3. Mexico …………... many difficult crisis in history, but now it …………… its own Future.
(A) has faced – is shaping
(B) faced – was shaped
(C) have faced – shapes
(D) have been facing – shaped
(E) faces – has been shaped
4. Choose the alternative which presents all the verbs in the past participle
(A) fed – fought – fall – hurted – taught
(B) won – hurt – hit – let – sat
(C) sat – slept – drunk – grew - taught
(D) hurt – led – made – set – sang
(E) threw – letted – setted – hurt – fed
5. The word that could be placed between have and seen in the sentence I have seen that
play many times is
(A) never
(B) yet
(C) still
(D) ever
(E) already
7. Among the magazines and newspapers that ………... electronic recently ………….. Time, The
Los Angeles Times and Wired.
(A) have gone – are
(B) have go – will be
(C) have been going – been
(D) had went – were
(E) has gone – are
8. A resposta certa para a pergunta Have we reached the point where we can no longer be sure
of the security information? é
(A) Yes, we had.
(B) Yes, we have.
(C) Yes, we has.
(D) Yes, we did.
(E) Yes, we could.
10. Escolha a melhor tradução para a frase Martha has gone crazy.
(A) Martha foi uma louca.
(B) Martha foi para a loucura.
(C) Martha enlouqueceu.
(D) Martha foi visitar uma louca.
(E) Martha é louca.
Past Perfect
O past perfect é formado com o verbo auxiliar had e um verbo no particípio (done, seen, put).
Observe no quadro abaixo a conjugação do verbo work no present perfect.
2. The past perfect is used to talk about an action or situation which happened before another
one in he past. The past perfect is an ‘earlier past’.
When Mary arrived home, Peter had left.
She realized that they had met before.
When I got home, my sister had just left.
3. The past perfect is commonly used after verbs of saying and thinking, to talk about things that
had happened before that saying or thinking took place.
I told him I had sold the car.
I thought I had paid you.
I wondered who had left the window open
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
Complete the blanks in text below by using the verbs from the box. You may use each verb just
once and put them into the simple past tense or the past perfect tense.
BECOME BUY
REALIZE
BE BEGIN
Paul Auster was born in Newark, New Jersey on 3 February 1947. He is a contemporary
American novelist of Jewish origin. His father, Samuel Auster, was a landlord, who owned
buildings with his brothers in Jersey City. His mother, Queenie Auster, was some 13 years younger
than her husband. The family was middle-class, the parents' marriage an unhappy one. Queenie
…………………………….., even before the end of the honeymoon, that the marriage
……………………….…….. a mistake, but her pregnancy made escape impossible.
Auster grew up in the Newark suburbs of South Orange and Maplewood. When he was 3½
years old, a younger sister was born. When she was five, her psychological instability
……………………….. apparent, and in later years she would be debilitated by mental breakdowns.
In 1959 his parents …………………... a large house in their town's most prestigious
neighborhood. It was here that Auster's uncle, the skilled translator Allen Mandelbaum, left
several boxes of books in storage while he traveled to Europe. The young Auster read the books
enthusiastically.
Instead of attending his high-school graduation, Auster headed for Europe. He visited Italy,
Spain, Paris, and Dublin. While he traveled he continued working on a novel he
………………………….. some time before.
Futuro
Futuro Simples
O futuro simples (simple future) é formado com os verbos modais/auxiliaries shall e will
acrescido de um verbo na forma infinitiva (do, play, see, put). Observe no quadro abaixo a
conjugação do verbo put no futuro simples.
shall / will + infinitive
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I will put I will not put Will I put?
you will put you won’t put Will you put?
he/she/it will put he/she/it won’t put Will he/she/it put?
etc etc Etc
1. Shall and will are used when we are simply giving information about the future, or predicting
future events which are not already decided.
It’s too cold here. I will light the fire.
In 2050, people will be able to fly.
I shall probably be at Mary’s late at night
I think Manchester United will win.
Maybe I’ll return later. I haven’t decided yet.
2. It can also be used for actions that we decide to do NOW, at the moment of speaking.
Considering these five options I think I’ll take the red one.
I like this red coat. I’ll buy it.
Be Going To
be + going to + infinitive
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE
I’m going to work I’m not going to work Am I going to work?
you’re going to work you’re not going to Are you going to
he/she/it is going to work work?
work he/she/it isn’t going to Is he/she/it going to
etc work work?
etc Etc
It can also be used for something that we expect to happen because the situation now indicates
that it is going to happen.
He is running towards the goal, and he’s going to score.
Look at the sky. It’s going to rain.
That little boy isn’t looking where he’s going. He’s going to walk into that tree.
17. Mary and I have decided to have a party. We …………..…………… a lot of people.
(A) has invited
(B) will invite
(C) are going to invite
(D) invite
(E) shall invite
18. They ……………….. the train at Grand Station two hours ago. We …..….. ….….. them if we
run.
(A) catch – will get
(B) caught – will got
(C) caught – may get
(D) catch – may got
(E) caught – will gotten
19. The bell ……………. 30 minutes ago. I’m pretty sure we ……….. late.
(A) rung – are
(B) rings – are
(C) rang – is
(D) rang – are
(E) rings – will be
20. They ….………. to take their vacation in June. They …...…. ………. money so that they can
go to Thailand.
(A) have planned – are saving
(B) plan – are saves
(C) intend – is saves
(D) planned – are saving
(E) intends – will save
21. We’d ………… a very good time at the pic nic before Kevin ………… us with his spoiled
children.
(A) have – join
(B) had - joins
(C) has - joined
(D) had – joined
(E) have – will join
22. Mr. Smith ……………. to China to work. Last week, I ………… his partner and he ……………..
me that he is going there too . There are rumors that Mr. Smith is becoming rich.
(A) went – met – told
(B) goes – met – told
(C) went – meets – tells
(D) has gone – met - tell
(E) has gone – met - told
23. I first …………….. Music of Chance when I was in high school. I ……………… it several times
since then. I ………… ............... it again pretty soon. I love that book.
(A) read – has read – am reading
(B) read – have read – will read
(C) have read – have read – will read
(D) read – read – read
(E) have read – read – will read
24. When the bell ……. all the students ………… from their seats and ………….. towards the
streets.
(A) rang – jumped – ran
(B) has rang – jumped – run
(C) rings – jumps – has ran
(D) rang – has jumped – run
(E) rings – had jumped – runs
25. We are now ……………….. on 50th street where we ………………… since 2004.
(A) living - live
(B) living – have lived
(C) living – left
(D) live – have lived
(E) living – had left
26. The first world war ……………… in 1914 and …………… in 1918.
(A) begun – ends
(B) begins – ends
(C) began – ended
(D) begin - ended
(E) began – has ended
29. They ………………… in the restaurant on the corner when I saw …………….. .
(A) were eating – him
(B) ate – theirs
(C) are eating – him
(D) were eating – them
(E) eat - theirs
33. The pound ………………. to its lowest recorded level against the dollar.
(A) have sunk
(B) are going to sink
(C) had sink
(D) will sinks
(E) has sunk
34. For ten years she ………………… among the nomads of North America. She told me it was a
great experience.
(A) dwelt
(B) have dwelled
(C) dwells
(D) has dwelt
(E) had dwell
37. When he bought the book, he told that he …………….. for it everywhere.
(A) had look
(B) has looked
(C) looks
(D) had looked
(E) have looked
39. What did she say she ………….. with the money?
(A) had did
(B) have done
(C) has done
(D) had done
(E) had do
41. When I first saw Lucy, I ………….….. that I ……….….. her before.
(A) feel – have met
(B) felt – had met
(C) had felt – have seen
(D) feel – had met
(E) had felt – met
42. When I got to the station I realized that I ……………… the front door opened.
(A) leave
(B) had left
(C) has left
(D) left
(E) leaves
45. We would have gone to the beach if the weather …………………. nice yesterday.
(A) were
(B) was
(C) had been
(D) is
(E) are
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Unidade 4
Verbos modais
Os verbos can, could, should, may, etc são chamados ‘verbos modais auxiliares’. Eles sempre
aparecem antes de outros verbos no infinitivo e adicionam diferentes significados como certeza,
obrigação, etc. Suas principais características são as seguintes:
c) devem ser sempre seguidos de um outro verbo o infinitivo sem a partícula to.
We must water the flowers.
Usos
We use can to say that something is possible or that somebody has the ability to do something.
They can see the bridge from their bedroom window.
I can come and see you next weekend if you like.
Can you speak English?
Mary can’t speak any foreign language.
Can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). When we want to express another
tense, it is necessary to use (be) able to.
John can’t sleep.
John hasn’t been able to sleep recently.
The past form is must have (done) and can’t have done.
The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. I must have been out.
Lucy didn’t look at me yesterday. She can’t have seen me.
When we know that it is necessary to do something we use must and have to.
I haven’t seen Ann for ages. I must pay her a visit.
Gina can’t come with us this evening. She has to work.
Bill is such a nice guy. You must meet him.
You can’t turn left here. You have to turn right.
We use should have (done) when we didn’t do something but we think it would have been
the right thing to do.
You missed a great party, Sarah. You should have come.
I’m not feeling right. I shouldn’t have drunk so much.
For the past we use may have (done) or might have (done)
Mary didn’t come to the party last night. She might have been sick.
Where’s my wallet? I may have left at Paula’s house.
When we use had better, we are saying that it is advisable to do something. If one don’t do it,
there will be a problem or a danger.
I have to catch the plane in ten minutes. I’d better go now.
You’d better take an umbrella. It might rain this afternoon.
Offering to do things.
Can I help you?
Can I get you some medicine?
Requests.
Can you give me a hand, please?
Could you open the door, please?
John, would you do me a favor?
Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate.
We use used to (do) to say that something happened regularly in the past but no longer
happens.
Bob used to smoke forty cigarettes a day. Thank God he doesn’t smoke anymore.
Tina used to travel a lot when she worked at Varig.
Raphael used to have long hair when he was a teenager.
We use the structure (be) used to (doing) something when the thing is not strange or new for
me.
I’m used to eating spicy food because I lived in Mexico for three years.
Mary is used to working hard because she worked as a intern some time ago.
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
2. Relacione as colunas.
1 - SHOULD
2 - MAY
3 - MIGHT
4 - WOULD
5 - COULD
6 - MUST
7 - MUST NOT
8 - CAN
TESTES
1. A frase excessive government spending may be the most important nos dá a idéia de
(A) possibilidade.
(B) certeza.
(C) dúvida.
(D) necessidade.
(E) obrigação.
3. By visiting colleges and writing to parents, the police will ………………… to help improve
surveilance.
(A) can
(B) be able
(C) many
(D) to be able
(E) able
4. A frase I can’t speak French pode ser substituída, conservando o mesmo sentido, por
(A) I mustn’t speak French.
(B) I am not able to speak French.
(C) I ought not to speak French.
(D) I may not speak French.
(E) I shall not speak French.
9. The teacher helped the boy …….. the exercise because he ….…. it alone.
(A) did – can’t do
(B) to do – wasn’t able to do
(C) to do – couldn’t to do
(D) did – isn’t able of do
(E) do – is able to doing
10. I ………….. a lazy student, but now I know I was just wasting my time.
(A) was used to be
(B) used to being
(C) used to be
(D) am used to be
(E) use to
11. She ……. in the park every day when she was younger.
(A) used to walk
(B) was walking
(C) has been walking
(D) walks
(E) has walked
16. They don’t answer their telephone. They …………………. away somewhere.
(A) must go
(B) may have
(C) must have gone
(D) may have go
(E) should go
17. They think now that the jewels ……………………….. by one of the servants.
(A) might have been stolen
(B) must steal
(C) might have stole
(D) may have stolen
(E) may steal
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Unidade 5
Linking Words
linking word
I went to bed early because I was very tired.
clause clause
They not only join clauses. They also show how the meanings of the two clauses are related.
Time
As, when and while are used to refer to one action taking place at the same time as another.
When my alarm rings at 6 a.m. I immediately get up.
While you were out, John rang.
As I was looking out of the window, they arrived.
The play started as I got there.
All the jury’s eyes were on him as he continued speaking.
Paul had a heart attack while he was driving.
After, as soon as, before and when are used to refer to an action taking place immediately after
another.
As soon as I saw him on TV, I changed channel.
After I left high-school, I went abroad.
The customer left the store before I could give him an explanation.
When I finished doing the homework, I went out.
Contrast
Although, though and even though are used before a subject and a verb to opposing or
contrasting statements.
Although he is a good writer, he’s never published a book.
Although the shooting has stopped for now, the destruction left behind is enormous.
Even though there’s a speed limit, drivers rarely respect it.
Even though we played well, we lost the game.
Though George studied hard last week, he didn’t manage to pass the exam.
George studied hard. He didn’t manage to pass his exam though.
Despite or in spite of are also used to opposing or contrasting statements, but they always come
before nouns, pronouns or gerunds.
Despite the traffic, we managed to reach the theatre on time.
In spite of the weather, we decided to go out anyway.
Despite his shyness, he invited Sally to go out.
I’m not hungry, in spite of not eating all day.
Mary didn’t call, in spite of being late.
NOTE
Notwithstanding can be used with the same meaning as in spite of.
Notwithstanding a decline in numbers, the company has had a good year.
The contract is invalid, notwithstanding the goods have been delivered.
While and whereas are used to refer to contrast between two statements.
It was raining in the city, while the weather was lovely in the country.
John loves to eat vegetables, while Linda hates it.
We can never agree on what film to watch. You like comedies, whereas I prefer thrillers.
My old flat was very old, whereas my new one is brand new.
But, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet and notwithstanding are used to give an idea of
contrast between clauses, sentences and words.
He not only wants to be taken seriously as a musician, but as a poet too.
I’m sorry, but I have to tell you something.
Sally said she would never meet Paul again. However, the next morning, she called him.
Most marriages fail after eight years. Nevertheless, people continue to get married.
There was still a long way to go. Nonetheless, a huge progress had been made.
It was a simple yet beautiful dress.
I couldn’t remember meeting him before, yet his face seemed familiar.
Thus, hence, so, consequently, therefore and then are used to refer to the result of something.
Some people are more capable and thus better paid than others.
The Minister had to attend an urgent call. Hence, he had to cancel other appointments.
Paul has exams all next week, so he can’t go out in the mornings.
Since, because, because of, as and for are used to refer to reasons for doing something.
Since I have nothing else to say, I shall leave now.
There are no workers in that company because of the strike.
As it was raining, I took an umbrella.
Since the president is abroad, the vice-president is taking his place.
We listened to him with attention, for he was bringing important news.
The expression due to is also used to give an idea of cause (= because of).
Peter is absent due to his illness.
The team’s success was largely due to John’s efforts.
Due to your help, I will survive.
Condition
The words if, whether, unless, otherwise and the expressions as long as and provided that are
used in sentences to give an idea of condition.
I don’t know whether I’ll be able to come.
We’ll be told tomorrow whether we are needed or not.
I’ll only stay if you offer me more money.
You’ll fail your exams unless you work harder.
Unless something unexpected happens, I’ll see you tomorrow.
I had no problem, otherwise I would have telephoned you.
As long as it doesn’t rain we’ll play outside.
I’ll agree to go provided that my expenses are paid.
Provided you have the money in your account, you may withdraw up to $ 1,000 a day.
Addition
Besides (that), furthermore, moreover, in addition to and beyond (that) are used to add
information.
There will be five of us for dinner, besides the children.
They knew the painting was a forgery. Moreover, they knew who painted it.
In addition to these arrangements, thirty ambulances will be on duty till midnight.
We shall not go inside. Furthermore, the boss claims that any interference will be useless.
Too and as well are generally used at the end of sentences, while also is commonly used in the
middle. They all have the same meaning.
The expressions in order to / so as to + infinitive are used to talk about the purpose of an
action.
John took those courses in order to get a better job.
Trees are being planted on the roadside so as to reduce traffic noise.
They are training hard in order to win the championship.
The expressions in order that / so that are also used to express purposes. They are followed
by a subject and a verb.
She stayed at work late in order that she could complete the report.
I hid the presents so that Judy wouldn’t find them.
Advice is given in order that students can choose the best course.
Edward cut the cake carefully into slices, so that everybody had their fair share.
Expressions
ATIVIDADES DE AULA
a) Please sign the contract if/unless you’re happy with the conditions.
c) There was still a long way to go. Nonetheless/Thus some progress has been made.
e) The trade imbalance is likely to rise again next year. Hence/Furthermore a new set of policy
actions will be required soon.
f) Muscle cells need lots of fuel and therefore/although burn a lot of calories.
h) We’re not very close friends despite/although we’ve known each other for a long time.
k) The other banks are going to be eager to help, provided that/unless they see the company
has a specific goal.
l) Enjoy the first hour of the day. This is important as/then it sets the mood for the rest of the
day.
m) The country’s economic problems are largely due to/in order to the weakness of the
government.
q) Franklin told Rose to hurry; otherwise/as long as they’d miss their train.
r) Most schools are extremely unwilling to cut down on staff in order to/in order that reduce
costs.
s) According to/Beyond that his wife, Bill was at home when the accident happened.
TESTS
2. Na frase Yet both species continue to be hunted, a melhor tradução para a palavra yet é
(A) também.
(B) apesar de.
(C) já.
(D) devido a.
(E) contudo.
3. Em despite official bans on the trade, a palavra sublinhada pode ser traduzida por
(A) despeito.
(B) desrespeitar.
(C) despistar.
(D) com respeito a.
(E) a despeito de.
7. .......... its stimulating effect on the central nervous system, coffee is a popular drink.
(A) Although
(B) Thus
(C) However
(D) Nevertheless
(E) Despite
10. In the sentence We came back home because we ran out of money, the underlined word
could be replaced without any change in meaning by
(A) furthermore
(B) and
(C) nevertheless
(D) for
(E) although
12. Grandpa had sustained a broken back while working in the mines. ……………………. he spent
the rest of his life in a wheelchair.
(A) beside
(B) furthermore
(C) nonetheless
(D)yet
(E) consequently
13. He said he had not discussed the matter with her. …………………….., he had not even
contacted her.
(A) although
(B) furthermore
(C) in spite of
(D) however
(E) if
15. We thought the figures were correct. ………………., we have now discovered some errors.
(A) hence
(B) so
(C) if
(D) however
(E) consequently
GABARITO Unidade 5
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