THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE THROUGH SPANDREL

AREA USING ONE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

1) INDIVIDUAL THERMAL RESISTANCES - The Spandrel Wall is composed of
insulated glass, and insulation with two air spaces.

1-1) GLASS THERMAL RESISTANCE:

*:thickness s1  0.25  in

BTU  in
:thermal conductivity k1  6.48 
2
hr  ft  F
s1 2
F  ft  hr
R1  R1  0.039
k1 BTU

1-2) AIR SPACE THERMAL RESISTANCE:

* Glass Surface #2 Temperature: T2  10.7  F

* Glass Surface #3 Temperature: T3  15.55  F
(guesses initially)

NATURAL CONVECTION:

The properties of air are evaluated at the mean temperature:

T2  T3
tm  tm  13.125 F
2
lb
*:absolute viscosity μ  0.0403 
ft  hr
lb
*:density ρ  0.0841 
3
ft
BTU
*:thermal conductivity k  0.0134 
hr  ft  F

*:air space thickness

s  0.5  in

*:air space height H  5  ft

BTU
:specific heat Cp  0.240 
lb  F
 2
k ft
:thermal diffusivity α  α  0.664
ρ  Cp hr
2
μ ft
:kinematic viscosity v  v  0.479
ρ hr
8 ft
:gravitational constant g  4.17  10 
2
hr
:temperature difference dt  T3  T2 dt  4.85 F

1
:volumetric coefficient of expansion B 
tm  460  F

Cp  μ
Prandtl number: Pr  Pr  0.722
k
3
g  B  dt  s
Rayleigh Number: Ra  Ra  971.989
vα

Ra 3
Grashoff Number: Gr  Gr  1.347  10
Pr

 1
1
1
 1
Nusselt Number:  9 9 
5 4 H 3 H
Nu  if Gr  2  10 0.18  Gr    0.065  Gr    
 s s 

Nu  if ( Nu  1 1 Nu) Nu  1

Nu  k BTU
h2c  h2c  0.322
s 2
hr  ft  F
RADIATION:

* Emissivity of Glass Surface: ε2  0.84

* Emissivity of Glass Surface: ε3  0.84

1
Effective emittance of air space ε  ε  0.724
1 1
 1
ε2 ε3

Absolute argon space temperature (deg R): Tm  tm  460  F

9 BTU
:Boltzmann Constant σ  1.713  10 
2 4
ft  R  hr
 3 BTU
h2r  4  ε  σ  Tm h2r  0.525
2
hr  ft  F

TOTAL HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH AIR SPACE:

BTU
h2  h2c  h2r h2  0.847
2
hr  ft  F
AIR SPACE THERMAL RESISTANCE:
2
1 F  ft  hr
R2  R2  1.181
h2 BTU

1-3) GLASS THERMAL RESISTANCE:

*:thickness s3  0.25  in
BTU  in
:thermal conductivity k3  6.48 
2
hr  ft  F
s3 2
F  ft  hr
R3  R3  0.039
k3 BTU

1-4) EXTERIOR AIR SPACE THERMAL RESISTANCE:

* Glass Surface Temperature: T4  15  F

* Insulation Surface Temperature: T5  44.3  F
(guesses initially)

NATURAL CONVECTION:

The properties of air are evaluated at the mean temperature:

T4  T5
tm  tm  29.65 F
2
lb
*:absolute viscosity μ  0.0414 
ft  hr
lb
*:density ρ  0.0809 
3
ft
BTU
*:thermal conductivity k  0.0138 
hr  ft  F

*:air space thickness s  2.0  in

 *:air space height H  5  ft

BTU
:specific heat Cp  0.240 
lb  F
2
k ft
:thermal diffusivity α  α  0.711
ρ  Cp hr
2
μ ft
:kinematic viscosity v  v  0.512
ρ hr
8 ft
:gravitational constant g  4.17  10 
2
hr

:temperature difference dt  T5  T4 dt  29.3 F

1
:volumetric coefficient of expansion B 
tm  460  F

Cp  μ
Prandtl number: Pr  Pr  0.72
k
3
g  B  dt  s 5
Rayleigh Number: Ra  Ra  3.176  10
vα
Ra 5
Grashoff Number: Gr  Gr  4.411  10
Pr

Nusselt Number:  1  1
1 1
 9 9 
5 4 H 3 H
Nu  if Gr  2  10 0.18  Gr    0.065  Gr    
 s s 

Nu  if ( Nu  1 1 Nu) Nu  3.391

Nu  k BTU
h4c  h4c  0.281
s 2
hr  ft  F

RADIATION:

* Emissivity of Glass Surface: ε4  0.84

* Emissivity of Insulation Surface: ε5  0.90
1
Effective emittance of air space ε  ε  0.768
1 1
 1
ε4 ε5
 Absolute air space temperature (deg R): Tm  tm  460  F

9 BTU
:Boltzmann Constant σ  1.713  10 
2 4
ft  R  hr

3 BTU
h4r  4  ε  σ  Tm h4r  0.618
2
hr  ft  F

TOTAL HEAT TRANSMISSION THROUGH AIR SPACE:

BTU
h4  h4c  h4r h4  0.899
2
hr  ft  F
AIR SPACE THERMAL RESISTANCE:
2
1 F  ft  hr
R4  R4  1.113
h4 BTU

1-5) THERMAL RESISTANCE OF INSULATION:

*:thickness s5  3.0  in

BTU  in
*:thermal conductivity (CW90) k5  0.23 
2
hr  ft  F
s5 2
F  ft  hr
R5  R5  13.043
k5 BTU

2) THERMAL RESISTANCE OF SPANDREL WALL:

2
F  ft  hr
R  R1  R2  R3  R4  R5 R  15.414
BTU

3) TOTAL THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE THROUGH SPANDREL AREA (U-Value):

BTU
Ti  70  F hi  1.37  :From Vision Calc's
2
hr  ft  F
BTU
To  9  F ho  5.04  :From Vision Calc's
2
hr  ft  F

1 BTU
U  U  0.061
1 1 2
R hr  ft  F
hi ho
4) HEAT FLUX THROUGH SPANDREL AREA:
BTU
q  U   Ti  To q  3.733
2
hr  ft

5) SURFACE TEMPERATURES:

Temperature on exterior of glass:

1
T1  To  q T1  9.741 F
ho

Temperature on interior of glass:

T2  To    R1  q
1
T2  9.885 F
 ho 
Temperature on exterior of glass:

T3  To    R1  R2  q
1
T3  14.291 F
 ho 
Temperature on interior of glass:

T4  To    R1  R2  R3  q
1
T4  14.435 F
 ho 
Temperature on exterior of insulation:

T5  To    R1  R2  R3  R4  q
1
T5  18.588 F
 ho 
Temperature on interior of insulation:

T6  To    R1  R2  R3  R4  R5  q
1
T6  67.275 F
 ho 

6) BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS:

6-1) Outer Air Space: The temperature is:

T2  T3
Ts1  Ts1  12.088 F
2
2 BTU
hs1  hs1  1.694
R2 2
hr  ft  F
6-2) Middle Air Space: The temperature is:

T4  T5
Ts2  Ts2  16.512 F
2

2 BTU
hs2  hs2  1.798
R4 2
hr  ft  F