Chap5 PDF

14.
Energy Methods
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Apply energy methods to
solve problems involvingg
deflection
• Discuss work and strain
energy, and development of
the principle of conservation
of energ
energy
• Use principle of conservation of energy to
d t
determine
i stress
t and
dddeflection
fl ti off a memberb
subjected to impact
• Develop the method of virtual work and
Castigliano’s theorem
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1
14. Energy Methods
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Use method of virtual and
Castigliano’s
Castigliano s theorem to
determine displacement and
slope at pts on structural
members and mechanical
elements

14. Energy Methods
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. External Work and Strain Energy
2. Elastic Strain Energy for Various Types of
Loading
3. Conservation of Energy gy
4. Impact Loading
5. *Principle
Principle of Virtual Work
6. *Method of Virtual Forces Applied to Trusses
7 *Method
7. Method of Virtual Forces Applied to Beams
8. *Castigliano’s Theorem
9 *Castigliano’s
9. Castigliano s Theorem Applied to Trusses
10. *Castigliano’s Theorem Applied to Beams
14. Energy Methods
14.1 EXTERNAL WORK AND STRAIN ENERGY
Work of a force:
• A force does work when it
undergoes a displacement dx
in same direction as the force.
• Work done is a scalar, defined
as dUe = F dx.
• If total displacement is x, work becomes
x
U e = ∫ F dx (14 - 1)
0
• As magnitude of F is gradually increased from zero
to limiting value F = P, final displacement of end of
bar becomes ∆.
14. Energy Methods
Work of a force:
• For linear-elastic behavior of material,
F = (P/∆)x. Substitute into Eqn 14-1
1
U e = P∆ (14 - 2)
2
Work done is the average force magnitude (P/2) times the total displacement ∆
• Suppose that P is already applied to the bar and

another force P’ is now applied, so end of bar is
further displaced by an amount ∆’.
• Work
W k done
d b
by P (not
( t P’)
’) iis th
then
U 'e = P∆ ' (14 - 3)
14. Energy Methods
Work of a force:
• When a force P is applied to the bar, followed by
the force P’, total work done by both forces is
represented by the area of the entire triangle in
graph shown.

14. Energy Methods
Work of a couple moment:
• A couple moment M does work when it undergoes
a rotational displacement dθ along its line of action.
• Work done is defined as dUe = Mdθ. If total angle
g of
rotational displacement is θ radians, then work
θ
U e = ∫ M dθ (14 - 4)
0
• If the bodyy has linear-elastic behavior,, and its
magnitude increases gradually from zero at θ = 0
to M at θ, then work is 1
U e = Mθ (14 - 5)
2
14. Energy Methods
Work of a couple moment:
• However, if couple moment already applied to the
body and other loadings further rotate the body by
an amount θ’, then work done is
U 'e = Mθ '

14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
• When loads are applied to a body and causes
deformation, the external work done by the loads
will be converted into internal work called strain
energy. This is provided no energy is converted
into other forms.
Normal stress
• A volume element subjected to normal stress σz.
• Force created on top and bottom faces is
dFz = σz dA = σz dx dy.

14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Normal stress
• This force is increased gradually from
zero to dFz while element undergoes
g
displacement d∆z = εz dz.
• Work done is dUi = 0.5dFz d∆z = 0.5[[σz dx dy]
y]εz dz.
• Since volume of element is dV = dx dy dz, we have
1
dU i = σ z ε z dV (14 - 6)
2
• Note that dUi is always positive.

14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Normal stress
• In general, for a body subjected to a uniaxial
normal stress σ, acting
g in a specified
p direction,,
strain energy in the body is then
σε
Ui = ∫ dV (14 - 7 )
V 2
• If material behaves linear-elastically,
y, then Hooke’s
law applies and we express it as
σ2
Ui = ∫ dV (14 - 8)
V 2E
14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Shear stress
• Shear stress cause element to deform such that
shear force dF = τ((dx dy)
y) acts on top p face of
element.
p
• Resultant displacement if γ dz relative to bottom
face.
• Vertical faces only rotate, thus shear forces on
these faces do no work.

14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Shear stress
• Hence, strain energy stored in the element is
1
dU i = τγ dV (14 - 9)
2
• Integrating over body’s
body s entire volume to obtain
strain energy stored in it
τγ
Ui = ∫ dV (14 - 10)
2 V
• Shear strain energy is always positive
positive.

14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Shear stress
• Apply Hooke’s law γ = τ/G,
τ2
Ui = ∫ dV (14 - 11)
V 2G

14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Mutilaxial stress
• Total strain energy in the body is therefore
⎡1 σ ε + 1 σ ε + 1 σ ε ⎤
⎢2 x x 2 y y 2 z z ⎥
Ui = ∫ ⎢ ⎥ dV (14 - 12)
⎢+ 1 τ xyγ xy + 1 τ yzγ yz + 1 τ xzγ xz ⎥
V
⎣ 2 2 2 ⎦

14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Mutilaxial stress
• Eliminate the strains using generalized form of
Hooke’s law g given by
y Eqns
q 10-18 and 10-19. After
substituting and combining terms, we have
⎡1 σ 2 + σ 2 + σ 2
⎢2 x y z( ⎤
⎥
)
⎢ ⎥
υ
U i = ∫ − (σ xσ y + σ yσ z + σ xσ z )⎥ dV (14 - 13)
⎢
V⎢ E ⎥
⎢ 1
⎢+
⎣ 2G
τ xy + τ yz + τ xz
2 2
(
2
⎥
⎥
⎦
)
14. Energy Methods
Strain energy:
Mutilaxial stress
• If only principal stresses σ1, σ2, σ3
act on the element,, this eqn
q
reduces to a simpler form,
⎡ 1 σ 2 +σ 2 +σ 2
⎢2E 1 2 3 ( ) ⎤
⎥
Ui = ∫ ⎢ ⎥ dV (14 - 14)
⎢ − υ (σ1σ 2 + σ 2σ 3 + σ1σ 3 )⎥
V
⎣ E ⎦

14. Energy Methods
14.2 ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF LOADING
Axial load:
• Consider a bar of variable
and slightly tapered
x-section, subjected to
axial load coincident with bar’s centroidal axis.
• Internal axial force at section located from one end
is N.
• If x-sectional area at this section is A, then normal
stress
t σ = N/A.
• Apply Eqn 14-8, we have
σ x2 N2
Ui = ∫ dV = ∫ dV
V 2E V 2 EA2
14. Energy Methods
Axial load:
• Choose element or differential slice having volume
dV = Adx, general formula for strain energy in bar is
L N2
Ui = ∫ dx (14 - 15)
0 2 AE
• For a prismatic bar of constant x-sectional area A,

length
g L and constant axial load N, integrating
g g Eqn
q
14-15 gives
N 2L
Ui = (14 - 16)
2AE
14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.1
Choose one of the 2 high-strength steel bolts to
support a tensile loading. Determine the greatest
amount of elastic strain energy that each bolt can
absorb. Bolt A has a diameter of 20 mm for 50 mm of
its length and root diameter of 18 mm within 6 mm
threaded region. Bolt B
has the same diameter
throughout its 56 mm
length and can be taken
as 18 mm. For both cases,
neglect extra material that
makesk up ththe th
thread.
d
Take Est = 210(103) MPa, σY = 310 MPa.
14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.1 (SOLN)
Bolt A:
For bolt subjected to maximum tension, σY will occur
within the 6-mm region. This tension is
Pmax = σ Y A = 310 N/mm2 π (18 mm 2 )2 [ ]
= 78886 N = 78.89 kN

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.1 (SOLN)
Bolt A:
Apply Eqn 14-16 to each region of the bolt
bolt,
N 2L
Ui = ∑
2 AE
(78.89 × 10 N ) (50 mm )
3 2
2[π (20 mm / 2 )2 ] [210(103 ) N/mm2 ]

=
(78.89 × 10 N ) (6 mm )
3 2
2[π (18 mm / 2 ) ] [210(10 ) N/mm ]

+ 2 3 2
= 2707.8 N ⋅ mm = 2.708 N ⋅ m = 2.708 J

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.1 (SOLN)
Bolt B:
From calculation above,
above it can also support a
maximum tension force of Pmax = 78.89 kN. Thus,
N L (
78.89 × 10 N (56 mm )
2 3
)
2
Ui = =
[ ][ ( )
2 AE 2 π (18 mm / 2 )2 210 103 N/mm2 ]
= 3261.0 N ⋅ mm = 3.26 N ⋅ m = 3.26 J
By comparison,
comparison bolt B can absorb 20% more elastic
energy than bolt A, even though it has a smaller x-
section along its shank.

14. Energy Methods
Bending moment:
• For the axisymmetric
beam shown.
• Internal moment M,
normal stress acting on element a distance y from
neutral axis is σ = My/I.
• If volume of element is dV = dA dx, where dA is
area of exposed face and dx its length, elastic
strain
t i energy iin b
beam iis
L M 2 ⎛⎜ ⎞
⎟ dx
Ui = ∫
0 2 EI 2 ⎜ ∫
2
y dA
⎝A ⎠
14. Energy Methods
Bending moment:
• Realize that area integral represents the moment
of inertia of beam about neutral axis, thus
L M 2 dx
Ui = ∫ (14 - 7 )
0 2 EI

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.2
Determine the elastic strain energy due to bending of
the cantilevered beam if beam is subjected to
uniform distributed load w. EI is constant.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.2 (SOLN)
Establish the x coordinate with origin at
the left side. Thus, internal moment is
+ ∑ M NA = 0; M + wx⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 0
x
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ x2 ⎞
M = − w⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2⎠
Applying Eqn 14-17 yields
Ui = ∫
LM 2
dx
=∫
[ (
L − w x /22
)]
2
dx w2 L 4
0 2 EI 0 2 EI
= ∫
8 EI 0
x dx
d
w2 L5
Ui =
40 EI
14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.2 (SOLN)
For x coordinate with origin on the
the right side and extending +veve
to the left. Thus, in this case
+ ∑ M NA = 0;
2
⎛ x ⎞
− M − wx⎜ + wL( x) −
wL
=0
⎝ 2⎠ 2
wL2 ⎛ x2 ⎞
M =− + wLx − w⎜⎜
2 ⎝ 2⎠
Applying Eqn 14-17
14-17, we obtain the same result
result.

14. Energy Methods
Transverse shear:
• Consider prismatic beam with
axis of symmetry about the y
axis.
• Internal shear V at section x results in shear stress
acting on the volume element, having length dx
and area dA, is τ = VQ/It.
• Substitute into Eqn 14-11,
L V 2 ⎛⎜ Q 2 ⎞
⎟ dx
Ui = ∫ ∫ dA
0 2GI 2 ⎜⎝ A t 2 ⎠
14. Energy Methods
Transverse shear:
• Realize that integral in parentheses is evaluated
over beam’s x-sectional area.
• To simplify,
p y, we define the form factor for shear as
A Q2
f s = 2 ∫ 2 dA (14 - 18)
I At
• Form factor is dimensionless and unique for each
specific
p x-sectional area.
• Substitute Eqn 14-18 into above eqn,
L f sV 2 dx
d
Ui = ∫ (14 - 19)
0 2GA
14. Energy Methods

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.4
Determine the strain energy in cantilevered beam
due to shear if beam has a square x-section and is
subjected to a uniform distributed load w. EI and G is
constant.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.4 (SOLN)
From free-body diagram of
arbitrary section, we have
+ ↑ ∑ Fy = 0; −V − wx = 0
V = − wx
Since x-section is square,
form factor fs = 6/5 and therefore Eqn 14-19
14 19 becomes
L6 5 (− wx )2 dx 3w2 L 2
(U i )s = ∫ = ∫ x dx
0 2GA 5GA 0
w2 L3
(U i )s =
5GA
14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.4 (SOLN)
Using results of Example 14.2, with A = a2, I = 1/12a4,
ratio of shear to bending strain energy is
(U i )s w3 L3 / 5Ga 2
2
2⎛ a ⎞ E
= 2 5 = ⎜ ⎟
(U i )b w L / 40 E (1 12)a 3 ⎝ L ⎠ G
4
Since G = E/2(1 + ν) and ν ≤ 0.5 (sec 10.6), then as

an upper bound, E = 3G, so that
(U i )s ⎛ a ⎞2
= 2⎜ ⎟
(U i )b ⎝ L ⎠
For L = 5a, contributions due to shear strain energy is
only 8% of bending strain energy. Thus, shear strain
energy is usually neglected in engineering analysis.
14. Energy Methods
Torsional moment:
• Consider slightly tapered shaft.
• Section of shaft taken
distance x from one end
subjected to internal torque T.
• On arbitraryy element of lengthg dx and area dA,
stress is τ = Tρ/J.
• Strain energy stored in shaft is
L T 2 ⎛⎜ ⎞
⎟ dx
Ui = ∫
0 2GJ 2 ⎜ ∫
ρ 2
dA
⎝A ⎠
14. Energy Methods
Torsional moment:
• Since area integral represents the polar moment of
inertia J for shaft at section,
L T 2 dx
Ui = ∫ (14 - 21)
2GJ 0
• Most common case occurs when shaft has
constant x-sectional area and applied torque is
constant, integrating
Eqn 14-21 gives
T 2L
Ui = (14 - 22)
2GJ
14. Energy Methods
Torsional moment:
• If xx-section
section is of other shapes than circular or
tubular, Eqn 14-22 is modified.
• For example,p , for a rectangular
g shaft with
dimensions h > b,
T 2L
Ui = (14 - 23 )
2Cb3hG
hb3 ⎡16 b ⎛⎜ b 4 ⎞⎤
C= ⎢ − 3.336 ⎜1 − 4 ⎟ ⎥ (14 - 24)
16 ⎢⎣ 3 h ⎝ 12h ⎠⎥⎦

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.5
Tubular shaft fixed at the wall and subjected to two
torques as shown. Determine the strain energy
stored in shaft due to this loading. G = 75 GPa.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.5 (SOLN)
Using method of sections, internal torque first
determined within the two regions of shaft where it is
constant. Although torques are in opposite directions,
this will not affect the value of strain energy, since
torque is squared in Eqn 14 14-22.
22

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.5 (SOLN)
Polar moment of inertia for shaft is
J=
π
2
[(0.08 m )4 − (0.065 m )4 ] = 36.30(10−6 ) m 4
Applying Eqn 14
14-22,
22 we have
(40 N ⋅ m ) (0.750 m )
2 2
Ui = ∑
T L
=
[ ( )
N/ 2 36.30 10−6 m 4
2GJ 2 75 109 N/m ] ( )
(15 N ⋅ m )2 (0.300 m )
+
[ ( ) ] ( )
2 75 109 N/m 2 36.30 10−6 m 4
= 233 µ J

14. Energy Methods
IMPORTANT
• A force does work when it moves through g a
displacement.
• If force is increased ggraduallyy in magnitude
g from
zero to F, the work is U = (F/2)∆, whereas if force
is constant when the displacement occurs then
U = F∆.
• A couple moment does work when it moves
th
through h a rotation.
t ti
• Strain energy is caused by the internal work of the
normal and shear stresses
stresses. It is always a positive
quantity.
14. Energy Methods
IMPORTANT
gy can be related to the resultant
• The strain energy
internal loadings N, V, M, and T.
• As the beam becomes longer, g the strain energygy
due to bending becomes much larger than strain
energy due to shear.
• For this reason, shear strain energy in beams can
generally be neglected.

14. Energy Methods
14.3 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• A loading is applied slowly to a body, so that kinetic
energy
gy can be neglected.
g
• Physically, the external loads tend to deform the
body as they do external work Ue as they are
displaced.
• This external work is transformed into internal work
or strain energy Ui, which is stored in the body.
• Thus, assuming material’s elastic limit not
exceeded,
d d conservation
ti off energy ffor bbody
d iis
stated as
Ue = Ui (14 - 25)

14. Energy Methods
• Consider a truss subjected
to load P. P applied gradually,
thus Ue = 0.5P∆, where ∆ is
vertical displacement of truss
att ptt where
h P is
i applied.
li d
• Assume that P develops an axial force N in a
partic lar member
particular member, and strain energ
energy stored is
Ui = N2L/2AE.
• Summing strain energies for all members of the
truss, we write Eqn 14-25 as
N 2L
P∆ = ∑
1
(14 - 26)
2 2 AE
14. Energy Methods
• Consider a beam
subjected to load P.
External work is
Ue = 0.5P∆.
• Strain energy in beam can be neglected.
• Beam’s strain energy determined only by the
moment M, thus with Eqn 14-17, Eqn 14-25 written
as
1 LM2
P∆ = ∫ dx (14 - 27 )
2 0 2 EI

14. Energy Methods
• Consider a beam loaded by
a couple moment M0. A
rotational displacement θ is
caused. Using Eqn 14-5,
external
t l workkd 0 5M0θ.
done iis Ue = 0.5M
• Thus Eqn 14-25 becomes
1 LM2
M 0θ = ∫ dx (14 - 28)
2 0 2 EI
• Note that Eqn 14-25 is only applicable for a single

external force or external couple moment acting on
structure
t t or member.
b

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.6
The three-bar truss is subjected to a horizontal force
of 20 kN. If x-sectional area of each member is
100 mm2, determine the horizontal displacement at
pt B. E = 200 GPa.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.6 (SOLN)
Since only a single external force acts on the truss
and required displacement is in same direction as the
force, we use conservation of energy.
Also, the reactive force on truss do no work since
th are nott displaced.
they di l d
Using method of joints, force in each member is
d t
determined
i d as shown
h on ffree-body
b d di
diagrams off pins
i
at B and C.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.6 (SOLN)
Applying Eqn 14-26,
N 2L
P∆ = ∑
1
2 2 AE
1
(
20 × 10 N (∆ B )h =
3
)
4 × 10 N (1 m )
11.547 ( 3
)
2
2 2 AE
(− 23.094 × 10 N ) (2 m ) [− 20(10 ) N ] (1.732 m )
3 2 3 2
+ +
2 AE 2 AE
94640.0 N ⋅ m
(∆ B )h =
AE

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.6 (SOLN)
Substituting in numerical data for A and E and
solving, we get
94640.0 N ⋅ m
(∆ B )h =
( )
100 mm2 (1 m / 1000 mm )2 200 109 N/mm2 ( )
= 4.73 × 10−3 m = 4.73 mm →

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.7
Cantilevered beam has a rectangular x-section and
subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the
displacement of the load. EI is a constant.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.7 (SOLN)
Internal moment and moment in beam as a function
of x are determined using the method of sections.
When applying
pp y g Eqn
q 14-25 we will consider the strain
energy due to shear and bending.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.7 (SOLN)
Using Eqns 14-19 and 14-17, we have
1 L f sV 2 dx L M 2 dx
P∆ = ∫ +∫
2 0 2GA 0 2 EI
L (6 5)(− P )2 dx L (− Px )2 dx
=∫ +∫
0 2GA 0 2 EI
2 2 3
3P L P L
= + (1)
5GA 6 EI
First term on the right side represents strain energy
due to shear, while the second is due to bending. As
stated in Example
p 14.4, the shear strain energy gy in
most beams is much smaller than the bending strain
energy.
14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.7 (SOLN)
To show this is the case, we require
3 P2L P 2 L3
<<
5 GA 6 EI
3 P2L P 2 L3
<<
5 G (bh ) ⎡ ( )
6 E ⎢ bh3 ⎤⎥
1
⎣12 ⎦
3 2 L2
<< 2
5G Eh 2
Since E ≤ 3G (see Example 14.4) then 0.9 << ⎛⎜ ⎟⎞
L
⎝h⎠

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.7 (SOLN)
Hence, if h is small and L relatively long, beam
becomes slender and shear strain energy can be
neglected. Shear strain energy is only important for
short, deep beams. Beams for which L = 5h have
more than 28 times more bending energy than shear
strain energy, so neglecting only incurs an error of
about 33.6%.
6% Eqn (1) can be simplified to
1 P 2 L3
P∆ =
2 6 EI
3
PL
∆=
3EI
14. Energy Methods
14.4 IMPACT LOADING
• An impact occurs when one
object
j strikes another, such that
large forces are developed
between the objects during a very
short
h t period
i d off time.
ti
Ue = Ui
1
W (h + ∆ max ) = (k∆ max )∆ max
2
1 2
W (h + ∆ max ) = k∆ max (14 - 29)
2
∆ max −
2 2W ⎛ W⎞
∆ max − 2⎜ ⎟h = 0
k ⎝k⎠
14. Energy Methods
14.4 IMPACT LOADING
• Solving and simplifying (∆st = W/k),
∆ max = ∆ st + (∆ st ) + 2∆ st h
2
⎡ ⎛ h ⎞⎤
∆ max = ∆ st ⎢1 + 1 + 2⎜⎜ ⎥ (14 - 30)
⎣ ∆
⎝ st ⎠ ⎦
• Once ∆max is computed
computed, maximum force applied to
the spring is F = k∆ (14 - 31)max max

14. Energy Methods
14.4 IMPACT LOADING
• For a case where the block is
sliding
g on a smooth horizontal
surface with known velocity ν
just before it collides with the spring.
• The block’s kinetic energy, 0.5(W/g)ν2 is
transformed into stored energy in the spring.
Ue = Ui
1 ⎛W ⎞ 2 1 2
⎜ υ = k∆ max
2⎝ g ⎠ 2
Wυ 2
∆ max = (14 - 32)
gk
14. Energy Methods
14.4 IMPACT LOADING
• Ratio of equivalent static load Pmax to the load W is
called the impact factor, n. Since Pmax = k∆max and
W = k∆st, then from Eqn. 14-30, we express it as
⎛ h ⎞
n = 1 + 1 + 2⎜⎜ ⎟ (14 - 34)
∆
⎝ st ⎠
• This factor represents the magnification of a

statically applied load so that it can be treated
dynamically.
• Using Eqn 13-34, n can be computed for any
member that has a linear relationship between
load and deflection. 59
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
14. Energy Methods
14.4 IMPACT LOADING
IMPORTANT
p
• Impact occurs when a large g force is developed
p
between two objects which strike one another
during a short period of time.
• We can analyze the effects of impact by assuming
the moving body is rigid, the material of the
stationary
t ti body
b d iis lilinearly
l elastic,
l ti no energy iis llostt
in the collision, the bodies remain in contact during
collision and inertia of elastic body is neglected
collision, neglected.
• The dynamic load on a body can be treated as a
statically applied load by multiplying the static load
by a magnification factor.
14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.8
Aluminum pipe is used to support a load of 600 kN.
Determine the maximum displacement at the top of
the pipe if load is (a) applied gradually,
and (b) applied suddenly by releasing
it from the top of the pipe at h = 0
0.
Take Eal = 70(103) N/mm2 and assume
that the aluminum behaves elastically
elastically.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.8 (SOLN)
(a) When load applied gradually, work done by
weight is transformed into elastic strain energy in
pipe. Applying conservation of energy,
Ue = Ui
1 W 2L
W∆ st =
2 2 AE
WL 600 kN(240 mm )
∆ st = =
[ ]
AE π (60 mm )2 − (50 mm )2 70 kN/mm 2
= 0.5953 mm

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.8 (SOLN)
(b) With h = 0, apply Eqn 14-30. Hence
⎡ ⎛ h ⎞⎤
∆ max = ∆ st ⎢1 + 1 + 2⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ∆ st ⎠ ⎦
= 2∆ st = 2(0.5953 mm )
= 1.1906 mm
The displacement of the weight is twice as great as

when the load is applied statically
statically. In other words
words, the
impact factor is n = 2, Eqn 14-34.

14. Energy Methods

14. Energy Methods

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.10
A railroad car assumed to be rigid and has a mass of
80 Mg is moving forward at a speed of ν = 0.2 m/s
when it strikes a steel 200-mm by 200-mm post at A.
If the post is fixed to the ground at C, determine the
maximum horizontal displacement of its top B due to
the impact. Take Est = 200 GPa.

14. Energy Methods
EXAMPLE 14.10 (SOLN)
Kinetic energy of the car is transformed into internal
bending strain energy only for region AC of the post..
Assume that pt A is displaced (∆A)max, then force Pmax
that causes this displacement can be determined
from table in Appendix CC.
3EI (∆ A )max
Pmax = (1)
L3AC
1 2 1
Ue = Ui; mυ = Pmax (∆ A )max
2 2
1 1 3 EI mυ 2 3
LAC
mυ = 3 (∆ A )max ; (∆ A )max =
2 2
2 2 LAC 3EI
14. Energy Methods
Substitute in numerical data yields
(∆ A )max =
( )
80 103 kg(0.2 m/s )2 (1.5 m )3
[ ( )
9
]
3 200 10 N/m ⎢ (0.2 m )4 ⎤⎥
2 ⎡1
⎣12 ⎦
= 0.0116 m = 11.6 mm
Using Eqn (1),
(1) force Pmax becomes
⎡[ ( )
1 4⎤
]
3 200 10 N/m ⎢ (0.2 m ) ⎥ (0.0116 m )
⎣12 ⎦
9 2
Pmax =
(1.5 m )3
= 275.4 kN
14. Energy Methods
Refer to figure, segment AB of post
remains straight. To determine
displacement at B, we must first
determine slope at A. Using formula
from table in Appendix C to determine θA,
we have
θA =
275.4 10 N (1.5 m )
Pmax L2AC
=
( )
3 2
2 EI 9
⎣12
[ ( ) ]
2 200 10 N/m ⎢ (0.2 m )4 ⎤⎥
2 ⎡1
⎦
= 0.01162 rad

14. Energy Methods
The maximum displacement at B is thus
(∆ B )max = (∆ A )max + θ A LAB
( )
= 11.62 mm + (0.01162 rad )1 103 mm
= 23.2 mm

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14.

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• Suppose that P is already applied to the bar and

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• For a prismatic bar of constant x-sectional area A,

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2[π (20 mm / 2 )2 ] [210(103 ) N/mm2 ]

2[π (18 mm / 2 ) ] [210(10 ) N/mm ]

= 2707.8 N ⋅ mm = 2.708 N ⋅ m = 2.708 J

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Since G = E/2(1 + ν) and ν ≤ 0.5 (sec 10.6), then as

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• Note that Eqn 14-25 is only applicable for a single

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• This factor represents the magnification of a

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The displacement of the weight is twice as great as

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