Unit Ii-Fourier Series

Unit – II
Fourier Series
INTRODUCTION
The Fourier series by the French mathematician and Physicist Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier in
(1768-1830). Introduced Fourier series in his main work ‘’ Analytic theory of heat ‘’ in which
he developed the theory of conduction of heat .These new series laid a foundation in solving
many engineering problem involving periodic functions .These series developed into a
powerful tool in mathematical Physics and also had a considerable influence on the further
development of mathematics itself.
It is a matter of interest to note that the class of functions which can be represented by Fourier
series is very large and general. Further representing a function f(x) over a entire interval a , b
by means of an infinite series of orthogonal functions opened up new avenues of solving
various problems involving ordinary and partial differential equations.
Periodic functions
A function f(t) is said to have a period T or to be periodic with period T if for all t, f(t+T)=f(t),
where T is a positive constant. The least value of T>0 is called the principal period or the
fundamental period or simply the period of f(t).
Example
The function sin x has period 2 since sin( x  2 ) is equal to sin x .
Continuous function
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x  a if f ( a  0 )  f ( a  0 )  f ( a )
Note
f(x) is said to be continuous in an interval (a,b) if it is continuous at every point of the
interval.
Discontinuous function
A function f(x) is said to be discontinuous at a point if it is not continuous at that point.
Piecewise Continuous Functions
A function f defined on I=[a,b] is said to be piecewise continuous on I if and only if there
is a subdivision a  x0  x1  x2  .........  xn  b such that f is continuous on each sub
interval I k  x : xk 1  x  xk  and at each of the subdivision points x0 , x1 , x2 ,..........xn
both one-sided limits of f exist.
Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 40

Dirichlet’s Conditions
Any function f (x ) can be developed as a Fourier series
 
a0
f ( x)    a n cos nx   bn sin nx Where a0 , a n , bn are constants. Provided
2 n 1 n 1
 f (x ) is periodic , single valued and finite

 f (x) has a finite number of discontinuities in any one period
 f (x ) has at most a finite number of maximum and minimum.
Definition
Fourier series
Let f (x ) be a periodic function with period 2 .Under certain circumstances it can be
represented by an infinite trigonometric series called Fourier series as
 
a
f ( x)  0   a n cos nx   bn sin nx is called fourier series expansion of f (x ) in the
2 n 1 n 1
interval c  x  c  2 and a0 , an , bn (n  1,2,3,...) are called fourier coefficients of f (x ) .

Euler’s formulae
The fourier series for the function f (x ) in the interval c  x  c  2 is given by ,
 
a0
f ( x)    a n cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
c  2
1
Where a0 
  f ( x)dx
c
c  2
1
an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx ,
c
c  2
1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx ,
c
The above formulae giving the values of a0 , a n , bn are known as Euler’s formulae.
Note :1
Putting c = 0 the interval becomes 0  x  2 and the Euler’s formulae is reduce to
2
1
a0 
  f ( x) dx
0
2 2
1 1
an 
 
0
f ( x) cos nxdx and bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx
0
Note :2
Putting c   the interval becomes    x   and the Euler’s formulae is reduce to


1
a0 
  f ( x) dx

 
1 1
an 
 
 f ( x) cos nx dx and bn 
  f ( x) sin nx dx

Note:3
cos n  (1) n , sin n  0, n is an integer.
Problems
1. If f ( x )  x( 2  x ) for 0  x  2 then prove that
2 2  cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x 
f ( x)   4 2    ........ deduce the sum of the series
 1 
2 2
3 2 3
1 1 1
2
 2  2  .......  
1 2 3
Solution
Let
a0  
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx ...................1
2 n 1 n 1
To find a0 :
1 2 1 2
 0  0
a0  f ( x ) dx  x ( 2  x ) dx
2
2

1 1  2 x3 
 2x  x dx  x  
2
  3 0
0
1  3 8 3  1 12 3  8 3 
   
  3    
4
3 
4 3 4 2
 
3 3
To find a n :
2
1
an 
  f ( x ) cos nx dx
0
2
1

  x ( 2  x ) cos nx dx
0
2
 2x  x  cos nx dx
1
 2
 0

2
1   cos nx    sin nx 

 
 sin nx 
  2x  x 2    ( 2  2 x )   ( 2 ) 
 n   n   n  0
2 3
1  sin 2n   cos 2n   sin 2n 

an  


4 2  4 2     ( 2  4 )   ( 2 )  
 n   n   n 
2 3
  sin 0   cos 0   sin 0 

0  0  n   ( 2  0 ) 2  ( 2 ) 3 
    n   n 
1   2 cos 2n 2 
  2
  n2 n 
1   2 2 
  2
  n 2 n 
1   4   4
 
  n 2  n 2
To find bn :
2
1
bn 
  f(x)
0
sin nx dx
2
1

  x ( 2  x ) sin nx dx
0
2
 2x  x  sin nx dx
1
 2
 0
2
1   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 
  2x  x 2 

 
  ( 2  2 x )   ( 2 ) 3 
   n   n  0
2
n
1  cos 2 n   sin 2 n 
bn  


 4 2  4 2  
  ( 2  4 ) 
   n 
2
n
 cos 2 n    cos 0   sin 0   cos 0 
( 2 )    0  0    ( 2  0 ) 2   ( 2 ) 3 
 n    n   n   n 
3
1   2 cos 2n 2
   3
 n 3
n 
1  2 2
   3  0
n 3
n 
Substituting the values of a0 , an and bn in (1) ,we get
2 2 
cos nx
f ( x)   4 .............(2)
3 n 1 n2

Deduction
Here 0 is the point of discontinuity which is an end point of the given interval 0  x  2
.The value of fourier series at x  0 is the average value of f (x ) at the end points.
Put x  0 in (2) ,we get
 f ( x)  x(2  x)
2 2 
cos 0 f (0)  f (2 )  f (0)  0 
 4 2
 0  
3 n 1 n 2
 f (2 )  0 

1 2

n 1 n2

6
1 1 1 2
   ......... 
12 2 2 32 6
2. Obtain the Fourier series of the function f ( x )  x cos x in 0  x  2 .
Solution
a0  
2 n 1 n 1
2
1
an 
  f ( x ) cos nx dx
0
2
1

  x cos x cos nx dx
0
2
 x cos ( n  1 ) x  cos ( n  1 )x dx

1

2 0
 1  sin( n  1 )x cos( n  1 )x  2   sin( n  1 )x cos( n  1 )x  2  

an    x    x    ,if n  1
 2  n1 ( n  1 ) 2 0  n 1 ( n  1 ) 2 0 

a n  0 if n  1
if n  1
2
1
a1 
  f ( x ) cos xdx
0
2
1
a1   x cos 2 xdx
0
2
1
2 0
 x( 1  cos 2 x )dx
2
1  x2 sin 2 x cos 2 x 
  x   
2  2 2 4 0

2
1
bn 
  f ( x ) sin nx dx
0
2
1

  x cos x sin nx dx
0
2
 x sin( n  1 ) x  sin ( n  1 )x dx

1

2 0
2 2
1    cos( n  1) x  sin( n  1) x  1    cos( n  1) x  sin( n  1) x 
  x   x  , if n  1
2   n 1 
2 
n  1  0 2   n  1  n  12  0
1 1  1 1 
bn      
n1 n1  n  1 n  1
 2n
 2 , if n  1
n 1
if n  1
2
1
b1 
  x cos x sin x dx
0
2
1

2  x sin 2 x dx
0
2
1    cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1
b1   x   
2   2  4 0 2
Using these values in(1) we get

1 n
f ( x)   cos x  sin x  2  2 sin nx
2 n  2, 3, 4.... n  1
3. Express f ( x )    x  as a Fourier series of period 2 in the interval 0  x  2

2
1 1 1
Deduce the sum of the series 2
 2  2  ........  
1 2 3
Solution
a0  
2 n 1 n 1
2
1 2 1
  (  x)
a0  f ( x) dx  2
dx
0  0
2 2
1 x 3 2 ( x 2 )
 
1
   2x  x dx    2 x 
2 2
 
 0
 3 2 0

1 2 (2 ) 3 2 (2 ) 2  2 2
   (2 )    
 3 2  3
2 2
a0 
3
To find a0 , a n
2 2 2
   x 
1 1
an 
 
0
f ( x ) cos nx dx 
 0
cos nx dx
2
1 sin nx   cos nx    sin nx 
 (   x ) 2  ( 2 )(   x )   2 
 n  n
2
  n
3
 0
1   cos n2    cos 0 
  2  2   2  0 
  n 2
  n
2

1  1   1 
   2 2   2 2 
 n   n 
4
an 
n2
2 2
 f ( x) sin nx dx     
1 1
bn  2
 x 2  2x cos nx dx
 0 0
2
1 2   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 
 


  x 2  2     (0  2 x  2 )   (2) 
   n   n  0
2 3
n
1  2 1   1   1   2 
       2 3    2     3   0
 n n   n   n 
The Fourier series
 
a
f ( x )  0   an cos nx   bn sin nx .
2 n 1 n 1
 2 2 
 
 3   4 
2 2 
cos nx
   2 cos nx   ( 0 ) sin nx   4 2
2 n 1 n n 1 6 n 1 n
2 
cos nx
f(x)  4
3 n 1 n2
  x 2    cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x 

2
 4 2    ......
 1 
2 2
3 2 3
Deduction
put x  0 on both sides , we get

 2  cos 0 cos 0 cos 0 
2    4 2  2  2  ...........
3  1 2 3 
2 2  1 1 1 
 4 2  2  2  ...........
3 1 2 3 
2 2  1 1 1 
 4 2  2  2  .........
3 1 2 3 
1 1 1 2
   ............. 
12 2 2 3 2 6
x ,0  x   
4. Find the Fourier series for the function given by f ( x )   
 2  x ,  x  2 
Solution
 
a
Let the Fourier series be f ( x )  0   a n cos nx   bn sin nx...........( 1 )
2 n 1 n 1
2  2
1 1 
a0 
 
0
f ( x ) dx  
 0
x .dx  

( 2  x ).dx 

 2
1  x2  1 x2  1  2 4 2 2
    2x      4 2   2 2   
  2 0   2   2 2 2 
2
1
an 
  f ( x ) cos nxdx
0
 2
1 
  x cos nxdx   ( 2  x ) cos nxdx
 0  
 2
1   sin nx    cos nx  1  sin nx    cos nx 
  x   ( 1 )   ( 2  x )   ( 1 ) 
  n   n
2
 0    n   n
2
 
1 cos n 1 1 cos n 
 0 0  2 0  2 0 
 n 2
n n n 2 

n
2
2

( 1 ) n  1 
a0  0 if n is even
4
an  if n is odd
n 2
2
1
bn 
  f ( x ) sin nx dx
0
 2
1 
   x sin nxdx   2  x  sin nxdx
 0  

 2
1    cos nx    sin nx  1   cos nx    sin nx 
  x   1   2  x    ( 1 ) 
  n   n
2
 0    n   n
2
 
1   cos n 
  cos n  0  0  0  0  0    0  0
 n n 
 4 
cos nx
f ( x )   
2  n odd n2
5. Find the Fourier series for f ( x )  e  x in the interval 0  x  2
Solution
 
a0
Let f ( x)    a n cos nx   bn sin nx.................(1)
2 n 1 n 1
2 2
1 1
 e
x
a0  f ( x)dx  dx
 0
 0
1  e 2


1
 e   x 2
0 

2 2
1 1
 e
x
an  f ( x) cos nxdx  cos nxdx
 0
 0

 n  1
e1
2
x
 cos nx  n sin nx 02
1  e 2


 n2 1 
2 2
1 1
 e
x
bn  f ( x) sin nxdx  sin nxdx
 0
 0

 n  1
e1
2
x
 sin nx  n cos nx 02
1  e 2
n
 .
 n 1 2
Substituting these values in (1) ,we get

1  e 2 
1  e  2 
n1  e 2 
f ( x)   cos nx  
n 1  n  1 n 1  n  1
sin nx
2 2 2
6. Find the Fourier series of period 2l for the function f ( x )  x( 2 l  x ) in ( 0 ,2 l )

1 1 1 2
Deduce the sum of 2  2  2  ...... 
1 2 3 12
Solution
Let
a0  n x  n x
f ( x)    an cos   bn sin ................... 1 
2 n 1 l n 1 l

To find a0 , a n , bn
2l
1
l 0
a0  f ( x) dx
2l
1
  x (2l  x) dx
l0
2l
1 x3  2
 lx 2    4l
l 3 0 3
nx nx
2l 2l
1 1
an   f ( x) cos dx   x (2l  x) cos dx
l0 l l0 l
2l
 nx     
 
 sin   cos nx   sin nx  
 (2lx  x 2 ) 
1 l   (2l  2 x)  l   (2)   l 
     2   3 

l

n
   n     n  
  l         
   l     l    0

l
 2l cos 2n  2l 
n 2
2
4l 2

n 2 2
nx
2l
1
l 0
bn  f ( x ) sin dx
l
1 2l nx

l0 x( 2l  x ) sin
l
dx
2l
 nx     
 
 cos   sin nx   cos nx  
 (2lx  x 2 )  
1 l   (2l  2 x)  l   (2)  l 
     2   3 

l

n
   n     n  
  l      
 l  
   l       0
bn  0
Using these values in (1) we get,
2l 2 4l 2  1 nx
x(2l  x)   2  2 cos ................... 2 
3  n1 n l
Deduction
1 1 1
The required series 2
 2  2  ......... can be obtained by putting x = l in the Fourier
1 2 3
series in (2) x = l lies in (0,2l) and is a point of continuity of the function
f(x) = x (2l - x)

[Sum of the Fourier series in (2) ]x=l = f(l)
2l 2 4l 2  1
  cos n  l (2l  l )
3  2 n1 n 2
4l 2   1 1 1  l
2
     .....  
 2  12 22 32  3
1 1 1 2
   ..... 
12 22 32 12
7. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x )  2 x  x 2 in the range (0, 2).
Solution
The fourier series of f(x) in (0,2) is
 
f ( x)  0   an cos n x   bn sin n x in (0,2)...................1
a
2 n 1 n 1
Here 2l  2  l  1
2l
1
l 0
a0  f ( x) dx
2
1
  2 x  x 2 dx
10
2
 2 x3  8 4
 x    4  
 3 0 3 3
nx
2l
1
an 
l0 f ( x) cos
l
dx
2
1

10 (2 x  x 2 ) cos nx dx
2
  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 

  2x  x 2     2  2 x     ( 2 )  
 n   n    n   0
2 2 3 3

  sin 2n   cos 2n   sin 2n 
4  4    2  4  2 2   (2) 3 3 
  n   n   n   

   cos 0   sin 0  
 0  2  0 2 2   (2) 3 3  
  n   n   
  cos 2n  2 
an    2  2 2  2 2 
  n  n 
  1  2 
  2  2 2   2 2 
 n   n  
4
 2 2
n

nx
2l
1
bn 
l0 f ( x) sin
l
dx
nx
2
1

10 (2 x  x 2 ) sin
l
dx
2
   cos nx    sin nx   cos nx 

  2x  x2 
n
   2  2 x     (2)  3 3 
   n   n   0
2 2

  cos 2n  2 
 (2)   3 3
 n  n 
3 3

  1  2 
 (2)  3 3   3 3   0
 n   n  
Using these values in(1) we get
4   4 cos nx
f ( x)    2
6 n 1  n2
2 4 
cos nx
f ( x)  
3 2
 n 1 n2
8. Find the Fourier series expansion of
f(x) with period 2l defined by
2
f ( x )  l  x 
1 1 1
in ( 0 ,2 l ) Hence deduce that 2  2  2  ....... 
2
1 2 3 6
Solution
The fourier series of f(x) in (0,2l) is
a0  nx  nx
f ( x)    an cos   bn sin ................... 1 
2 n 1 l n 1 l
2l
1
a0   f ( x) dx
l0
1  l  x  
2l 3 2l
1
  (l  x) dx  
2
  2l
2
l0 l   3 0 3
nx
2l
1
an 
l0 f ( x) cos
l
dx
nx
2l
1

l0 (l  x) 2 cos
l
dx
2l
 nx     
 
 sin   cos nx    sin nx  
1
 (l  x) 2  l   2(l  x)( 1)  l   (2)  l 
l     2   3 


n
    n     n   
  l       
   l     l    0

       
           
1   sin 2n  cos 2n  2 sin 2n     cos 0  2 sin 0 
 (l  2l ) 2    2(l  2l )  3  
2 sin 0
 (l  0) 

  2(l  0) 2 
 3 
l   n   n 
  n    n     
2
      n    n  
  l    l    l  

  l       l     l       
1  2l 3 2l 3  4l 2
  3 3  3 3  2 2
l n  n  n
nx
2l
1
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l0 l
nx
2l
1
  (l  x) 2 sin dx
l0 l
2l
 nx     
 
 cos   sin nx   cos nx  
1
 (l  x) 2  l   2(l  x)( 1)  l   2 l 
l     2   3 

  n     n   
n
      
  l    l     l    0
1   l 3 2l 3 l3 2l 3 
   3 3  3 3  0
l  n n  n n  
 l 2 4l 2 1 nx 
f(x)   2 n cos  ...........................( 2 )
3 
2
l 
f (0)  f (2l ) l 2  l 2
Putting x  0 in (2 ) and f (0)    l2
2 2
 (2) becomes
 l 2 4l 2  1 
l   2  2
2
3  1 n 

2l 2 4l 2 1
3
 2

n 1
2
2l 2 4l 2  1
 2 2
3  1 n
1 2
 n2  6
x ,0  x  1
9. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )   deduce the sum of
 ( 2  x ), 1  x  2

1

n  1 , 3 ,5 n
2

Solution
The Fourier series of f(x) in (0,2l) is
a0  nx  nx
f ( x)    an cos   bn sin ................... 1 
2 n 1 l n 1 l
Here 2l = 2 which implies that l = 1
Therefore (1) becomes
a0  
f ( x)    an cos nx   bn sin nx ................... 2 
2 n 1 n 1
2l
1
l 0
a0  f ( x) dx
Put l = 1 in the above equation we get

2
a0   f ( x) dx
0
1 2

   f ( x) dx   f ( x) dx 
0 1 
1 2

   x dx    2  x  dx 
0 1 
 x 2 1  2  x 2  2 
       
 2  0   1 1 
 
1 1
   
2 2
nx
2l
1
an 
l0 f ( x) cos
l
dx
2
a n   f ( x) cos nx dx  l  1
0
1 2
  f ( x) cos nx dx   f ( x) cos nx dx
0 1
1 2
  x cos nx dx    (2  x) cos nx dx
0 1
 1
  sin nx    cos nx    sin nx    cos nx  
2

   x   1   (2  x)   (1)  
  n   n   0   n   n  1 
2 2 2 2
 

   cos n  1    1  cos n  
   0   2 2   0  2 2   0   2 2   0  2 2  
  n   n    n   n  
  1
 1    1  

n n
1
   0  2 2  2 2   0  2 2  2 2  

 n n   n n   
  1n 1 1  1n 
 2 2  2 2 0 2 2  2 2 
n  n n n 
 2(1) n  2 
 
 n
2 2


2 (1) n  1


n 2
0 if n is even n  0
 
an    4 
 if n is odd 
n 
2

nx
2l
1
bn   f ( x) sin dx
l0 l
2
  f ( x) sin nx dx  l  1
0
1 2
  x sin nx dx    (2  x) sin nx dx
0 1
 1
   cos nx    sin nx     cos nx    sin nx  
2

   x   1   (2  x)   (1)  
  n   n  0   n   n 1 
2 2 2 2
 
   1   1  0
1 n 1 n
n n
Using these values in (2) we get
 4  1
f(x)   cos nx
2  n1,3,.. n
2
Deduction
x  1 is a po int of continuity of f ( x )
 Sum of Fourier series of f ( x )x 1  f (1)
 4 1 1 1 
i .e   2  2  2  .........    
2  1 3 5 
2
1 1 1 
i .e    .........  
2 2 2 8
1 3 5

Note:1
e ax
 e cos bxdx  a 2  b 2 a cos bx  b sin bx
ax
e ax
 e ax
sin bxdx  a sin bx  b cos bx
a2  b2
Note:2
General rule of integration by parts which states that if u,v be two functions of x
Then  uvdx  uv1  u ' v 2  u '' v3  u ''' v 4  ........
Dashes denote differentiation and suffixes ,integration with respect to x .
Even and odd function:
A function f (x ) is said to be even if f ( x)  f ( x) and odd function if
f ( x)   f ( x) the graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis and the graph of
an odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Example
x 2 , cos x, sin 2 x, x .............. are even functions .
Example
x, x 3 , sin x, tan x,............... are odd functions.
Note
 (even function) (even function) = even function
(odd function) (odd function) = even function
(even function) (odd function) = odd function
(odd function) (even function) = odd function
a
 If f (x ) is odd  f ( x)dx  0
a
a a
 If f (x ) is even
a
 f ( x)dx  2 f ( x)dx
0
 If f (x ) is even ,the Euler’s formulae becomes

   
1 2 1 2
a0 
  f ( x)dx    f ( x) dx ,
 0
an 
  f ( x )conxdx    f ( x ) cos nx dx
 0

1
bn 
 
 f ( x ) sin nx dx 0
Since f (x ) is even , sin nx is odd and f ( x) sin nx is odd
 If f (x ) is odd, the Euler’s formulae becomes
 
1 1
a0 
  f ( x)dx  0 ,

an 
  f ( x) cos nxdx  0 ,


 
1 2
bn 
 

f ( x) sin nxdx 
  f ( x) sin nxdx
0
Since f (x ) is odd, cos nx is even and f ( x) cos nx is odd
 Useful Trigonometric Results

When n is an integer , sin n  0
 1
cos n  (1) n , sin  n    (1) n
 2
 1
cos  n    0 , cos n  1   (1) n
 2
Problems
1. Expand f ( x )  x 2 when    x   in a Fourier series .Hence deduce that

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2
i) 2
 2  2  ........to  ii)    ........to  
1 2 3 6 12 2 2 3 2 12
1 1 1 2
iii) 2  2   .........to  
1 3 52 8
Solution
Given f ( x )  x2
f (  x )   x   x 2  f x 
2
Here f (x ) is an even function , bn  0 .


a0
Now the Fourier series f (x ) is given by f ( x)    a n cos nx
2 n 1
To find a 0

 f x dx
1
a0 
 

2

 x 2
dx
0

2  x3 
  
  3 0
2  3 
  
 3 
2 2
a0 
3
To find a n


 f x cosnx dx
1
an 
 

2

 x 2
cos nx dx
0

2   sin nx    cos nx    sin nx 
 x 2    2 x   2 
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0
2  2  sin nx   cosnx   sin nx 

  x    2 x 2   2 3 
  n   n   n 
2  2  sin n   cos n   sin n  
     2    2 3   0 
  n   n   n  
2
2  2 cos n 
  
 n2
an 
4
2
 1n
n
Hence the required Fourier series is
f x  
2 
 4
 1n cosnx
3 n 1 n2
Deduction:
Here x   is a point of discontinuity which is one end of the given interval    x  
Therefore the sum of the Fourier series at x   is the average value of f(x) at the end
points.
Put x   we get
2  1 1 1  f     f  
 4  2  2  2  ..... 
3  1 2 3  2
2
1 1 1   
2 2
 4  2  2  2  ..... 
3 1 2 3  2
2 1 1 1 
 4 2  2  2  .....   2
3 1 2 3 
1 1 1  2
4  2  2  2  .....   2 
1 2 3  3
1  2
2
1 1
4  2  2  2  ..... 
1 2 3  3
1 1 1 2
   .....  _______( 1 )
12 2 2 3 2 6
Here x = 0 is a point continuity. Put x  0 in f (x )

2 1 1 1 
f 0   4 2  2  2  .....
3 1 2 3 
2 1 1 1 
0  4 2  2  2  .....
3 1 2 3 
2 1 1 1 
 4  2  2  2  .....
3 1 2 3 
1 1 1 2
   .....  ___________( 2 )
12 2 2 3 2 12
Add the equations (1) & (2) we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
   .....     .....  
12 2 2 3 2 12 2 2 3 2 6 12
1  3
2
1 1
2 2  2  2  ........ 
1 3 5  12
1 1 1 2
   ............ 
12 3 2 5 2 8
2. Find the Fourier series for f ( x )  x in  l  x  l Hence find the value
1 1 1
of 2
 2  2  ..........to  .
1 3 5
Solution
Given f ( x )  x is even . bn  0
The Fourier series of f (x ) in (l , l ) is
a0  n x
f x     an cos
2 n 1 
To find a 0

a0   f x dx
1
 

1
 
 x dx
  in0,  , x  x
2
 x dx

0



2 2  x2  2  2 
 x dx       = l
   2 0   2 
0
To find a n

n x

f x cos
1
an  
  
dx
1

n x
 
 
x cos

dx
2

n x

0 x cos

dx

2   nx   2 nx 
  x sin   1 2 2  cos 
   n   n    0

2   nx   2 nx 
  x sin   1 2 2 cos 
   n   n    0
2  2 
  2 2 cos n  1
n  
2

 2 2  1  1
n
n

l
2   nx   2 nx 
  x sin   1 2 2 cos 
   n    n    0
2  2 
  2 2 cos n  1
n  
2

 2 2  1  1
n
n

0, when ' n' is even

a n   4
  , when' n' is odd
 n 22
The required Fourier series is
 
4 n x
f x     2 2 cos
2 n1,3 ,5... n  
Deduction
Here x  0 is a point of continuity
Put x  0 in f ( x)

 4 1
0  2
2 

n 1 ,3 ,5.. n
2

1  2 
 2   8 
n 1, 3, 5.. n  

1 1 1  2 
   ....   
12 32 52  8 
3. Find the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )  sin x in    x  
Solution
f (x ) can also be defined as
 sin x ,  x  0
f ( x)  
sin x , 0  x  
f (  x )   sin x ,    x  0
 f ( x ) in the int erval ,0  x  
Thus f (x ) is an even function and hence bn  0

a0
Let f ( x)    a n cos nx..............................(1)
2 n 1

2
a0 
  f ( x )dx
0

sin x dx   cos x 
2 2




0
0
2 4
 ( 1  1.) 
 
 
2 2
an 
 
0
f ( x) cos nxdx 
 0
sin x cos nxdx
 sin( n  1) x  sin( n  1) xdx

1

 0
 2 cos A sin B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)


1   cos( n  1) x cos( n  1) x 
  
  (n  1) (n  1)  0
1   cos( n  1) cos( n  1) 1 1 
    
  (n  1) (n  1) (n  1) (n  1) 
1  (1) n (1) n 1 1 
    
  (n  1) (n  1) (n  1) (n  1) 
1 1 
 
  (n  1)
(1) n  1 
1
(n  1)
(1) n  1

 1 1 

1


( 1 )n  1    
( n  1 ) ( n  1 ) 
1 2 
an   2 
 1  ( 1 )
  n  1
n


a n  0 when n is odd ( n  1 )
4
 , when n is even
( n 2  1 )
 
2 1
a1 
  sin x cos xdx 
0
 0
sin 2 xdx

1   cos 2 x  1  1 1 
      0
  2 0   2 2 
Substituting the values of a0 , a n & a1 in (1) we get

2 4 1
f ( x) 

 
 n2, 4,6 (n  1)
cos nx
2
4. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function f ( x ) of period 2l

defined
 l  x , l  x  0 
1 2
by f ( x )   .Deduce that   .
 l  x ,0  x  l n 1 ( 2n  1 )
2
8
Solution
Here f ( x ) is an even function. Since f (  x )  f ( x ) in ( l ,l )
bn  0
The Fourier series of f ( x) in (l , l ) is
a0  nx
f x     an cos
2 n 1 l
To find a 0

f x dx
1
 
a0 
   x  dx
2


0
2    x  
2 
  
   2 0
2 0  2 
  
  2 
a0  
To find a n

nx

f  x  cos
1
an  
  
dx
  x  cos nx dx

2

0 
l
  nx   nx 
  sin    cos 
   x   
2    
 ( 1 )
  n   n 2  2 
    
     2  0

  nx   nx 
  sin    cos 
   x     
2
  n   n 2 2 
    
     2  0
  n   n      
   sin    cos      
2 
            0  sin 0     cos 0 
  
   n   n     n   n  
2 2 2 2
         
    2        2 
 

2 cos n 1 
   2 2  2 2 
 n n 
 2  2 
2

a n  2 2 1   1
n 
n

Therefore
0, when ' n' is even

an   4
 , when ' n' is odd
 n 2 2
Hence the required Fourier series is

4 nx
f x     2 2 cos
l
2 n1,3,5.... n  l
Deduction:
Here x  0 is a point discontinuity.
Put x  0 in f ( x)
l  4l 1
f (0 )  l   2
2 n1  ( 2n  1 )2

1 2

n 1 ( 2 n  1 )
2

8

 2x
1  l
, l  x0
f ( x)   ,
5.Find the Fourier series expansion of 1  2x hence reduce
 ,0 xl
l
1 1 1 2
that    ........to  
12 3 2 5 2 8
Solution
The range is symmetrically divided into two sub ranges
2x
f ( x )  1 
l
 f ( x ) in 0  x  l
Thus f(x) is an even function and hence bn  0
a0 
nx
Let f ( x )    a n cos ..................( 1 )
2 n 1 l
2  2x 
l l
2
a0  
l 0
f ( x)dx   1  dx
l 0 l 
l
2 2x 2 
 x   0
l 2l  0
nx
l
2
an  
l 0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx
2  2x  nx
l
  1   cos dx
l 0 l  l
l
  nx   nx 
  sin    cos 
2  2x  l  2 l 
 1  
l  l  n  l  n 2  2 
    
  l   l2  0
4
 
 2 2 1  ( 1 ) n ,if n  0
n 
0 , if n is even and  0

 8
 n 2  2 , if n is odd
Using these values in (1) ,we get


8 nx
f ( x)  
n 1, 3, 5 n
2 2
cos
l
8 
1 nx
 
 n1,3,5 n
2 2
cos
l
x  0 is a point of continuity of f(x)
 sum of the fourier series of f ( x ) x 0  f ( 0 )
8 1 1 1 
2  2
 2  2  ...........    1
 1 3 5 
1 1 1 2
   .................. 
12 3 2 5 2 8
6.Find the Fourier series expansion of 1  cos x in    x   .

Solution
Given f ( x)  1  cos x ,  x  
f ( x)  1  cos( x)  1  cos x  f ( x)
 The given f ( x)  1  cos x is even function, and hence bn  0
a0 
f(x)   an cos nx...................................( A )
2 n 1
 
2 2
a0 
0 f ( x ) dx   1  cos x dx
0

2 x x
  2 sin dx  2 sin 2  1  cos x
0 2 2

 x
 cos  
2 2 2 2 2 x 4 2
      2 cos   a0 
  1    20 
 2  0
  
2 2 2
  
an  f ( x ) cos nx dx  1  cos x cos nx dx  2 sin 2 x cos nx dx
2
0 0 0

2 x

 2 sin cos nx dx
0
2

2   1  1 
  
 0 
sin  n   x  sin  n   x  dx
2  2 
 2 cos A sin B  sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )


  1  1 
  cos n   x cos n   x 

2
  2
  2 
   1  1 
  n  2  n   
 2  0


2 2  1 2  1 
   cos n   x  cos n   x 
  (2n  1)  2 (2n  1)  2  0
2 2 2    1 
  
  (2n  1) (2n  1)   cos n  2   0
   
4 2
an  
 ( 4n 2  1 )
Substituting the values of a0 and an in (A), we get

2 2 4 2 1
f ( x) 



 4n
n 1
2
1
cos nx
1. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x )  x 2  2 in the interval  2  x  2

Solution
Here l  2
f ( x )  x 2  2 is an even function and bn  0
a0 
nx
f(x)   a n cos ..........................( 1 )
Let 2 n 1 2
l 2
2 2
a0   f ( x )dx   ( x 2  2 )dx
l 0 20
2
 x3  4
   2 x 
3 0 3
nx nx
l 2
2 2
an  
l 0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx   ( x 2  2 ) cos
20 l
dx
2
  nx   nx   nx 
  sin    cos    sin 
 ( x  2 )
2
 2   2x  2  2 2 
  n   n 
2 2
  n 
3 3

      
 2   4   8  0
 16
 2 2 ( 1 ) n
n 
 2 16  ( 1 )n nx
 f(x)  2  2 cos
3  n1 n 2

Half Range series
Half Range Cosine series
Let f (x ) be defined 0 to l .It we extend the function f (x ) by reflecting it in the y axis, so
that f ( x) = f (x ) ,then the extended function is even for which bn  0. The Fourier series
expansion of f (x ) will contain only cosine terms .
 the function f (x ) defined over the interval 0  x  l ,
The half range cosine series is
a 
nx
f ( x)  0   a n cos
2 n 1 l
l
2
where a 0   f ( x)dx
l 0
nx
l
2
an  
l 0
f ( x) cos
l
dx
Note
If the range is 0  x   , then the half range cosine series is
a0 
f(x)   a n cos nx
2 n 1

2
where a0 
  f ( x ) dx
0


2
an  f ( x) cos nx dx

0
Half Range sine series

If we extend the function f (x ) by reflecting it in the origin so that f ( x)   f ( x)
Then the extended function is odd for which a0  an  0. The Fourier expansion of f(x) will
contain only sine terms.
The function f ( x) defined over the int erval 0  x  l ,the half range sine series is ,

nx
f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 l
nx
l
2
where bn  
l 0
f ( x) sin
l
dx
Note
If the range is 0  x   , then the half range sine series for f(x) is


f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1

2
where bn 
0
Problems
1. Find the half range cosine series of f ( x )  x ( l  x ) in 0, l 
Solution
The Fourier series of f (x ) in ( 0 ,l ) is
a0  nx
f x     an cos
2 n 1 l
To find a 0
1 l
a0   f  x  dx
l l
2
  l  x x dx
l0
l
2  lx 2 x 3  l2
    
l  2 3  3
 0
To find a n
nx
l
2
an   f ( x ) cos dx
l 0 l
nx
 
l
2
  lx  x 2 cos dx
l 0 l

  n x   n x   n x 
  sin    cos    sin 
2

  x  x 2  
     2 x      2   
  n   n 2 2   n 3 3 
     
     2   3  0
2
 2 2   cos n  l 
n
an  
2 2
n 2 2

 1n  1  
0 , when n is odd

a n    4l 2
 2 2 , when n is even
n 
Required half range cosine series is given by


 2 4 2
f x  
1
6
 2


n  2 ,4 ,6.. n
2
cos nx
2. Find the half range cosine series and sine series for f ( x )  x 2 in 0  x   .
Solution
i) To find the half range cosine series f ( x) in (0,  )
a0 
 f x     an cos nx
2 n 1
To find a 0
 
f x  dx
2 2
 
a0   x 2
dx
0 0
2 2
a0  
3
To find a n

2
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx
0

2

 x 2
cos nx dx
0

 x 2    2 x   2 
  n   n
2
  n
3
 0
 2    1
4 n
n
4 1
n
an  , n0
n2
Hence the required Fourier Half range cosine series is
f x  
2
 4 2

 1n cos nx
in 0,  
3 n 1 n
ii) The Fourier Half Range sine series is


f  x    bn sin nx........( 1 )
n 1

 f x sin nxdx

2
bn 
 0

2
 x
2
sin nx dx
 0

2   cos nx   sin nx   cos nx 
 x 2     2 x    2 
  n   n 
2
 n
3
 0


2  2
n
n 1 2 n
 
  1  3  1  1  
n 
 2  2 4 
   3  , if n is odd
 n
bn   
n 
 2
  , if n is even
 n
Using these value in (1) we get the half range sine series .
3. Find the Fourier series of half range sine series and half range cosine series of
x ,0  x  1 
f ( x)   
( 2  x ), 1  x  2 
Solution
i) Let the half range cosine series be
a 
nx
 f x   0   a n cos ...............................( 1 )
2 n 1 l
a 
nx
 0   a n cos
2 n 1 2
Here l  2
2 1 2
2
a0   f ( x ) dx   x dx   ( 2  x ) dx  1
20 0 1
nx
2
2
a n   f ( x ) cos dx
20 2
nx nx
l 2
  x cos x dx   (2  x) cos dx
0
2 1
2
  nx 
1
nx    nx  nx  
2
  sin  cos    sin  cos  

 2   (2  x) 2  
   x 2 
 
2 

  n  n 2 2    n  n 2 2  
  2    
 4  0   2  4 1 
2 n 4 n 4 4 2 n 4 n
 sin  2 2 cos  2 2  2 2 cos n  sin  2 2 cos
n 2 n 2 n n n 2 n 2
8
 2 2 cos
n
n
2 n
4

 2 2 1   1
n

0 , n is a multiple of 4

   16
 n 2 2 , if n is even, but not a mutiple of 4

Using these values in (1) ,the required cosine series is given by ,
1 16  1 1 1 
f ( x)   2  2 cos x  2 cos 3x  2 cos 5x  ....... 
2  2 6 10 

nx
(ii) Let the half range sine series be f ( x)   bn sin
n 1 2
nx
2
2
bn 
20 f ( x) sin
2
dx........................(2)
nx nx
1 2
  x sin dx   (2  x) sin dx
0
2 1
2
  nx  nx  
1
 nx  nx  
2
  cos  sin    cos  sin  

     2 22 
   x  2   2 22   (2  x)  2
 
  n  n    n  n  
    
  2  4 
0 
  2  4 1 

2 n 4 n 2 n 4 n
 cos  2 2 sin  cos  2 2 sin
n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
8 n
bn  2 2 sin
n 2
 8 n
 2 2 sin , if n is odd
bn   n  2
0 , if n is even
Using this value in (2) ,the required sine series is given by
8 1 x 1 3x 1 5x 
f ( x)  2  2 sin  2 sin  2 sin  .................. 
 1 2 3 2 5 2 
Parsevel’s Identity
Root Mean Square:
Definition:
The Root Mean square value is usually applied only to periodic function.
The Root Mean Square value of the function y  f (x) in an interval (a,b) is denoted by y
and it is defined by
b b
1
 f ( x)2 dx
1
  f ( x)2 dx
2
y 
ba a
(OR) y 
ba a
Root Mean square value also called as effective value.
Parseval’s Theorem
If y  f (x) can be expanded as Fourier series of the form
a0 
nx  nx
f ( x)    a n cos   bn sin in the interval (c, c  2l ) ,then the root mean
2 n 1 l n 1 l
square value y of y  f (x) is given by

1 
 
2
a
y  0   a n  bn ..........( A )
2 2 2
4 2 n 1
Note:1
The half range cosine series for f ( x ) in ( 0 ,l ) is given by
a0 
nx
f(x)   a n cos
2 n 1 l
l  2
2
  f ( x )2
dx 
a0
  an
2
l 0 2 n 1
Note:2
The half range sine series for f ( x ) in ( 0 ,l ) is given by

nx
f ( x )   bn sin
n 1 l
2
l 
2
  f ( x ) dx   bn
2
l 0 n 1
Problems:
1. Find the Fourier series for the function f ( x )  x 2  x in
1 1 1
   x   .Hence deduce the sum of the series 4
 4  4  ......to  ,.
1 2 3
Solution
Given f ( x)  x 2  x and f ( x)  ( x) 2  ( x)  x 2  x  f ( x)
f (x ) is neither even nor odd function
 
a0
f ( x)    a n cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1
To find a 0

1
f ( x) 
  f ( x)dx

 
1 2 2 2
 x  x dx   ( x  x) dx 
2 2
=
 
 0
3
To find a n

1
an 
  f ( x) cos nx dx


1
  ( x  x) cos nx dx
2
 

1 sin nx   cos nx    sin nx 
 ( x 2  x )  (2 x  1)   2 
 n  n
2
  n
3
 

4(1) n

n2
To find bn

1
bn 
  f ( x) sin nxdx



1
  ( x
2
 x) sin nxdx  x 2
sin nx is odd in ( ,  ) 

 
2 2   cos nx  sin nx 
  x sin nxdx   x  
 0   n  n 2  0
2
  1n
n
Substituting a0 , a n and bn in (A)
2 
( 1 )n 
( 1 )n1
f(x)  4 2 cos nx  2 sin nx
3 n 1 n n 1 n
Deduction
1  2 1  2
2
a
y  0   a n   bn
2
4 2 n 1 2 n 1
1 4 4 1  16 1 1  4 1
 2n 2
 x 
2n
1
    n2
2
2
 x dx  
2 
49 2 n1 n 4 2 n1
4
.2 x 4  x 2 dx 
  
1 1 1
 8 4  2 2
2 0 9 n 1 n n 1 n
4 2 1 
41 
   8 4  2 2
5 3 9 n 1 n n 1 n

1 1 1 4  2 
1
8       2
5 9
4 2
n 1 n 3 n 1 n

1 4

n 1 n
4

90
2. Find the Fourier series for f ( x )  x 2 in    x   . Hence deduce the sum of
1 1 1 4
series 4  4  4  ...........to  
1 2 3 90
Solution
Since f ( x)  ( x) 2  x 2  f ( x)
f ( x ) is an even function and hence bn  0 for every x
 
a0
f ( x)    a n cos nx   bn sin nx.......................( A)
2 n 1 n 1

 
2 2
 
a0  f ( x) dx  x 2
dx
0 0
2 2
a0 
3
 
2 2
 
an  f ( x) cos nx dx  x 2
cos nx dx
0 0

2   sin nx    cos nx   sin nx 
 x 2    2 x   2  
  n   n
2
  n 3  0

2  x2 2x 2 
  sin nx  2 cos nx  3 sin nx 
n n n 0
2  2  4
 cos n   2  1
n

 n 2
 n
Substituting the values of a 0 and a n , bn in ( A) ,we get
2 (1) n 
f ( x)   4 2 cos nx
3 n 1 n
By Parseval’s theorem

1  2 1  2
2
a0
  f ( x) dx 
1
  an  2 
2
bn
2 
4 2 n1 n 1

4 4 1  16
   1  0
1
 x dx 
4 2n
2 
36 2 n 1 n 4

1  x5  4 
1
    8 4
2  5   9 n 1 n
4
 

1 1
 5  5   8 4
10 9 n 1 n
4 4 
1
  8 4
5 9 n 1 n

1 4

n 1 n
4

90
 
 x , 0 x
2
3. Find the half range sine series for the function f ( x )  
  x ,   x  
 2

Hence deduce the sum of the series

 n 1
1
2 n  1
4
Solution

Giving an odd extension for f (x ) in   ,0 ,the function f (x ) is made an odd
function
in   ,  

f ( x)   bn sin nx....................(1)
n 1

2
bn 
0

2  2 


  0 
 x sin nx dx  (  x ) sin nx dx

 2 

2   cos nx  sin nx  2   cos nx  sin nx  


   x    2   (  x)  2  
   n  n 0   n  n  
 2
2   n 1 n  n 1 n 
  cos  2 sin  cos  2 sin
  2n 2 n 2 2n 2 n 2 
4 n
bn  sin ,which become zero for even values of n
n 2
2
Using these values in (1),we get
4  1 n
f ( x)   sin sin nx in 0,  
 n1,3,5 n 2
2
Since the series whose sum is required contain constant multiples of squares of bn ,we apply
Parseval’s theorem,
 
  f ( x) dx   bn
1 2 1 2
 0
2 n1

1  2 2  1 16
 
1 n
  0
x dx   (   x ) 2
dx  . 2
 2 

n 1 ,3 ,5 n
4
sin 2
2
 2 
2 8 
1
12

 2  2n  1
n 1
4

1 4
 2n  1
n 1
4

96
Harmonic Analysis:
The problem of expanding a function f (x) in a Fourier series
 
a0
f ( x)    a n cos nx   bn sin nx .We have determined a 0 , a n , bn by evaluating the
2 n 1 n 1
integrals. The function f (x) to be expanded in Fourier series need not be defined by

analytical expression or f (x) may be even given in a tabular form .In those cases we obtain
the values of a 0 , a1 , a 2 ,....... & b1 , b2 , b3 ,......... as follows.
Let y 0 , y1 , y 2 ,...... y n 1 be the n values of the given function f (x) at equal interval of h as
given below :
x : x 0 x1 .....................x n 1
y : y 0 y1 ................... y n 1
Then the values of the Fourier coefficients a 0 , a n , bn of the function y  f (x) in (0,2 ) are
given by,
a0  2mean value of y in 0 ,2 
a n  2mean value of y cos nx in 0 ,2 
bn  2mean value of y sin nx in 0 ,2 
The process of finding the Fourier series for a function given by numerical values is known
as harmonic analysis.
Note
 The term a1 cos x  b1 sin x is called the fundamental or first harmonic ,the term
a2 cos 2x  b2 sin 2x is called the second harmonic and so on.
 The number of ordinates used should not be less than twice the number of highest
harmonic to be found.
 f ( x ) is defined in the interval (0,2l ) in harmonic analysis then

 y 
a0  2  in ( 0 ,2l )
 n 
 nx 
  y cos l 
an  2 in ( 0 ,2l )
 n 
 
 nx 
  y sin l 
bn  2  in ( 0 ,2l )
 n 
 
 In harmonic analysis f (x) is expanded in half range sine series in 0, l and 0,  
 nx 
  y sin l 
In 0 ,l  bn  2  
 n 
 
  y sin nx 
In 0 ,  bn  2  
 n 

 In harmonic analysis f (x) is expanded in half range cosine series in 0, l and 0,  
 y 
In 0 ,l  a0  2  
 n 
 nx 
  y cos l 
an  2 
 n 
 
 y 
In 0 ,  a0  2  
 n 
  y cos nx 
an  2 
 n 
Problems:
1. Find the Fourier series expansion of period 2 for the function y  f (x) which is
defined in 0,2  by means of the table values given below .Find the series upto the
third harmonic.
x 0  2  4 5 2
3 3 3 3
y 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
Solution
Let
a
f ( x)  0  a1 cos x  a2 cos 2 x  a3 cos 3x  b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x  b3 sin 3x..................(1)
2
Since the last value of y is repeated ,hence only the first six value will be used. The following
table is constructed.
x y cos x sin x cos 2x sin 2 x cos 3x sin 3x ycos y y y y y

x sin x cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 3 x sin 3x
0 1.0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 1.4 0.5 0.86 -0.5 0.866 -1 0 0.7 10.21 -0.7 1.212 -1.4 0
2
3
2 1.9 -0.5 0.86 -0.5 -0.866 1 0 -0.95 11.65 -0.95 -1.645 1.9 0
3
 1.7 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 -1.7 0 1.7 0 -1.7 0
4 1.5 -0.5 -0.86 -0.5 0.66 1 0 -0.75 -1.299 -0.75 1.299 1.5 0

5 1.2 0.5 -0.86 -0.5 -0.866 -1 0 0.6 -1.039 -0.6 -1.039 -1.2 0
3
8.7 -1.1 0.524 -0.3 -0.173 0.1 0
y  y cosx y sinx y y y y
cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 3 x sin 3x
Using the values in the above table, we get

a 0  2mean value of y in 0,2 
 y  2
 2   (8.7)  2.9 here n  6
 n  6
a1  2mean value of y cos x 
  y cos x  2
 2   (1.1)  0.37
 n  6
a 2  2mean value of y cos 2 x 
  y cos 2 x  2
 2   (0.3)  0.1
 n  6
a3  2mean value of y cos 2 x 

  y cos 3x  2
 2   (0.1)  0.03
 n  6
b1  2mean value of y sin x 
  y sin x  2
 2   (0.524)  0.17
 n  6
b2  2mean value of y sin 2 x 
  y sin 2 x  2
 2   (0.173)  0.06
 n  6
b3  2mean value of y sin 3 x 
  y sin 3 x 
 2 0
 6 
Substituting these value of a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 and b1 , b2 , b3 in (1) we get
y  1.45   0.37 cos x  0.17 sin x  0.1cos 2x  0.06 sin 2x  0.03 cos 3x
2. The following table gives the variations of a periodic function over a period T.
x 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5 T/3 T
f (x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.3 -0.88 -0. 25 1.98

2x
Show that f ( x )  0.75  0.37 cos   1.004 sin , where   and obtain the amplitude
T
of the first harmonic.
Solution
Here last value is repetition of the first ,hence only the first six value will be used.
n  6
2x
Given  
T
T T T 2T 5T  2 4 5
 when x takes the values of 0, , , , , , tekesthe values of 0, , , , ,
6 3 2 3 6 3 3 3 3
a0
Let the Fourier series be of the form f ( x)   a1 cos  b1 sin  .................(1)
2
 y 
a0  2 
 n 
  y cos  
an  2  
 n 
  y sin  
Where bn  2  
 n 
 y cos sin  y cos  y sin 
0 1.98 1.0 0 1.98 0

1.30 0.500 0.866 0.65 1.1258
3
2
1.05 -0.500 0.866 -0.525 0.9093
3
 1.30 -1 0 -1.3 0
4
-0.88 -0.500 -0.866 0.44 0.762
3
5
-0.25 0.500 -0.866 -0.125 0.2165
3
4.5 1.12 3.013
 a0  1.5
a1  0.37
b1  1.004

Substituting these values of a0 , a1 & b1 in (1) we get
f ( x)  0.75  0.37 cos   1.004 sin 
The amplitude of the first harmonic = a1  b1  (0.37) 2  (1.004) 2  1.072

2 2
3. Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the function
given in the following data .
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f( x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
Solution
Here the length of the interval is 6
2l  6  l  3
The Fourier series is
a0 x 2x x 2x
f ( x)   a1 cos  a 2 cos  b1 sin  b2 sin
2 l l l l
a x 2x x 2x
 0  a1 cos  a 2 cos  b1 sin  b2 sin .....................(1)
2 3 3 3 3
x y x x 2x 2x
y cos y sin y cos y sin
3 3 3 3
0 9 9 0 9 0
1 18 9 15.7 -9 15.6
2 24 -12 20.9 -12 -20.9
3 28 -28 0 28 0
4 26 -13 -22.6 -13 22.6
5 20 10 -17.4 -10 -17.4
125 -25 -3.4 -7 -0.1
 y  2
a0  2    ( 125 )  41.66
 n  6
 n 
  y cos
3   8.33
a1  2  
 n 
 

 2x 
  y cos 3 
a2  2   2.33
 n 
 
 
 x 
  y sin 3 
b1  2    1.13
 n 
 
 2x 
  y sin 3 
b2  2    0.03
 n 
 
Substituting these values of a0 , a1 , a 2 , b1 , b2 in (1) we get
x 2x x 2x
f ( x )  20.83  8.33 cos  2.33 cos  1.13 sin  0.03 sin
3 3 3 3
4. Compute the first three harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x ) given by

x 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300
y 6.824 7.976 8.026 7.204 5.676 3.674 1.764 0.552 0.262 0.904 2.492 4.736
Solution
a
Let f ( x)  0  a1 cos x  a2 cos 2 x  a3 cos 3x  b1 sin x  b2 sin 2 x  b3 sin 3x.......(1)
2
x y cos x cos 2x cos 3x sin x sin 2 x sin 3x
0 6.824 1.0 1.0 1 0 0 0
30 7.976 0.866 0.5 0 0.5 0.866 1
60 8.026 .5 -0.5 -1 0.866 0.866 0
90 7.204 0 -1 0 1 0 -1
120 5.676 00.5 -0.5 1 0.866 -0.866 0
150 3.674 -0.866 0.5 0 0.5 -0.866 1
180 1.764 -1 1.0 -1 0 0 0
210 0.552 -0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 0.866 -1
240 0.262 -0.5 -0.5 1 -0.866 0.866 0
270 0.904 0 -1.0 0 -1 0 1
300 2.492 .5 -0.5 -1 -0.866 -0.866 0
330 4.736 0.866 0.5 0 -0.5 -0.866 -1

 y  2
a0  2   (50.09)  8.348
 n  12
  y cos x  2
a1  2    (14.699)  2.450
 n  12
  y cos 2 x  2
a 2  2   (0.721)  0.120
 n  12
  y cos 3 x 
a3  2 0
 n 
  y sin x  2
b1  2    (18.962)  3.160
 n  12
  y sin 2 x  2
b2  2    (0.204)  0.034
 n  12
  y sin 3 x  2
b3  2    (0.062)  0.010
 n  12
Substituting these value of a0 , a1 , a2 , a3 and b1 , b2 , b3 in (1) we get
f ( x)  4.174  2.450 cos x  0.120 cos 2 x  0.080 cos 3x  3.160 sin x  0.034 sin 2 x  0.010 sin 3x
PART - A
1. If f(x)=x2 +x is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (-2,2) ,to which value
this converges at x=2
Solution
The value of the Fourier series for f(x) at x=2 is
  f (2)  f (2)
1
2
 4  2  4  2  4
1
2
2. If the Fourier of the function f(x)=x2 +x in the interval (-π, π) is
 2   4 cos nx 2  1 1 1
  2
 sin nx  then find the value of infinite series 2  2  2  ............
3  n 1 n n  1 2 3
Solution
2   4 cos nx 2 
f(x)   2
 sin nx 
3  n 1 n n 
put x  
2 
4
f ( )   2
3 n 1 n

f ( ) 
1
 f (  )  f (  )
2
1

   2   2
2

2
2 
4
 2   2
3 n 1 n
1 1 1 2 2  2
   ............ = 
12 2 2 32 4*3 6
3. State Dirichlet’s condition for a given function to expand in Fourier series

Solution
(i) f(x) is well defined, periodic and single valued
(ii) f(x) has finite number of finite discontinuous
(iii) f(x) has finite number of maxima and minima
(  x)
4. Determine bn in the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )  in ( 0 ,2 ) .
2
Solution
2
1  (  x) 
bn     sin nx dx
 0 2 
2
1    cos nx    sin nx 

2 (  x) n   (1) 
    n 2  0
  cos 2n    cos 0 
1
   
2
 n   n 

 1  1  1
2n n
cos x , 0  x  
5. If f ( x )   and f(x+2π) = f(x) for all x, find the sum of the
50 ,   x  2
Fourier series of f(x) at x = π.
Solution
f ( )   f ( )  f ( )
1
2
 cos   50
1
2
49

2
6. Find the coefficient a5 of cos 5x in the Fourier cosine series of the function f(x) =

sin 5x in the interval (0,2π)
Solution
2
1
a5 
2  sin 5 x cos 5 x dx
0
2
1

2  sin 10 x dx
0
2
1   cos 10 x 

2  10 
0
0
7. Find the value of an in the Fourier series expansion of f ( x )  x 2 in ( 0 ,2 ) .
Solution
1 2
an  2
 x cos nx dx
 0
2
 x 2    2 x   2 
  n   n 2   n 3  0
1  4 

  n 2 
4

n2
8. Does f(x) = tan x possess a Fourier series expansion in (0, π)?
Solution
f(x) = tan x has an infinite discontinuity at x = π/2
Since Dirichlet’s condition on continuity is not satisfied , the function f(x) = tan x has no
Fourier series expansion.
9. Find Fourier sine series expansion for the function f(x) = 1 in 0<x< π.
Solution
2 2
bn   sin nx dx
 0
2
2   cos nx 
  
  n  0
2 1  (1) n 
  
  n2 

The Fourier series of f ( x)   bn sin nx
n 1
4 sin 3 x 
 f ( x)  sin x   ........
  3 

10. State Parseval’s identity for full range expansion of f(x) for Fourier series in (0,2l)
Solution
 
2
a02 1  2
1 2l
  f ( x )  dx    an  bn2
2l 0 4 2 n 1
where an, bn are Fourier coefficients in the expansion of f(x) as a Fourier series.
11. Find the value of an in cosine series of f(x) = k in (0,10)
Solution
Here l=10 and f(x) = k
nx
10
2
an   k cos dx
10 0 10
10
 nx 
  sin 
k  10 
 
5  n 
 10  0
 sin n  sin 0 
k
5
0
12. Find the RMS value of f(x) = x in (0, l ).
Solution
1l 2
RMS   x dx
l0
1 l 2 
  
l  3 
l

3
13. Define the RMS value of f(x) in a < x < b.
Solution
  f ( x) dx
1 b
RMS value is y  2
baa

14. Suppose the function x cos x has series expansion  bn in (-π, π). Find the value of b1.
n 1
Solution

2
b1 
  x cos x sin x dx
0

2

  x sin 2 xdx
0


1    cos 2 x   sin 2 x 
 x  
   2   4  0
1  

  2 
1

2
15. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion f(x) = cos2 x in (-π, π).
cos2 x is an even function in (-π, π).
Solution

a
cos 2 x  0   an cos nx
2 n 1
1  cos 2 x a0 
   an cos nx
2 2 n 1

2 1  cos 2 x
a0   dx
 0 2

2  x sin 2 x 
  
 2 4  0
2  
  
 2
1
16. To which value the half range sine series corresponding to f(x) = x2 expressed in
the interval (0,2) converges at x = 2.
Solution
 nx
f(x) = x2 has the form f ( x)   bn sin
n1 2
nx
at x = 2 , sin =0 since sin n π = 0 always .
2
Therefore the series of f(x) converges to 0 at x = 2.

If cos 3 t  0   a n cos nt  bn sin nt  in 0  t  2. Find the sum of the series
a
17.
2 n 1
a 02 1  2

  a n  bn2 .
4 2 n 1

Solution
2
a02 1  2

  an  bn2 
4 2 n 1
1

2 0

cos 6 t dt
/2
4
  cos
6
t dt
2 0

2 5 3 1  
x x x 
  6 4 2 2 
5

16
18. State Parseval’s identity for half- range cosine expansion of f(x) in (0,l)
Solution
 
2
a 02 1  2
1l
  f ( x )  dx    an
l0 4 2 n 1
Where an is the Fourier coefficients in the expansion of f(x) as a Fourier series.
19. If the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) = x in the interval (0,2 π) is
 
a 02  2
 

a0
  a n cos nx  bn sin nx . Find the value of   a n  bn2 without finding the
2 n 1 2 n 1
values of a0 , an and bn.
Solution
2 2
1  2
 
2
  f ( x ) dx  0
1 a
y 
2
2 4
 
2 n 1
an  bn2
0
2 2
1 
 
2
  f ( x ) dx
a 1
0
  an2  bn2 
4 2 n 1 2 0
2 2
 

a02
  f ( x ) dx
2
  a n2  bn2 
2 n 1 2 0
2
1
 x
2
dx
 0
2
1  x3 
  
  3 0
8 2

3
20 . Find bn in the expansion of x2 as a Fourier series in (-π, π).
Solution
f( x) = x2
f(-x) = x2 = f(x)
The coefficient bn of sin x in Fourier series expansion is 0.
Therefore bn = 0.
21 . Find an in the expansion of e-x as a Fourier series in (-π, π).
Solution

1
 e
x
an  cos nx dx
 

1  ex 
   cos nx  n sin nx 
 1  n 2
 

 
1
 e  ( 1 )n  e  ( 1 )n

 1 n 2
( 1 )
e 
n

  e
 1  n  2
( 1 )n
 2 sin h

 1  n2 
PART – B
1. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (2𝜋 − 𝑥) as Fourier series in (0, 2π) and hence deduce that the sum of
1 1 1
+ 22 + 32 + ….
12
𝟐π𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 𝟏 π𝟐
[AU May 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟒 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 , ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏𝟐 = .
𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
1 − 𝑥, − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
2. Obtain the Fourier series for the function f(x) given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
1 + 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
1 1 1 𝜋2
Hence deduce that + 32 + 52 + … . = .
12 8
𝝅+𝟐 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓… .
𝟐 𝝅 𝒏𝟐
𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙⁄2
3. Obtain the sine series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
𝑙 − 𝑥, 𝑙⁄2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
𝒏𝝅
𝟒𝒍𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
[AU May 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 .
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒍
4. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = x in (0, π).
𝝅 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2014] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓.. .
𝟐 𝝅 𝒏𝟐
5. Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the function f(x) with
period 6, given in the following table:
X 0 11 2 3 4 5
F(x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
𝝅𝒙 𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝝅𝒙
[AU June 2012] Answer : f(x) = 20.83 – 8.33 cos - 1.133 sin - 2.33 cos -
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝝅𝒙
0.03 sin .
𝟑
1 1 1 𝜋4
6. Find the Fourier series of x2 in (- π, π) and hence deduce that 14 + 24 + + … . 90.
34
𝝅𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2013] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝟒 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 .
𝟑 𝒏𝟐

𝑘𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙⁄2
7. Obtain Fourier cosine series of 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
𝑘(𝑙 − 𝑥), 𝑙⁄2 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
𝒌𝒍 𝟖𝒌𝒍 𝟏 2𝜋𝑥 𝟏 6𝜋𝑥
[AU Dec 2013] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − [ 𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + …
𝟒 𝝅𝟐 𝑙 𝟔𝟐 𝑙
8. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x + x2 in (-π, π).

𝝅𝟐 𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏( 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒙).
𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝒏
𝑥 ,0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 1
9. Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = { . Also deduce that +
2 − 𝑥, 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 12
1 1 𝜋2
+ 52 + … . = .
32 8
𝟏 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝝅𝒙
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓,… .
𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐
10. Find the half range sine series of f(x) = 4x – x2 in the interval (0,4). Hence deduce that the
1 1 1
value of the series 13 + 33 + 53 + …
𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟒 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟑
[AU May 2014]Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓.. and 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟓𝟑 + … = .
𝝅𝟑 𝒏𝟑 𝟑𝟐
2𝑥
1 + 𝜋 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0 1
11. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝑥 in the interval (-π, π). Hence deduce that 12 +
1 − 𝜋 ,0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
1 1 𝜋2
+ + ….= .
32 52 8
𝟖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2014] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓.. .
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐
12. Compute the first three harmonics of the Fourier series for f(x) from the following data
x 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4 π/3 5 π/3 2π
f(x) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
[AU May 2011, May 2014] Answer: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 + (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙) +
(−𝟎. 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙) + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙.
13. Obtain the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x – x2 in 0 < x < 3.
𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙
−𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏
𝟑
+ 𝟑
.
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝝅 𝒏
14. Obtain the Fourier series expansion of x sinx as a cosine series in (0, π) and hence deduce
2 2 2
that the value of 1 + + + 5.7 + ⋯
1.3 3.5
1 (−1)𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : 1 − cos 𝑥 − 2 ∑∞
𝑛=2 (𝑛+1)(𝑛−1) .
2
15. The following table gives the variations of a periodic current over a period T.

Find the fundamental harmonic of f(x) to express f(x) in a Fourier series in the form f(x) =
𝑎0 2𝜋𝑥
+ 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = .
2 𝑇
x 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T

f(x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽.

16. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = (π - x)2 in (0, 2π) of periodicity 2π.
𝝅𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU June 2012] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝟒 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 .
𝟑 𝒏𝟐
17. Find the half range Fourier cosine series of f(x) = (π - x)2 in (0, π). Hence find the sum of
1 1 1
the series 14 + 24 + 34 + ….
𝝅𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 𝟏 𝝅𝟒
[AU May 2012] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝟒 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 . 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏𝟒 = .
𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝟗𝟎
18. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 and deduce
1 𝜋2
∑∞
𝑛=1 = .
(2𝑛−1)2 8
[AU May 2012] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓.. .
𝟐 𝝅 𝒏𝟐
0, − 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
19. Find the Fourier series of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { and hence evaluate
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
1 1 1
+ + 5.7 + ⋯
1.3 3.5
𝟏 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 𝟏
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙.
𝝅 𝝅 𝟒𝒏𝟐 − 𝟏 𝟐
1 1
20. Obtain the Fourier cosine series of (x - 1)2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence show that + 22 +
12
1 𝜋2
+ ….= .
32 6
𝟏 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2013] Answer : 𝟑 + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐
21. Calculate the first three harmonics of the Fourier of f(x) from the following data
x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
f(x) 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.3 1.52 1.76 2.0
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : f(x) = 1.26 +(0.04 cos x – 0.63 sinx) + (0.53 cos 2x – 0.23 sin 2x)
+( -0.1 cos 3x + 0.085 sin 3x).
2 2 2
22. Obtain cosine series for f(x) = x sinx in 0 < x < π and deduce 1 + − + 5.7 − ⋯[AU
1.3 3.5

1 (−1)𝑛+1 cos 𝑛𝑥
Dec 2011] Answer : 1 − cos 𝑥 + 2 ∑∞
𝑛=2 (𝑛+1)(𝑛−1)
.
2
TUTORIAL-I
1. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (2𝜋 − 𝑥) as Fourier series in (0, 2π) and hence deduce that the sum of
1 1 1
+ 22 + 32 + ….
12
𝟐π𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 𝟏 π𝟐
[AU May 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − 𝟒 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 , ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝒏𝟐 = .
𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
2. Obtain the Fourier series of periodicity 3 for f(x) = 2x – x2 in 0 < x < 3.

𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝒏𝝅𝒙
−𝟗 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏
𝟑
+ 𝟑
.
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝝅 𝒏
3. Find the Fourier series of f(x) = (π - x)2 in (0, 2π) of periodicity 2π.
𝝅𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU June 2012] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝟒 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 .
𝟑 𝒏𝟐
1 1 1 𝜋4
4. Find the Fourier series of x2 in (- π, π) and hence deduce that 14 + 24 + + … . 90.
34
𝝅𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2013] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = + 𝟒 ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 .
𝟑 𝒏𝟐
5. Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋 and deduce
1 𝜋2
∑∞
𝑛=1 = .
(2𝑛−1)2 8
[AU May 2012] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓.. .
𝟐 𝝅 𝒏𝟐
6. Find the Fourier series expansion of f(x) = x + x2 in (-π, π).

𝝅𝟐 𝟒 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏( 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒙).
𝟑 𝒏𝟐 𝒏
TUTORIAL-II
1 − 𝑥, − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
7. Obtain the Fourier series for the function f(x) given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
1 + 𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
1 1 1 𝜋2
Hence deduce that + 32 + 52 + … . = .
12 8
𝝅+𝟐 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓…
𝟐 𝝅 𝒏𝟐
2𝑥
1 + 𝜋 , −𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0 1
8. Expand 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2𝑥 in the interval (-π, π). Hence deduce that 12 +
1 − 𝜋 ,0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

1 1 𝜋2
+ 52 + … . = .
32 8
𝟖 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2014] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓.. .
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐
9. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = x in (0, π).
[AU May 2014] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = − ∑𝒏=𝟏,𝟑,𝟓.. .
𝟐 𝝅 𝒏𝟐
1 1
10. Obtain the Fourier cosine series of (x - 1)2, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and hence show that + 22 +
12
1 𝜋2
+ ….= .
32 6
𝟏 𝟒 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙
[AU May 2013] Answer : 𝟑 + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐
𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙⁄2
11. Obtain the sine series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
𝑙 − 𝑥, 𝑙⁄2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙
𝒏𝝅
𝟒𝒍𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝝅𝒙
[AU May 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏
𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 .
𝝅𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝒍
TUTORIAL-III
12. Find the Fourier series as far as the second harmonic to represent the function f(x) with
period 6, given in the following table:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
[AU June 2012]
𝝅𝒙 𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝝅𝒙 𝟐𝝅𝒙
Answer : f(x) = 20.83 – 8.33 cos - 1.133 sin - 2.33 cos - 0.03 sin .
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
13. The following table gives the variations of a periodic current over a period T. Find the
𝑎0
fundamental harmonic of f(x) to express f(x) in a Fourier series in the form f(x) = +
2
2𝜋𝑥
𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = .
𝑇
x 0 T/6 T/3 T/2 2T/3 5T/6 T

F(x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽.
14. Compute the first three harmonics of the Fourier series for f(x) from the following data
x 0 π/3 2π/3 π 4 π/3 5 π/3 2π

f(x) 1.0 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0
[AU May 2011, May 2014] Answer : 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟓 + (−𝟎. 𝟑𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙) +
(−𝟎. 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙) + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟑𝒙
15. Calculate the first three harmonics of the Fourier of f(x) from the following data
x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330
f(x) 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.3 1.52 1.76 2.0
[AU Dec 2011] Answer : f(x) = 1.26 +(0.04 cos x – 0.63 sinx) + (0.53 cos 2x – 0.23 sin 2x)
+( -0.1 cos 3x + 0.085 sin 3x).
2 2 2
16. Obtain cosine series for f(x) = x sinx in 0 < x < π and deduce 1 + − + 5.7 − ⋯
1.3 3.5
1 (−1)𝑛+1 cos 𝑛𝑥
[AU Dec 2011] Answer: 1 − cos 𝑥 + 2 ∑∞
𝑛=2 (𝑛+1)(𝑛−1)
.
2

Unit Ii-Fourier Series

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Unit – II

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 40

 f (x ) is periodic , single valued and finite

interval c  x  c  2 and a0 , an , bn (n  1,2,3,...) are called fourier coefficients of f (x ) .

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 41

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 42

1  sin 2n   cos 2n   sin 2n 

  sin 0   cos 0   sin 0 

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 43

 x cos ( n  1 ) x  cos ( n  1 )x dx

 1  sin( n  1 )x cos( n  1 )x  2   sin( n  1 )x cos( n  1 )x  2  

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 44

 x sin( n  1 ) x  sin ( n  1 )x dx

3. Express f ( x )    x  as a Fourier series of period 2 in the interval 0  x  2

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 45

  x 2    cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x 

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 46

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 47

Substituting these values in (1) ,we get

6. Find the Fourier series of period 2l for the function f ( x )  x( 2 l  x ) in ( 0 ,2 l )

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 48

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 49

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 50

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 51

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 52

The Fourier series of f(x) in (0,2l) is

Put l = 1 in the above equation we get

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 53

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 54

 If f (x ) is even ,the Euler’s formulae becomes

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 55

Since f (x ) is odd, cos nx is even and f ( x) cos nx is odd

 Useful Trigonometric Results

1. Expand f ( x )  x 2 when    x   in a Fourier series .Hence deduce that

Here f (x ) is an even function , bn  0 .

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 56

2  2  sin nx   cosnx   sin nx 

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 57

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 58

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 59

 sin( n  1) x  sin( n  1) xdx

 2 cos A sin B  sin( A  B)  sin( A  B)

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 60

4. Find the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function f ( x ) of period 2l

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 61

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 62

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 63

6.Find the Fourier series expansion of 1  cos x in    x   .

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 64

1. Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x )  x 2  2 in the interval  2  x  2

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 65

Half Range sine series

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 66

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 67

ii) The Fourier Half Range sine series is

 f x sin nxdx

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 68

  sin  cos    sin  cos  

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 69

  cos  sin    cos  sin  

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 70

Discrete Transforms and Fourier Analysis 71