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Structural Analysis
CE2100
Deflections Using Energy Methods
1
06-Jan-20
D
q 3
2
06-Jan-20
P L3
U=W D
3EI
5
L
( wx 2) 2 2
dx
M=-wL2/2
x
0
2 EI
For more than one point load, we need more than one unknown
variables to calculate W.
But we have only one equation (W=U). This method is not suitable
3
06-Jan-20
f real _ i
D (or q) åf
i
virtual _ i
( AE L )i
or M virtual real dx
Whether
displacement or f virtual f real M virtual M real
rotation is to be
= å or dx
calculated i AE L i EI
*For trusses as well as beams, we can calculate the value of work by the virtual load while the
real load was acting OR the value of work done by the real loads while the virtual load was
acting. 8
4
06-Jan-20
We were not able to directly calculate the external work done by the load on the beam. D
q
Let us try virtual work method. Mreal = -wx2/2
x
Apply a unit virtual load at free end and then apply the real loads Mvirtual = -x
External work done by the virtual load while real loads are being applied =W = 1.D
M virtual M real
Internal work done by the virtual load while real loads are being applied = U EI
dx
x (wx )dx
L
1 2
EI 2
0
wL4 wL4
; Therefore, D
8EI 8EI
Internal work = U
L
M virtual M real
dx
0
EI
1
L
wx 2
EI 0 2
1 . dx
wL3 wL3
; Therefore, q
6 EI 6 EI 10
5
06-Jan-20
Apply a virtual horizontal load ‘1’ at ‘C’. Then apply the real load ‘P’.
External work (Wext) done by the virtual load while P was being applied
45o 45o C
= (1. Dc) A
Internal work (Wint) done by the virtual load while ‘P’ was being applied
L
= Σ(member deformation)real (member forces)virtual
U = PL/2AE
Wext = U => Dc = PL/2AE
11
Internal work (U) done by the virtual load while the real load is applied
L
Vvirtual dyreal
0
L
V
Vvirtual real dx
0 G. Ashear
L
1
G. Ashear 0
Vvirtual Vreal dx As may be less than the total cross-section area = (Atotal/K)
12
(K = 1.2 for rectangle, etc.)
6
06-Jan-20
GAshear 0
U Vvirtual Vreal dx w load
D
L
1
1 (w x ) dx
GAshear 0
x
wL2
2GAshear
since W U
wL2
1.D shear
2GAshear
wL4 wL2
D total D flexure D shear
8 EI 2GAshear 13
B
Castigliano’s theorem (1847-1884)
P
In this case, “P” is acting in the direction of “D.” What if the “P” were not there?
14
This method is applicable only for linear elastic systems
7
06-Jan-20
⁄
Dc = =
𝑷𝑳
Since, Q = 0, Dc =
𝟐𝑨𝑬 15
8
06-Jan-20
( )
L
2 x
D wx Px dx
2 EI
0
Since P 0,
( ) dx wL 8EI
L
3 4
D wx
2 EI
0
17
Calculate q. D
q
( ) 1
L
2
q wx 2 M dx
0 EI
Since M 0,
( ) dx wL 6EI
L
2 3
D wx
2 EI
0
18