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WIRELESS BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEM USING RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY

HARVESTING

PROJECT DESIGN

Presented to
ADEL MONETTE Z. RIVERA

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Course

Information Technology

MAHINAY, ALEMAR A.

February 2020
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APPROVAL PAGE
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Table of Contents

Title Page..................................................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE .................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... iii
Chapter I ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Project context ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Definition of terms .................................................................................................................. 4
Chapter II .................................................................................................................................................... 6
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................................................................................. 6
2.1 Related Studies ............................................................................................................................ 6
Chapter III ................................................................................................................................................... 9
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 System Mythology .................................................................................................................. 9
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 10
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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Cellular telephone technology became commercially available in the 1980’s. Since then,

it has been like a snowball rolling downhill, ever increasing in the number of users and the speed

at which the technology advances. When the cellular phone was first implemented, it was

enormous in size by today’s standards. This reason is two-fold; the battery had to be large, and

the circuits themselves were large. The circuits of that time used in electronic devices were made

from off the shelf integrated circuits (IC), meaning that usually every part of the circuit had its own

package. These packages were also very large. These large circuit boards required large

amounts of power, which meant bigger batteries. This reliance on power was a major contributor

to the reason these phones were so big ( [2] Sisodiyal, 2018).

Through the years, technology has allowed the cellular phone to shrink not only the size

of the ICs, but also the batteries. New combinations of materials have made possible the ability

to produce batteries that not only are smaller and last longer, but also can be recharged easily.

However, as technology has advanced and made our phones smaller and easier to use, we still

have one of the original problems: we must plug the phone into the wall in order to recharge the

battery. Most people accept this as something that will never change, so they might as well accept

it and carry around either extra batteries with them or a charger. Either way, it’s just something

extra to weigh a person down. There has been research done in the area of shrinking the charger

in order to make it easier to carry with the phone. One study in particular went on to 1 find the

lower limit of charger ( [5] Costanzo, 2014).

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1.2 Project context

In today’s wirelessly connected world, radio frequency energy surrounds us; this means

that there is an abundance of energy all around us at all times. Radio frequency energy is currently

broadcasted from billions of transmitters such as cellphones, computers, Wi-Fi routers, radio base

stations, broadcasting towers etc. Harvesting radio frequency energy from specialized sources

leads to the possibility of creating new devices with wireless charging capabilities. This implies

the possibility of using phone without thinking the battery’s capacity and when it will run out.

Homes where far from electricity can possibly possess a brighter environment during night. To

put in a nutshell, this study would create an environment where low voltage home equipment

could be used without using wires and sockets, but powered only by a radio frequency energy (

[1] Haghani et.al., 2016).

According to the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, wireless

charging has various application not only in the electronic industry but in electrical, mechanical,

biomedical and many more. For Wireless power charging is very electrifying because of large

number of smartphones and is estimated to grow by more than forty times in terms of revenue by

2018. Pike Research has predicted that the world’s number of wireless power systems in mobile

phones will grow from 3.74 million in 2012, to 27.63 million in 2016. According to Markets &

Markets consultancy company research the wireless power mobile phone manufacturers have

already started incorporating wireless charging features in their flagship smartphones as early as

2013. Nokia (Lumia 830), Samsung (Galaxy S4), LG (Nexus4) and HTC (Droid DNA) already

incorporate wireless charging feature. Wireless charging in smartphones is estimated to become

as abundant as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth ( [2] Sisodiyal, 2016).

In India, there are many towns and villages where electricity is a big concern. As most

Asian developing countries envisions which is to connect each home to a sufficient and efficient
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supply of electricity, India is now pushing the limits to provide electricity even to the most remote

places in their country. One of their means is the use of renewable energy that would not only

provide brighter homes but will also be responsible for the mother earth’s fitness. Their means

urge their neighboring countries to generate electricity which is renewable ( [2] Sisodiyal, 2018).

The Philippines needs to embrace renewable energy to address supply shortfalls. As other

countries pushing, Philippines must increase its reliance on geothermal and other renewable

energy. 15 years ago, Philippines’ electric power generator caused 9 billion pesos in damages

because of extreme weather events, including 7.5 billion pesos in the last five years alone.

Weaning dependence on coal energy cannot cope with the demand of country’s consumers.

Clean coal would not be cost effective, noting that the US gave up on the technology after

spending 1.5 billion dollars. This encourages the authorities to shift and strengthen the use of

renewable electric power generator such as: windmill, hydropower plant, solar power plant, and

the newest source of energy which is the radio frequency ( [3] Guzman, 2016).

In 2015 census of Philippine Statistics Authority, Davao del Norte electricity was the main

fuel used by the households for lighting which accounted to 84.9 percent. This number is an

accomplishment of the effort of the provincial and city government to eradicate the use of gas and

other means which is highly hazardous to human’s health. That’s why solar lamps and other

renewable electric generator are being push in providing lights to the community of Davao del

Norte. This mission would exterminate the number of households who use kerosene (gas) and

solar lamps about 10.9 percent and 2.2 percent, respectively, and the 58 households which

reported no fuel used for lighting ( [4] Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018).
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1.2 Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the proposition based on Faraday-Lenz’s electromagnetic

induction principle (1831), and it can solve the problem of electric devices’ principle wireless and

flexible power supply. Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a current can be induced

to flow due to a changing magnetic field. According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic

induction, the magnitude of induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic

flux linked with a conductor or coil.

While Faraday’s law tells us the magnitude of the EMF produced, Lenz’s law of

electromagnetic tells us the direction that current will flow. Lenz’s law is typically incorporated into

Faraday’s law with a minus sign, the inclusion of which allows the same coordinate system to be

used for both the flux and EMF. Faraday-Lenz’s law of Electromagnetic Induction, in practice, is

often considered that deals with magnetic induction in multiple coils of wire, each of which

contribute the same EMF (Eim, 2017).

Moreover, the study is also used the Ampere’s law (1826) and Biot-Savart’s law (1820) to

calculate the inductive coupling between the transmitter coil and the receiver coil. The calculation

of this law shows how many power transfer in receiver part when how many distance between

the transmitter coil and the receiver coil. The system is safe for users and neighboring electronic

devices. To get more accurate wireless charging system, it needs to change the design of the few

keywords. Research was conducted to investigate the current and future applications of wireless

power.

1.4 Definition of terms

Wireless - otherwise known as “over the air” — is the transfer of information orv power

between two or more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor.
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Radio Frequency - is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric current or voltage or of

a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical system in the frequency range from

around 20 kHz to around 300 GHz.

Integrated Circuit - (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic

circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material that is normally silicon. The

integration of large numbers of tiny MOS transistors into a small chip results in circuits that are

orders of magnitude smaller, faster, and less expensive than those constructed of discrete

electronic components.

Wireless sensor network (WSN) - refers to a group of spatially dispersed and dedicated

sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing

the collected data at a central location. WSNs measure environmental conditions like

temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Related Studies

In this part the researchers will focus in the current study into the context of previous

related research. It deals with the Review on Related Literature which is a great help to the

researcher in carrying out the study.

Wireless Charging

Wireless charging, also known as wireless power transfer, is the technology that enables

a power source to transmit electromagnetic energy to an electrical load across an air gap, without

interconnecting cords. This technology is attracting a wide range of applications, from low-power

toothbrush to high-power electric vehicles because of its convenience and better user experience.

Nowadays, wireless charging is rapidly evolving from theories toward standard features on

commercial products, especially mobile phones and portable smart devices. In 2014, many

leading smartphone manufacturers, such as Samsung, Apple and Huawei, began to release new-

generation devices featured with built-in wireless charging capability ( [5] Costanzo, 2014).

Compared to traditional charging with cord, wireless charging introduces many benefits

as follows. Firstly, it improves user-friendliness as the hassle from connecting cables is removed.

Different brands and different models of devices can also use the same charger. Secondly, it

renders the design and fabrication of much smaller devices without the attachment of batteries.

Thirdly, it provides better product durability (e.g., waterproof and dustproof) for contact-free

devices. Fourthly, it enhances flexibility, especially for the devices for which replacing their

batteries or connecting cables for charging is costly, hazardous, or infeasible (e.g., body
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implanted sensors). Fifthly, wireless charging can provide power requested by charging devices

in an on-demand fashion and thus are more flexible and energy-efficient ( [6] Kim, 2015).

Nevertheless, normally wireless charging incurs higher implementation cost compared to

wired charging. First, a wireless charger needs to be installed as a replacement of traditional

charging cord. Second, a mobile device requires implantation of a wireless power receiver.

Moreover, as wireless chargers often produce more heat than that of wired chargers, additional

cost on crafting material may be incurred ( [6] Kim, 2015).

Classifications of Wireless Charging

The development of wireless charging technologies is advancing toward two major

directions, i.e., radiative wireless charging (or radio frequency (RF) based wireless charging) and

non-radiative wireless charging (or coupling-based wireless charging). Radiative wireless

charging adopts electromagnetic waves, typically RF waves or microwaves, as a medium to

deliver energy in a form of radiation. The energy is transferred based on the electric field of an

electromagnetic wave, which is radiative. Due to the safety issues raised by RF exposure,

radiative wireless charging usually operates in a low power region. For example, omni-directional

RF radiation is only suitable for sensor node applications with up to 10mW power consumption.

Alternatively, non-radiative wireless charging is based on the coupling of the magnetic-field

between two coils within the distance of the coils’ dimension for energy transmission. As the

magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave attenuates much faster than the electric field, the power

transfer distance is largely limited. Due to safety implementation, non-radiative wireless charging

has been widely used in our daily appliances (e.g., from toothbrush to electric vehicle charger) by

far ( [7] Xie, et. al, 2013).

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Furthermore, wireless charging technologies can be broadly classified into non-radiative

coupling-based charging and radiative RF-based charging. The former consists of three

techniques: inductive coupling, magnetic resonance coupling and capacitive coupling, while the

latter can be further sorted into directive RF power beamforming and non-directive RF power

transfer. In capacitive coupling, the achievable amount of coupling capacitance is dependent on

the available area of the device. However, for a typical-size portable electronic device, it is hard

to generate sufficient power density for charging, which imposes a challenging design limitation.

As for directive RF power beamforming, the limitation lies in that the charger needs to know an

exact location of the energy receiver. Due to the obvious limitation of above two techniques,

wireless charging is usually realized through other three techniques, i.e., magnetic inductive

coupling, magnetic resonance coupling, and non-directive RF radiation (Ho, 2011).

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Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

3.1 System Mythology

Through consistent assets – the literature review, greatest witnesses, and pitches

research have newcomer that scenery electrification optimal is a municipal conjugate process

which encompasses an all-inclusive tactic on all the sustainability dimensions (Social,

Technology, and Economic). The study has institute that the majority of the tactics in current

participatory planning performs, however, have the tendency to focus only on the community

empowerment agenda (social and economic) and are less likely to discourse the technical

aspects. For the purpose of this homework, however, the author, wishes to contribute partially on

the open consent (Social and Economic) aspect of participatory planning in rural renewable

energy. Although some technical aspects have been covered by this study, the author demands

to compliment and encourage further exploration of the methodological aspects of the unserved

community in the rural areas of the Philippines via off-grid options. In doing so, the author has

shadowed the below method:

 Literature Review and Greatest Performs in the ground of Rural Renewable Energy

 Overview of the Accessible RRE Resources

 A list of indispensable steps derived from the above evaluation and the author’s field

research

 Application of the sic steps complete Scenario Analysis

Causing from this investigation are there forthcoming sites for RRE expansion in the District of

Davao del Norte, Philippines.

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Bibliography

[1] S. Haghani and W. Mahnoud, A Capstone Project on the Development of an Environmental

Monitoring Wireless Sensor Network Powered by Harvested RF Energy, June 2016.

[2] P. Sisodiya and I. Agrawal, Design of Solar Powered Wireless Charger for Smartphones, May
2016.

[3] W. de Guzman, Federico Lopez Discusses the Need to Continue Efforts Against Climate
Change Before Finex Gathering, Aug. 2016, news.abs-cbn/business.

[4] Philippine Statistic Authority, Region XI – Davao , Housing Characteristics in Davao del Norte
(Results of 2015 Census of Population, June 2018.

[5] A. Costanzo, M. Dionigi, D. Masotti and M. Mongiardo, Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting

and Wireless Power Transmission: A Unified Approach,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102,
no. 11, pp. 1692-1711, Nov. 2014.

[6] X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim and Z. Han, Wireless Networks with RF Energy
Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey,” IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, vol. 17,
no. 2, pp. 757-789, May 2015.

[7] L. Xie, Y. Shi, Y. T. Hou and A. Lou, Wireless Power Transfer and Applications to Sensor
Networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 140-145, Aug. 2013.