Building Design with

Computer Application

October 2017
 OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• Minimum Design Loads

• NSCP Section 208 Earthquake Loads
• Building Irregularities
• Damages Due to Earthquake
• NSCP Section 207 Wind Loads
• Foundation (Substructure)
• Type of Foundation

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National Structural Code of the Philippines

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Minimum Design Loads
(as per NSCP 2015)
National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP)

 approved as a referral Code of RA

6541 National Building Code of the
Philippines (NBCP)
 Developed by the Association of
Structural Engineers (ASEP) of the
Philippines (ASEP) and duly approved
by the Secretary of DPWH and
Philippine Regulatory Committee
(PRC) Board of Civil Engineering
 Code Basis: UBC 1997, IBC 2009,
ASCE7-05, ACI Code 318-08M, AISC-05

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 National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP)

The philosophy of the code is to assure life safety. Its

primary purpose is to avoid loss of life and reduce
major structural damages, NOT to eliminate structural
damage or maintain its function after a huge
earthquake / strong typhoon.
 Loadings

 Load is the most important consideration in any

building design

 defines the magnitude of hazard a structural

engineer must consider

 Materials and load uncertainties should be

considered

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 Loadings

Dead Loads

Live Loads

Earthquake Loads

Wind Loads

Other Loads
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 Dead Loads
NSCP 2015 Section 204
 Dead Loads

 weight of the structure/selfweight: beams,

columns, slabs, CHB/RC wall partitions
 Weight of the permanent attachments: fixed
equipments/ machineries, fixed
fixtures/furniture, roofing materials, ceiling,
plumbing and electrical fixtures, finishes
 Estimated from member dimensions and
material density

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 Dead Loads

Material Density (kN/m3)

Aluminium 26.7
Ceramic Tiles 23.6
Reinforced Concrete (including gravel) 23.6
Concrete Masonry (Medium Weight units) 19.6
Plywood 5.7
Steel (cold-drawn) 77.3
Gypsum (wallboard) 7.9
Cast Iron 70.7
Wood See Chapter 6
From NSCP 2015 Table 204-1

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 Live Loads
NSCP 2015 Section 205
 Live Loads

 maximum loads expected due to intended use

or occupancy/function of the building
 Weights of temporarily placed items such as
furniture
 Weight of human occupants, construction and
maintenance activities
 Different building codes specify live load
requirements (See NSCP Section 205)

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 Live Loads

Uniform Load
Category Description
(kPa)
Office Call centers 2.9
Lobbies 4.8
Other Offices 2.4
Residential Basic Floor Area 1.9
Exterior Balconies 2.9
Schools Classrooms 1.9
Corridors above ground 3.8
Ground Floor Corridors 4.8
Hospitals Wards/Rooms 1.9
Laboratories/Operating Rooms 2.9
From NSCP 2015 Table 205-1 14
Loadings

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 Distribution of Gravity Loads

One-way Two-way 16
 NSCP Section 208
Earthquake Loads
 Earthquake Loads
(NSCP Section 208)
Structures and portions thereof shall, as a minimum, be
designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic
ground motions

Philippines

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 Seismic Loads

Earthquake Design Analysis

Lateral force Procedures:

1. Simplified Static
2. Static
3. Dynamic

Earthquake design is SITE SPECIFIC!

Static Force Procedure

Design Base Shear:

𝐶𝑣 𝐼
𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅𝑇

Fx – design seismic force

at level x
Ft – portion of base shear
conc. at the top
Vx= story shear

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 Seismic Loads

Important Seismic Parameters in Building

Design:
• Seismic Zone
• Importance Factor (per Occupancy Category)
• Rw, Rx (Modification Factor)
• Soil Profile Type & Zone -> Seismic Coefficient
• Seismic Source Type & Distance from Fault Line: Near
Source Factors, Na & Nv
• Dead Weight is a factor in Seismic Design
 Zone Factor
Seismic Zone 2 4
Zone Zone
Map Factor
0.2 0.4

Philippine Earthquake Distribution

from 1970 to 2008 (PHIVOLCS)
 Seismic Source
Type

Type Max. M
A 7.0 ≤ 𝑀 ≤ 8.4
B 6.5 ≤ 𝑀 < 7.0
C 𝑀 < 6.5

Seismic Source Type

phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Seismic Source Type

7.0 ≤ M ≤ 8.4

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faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph 25
Table 208-5 Near-Source Factor, Na
Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic
Source Source
Type ≤ 2 km ≤ 5 km ≥ 10km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0

Table 208-6 Near-Source Factor, Nv

Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic
Source Source
Type ≤ 2 km 5 km 10km ≥ 15km
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
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 Seismic Response
Modification Factor
R = numerical
coefficient
representative of
the inherent over-
strength and global
ductility capacity of
lateral-force-
resisting systems.

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 Seismic Response
Modification Factor

- MRF are commonly used in the Philippines

- SMRF are used for high seismicity areas (Zone 4)

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 Seismic Loads

Analysis due to Earthquake (Static)

Location Zone Factor, Seismic Source Type, Distance
from the Source, Soil Parameters

Importance Factor, Height,

Structure Type / Configuration, Period, Near- Source
Framing System Factors, Lateral-Force Procedure

Base Shear, Lateral Force Distribution

Frame Analysis (Vertical & Horizontal), Stresses,
Drift, P-Delta Effects

Combined Forces EQ (vertical, horizontal), DL, LL

 Seismic Loads
Building Separation
Clear gap between adjacent buildings
MT =  (M12 + M22 )
M1 M2

MT

M1 & M2 are the displacements of adjacent building

Application to Computer Aided Design

- Parameters needed
for Seismic Design

- Total Dead Load of

the Structure should
be applied in the
Seismic Analysis

- NSCP adapts UBC

Code 1997
- Staad.Pro V8i
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 Application to Computer Aided Design

Seismic along Z Seismic along X

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Building Irregularities
 Building Irregularities

a. Plan Configuration Problems:

•Reentrant Corners (Plan Irregularity)
•Variation in Perimeter Strength and Stiffness
•Non parallel Systems

b. Vertical Configuration Problems:

•Soft Story
•Variations in Stiffness, Short Columns and
Weak Column-Strong Beam
•Vertical Setback
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Horizontal Irregularities

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Horizontal Irregularities

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Horizontal Irregularities
Wall

Wall
Road
Road

Mitsubishi
Bank, Kobe,
Japan
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Vertical Irregularities

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Vertical Irregularities

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 Vertical Irregularities

Soft Story Failure 40

 Vertical Irregularities

Short Column Effect

Soft Story Failure

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 Vertical Irregularities

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Pounding Failure 42
Damages due to
Earthquakes
 Damages due to Earthquake

Taiwan Earthquake, 2016 44

Damages due to Earthquake

Taiwan Earthquake, 2016

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 Damages due to Earthquake

Nepal Earthquake, 2015 46

 Damages due to Earthquake

Residential Houses, 2013 Bohol EQ

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 Damages due to Earthquake

University of Baguio, 1990

Luzon EQ

Hyatt Hotel, Baguio City, 1990

Luzon EQ

Column failures at upper levels 48

 Damages due to Earthquake
japanpropertycentral.com
BEFORE

NOW

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 Damages due to Earthquake

Soft Story Buildings

Residential Houses, 2013

Bohol EQ

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1990 Luzon Earthquake

1,283 dead, 321 missing, P 11B

property damages and P 1.2B in
agriculture
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 2013 Bohol Earthquake

Public Market
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 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
(Japan)

Overturned RC Building due to Tsunami 53

2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
(Japan)

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2016 Kumamoto Earthquake
(Japan)

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 1976 Moro Gulf Earthquake

- spawn a tsunami that devastated more than 700km of coastline

- occurred at midnight that kills 4,791 people and leaves around
93,000 homeless

Harvadian College
- 5 storey bldg. (originally designed for 3 Stories)
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 Poor Non-Structural Connections

The nonstructural
elements like CHB
walls may alter the
assumed structural
response

Inadequate dowels/rebars and poor

quality CHB
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 Poor Non-Structural Connections

Collapsed/Damaged
Interior Walls

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Deflected RC Parapet 58
 Poor Non-Structural Connections

Lack of ceiling hangers (support)

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Unsecured Fixtures

Falling
Hazards that
may kill

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Faultline Rupture

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 Faultline Rupture
1995 Kobe Earthquake (Japan)

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NSCP Section 207
Wind Load

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NSCP Section 207 – Wind Load

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NSCP Section 207 – Wind Load

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 NSCP Section 207 – Wind Load

TYPHOON HAIYAN/YOLANDA
Considered as the strongest tropical cyclone ever
observed based on wind speed.
• 315 kph - as reported by the Japan
Meteorological Agency
• 285 kph – landfall
• Estimated 6,000 fatalities and almost $3 billion
in damages.

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NSCP 2010 Wind Zone Map

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Importance Factor based on Occupancy
Category (NSCP 2010)

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Importance Factor based on Occupancy
Category (NSCP 2010)

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 NSCP Section 207 – Wind Load

Section 207A – General Requirements: Use to

determine the basic parameters for determining
wind loads on both MWFRS and C&C. These Basic
Parameters are the ff:
• Basic Wind Speed (V)
• Wind Directionality Factor (K)
• Exposure Category
• Topographic Factor (Kzt)
• Gust Effect Factor (Gf)
• Enclosure Classification
• Internal Pressure Coefficients

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 NSCP Section 207 - Wind Load

Wind loads on the MWFRS may be

determined by:
Section 207B: Directional procedure for buildings
of all heights
Section 207C: Envelope procedure for low rise
buildings
Section 207D: Directional procedure for building
appurtenances
Section 207F: Wind tunnel procedure for any
building or other structure.

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 NSCP Section 207 - Wind Load

Wind loads on C&C may be determined by:

Section 207E:
Envelope procedure in parts 1 and 2
Directional procedure in parts 3, 4 and 5
Building appurtenances

Section 207F:
Wind tunnel procedure for any procedure for any
building or other structure

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NSCP 2015 Wind Velocity Hazard Map
320 kph
310 kph

296 kph
300 kph
310 kph

300 kph

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NSCP 2015 Wind Velocity Hazard Map

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NSCP 2015 Wind Velocity Hazard Map
320 kph
310 kph

296 kph
310 kph
320 kph

310 kph

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NSCP 2015 Wind Velocity Hazard Map

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NSCP 2015 Wind Velocity Hazard Map
340 kph
320 kph

310 kph
320 kph
330 kph

320 kph

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NSCP 2015 Wind Velocity Hazard Map

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 NSCP 2015 Wind Velocity Hazard Map

Basic Wind Speed, V

is a three (3) second gust speed at 10m above
the ground in Exposure C.

Gustiness/Gust Speed/”Bugso”
a sudden increase of wind speed that lasts no
more than 20 seconds, usually comes in 2-
minute intervals

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Wind Directionality Factor

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 Section 207A.7.3 - Exposure Category

Exposure B
Applicable for buildings with a mean roof height
of less than or equal to 9m, Exposure B shall
apply where the ground surface roughness as
defined by surface roughness B
Surface Roughness B
urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or
other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions having the size of single family
dwellings or larger

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Section 207A.7.3 - Exposure Category B

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 Section 207A.7.3 - Exposure Category

Exposure D
Exposure D shall apply where the ground
surface roughness as defined by surface
roughness D.
Surface Roughness D
Flat unobstructed areas and water surfaces.
This category includes smooth mud flats, salt
flats and unbroken ice.

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 Section 207A.7.3 - Exposure Category

Exposure C
Exposure C shall apply for all cases where
Exposure B and D do not apply

Surface Roughness C
Open terrain with scattered obstructions having
heights generally less than 9m. This category
includes flat open country and grassland.

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 Topographic Factor

As denoted in the formula

Kzt= 1+ K1 K2 K3

Where K1, K2, and K3 are given in Figure 207A.8-1

If site conditions do not meet all the conditions

specified in Section 207A.8.1, then Kzt= 1

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 Gust Effect Factor

The gust effect factor for RIGID BUILDINGS or

other structures shall be taken as 0.85 or
calculated by the formula

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 Gust Effect Factor

For flexible or dynamically sensitive buildings or

other structures as defined in section 207A.2,
the gust effect factor shall be calculated by the
equation below

Gf

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 Enclosure Category

Can be categorized into three

• Enclosed

• Partially Enclosed

• Open

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Internal Pressure Coefficient

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Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and
Open Building
Table 207B.201
Step 1 : Determine the Risk category of building or other
structure
Step 2: Determine the basic Wind speed V
Step 3: Determine Wind Load parameters
• Wind directionality factor (K)
• Exposure Category
• Topographic Factor (Kzt)
• Gust Effect Factor (Gf)
• Enclosure Classification
• Internal Pressure Coefficient (GCpi)
Step 4: Determine the velocity pressure coefficient Kz or
Kh (Table 207B.3-1) 90
 Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and
Open Building
Step 5: Determine Velocity Pressure
Coefficient qz or qh as show in the equation:

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 Wind Loads for Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and
Open Building
Table 207B.201
Step 6 : Determine the external pressure
coefficient Cp or CN
Step 7: Calculate the Wind pressure, P, on
each of the building surface

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Wind Tunnel Procedure

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 Wind Tunnel Procedure

According to ASCE 7-10 (referal code of

NSCP 2015)
Permitted for any building or structure
Required for the following:
• Buildings or other structures with unusual
shapes
• Buildings or other structures with unusual
response

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Application to Computer Aided Design

- Parameters
needed for Wind
Design

- NSCP adapts
ASCE-7 2010

- Staad.Pro V8i
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Application to Computer Aided Design

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 Application to Computer Aided Design

Wind along X Wind along Y

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 Basic Load Combination

1.4 (D+F)
1.2 (D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5 (Lr or R)
1.2D +1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
1.2D+1.0W+f1L+0.5(Lr or R)
1.2D+1.0E+f1L
0.9D+1.0W+1.6H
0.9D+1.0E+1.6H

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 Foundation
(Substructure)
 Soil Investigation

NSCP 2010 Section 303 (Foundation Investigation)

 Soil Boring Tests is

required for buildings two
(2) stories and above

 Test Pit is done to gather in-

situ soil parameters for
foundation design

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 Soil Investigation

• Foundation Investigation (NSCP 2015 Section 303.1)

“For structures two storeys or higher, an exhaustive
geotechnical SHALL be performed to evaluate in-situ soil
parameters for foundation design and analysis.”

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 Soil Investigation

• Minimum number of boreholes per structure

(NSCP 2015 Table 303-1)
Minimum Required
Footprint Area of
Number of
Structure (m2)
Boreholes

A ≤ 50 1

50 < A ≤ 500 2

A ≥ 500 2 + (A/1000)

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 Soil Investigation

An exhaustive geotechnical investigation should

also be conducted in cases of:
1. questionable, expansive or problematic soils.
2. to determine the location of existing ground water
table.
3. Floor is located below finished ground level.
4. If Pile Foundation and/or ground improvement are
anticipated.
5. Rock strata is suspected to be questionable.
6. Other cases deemed necessary by the Geotechnical
Engineer
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 Soil Investigation
NSCP Section 304.2:
- if no exhaustive geotechnical site assessment, but requires that the
designer carried out an inspection and familiar with predominant
soil/rock characteristics of the site.
NSCP Table 304-1 : Presumptive Allowable Soil Pressure
Allowable Foundation
Class Materials
Pressure (Kpa)

“Intact” Tuffaceous Sandstone 1,000

“ Lightly Weathered” Tuffaceous Sandstone 500

Sandy Gravel and/or Gravel 100

Well-graded Sand, Poorly-graded Sand, Silty Sand,

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Clayey Sand, Silty Gravel and Clayey Gravel

Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay and Clayey Silt 50 104

 Soil Investigation Report
Subsoil & Foundation Design Failures

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 Soil Investigation Report
Subsoil & Foundation Design Failures

School Building in Bohol

-constructed on once a rice field
-experienced differential
settlement
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Types of Foundation
 Shallow Foundation
Isolated Footing

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 Shallow Foundation
Combined Footing

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 Shallow Foundation

Strap Footing

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 Shallow Foundation

Mat Footing

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 Deep Foundation

Driven Piles

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 Deep Foundation

Bored Piles

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 Deep Foundation

Bored Piles

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 Deep Foundation

Micro Piles

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“Earthquakes don’t kill people,
Buildings do”
Susan Hough and Lucile Jones
U.S. Geological Survey

Tokyo Station
Built in 1914 and retrofitted by 2012 116