9.

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES AND RADIATION

1. Find r.m.s velocity of three molecules Solution :

having velocities 10 km/s, 20 km/s, 1 2
30 km/s. P = ρc
3
Given :
c1 = 10 km/s 1M 2  M
c2 = 20 km/s
P = c ∵ ρ = 
3V  v
c3 = 30 km/s
1 moN 2
To Find : = . c ( M = moN)
3 V
crms = ?
Formula : 1 Nm o 2
P = . c
3 V
c21 + c22 + c32 .........c n2
crms = 3PV
n ∴ N =
m o c2
Solution :

c21 + c22 + c32 .........c n2 3 × 10 5 × 10 –6

crms = =
n ( 5.28 × 10–28 ) ( 426 )2
100 + 400 + 900
crms = 3 × 10 27
3 = 2
5.28 × ( 426 )
1400 ∴ N = 3.130 × 1021
=
3
∴ crms = 21.60 km/s 3. 16 g of oxygen occupy 0.025 m3 at 27 0C.
If the universal gas constant is
2. Find the number of molecules in 1 cm3 8.311 J/mol K. Find the pressure exerted
of oxygen at N.T.P, if mass of an oxygen by it. [Molecular weight of oxygen = 32]
molecule is 5.28 × 10–28 kg and r.m.s Given :
velocity of oxygen molecule at N.T.P is m = 16 g
426 m/s. V = 0.025 m3
[Take pressure at N.T.P. = 105 N/m2] T = 27 oC
Given : = 273 + 27 = 300 K
mo = mass of oxygen R = 8.311 J/mol K
= 5.28 × 10–28 kg M = 32
c = 426 m/s To Find :
V = 1 cm3 = 10–6 m3 P = ?
Formula :
P = 105 N/m2
PV = nRT
To Find : Solution :
N = ?
Since
Formula :
m 16 1
1 2 n = = = = 0.5
P = ρc M 32 2
3
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MAHESH TUTORIALS SCIENCE .. 49

nRT From equation (ii) and (iv)

P = NN
V
mN = M ...(vi)
NA N
0.5 × 8.311 × 300
= But mO = mN
0.025
Equating equation (v) and (vi)
∴ P = 49.87 N/m2
No NN
4. Two tanks of equal volume contain MO = M
equal masses of oxygen and nitrogen at NA NA N
127 oC. Find the ratio of ∴ N OM O = N NM N
i) number of molecules in two tanks
ii) pressure in two tanks No MN
∴ =
Given : NN Mo
VO = VN
No 28
mO = mN ∴ =
T1 = T2 = T = 127 0C NN 32
= 273 + 127 = 400 K
No 7
MO = 32 ∴ =
MN = 28 NN 8
To Find : No
No = 7:8
NN
i) NN = ?
ii) PV = nRT
Po For oxygen,
ii) PN = ? POV = nORT ...(vii)
Formula : For nitrogen,
N PNV = nNRT ...(viii)
i) n = Divide equation (vii) by (viii)
NA
ii) PV = nRT Po V n o RT
Solution : =
PN V n N RT
N
i) n = Po no
NA ∴ =
PN nN
No
nO = ...(i) mo
NA
Po Mo mo MN
NN ∴ = = ×
PN mN Mo mN
and, nN = ...(ii)
NA MN
Also mO = nOMO ...(iii)
But mO = mN
and, mN = nNMN ...(iv)
From equation (i) and (iii) we have Po MN 28 7
∴ = = =
PN mo 32 8
No
mO = .M O ...(v)
NA Po
∴ = 7:8
PN
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 .. 50 MAHESH TUTORIALS SCIENCE

5. Find the r.m.s. velocity of H2 molecules Solution :

at N.T.P. 3 m 1 RT1
[Given : Density of H 2 = 0.09 kg/m3 , K.E1 = ...(i)
2 M
P = 105 N/m2]
Given : 3 m 2 RT2
K.E2 = ...(ii)
Density of hydrogen, 2 M
ρ = 0.09 kg/m3 Divide equation (ii) by (i)
5 2
P = 10 N/m K.E 2 m 2 T2
= .
To Find : K.E 1 m 1 T1
crms = ?
Formula : 4 × 400
=
1 × 300
3P
crms = K.E 2 16
ρ ∴ =
K.E 1 3
Solution :
16
3 × 10 5 ∴ K.E2 = K.E1 ×
crms = 3
0.09
16
= 1.356 × 106 ×
300 3
= × 10 5
9 ∴ K.E2 = 7.232 × 106 J
1
= × 30 × 10 6 7. Determine the pressure of oxygen at
3
00 C, if the density of oxygen at N.T.P.
1 is 1.44 kg/m3 and R.M.S. speed of the
= × 5.477 × 103
3 molecules at N.T.P. is 456.4 m/s.
∴ crms = 1.8257 × 103 m/s Sol.
crms = 1825.7 m/s Given :
ρ = 1.44 kg/m3
6. The kinetic energy of 1 kg of oxygen at crms = 456.4 m/s
300 K is 1.356 × 10 J. Find the kinetic To Find :
6

energy of 4 kg of oxygen at 400 K. P = ?

Given : Formula :
m1 = 1 kg
1 2
T1 = 300 K P = ρc
K.E1 = 1.356 × 106 J 3
m2 = 4 kg Solution :
T2 = 400 K 1
To Find : P = × 1.44 × (456.4)2
3
K.E2 = ? = 99984.46 N/m
Formula :
≈ 105 N/m2
3m
K.E = RT ∴ P = 105 N/m2
2M

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MAHESH TUTORIALS SCIENCE .. 51

8. A body of surface area 10 cm 2 and

temperature 727 0C emits 300 J of energy and 
dQ 
 = σAe(T24 – T04) ...(ii)
per minute. Find its emissivity. [Given  dt  2
σ = 5.67 × 10–8 watt/m2K4] Dividing equation (i) by (ii)
Given :
A = 10 cm2 = 10 × 10–4 m2  dQ 
T = 727 C0
= 273 + 727

 dt 1

=
σAe T14 – T04 ( )
= 1000 K = 103 K
dQ = 300 J
 dQ 
 
σAe T24 – T04 ( )
 dt 2
σ = 5.67 × 10–8 watt/m2K4
dt = 1 min = 60 s
T14 – T04
To Find : =
e = ? T24 – T04
Formula :
Q = σ AeT 4 t ( 800 )4 – ( 300 )4
Solution : =
Q = σ AeT 4 t
( 400 )4 – ( 300 )4
Q 4 4
e = 4 ( 4096 ) × ( 10 2 ) ( )
– ( 81 ) × 10 2
σAT t = 4 4
300 ( 256 ) × ( 10 2 ) – ( 81) × ( 10 2 )
= 4
( )
5.67 × 10 –8 × 10 × 10–4 103 × 60
=
4096 – 81
=
4015
∴ e = 0.08819 256 – 81 175
= 22.94 = 22.94 : 1
9. Compare rate of loss of heat by the body
at temperature 527 o C and 127 o C. 10. The energy of 6000 J is radiated in
Temperature of surrounding is 27 oC. 5 minutes by a body of surface area
Given : 100 cm2 . Find emissive power of the
T1 = 527 + 273 = 800 K body.
T2 = 127 + 273 = 400 K Given :
T0 = 27 + 273 = 300 K Q = 6000 J
To Find : t = 5 minutes
 dQ  = 5 × 60 s = 300 s
  A = 100 cm2 = 100 × 10–4
 dt 1
= ?
 dQ  = 10–2 m2
 
 dt 2 To Find :
E = ?
Formula : Formula :
dQ Q
= σAe(T4 – T04) E =
dt At
Solution : Solution :
 dQ  Q
∴   = σAe(T14 – T04) ...(i) E =
 dt 1 At
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 .. 52 MAHESH TUTORIALS SCIENCE

1
6000 20  10 12  4
E = =
10 –2 × 300 10–2 =  
 45.36 
= 20 × 102
∴ E = 2000 J/m2s
∴ T = 385.3 K

11. A metal cube with each side of length 12. A body cools from 80 0 C to 70 0 C in
1 m loses all its energy at rate of 5 minutes and to 62 0 C in the next
3000 watts/s, if the emissivity is 0.4. Find 5 minutes, calculate temperature of the
its temperature. surroundings.
[Given : σ = 5.67 × 10–8 J/m2sK4] Given :
Given :
l = 1m 80 + 70
θ1 = = 75 0C
A = 6l 2
= 6(1) 2
= 6m 2 2
e = 0.4 t1 = 5 minutes
σ = 5.67 × 10–8 J/m2sK4
= 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2K4 70 + 62
θ2 = = 66 0C
dQ 2
= 3000 watts
dt t2 = 5 minutes
To Find :
T = ?  dθ  80 – 70
Formula : Also,   =
 dt 1 5
dQ
= σ AeT4
dt 10
Solution : = = 2 0C/min
5
dQ
dt  dθ  70 – 62
∴ T4 =   =
σAe  dt 2 5

3000 8
∴ T4 = = = 1.6 0C/min
5.67 × 10–8 × 6 × 0.4 5
500 To Find :
=
5.67 × 10 –8 × 0.4 θ0 = ?
Formula :
1000
T4 =  dθ 
5.67 × 0.8 × 10 –8 = k(θ – θ0)
 
 dt 
1
 1000 4 Solution :
∴ T =  –8 
 5.67 × 0.8 × 10   dθ 
  = k(θ1 – θ0) ...(i)
1  dt 1
 10000 × 108  4
=    dθ 
 5.67 × 8    = k(θ2 – θ0) ...(ii)
 dt 2

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MAHESH TUTORIALS SCIENCE .. 53

Divide equation (i) by (ii) Solution :

 dθ   dθ 
    = θ 1 – θ 0) ...(i)
 dt 1
k (

 dt 1 k ( θ 1 – θ0 ) θ1 – θ0
∴ = =
 dθ  k ( θ 2 – θ0 ) θ 2 – θ0  dθ 
  = k(θ2 – θ0) ...(ii)
 dt 2  
 dt 2
2 75 – θ0 Divide equation (i) by (ii)
∴ =
1.6 66 – θ0  dθ 
1.6 (75 – θ 0) = 2 (66 – θ 0)   k ( θ 1 – θ0 )
∴  dt 1 ( θ1 – θ0 )
∴ 120 – 1.6 θ 0 = 132 – 2 θ 0 ∴ = =
 dθ  k ( θ 2 – θ0 ) ( θ2 – θ0 )
∴ 2 θ 0 – 1.6 θ 0 = 132 – 120  
 dt 2
∴ 0.4 θ 0 = 12
12 1.6 56 – θ0
∴ θ0 = ∴ =
0.4  16  48 – θ0
∴ θ0 = 30 0C  
 15 

13. A hot metal sphere cools from 60 0C to 1.6 × 15 56 – θ0

∴ =
52 0C in 5 minutes and from 52 0C to 16 48 – θ0
44 0C in next 7.5 minutes. Determine its
temperature in the next 10 minutes. 56 – θ0
∴ 1.5 =
Given : 48 – θ0
60 + 52 3 56 – θ0
θ1 = = 56 0C ∴ =
2 2 48 – θ0
52 + 44 ∴ 2(56 – θ0) = 3(48 – θ0)
θ2 = = 48 0C
2 ∴ 112 – 2θ0 = 144 – 3 θ0
 dθ  60 – 52 8 ∴ θ 0
= 32 0C ...(iii)
  = = From equation (i) and (iii)
 dt 1 5 5
= 1.6 0C/min  dθ 
  = k(θ1 – θ0)
 dt 1
 dθ  52 – 44 8
  = = ∴ 1.6 = k(56 – 32)
 dt 2 7.5 7.5
16 0 1.6 1 0
= C/min ∴ k = = C/min ...(iv)
15 24 15

(dt)3 = 10 minutes  dθ 
Rate of cooling =  
To Find :  dt 3
θ = ?
Formula :  dθ   44 + θ 
  = k – θ0 
 dθ   dt 3  2 
  = k(θ – θ0)
 dt  44 – θ  44 + θ 
∴ = k – θ0  ...(v)
10  2 
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 .. 54 MAHESH TUTORIALS SCIENCE

Substitute θ0 and k from equations (iii) Dividing equation (i) by (ii)

and (iv) in equation (v)
 dQ 
44 – θ 1  44 + θ    σAeT14
∴ =  – 32   dt 1
10 15  2  =
 dQ  σAeT24
 
44 – θ 1  44 + θ – 64   dt 2
∴ =  
2 3  2 
4
 T1 
θ – 20 =  
∴ 44 – θ =  T2 
3
∴ 3(44 – θ) = θ – 20
∴ 132 – 3θ = θ – 20 ( 900 )4
=
∴ θ + 3θ = 132 + 20 ( 600 )4
152
∴ θ =  dQ 
4   4
∴ θ = 38 0C  dt 1 3 81
∴ =   =
 dQ  2 16
 
 dt 2
14. Compare rate of radiation of metal
sphere at 627 0C and 327 0C.
15. Calculate the energy radiated in one
Given :
minute by a black body of surface area
T1 = 627 0C
100 cm 2 when it is maintained at
= 627 + 273 = 900 K
227 0C. [Given σ = 5.67 × 10–8 J/m2sK4]
T2 = 327 0C
Given :
= 327 + 273 = 600 K
t = 1 minute = 60 s
To Find :
For black body, e = 1
 dQ  A = 100 cm2
 
 dt 1 = 100 × 10–4m2 = 10–2m2
= ?
 dQ  T = 273 + 227 = 500 K
 
 dt 2 = 5.67 × 10 J/m sK4
–8 2
σ
Formula : To Find :
dQ Q = ?
= σ AeT 4
dt Formula :
Solution : Q = σ AeT 4 t
 dQ  Solution :
  = σ Ae T14 ...(i) Q = Ae σ T4 t
 dt 1
Q = 5.67 × 10–8 × 10–2 × 1
 dQ  × (500)4 × 60
  = σ Ae T24 ...(ii)
 dt 2 = 5.67 × 60 × 10–10 × (625) × 108
= 212625 × 10–2
Q = 2126.25 J

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MAHESH TUTORIALS SCIENCE .. 55

16. A body cools from 60 0C to 52 0C in 4 56 – θ0

10 minutes and to 46 0C in the next ∴ =
3 49 – θ0
10 minutes. Find the temperature of
surrounding. ∴ 3(56 – θ0) = 4(49 – θ0)
Given : ∴ 168 – 3 θ0 = 196 – 4 θ0
0
60 + 52 0 ∴ 4 θ 0 – 3θ 0 = 196 – 168
θ1 = ∴ θ0 = 28 0C
2
= 56 0C in 10 minutes
52 0 + 460
θ2 =
2
= 49 0C in next 10 minutes

 dθ  60 – 52 8
  = =
 dt 1 10 10
= 0.8 0C/min
 dθ  52 – 46 60
  = =
 dt 2 10 10
= 0.6 0C/min
To Find :
θ0 = ?
Formula :
 dθ 
  = k(θ – θ0)
 dt 
Solution :
 dθ 
  = k(θ1 – θ0) ...(i)
 dt 1

 dθ 
  = k(θ2 – θ0) ...(ii)
 dt 2
Divided equation (i) by (ii)

 dθ 
  k ( θ 1 – θ0 )
 dt 1 θ1 – θ0
∴ = =
 dθ  k ( θ 2 – θ0 ) θ 2 – θ0
 
 dt 2

0.8 56 – θ0
∴ =
0.6 49 – θ0

8 56 – θ0
∴ =
6 49 – θ0
Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation