L4 5 DPH Wall 2015

Practical modeling of
diaphragm walls and

foundation rafts with piles –
part I
FE mesh
This example concerns modeling of a deep excavation protected by concrete wall an

then by a construction of foundation raft strengthened by bored piles.
Foundation supports 11th storey building.
Horizontal cross section
Diaphragm wall
slab
60.0
12.0
0.8
90.0
Dimension of the excavation is 90 m by 60 m in horizontal cross section.

Engineering draft
10 kN/m2
Slabs – thickness 30 cm
1st stage 3.5 m
2nd stage -5 m 3.5 m
3rd stage 3.5 m
4th stage 3.5 m

28.0
1.0 m
0.8 m
plate 13.0 m
Diaphragm wall
Excavation is protected by 0.8 m thick concrete wall and will be performed in four
steps up to level -15.0 m. Ground water table is at level -5.0 m. One meter thick plate
is strengthen by ten meters long bored piles. Outside the excavation surface load of
magnitude 10 kN/m2 is applied.
Model components
Nodal links
connection of nonconforming meshes
Continuum 3D
Piles
Interface elements
between diaphragm walls and soil shells
Boundary conditions Pressure boundary conditions
Solid boundary conditions
Pressure head
Seepage elements
Box shaped solid boundary conditions and pressure boundary conditions for
deformation and flow analysis have to be defined.
Loads Surface load 10 kN/m2
Nodal loads
Surface load outside of excavation zone is applied to the soil and surface. Nodal loads
are applied to foundation plate.
Model definition strategy external.inp
internal.inp
slabs.inp
In order to simplify model generation, model will be defined in three parts: external,
internal and building.
External part contains soil close to model boundary with coarse mesh in order to
decrease number of degrees of freedom in the analysis.
Internal part contains excavation zone with diaphragm walls and foundation plate.
Building with shells and beams will defined in third part.
All parts will merged into one model.
Run ZSoil
1. In Preselection screen select :
- Analysis type: 3D
- Problem type: Deformation + Flow
Project preselection dialog box appears

automatically when Zsoil Menu is started or
for option File/New.
Preselection can be changed in ZSoil Menu

or/and in ZSoil Preprocessor:
Import data settings
Definition of the material properties, load and

existence functions and drivers will be skipped
in this tutorial.
All these settings will be imported from INP file.

Existence functions
The sequence of excavation/construction stages is controlled by the existence functions,
which are defined according to the sequence of events specified in the table below.
Construction stage Time Action

Initial state 0
Wall installation 1 Wall and interface on the wall
1st excavation 10 excavation up to level -3.5 m

Seepage on the level 0.0 m has to be removed
Seepage on the level -3.5 m has to be defined
1st slab 30 Slab at the level -3.5 has to be defined
2nd excavation 30 excavation up to level -7.0 m
Seepage on the level -3.5 m has to be removed
2nd slab 50 Slab at the level -7.0 has to be defined
3rd excavation 50 excavation up to level -10.5 m
Existence functions
Construction stage Time Action

3rd slab 70 Slab at the level -10.5 has to be defined
4th excavation 70 excavation up to level -15 m
Piles 75
Plate 80
Click on the column in order to
select all existence functions
Selected existence functions are

displayed on the plot
Click on this button to display next

selected existence functions
Existence functions
Click on this button to return to
previously displayed existence
functions
Load functions
The load time function associated with the surface load

Load functions
The load time function associated with unloading of all excavation zones
Materials
Saving files for all parts
Imported data (materials, drivers, existence and load functions) will be used
during geometry definition of all parts of the model.
Let save current stage into 3 files. Under ZSoil Menu choose File\Save As
1. Save as Internal.inp
2. Save as slabs.inp
3. Save as external.inp
4. Run Preprocessing
Last saved file is external.inp so data for this part of the model will generated
in the Preprocessing.
Definition of external part - overview
1. Lines 2. Continuum 2D subdomain with virtual
mesh
3. Extrude 2D subdomains to 3D
subdomains
4. Delete one internal subdomain
Definition of external part-95 -60 60 95
Create construction lines
-80
-45
45
80
To speedup drawing of the model (especially in 3D) create construction lines using
the toolbar, or top menu Settings/Construction lines.
Delete all Delete all

Delete all
(clik on position column in Add characteristic
Add characteristic
order to select all elements Z coordinates:
Y coordinate: 0
and press Delete button) -80, -45, 45, 80
Add characteristic
X coordinates:
-95, -60, 60, 9,
Create two rectangles
1. Draw an external rectangle

2. Draw an internal rectangle
Create lines
3. Turn off Continue
4. Draw four remaining segments lines

connecting external rectangle with
internal one
Create Continuum 2D inside contour
1. Set XZ projection
2D continuum subdomains will be created through method 2D continuum

in contour by picking the point within the closed contour. It is important to
set proper project to avoid ambiguity during picking internal point.
2. Macro Model\Subdomain\ 2D
Continuum inside contour
3. Pick 5 times to
create 5 subdomains
Create virtual mesh
1. Macro Model\Subdomain\ Create virtual mesh
2. Pick internal Subdomain
3. Set Split 10 for Edge 1-2 and for edge 1-4
4. Press button Create virtual mesh
!
Create virtual mesh
5. Pick one of external Subdomain
6. Set Split for Edge 1-4 , split for edge 1-2 will be inherited from internal
subdomian, which defines split for common edge
Split for this edge is defined by split

adjustment to existing meshed Subdomains
Create virtual mesh
8. Pick next external Subdomain
10. Repeat steps for next two ramaining subdomains
Split for both edges is defined by split

adjustment to existing meshed Subdomains
Create Continuum 3D by faces extrusion
1. Set 3D view
2. Select faces in zoom box

3. Macro Model\Subdomain\ 3D Continuum\ 3D Continuum by Face(s)
extrusion
6. Define parameters for

4. Set vector multiple extrusion and
press OK
7. Apply
5. Check multiple extrusion

Delete Continuum 2D subdomains
1. Hide Continuum 3D
subdomains
2. CTRL-A – select all
3. Delete from menu SUBDOMAIN =>

Continuum 2D subdomains will be deleted
4. Show Continuum 3D subdomains
Remove top Continuum 3D subdomain
1. Macro Model\Subdomain\ Delete or icon Delete
2. Pick Subdomain
Definition of Seepage elements
1. Set orthogonal cameraortogonalną
2. Set XY view
3. Set cursor in Select faces in zoom box mode
4. Select top faces
5. Macro Model\ Seepage\On Subdomain face(s)

Seepage
1. Unselect all
2. Set XZ view
3. Set cursor in Select faces in zoom box mode
4. Select external faces (4 x zoom box)
Pressure BC
1. Macro Model\ Pressure BC\Fluid head on selected faces
Definition of external part is completed
FILE\Save model and return to Main Menu
Ignore warnings and exit

application
Save file in ZSoil menu =>File/Save

Definition of internal part
In ZSoil menu Open – Internal.inp
Run Preprocessing
Create construction lines -60 -45 45 60
-45
-30
30
45
Delete all Delete all Delete all

Add characteristic Add characteristic Add characteristic
X coordinates: Y coordinate: 0 Z coordinates:
-60, -45, 45, 60 -45, -30, 30, 45,
Draw 3 rectangles
Create rectangles
1. Set XZ projection
2. Macro Model\Subdomain\ 2D
Continuum inside contour
3. Pick 9 times to
create 9 subdomains
Create virtual mesh
1. Macro Model\Subdomain\ Create virtual mesh
2. Pick internal Subdomain
3. Set Split 30 for Edge 1-2 and 1-4
Create virtual mesh
5. Select corner SubdomainSubdomenę
6. Set split 6 for both edges
7. Create virtual mesh
Create virtual mesh
Split 6
Split 6
Split 6
Split 36
Split 24
Split 6
1. Set 3D view
2. Select faces in zoom box

3. Macro Model\Subdomain\ 3D Continuum\ 3D Continuum by Face(s)
extrusion
6. Define parameters for

4. Set vector multiple extrusion and
press OK
7. Apply
5. Check multiple extrusion

Delete Continuum 2D subdomains
1. Hide Continuum 3D
subdomains
2. CTRL-A – select all
3. Delete from menu SUBDOMAIN =>

Continuum 2D subdomains will be deleted
4. Show Continuum 3D subdomains
Setting parameters for excavated elements
1. Change to display Existence Function
distribution
2. Define existence function and unloading function

Macro Model\Subdomain\ Parameters
1. Set cursor mode to Standard selection mode
2. Pick top internal subdomain
3. Hide selected elements
Top subdomain has to be hidden in order to have acces to subdomain below

1. Define existence function and unloading
function
Top subdomain has to be hidden in order to have acces to subdomain below

function

function
Definition of the plate
2. Pick second internal subdomain

Plate
1. Macro Model\Subdomain\ 3D shell\3D shell on face(s)
Definition of the diaphragm wall
14 m
These subdomains should be hidden
Foundation plate
1m
Current state of the model Continuum 3D

subdomain
Model after hidding subdomains
Definition of subdomains for diaphragm walls requires hidding foundation plate and
continuum 3D subdomain below the plate
2. Pick shell element
4. Pick 3rd subdomain

1. Set cursor mode to Select faces with mouse mode
2. Select faces
3. Select Viewing mode to change camera orientation
4. Return to Select faces with mouse mode
5. Select faces
3. Macro Model\Subdomain\ 3D shell\3D shell on face(s)
Definition of Interface elements on the wall
1. Open dialog box for Subdomain

selection
4. Select elements
3. Replace selection
2. Select material number 5 (wall)
5. Close dialog box

Show selected element
Macro Model\Interface\On Structural Subdomain(s)

Positive side => side with external normal
Internal Interface is on positive side

in this case
Why is it worth to define different material number for external and
internal interface elements ?
Why is it worth to define different material number for external and internal
interface elements - POSTPROCESSING
Maps in postprocessing for interface elements are overlapped.
MAP FOR INTERFACE ELEMENTS
MAPS ARE OVERLAPPED

Select elements with material number 20
With material number required interface element can be selected easily

Once selected elements are hidden map is displayed for one layer of elements
1. Restore hidden elemens
2. Set cursor mode to Standard selection
mode
3. Select top external faces
4. Macro Model\ Seepage\On Subdomain
face(s)
5. Unselect all faces
6. Macro Model\ Seepage\On Subdomain
face(s)
7. Pick top face
Definition of Seepage elements – under
first excavated layer
2. Pick top subdomain

Seepage – first stage
Seepage – second stage
1. Hide interface elements
3. Pick top seepage element
7. Macro Model\Seepage\On Subdomain face(s)
8. Pick top face
Seepage – third stage
6. Macro Model\Seepage\On Subdomain face(s)
7. Pick top face
Seepage – 4 th stage
6. Hide shells
7. Pick top face
Check excavation stages
Definition of internal part is completed

with saving changes
Ignore warnings and exit

application
Save file in ZSoil menu =>File/Save

Practical modeling of
diaphragm walls and
foundation rafts with piles –
part II
Slabs
In ZSoil menu Open – slabs.inp
Run Preprocessing
1. Draw two rectangles
2. Draw 4 lines
3. Set XZ view
4. Set REPLACE selection mode
5. Set selection in Zoom box
6. Select 4 lines
6. Macro Model\Subdomain\Shell\3D Shell On

Contour
1. Select 4 lines
2. Macro Model\Subdomain\Shell\3D Shell On Contour
split 36
Create virtual mesh split 4
split 24
split 24
split 36
1. Set 3D view
2. Change direction for shell (if necessary)
Macro Model\Subdomain\Reverse direction
Parameters
2. Select all shells
3. Macro Model\Subdomain\Parameters
1. Unselect all
2. Hide shell subdomains
3. Create beam
FE Model\Beam\Enter XYZ for 2 points
4. Set parameters for beam

FE Model\Beam\Parameters
1. Copy beam with translation
FE Model\Beam\ Copy with translation
1. Set orthogonal camera
2. Set XZ view
3. Select beams in zoom box
4. Copy selected beams

FE Model\Beam\Copy with translation
5. Unselect all
1. Change view
2. Move beam FE Model\Beam\Move
1. Change view
2. Move beam FE Model\Beam\Move
1. Select all Beams
2. Create auxiliary plane
2. Copy beam by symmetry

3. FE Model\Beam\Copy by symmetry
1. Unselect all
2. Set cursor in Standard selection mode
3. Select two beams

1. Set XZ view
2. Set REPLACE selection mode
3. Set selection in Zoom box mode
4. Select one row of beams on left side

2. Select one row of beams on right side

Model\Beam\Copy with translation
Copy columns and slabs
1. Show shell subdomains
2. Select all beams
3. Select all subdomains
4. Copy selected
elements
Columns extension by 1 m up to level -15 m
2. Set XY view
3. Unselect all elements
5. Select nodes in zoom box
Columns extension by 1 m up to level -15 m
1. FE Model\Node\Move
Set existence function for the slabs
1. Set Replace selection mode
3. Select top slab
4. Macro ModeSubdomain\Parameters
Set existence function for the slabs
1. Select second slab
3. Select third slab
Piles under temporary columns
1. Creat lines by selected NODES extrusion
Macro Model\Objects\Line\By Node(s) extrusion
Piles under building
0 30
-10
10
Set XZ view
1. Create point: Macro Model\Point\Point
2. Copy point: Macro Model\Point\Copy…\Copy with translation

1. Select points in Zoom Box
2. Copy points: Macro Model\Point\Copy…\Copy with translation

1. Select points in Zoom Box
2. Creat lines by selected POINTS extrusion:
Macro Model\Objects\Line\By Point(s)
extrusion
Piles on selected objects
2. Set XY view
3. Unselect all elements
5. Select lines dragging from rigth to left

Piles on selected objects
1. Macro Model\Pile\On object(s)
Set parameters for piles under building
Set XZ view
1. Select elements in Zoom box

2. Macro Model\Pile\Parameters
Create real mesh
1. CTRL-A
2. Macro Model\Subdomain\Vistrual->Real mesh
3. Unselect all
4. Set 3D view
5. Hide local bases for shells

Linking columns with slabs
1. Select all beams
2. Select all nodes which belong to beams
3. Select all shells one layer
1. Show selected elements
2. Set XY view
3. Unselet all elements

1. Select top nodes and shells
2. FE Model\Nodal link On node(s)

1. Set selection in Zoom box and select next nodes and shells

1. Set selection in Zoom box and select next nodes and shells

Check construction stages
1. Set 3D view
2. Set Show excavation/construction stages mode
Save model and return Main Menu

Merging defined parts
1. Open External.inp in Zsoil Menu
2. Save as Wall3D.inp
3. Run preprocessing
4. File\Import geometrical model (*.inp)
internal.inp
Surface load definition
1. Hide seepage
2. Select subdomain Faces
3. Macro Model\Surface Load\On Face(s) (Uniform)
Create Real mesh
Select All (CTRL-A)
Macro Model\Subdomain\Virtual -> Real mesh
Hide objects
4. Unselect all
Create Nodal links
1. Select nodes with Inconsisten split
Create Nodal links
2. Set XZ view
3. Select Continuum 3D in zoom box :
FE Model\Continnum 3D\In zoom box
SELECTION BY ZOOM
BOX FROM RIGHT TO
LEFT (CROSSING)
Create Nodal links
1. Set XY view
2. Select Continuum 3D in zoom box :
3. Select Nodes from selected

elements BRICK (B8) – subtract
from selection
Create Nodal links …
FE Model\Nodal link\ On node(s)
Unselect all
Merging – step 2
File\Import geometrical model (*.inp) -> slabs.inp
Link Pile Head
1. Unselect all
2. Select shells with material 10
3. Select all piles

4. Select all beams
5. Show selected elements
Link Pile Head
6. Macro Model\Piles\ Link Pile head
Import nodal loads from external file
FE Model\Loads\Noda load\Import
0 -15 10 0.15 -1970.96 -0.16 3

0 -15 -10 0.06 -2338.6 0.13 3
6 -15 10 0.1 -106.8 -0.01 3
6 -15 -10 -1.64 -3393.15 0.07 3
Link nodes with nodal load with plate
1. Show hidden nodes
2. Select nodes with nodal load
Link nodes with nodal load with plate
FE Model\Nodal link\ On node(s)
Create boreholes
Domain\Boreholes\From dialog
1. Press New
2. Enter Label
3. Enter coordinates
4. Enter data for layers
5. Press Add
Borehole 2
1. Press New
2. Enter Label
5. Press Add
Borehole 3
1. Press New
2. Enter Label
5. Press Add
Borehole 3
1. Enter data
2. Close dialog box
Domain\Boreholes\Map material on visible elements
Select and show Continuum 3D elements with material 1
Results of material mapping can be checked by selection Continuum 3D

elements with Initial material and displaying selected elements
Initial stresses
FE Model\Initial Conditions\Initial stresses\On bounding box
Initial stresses
Solid BC
FE Model\Boundary Conditions\Solid BC On box

with saving changes
Linking bottom part of the wall with soil
1. Click line in order to select nodes

2. Press Return to the application
3. FE Model\Interface\Link Interface node(s)
Check excavation stages

Drivers
kN m
4000 ⋅ 0.000864
Eoed ⋅ k m 2
d = 0.3456 m 2
=
cv =
γF 10 3
kN d
m
h 2 1 0.62
γc
∆t ≥= = 0.26 [d ]
θ cv 4 0.3456
Two phase stabilization

L4 5 DPH Wall 2015

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L4 5 DPH Wall 2015

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Practical modeling of

diaphragm walls and

This example concerns modeling of a deep excavation protected by concrete wall an

Dimension of the excavation is 90 m by 60 m in horizontal cross section.

1st stage 3.5 m

2nd stage -5 m 3.5 m

3rd stage 3.5 m

4th stage 3.5 m

Solid boundary conditions

Project preselection dialog box appears

Preselection can be changed in ZSoil Menu

Definition of the material properties, load and

All these settings will be imported from INP file.

Construction stage Time Action

1st excavation 10 excavation up to level -3.5 m

Construction stage Time Action

Selected existence functions are

Click on this button to display next

The load time function associated with the surface load

Delete all Delete all

1. Draw an external rectangle

3. Turn off Continue

4. Draw four remaining segments lines

2D continuum subdomains will be created through method 2D continuum

Split for this edge is defined by split

Split for both edges is defined by split

2. Select faces in zoom box

6. Define parameters for

5. Check multiple extrusion

3. Delete from menu SUBDOMAIN =>

5. Macro Model\ Seepage\On Subdomain face(s)

FILE\Save model and return to Main Menu

Ignore warnings and exit

Save file in ZSoil menu =>File/Save

Create construction lines -60 -45 45 60

Delete all Delete all Delete all

2. Select faces in zoom box

6. Define parameters for

5. Check multiple extrusion

3. Delete from menu SUBDOMAIN =>

2. Define existence function and unloading function

2. Pick top internal subdomain

3. Hide selected elements

Top subdomain has to be hidden in order to have acces to subdomain below

2. Pick top internal subdomain

3. Hide selected elements

Top subdomain has to be hidden in order to have acces to subdomain below

2. Pick top internal subdomain

3. Hide selected elements

2. Pick second internal subdomain

3. Hide selected elements

Current state of the model Continuum 3D

Model after hidding subdomains

4. Pick 3rd subdomain

1. Open dialog box for Subdomain

2. Select material number 5 (wall)

5. Close dialog box

Macro Model\Interface\On Structural Subdomain(s)

Internal Interface is on positive side

Maps in postprocessing for interface elements are overlapped.

MAP FOR INTERFACE ELEMENTS

MAPS ARE OVERLAPPED

With material number required interface element can be selected easily