WATERRESOURCESENGI

NEERI
NG

COMPOSI
TIONOFWATER wat er i n t he liquid st ate is
transf er red t ot he gaseous,or
Waterismadeupofhy drogeni ons(H+) vapour ,st at e.
l
inked to hydroxylions (OH-)t oform   
Tr anspi r at i
on  ist he ev apor at i
on
H2O. Themol ecularf
ormulaf orwateris ofwat ert hr oughmi nut epor es, or
H2O. From thi
sf ormulaandt heatomi c stomat a,i nt hel eav esofpl ants.
weightsforhy drogenand oxy geny ou For pr act ical pur poses,
cancalculat
et hatthemol ecularweight transpi rat ionandt heev apor at i
on
ofwaterisapproximately18gr ams. from al lwat er,soi l
s,snow,i ce,
veget ation,and ot her sur faces
WATERONEARTH are l umped t oget her and
cal l
ed  ev apot ranspi r
at ion,ort otal
 Wat ermakesupabout71%oft he ev apor at ion.
Ear th's sur f
ace,whi l
et he ot her  Thet ransi tionpr ocessf rom t he
29% consi stsofcont inentsand vapourst atet ot hel i
qui dst atei s
i
sl ands. cal l
ed  condensat ion.
 96. 5% ofal lt heEar t
h'swat eri s Condensat i
onmayt akepl aceas
cont ained wi t
hint heoceansas soon as t he  air cont ains mor e
sal twat er,whi let he remai ning wat erv apourt hani tcanr ecei ve
3.5% i sf reshwat er lakes and from af reewat ersur facet hr ough
frozenwat erlockedupi nglaciers ev apor at ion at t he pr ev aili
ng
andt hepol aricecaps.Oft hat temper at ur e. By condensat ion,
freshwat er,almostal lofittakes wat erv apouri nt heat mospher e
thef orm ofi ce:69% ofi t
,tobe i
sr eleasedt of orm  pr ecipit ation.
exact .Ify oucoul dmel tallt hat  Pr ecipi tat ion t hat f al lst o t he
i
ce,andt heEar t
h'ssur facewas Ear thi sdi stribut edi nf ourmai n
per fectl
ysmoot h,t heseal evels way s:some i sr etur ned t ot he
woul driset oanal t
it
udeof2. 7 atmospher e by ev apor ation,
km. some may be i nter cept ed by
veget ation and t hen ev apor ated
WATERCYCLE from t he sur face of l eav es,
some  per col ates  i
nt o t he  soi l by
Wat ercy cle,alsocal l
ed hy
dr ol
ogiccy cle, i
nf iltr
at ion, and t he r emai nder
cy cl
e t hat i nv
ol ves the cont i
nuous fl
ows directly as
circul
ati
on of wat er in t he Ear th- sur face  r unof f i
nt ot hesea.Some
atmospher e sy stem. Of t he many oft hei nf il
tr atedpr eci pitationmay
processesi nv ol
v edi nthewat ercycle, l
at er  
per col at e into st reams
the most i mpor tant are ev aporat
ion, as  groundwat er  r
unof f.
transpi
rat i
on, condensation,
precipi
tation, andr unoff
.
Ty
pesofWat
er
 Ev aporat
ion,one oft he maj or
processes int he cy
cle,ist he 1. Drinki
ngwater
transfer of wat er from t he Dr
inki
ngwatercomesfrom a
sur f
ace of the Eart
h to var
iet
yofsour ces i
ncl
udi
ng publ
ic
the atmosphere.Byev aporat
ion, water syst
ems, pri
vat
e wel
ls, or
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

bot
tl
edwat
er. combinati
onofdomest i
c,industr
ial
,
commer ci
alor agr
icult
ural 
acti
vi
ti
es,
2. Groundwat er surf
ace runof
for  
storm wat er
,and
Groundwat er
 i
s fr
om sewer i
nfl
owori nf
il
trat
ion.
the 
water pr
esent beneat h Ear
th'
s
surf
ace i n 
soi
l pore 
spaces and in 8. Watersheds
the 
fr
actures 
of rockfor
mations. A wat er shed isthe ar
ea of
l
andwher eal loft hewaterthatis
3. Lakes underitordr ainsof fofi
tgoesinto
A lake i
s an area ofv ari
able thesamepl ace.
size fi
l
led wi th water,l
ocalized in
a basi
n,t hatissur r
oundedbyl and, 9. Wetlands
apartfrom any  
ri
ver 
orot herout l
et A wetl
and i
sal andar eathat
thatservest ofeedordrai
nt helake. i
s satur
ated wit
h wat
er, ei
ther
permanentlyorseasonall
y,suchthat
4. Oceans,Coast s,Est uar
ies and i
tt akesont hecharact
eri
sti
csofa
Beaches di
stinct
 ecosystem.
Est
uaryisthewi departofa
ri
verwher eitnearst he sea.Itis
wheref resh and sal
t wat er mix.
Coasts arethe shor
es ofseas or
oceans.

5. Ri
vers&St r
eams
Rivers come i n l ot
s of
di
ffer
entshapesandsi zes,butthey
al
lhavesomet hi
ngsincommon.Al l
ri
vers and str
eams startatsome
hi
ghpoi nt
.Thehi ghpointcanbea
mountain,hi
l
lorotherel
evatedarea.

6. Storm water
Storm wat er i
s wat er t hat
ori
ginatesdur i
ng precipi
tati
on events
and snow/ ice mel ts.St orm wat er
cansoaki nt othesoi l(i
nf i
l
trate),be
heldont hesurfaceandev aporate,or
runoffandendupi nnear byst reams,
ri
vers,orotherwat erbodi es(surface
water).

7. Wast
ewat er
Wastewateri s any 
water 
that
has been adv ersel
y af f
ected i n
qual
it
y by  ant
hropogenic 
inf
luence.
Wastewat
ercan or i
ginatefrom a
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

 FILTRATION-waterpassthr
ough
l
ay erofsandandact
ivat
ed
WATERRESOURCES-t hesour
ceof
carbon
waterdeterminesthenatureof
col
lect
ion,purif
icat
ion,
transmi
ssi
on,  DI
SINFECTION-thefil
teredwat er
anddistr
ibuti
onwor ks. wi
llbemixedwithchemi calsthat
di
sinf
ectswaterl
ikechlorine.For
RAINWATER–i nI
ndi
vidualSupply,
Br
ackishwaterorSeawat er
rai
nwaterar
estoredi
nci st
erntanksor
roof
s.ForCommunal Supply,r
ainwater  DESALINATI
ON-processof
arestor
edinreser
voi
rs. separ
ati
ngsaltf
rom seawat
er
SURFACEWATER–Wat erthatcomes
fr
om lakes,ponds,
streams,andseas.
Str
eamst hatcamef r
om seasonal
adequateamountoff l
oodwat erand
conti
nuousf l
owofwat erfr
om dams.
GROUNDWATER–Wat ert
hatcomes
fr
om undergr
ound.
A.Spri
ng-watert
hatf
lowsnat
ural
l
y
f
rom under
ground
B.Wel
ls-watert
hatcanbef
ound
onadeepexcav
ation
C.Bores-waterthatcomesf
rom
under
groundthatneedspumptorise
WaterTr
eat
mentForSur
faceand
Gr
oundwaterr
esour
ces:
St
epsonTreati
ngWat
erf
or
Consumpt
ion:
 COAGULATION-processof
mixi
ngchemical
sonwat ert
o
makeundesir
abl
eparti
clest
o
cl
umptogether
 FLOCCULATI
ON-wat eri
sgent
ly
agi
tat
edsothepar
ticl
eswil
l
col
li
dewit
heachotherandmake
i
theavi
er.
 SEDI
MENTATION-theheavy
par
ti
cleswi
l
lset
tl
etothebot
tom.
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

Wat
erResour
ceEngi
neer
ing f
orecast
ing.
 Wat err esourcesengi neeri
ngi sthe
study and management of
equipment , f
acili
ti
es and
techniques t hat ar e used t o  Water r esour
ces engi
neer
ing
manage and pr eservel i
fe’
smost concer
ned….
plenti
fulr esource.I n addi t
ion to
assessi nghow andt hebestway s Wat
er r esources engineer
ing ar e
i
n whi ch to cont rolwat eras i t concer nedwiththestr
ucturesand
pertai
nst owat er-rel
atedact iv
iti
es processes r el
ated t o wat er
–suchasi rr
igati
on, wastedisposal supplies forhuman consumpt i
on
andt her emoval
ofwaterforsaf
ety.
and canaldev elopment– wat er
 Wat er r esour
ces engi neeri
ng
resource engi neer s ar e al so
focused….
frequent l
y i nv
olv ed i n wat er
managementt o ensur et hati t’
s Wat
erresour
cesengineeri
ngfocuseson
safet o dr i
nk bot hf orhumans, theuseandmanagementofl and
plantsandani mal usage. and waterresourcesinruraland
urbanwater
sheds.
 WaterResour ceEngi neeri
ngi sa
speci
fic kind ofcivilengi neeri
ng
thatinvolves the design ofnew Mechanicalbasis -Fl ui
d mechanics
syst
emsandequi pmentt hathel p provi
des a mechani calbasist o
manage human wat err esources. waterresources engineer
ing.The
Some of t he areas t hat Wat er main pr i
nciples ut i
li
zed ar e
ResourceEngi neerst ouchonar e
pri
ncipl
es ofmass conser vat
ion,
water tr
eatment f
acil
iti
es,
underground wel l
s, and nat ural moment um conser vati
on, and
spri
ngs. energyconservati
on

 Waterr esourcesengi neering i s

the quant it
ative st udy of t he Branches of wat
er r
esour
ces
hydrologiccy cle--t hedi st
ribut i
on engineer
ing
andci rculati
onofwat erl i
nkingt he
eart
h's at mospher e, l and and Tradit
ionalbranchesofwat err
esources
oceans. Sur f
ace r unof f i s engineeri
ngar eclassi
fiedi ntot
hree:
measur ed as t he di ff
er ence 1. Hy draulicsforri
ver s
between precipitation and 2. Hy drologyforrivers
abstract i
ons,such as i nf
il
trat i
on 3. Mar i
ti
mehy dr
aulics
(which r eplenishes gr oundwat er As a st udent i n Wat er Resources
fl
ow) , sur face st orage and Engineeri
ng, youwi l
lcov ertopi
cslike:
evaporat i
on.Appl icat ions incl ude
the management of t he ur ban  Wat
erconser
vat
ion
watersuppl y,thedesi gnofur ban
stor
m- sewersy st
ems,and f lood  Ri
verr
est
orat
ion
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

 Wat
ersuppl
y Ooze( MBO) ;
 Mi ni
mi zingblackwat erdischar
ge;
 St
orm wat
ermanagement  Impr oving fi
sh habi tatand f i
sh
passage;
 Groundwaterpr
otect
ion  Addr essinglowdi ssolvedoxygen
 Ruralwat
ermanagement cont entandeut r
ophication;
 Increased agricul
tural and
 Fl
oodpr
otect
ion
grazing pr oducti
vity of
 Gr
oundwat
erut
il
izat
ion backswamps;
 Reduci ngf i
rerisk;
 Geogr
aphi
cal
Inf
ormat
ionSy
stems  Maxi mi zi
ngf r
ostcont rol

 Model
i
ng Defini
tionofterms:
Acid sulf
ate soil
s( ASS)ar e soil
s or
 Env
ironmental
sci
ence sedi
ment scont ai
ninghighlyaci di
csoil
 Meteorol
ogyandGeol
ogy hori
zons or l ayers affected by t he
oxi
dationofironsul f
ides(termedactual
CONTROLOFWATER ASS), and/ or soi l
s or sedi ments
contai
ningir
onsul fi
desorot hersul
fi
dic
DEFI
NITI
ON materi
alsthathasnotbeenexposedt o
ai
randoxi di
zed.
A st ructur
e i n a wat er
managementsy stem t
hatconveyswater, Eutr
ophi cati
oni stheenr
ichmentofan
contr
olst hedirect
ion orrateoff l
ow, ecosystem wi th chemi
cal nutr
ient
s,
maintains a desired wat er sur
face typi
call
ycompoundscont aini
ngni
tr
ogen,
el
evationormeasureswat er
. phosphor us,orbot
h.

PURPOSE Eutrophicat
ioncanbeanat
uralprocess
i
nl akes,occurr
ingast
heyaget hrough
Thepr acti
cemaybeappl i
edasa geologicalt
ime.
management component of a wat er
management sy st
em t o contr
ol the Ingeologybackswampi sthesect
ionof
st
age,discharge,di
str
ibut
ion,del
iver
yor afloodplai
nwheredepositsoffi
nesi l
ts
di
rect
ionofwat erfl
ow. and cl ays settle after a f lood.
Backswamps usual l
y lie behi
nd a
Wat er contr
ol structur
es can be str
eam'snaturall
evees.
designedtoprovi
desol ut
ionst
osui
ta
rangeofnaturalr
esourcemanagement Frostist
hecoati
ngordeposi
tofi
cethat
i
ssues, i
ncl
udi
ng: mayf orminhumidai
rincol
dcondi
ti
ons,
usuall
yoverni
ght
.
 Improvingwaterqual
i
ty;
 Acid Sul f
ate Soi l ( ASS)
remediati
on;
CULVERTSANDHEADWALLS
 Reducing the gener at
ion and
export of Monosul f
idi
c Black A cul
ver
tis a condui
tused t
o
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

encl
oseaf l
owing bodyofwater.They
general
ly enable flow t hr
ough an Faunai salloftheani mallifeofany
embankment,roadorsomeot hert
ype part
icul
ar r egi
on or t i
me. The
ofhydrol
ogi
calimpediment. corr
espondingtermf orplantsisflora.
Fl
ora,faunaandotherfor
msofl i
fesuch
I
t i s const
ruct
ed in v ar
ious
asfungiar ecoll
ect
ivel
yreferredtoas
shapes such as round orcor
rugated
bi
ota.
pipes,ductsandsquareboxesandar e
avail
ableinarangeofsi
zes. Benthosisthecommuni tyoforgani
sms
whichli
veon, i
n,orneartheseabed, al
so
Const
ructi
on mat er
ial
s are al
so
known as t he bent hi
c zone. Thi s
variableandi ncl
udeconcr et
e,polyvi
nyl
communi tyl i
ves in or near mar i
ne
chloride (PVC) , steel
, and r ock or
sedimentary envi
ronment s,fr
om t i
dal
alumi num structuralplate.Dependent
poolsalong the foreshore,outtot he
upon t he speci f
ic r equir
ements, a
conti
nentalshelf
,andt hendownt ot he
numberofcul verts may be i nst
all
ed
abyssaldepths.
adjacentt o one anot hert o maxi
mize
fl
ow. o I
mpact of cul
ver
ts on f
ish
passage
o I
mpact of cul
ver
ts on t
he
wat
erway Fishpassaget hr
oughcul v
ert
si s
essentialt
oal l
owbreedi
ngcy cl
esandr e
Naturalhydr
ologicalr
egimescanbe
-populati
on of bot h est uar
ine and
si
gni
fi
cantlymodi fi
ed both wi
thin and
mar i
newat ers,andtoprovideadequate
i
mmedi at
elyadjacenttoculver
ts,which
access t o aquati
c habit
atand ot her
hast
hepot enti
altocauset hefol
lowing
resources.
i
mpacts:
NSW legisl
ati
on gov er
ns t he
 Reduced hy draulic capacit
y,or
i
nstal
lati
onandmodi f
icat
ionofculv
erts
choki ngoft hesy stem;
and otherwatercontrolstr
uct
ures to
 Flow concent ration result
ing in
ensur
e adequate mobili
tyforaquat i
c
scour i
ng and i ncreased erosive
speci
es.
pr ocesses;
 Incr eased risk ofst ream f l
ow Themostcommonf ishpassage
blockagebyf l
oatingdebr i
s; probl
emsassociatedwithbothpi
peand
 Incr eased r i
sk of upst ream boxcul v
ert
sareoutli
nedbyFairf
ulland
floodwat erintrusion; withr
idge(2003)andincl
ude:
 Reducedcapaci tyf orpassageof
 Excessivef l
ow v el
ociti
eswi thi
n
aquat i
cfauna;
theculvert
;
 Reduct i
oninaquat ichabit
atinor
 Inadequateflowdept hwi t
hinthe
adj acentthecul vert;
culvert
;
 Di sturbance ofbent hos during
 Excessivewat ert
urbulence;
i
nst al
lati
onand t hesubsequent
 Debr i
sblockageofthecul vert
;
dischar ge ofsedi ment ,nutri
ent
 Excessive culver
tlengt h and a
oraci dsul f
atepr oduct .
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

l
ackofaquat ichabitatand‘r
est’ agai
nst er
osi
on at t
he cul
ver
t
areaswithi
nt heculvert
; entr
anceandexi
t.
 Inadequatel ighti
ng withinthe
 A headwallmayalso directthe
culver
t;
fl
ow ofwat erintooroutf r
om
 Excessivevariati
oninwat erl
evel
cul
vert ends,or i
ncorporat
ea
across the culvertoutl
etwat er
watercontr
olgat
e.
effect
.
 Ar angeofmat eri
alscanbeused
i
nt he f
ormation ofa headwal l
i
ncluding concret
e,rock,gabion
Pi
peCul
ver
ts
baskets, sandbags or l ogs,
 General
l
yonlysuit
abl
eforsmall dependant upon budget ary
appli
cat
ionssubj
ectt
olow f
low constrai
ntsandt hesitespecifi
c
rat
es; requir
ements of t he system
within whi ch i t wi l
l be
 Poorpr ovi
si
onforfishpassage.
i
mpl emented.
Mayr equi
readdi
ti
onalboxculver
t
forenhancementofpassage.  Pr
ovi
des for the di
rect
ion of
wat
erfl
owsthr
oughstr
uctures;
 All
ows f or t
he dissipati
on of
BoxCul
ver
ts
erosi
veenergyandthepr ot
ect
ion
 Can be used f or l arge ofthebankaboutastructur
e;
applicat ions;
 Bet t
erpr ov i
sionf orfishpassage;
 Precastconcr et e units can be WATERCONTROLSTRUCTURES
easiert oi nstalland i nstal
lat
ion
cant akepl acei n mostweat her  Dam –abar r
ierthati
mpoundswat er
condi tions. orunder groundst r
eams.I tservethe
 Robustanddur able; primarypur poseofr etai
ningwat er
,
 Less suscept ibl
e t o damage while ot her st r
uctures such as
throughv andalism; fl
oodgat esorl evees(alsoknownas
 The i nst all
ation of concr ete dikes) ar e used t o manage or
product si smostof tenexpensiv e, preventwat erflowintospeci f
icland
particul arl
y i n t he ev ent that regions.Hy dr
opoweri softenusedi n
struct ureswi l
lbecasti npl ace; conjunctionwi thdamst o generate
electr
ici
ty.
Headwal
ls  Ir
ri
gation – i s t
he art
if
ici
al
appli
cati
onofwat
ert
othel
andor
 Aheadwalli
sastruct
urei
nstal
led
soil
.
attheendofaculver
tinorderto
ret
ainsoi
laroundandabov ethe  Aqueduct(br
igde)
,abri
dgethatis
cul
vert ends and to pr ot
ect const
ruct
edtoconveywat
eroveran
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

obst
acl
e,suchasar
avi
neorv
all
ey. aquat i
cbi ota;
•Encour aging conditi
ons forin-st
ream
 Spil
lway – is a struct ure used to weeds;
provi
de t he contr
olled r elease of •Reduci ng oppor tuni
ti
es f or f ish
fl
owsf r
om a dam orl eveei nt
oa passage;
downstream area,t
ypi callybeingthe •Draini
ng wet lands and coastalback
ri
verthatwasdammed. swamps whi ch f urt
her l ead t o
environment al ( bi
odi
versit
y) and
 Stil
li
ng Basi ns – is a basin wi
th agricult
ur al (f
ewer nutrit
ious pasture
protectedwal l
sandf loorandwhich species,mor e peat fir
es and f rost
i
sf il
ledwi t
hwat er.It
sfuncti
onisto i
mpact s)losses;
conv er
tt he energyoff astflowi
ng •OxidationofASSandexpor tofacidic
waterintoturbulence. mat eri
al s.
 Fl
oodgates–aresimplethatcanbe
hi
nged tothe ends ofculver
ts or Ty
pesoft
radi
ti
onalf
loodgat
es
headwall
stoall
owtheflowofwat er
1. Hi nged Fl ap Gat es–Tr aditional
i
nasi ngl
edi
rect
ion.
Floodgat es
Wetlands –ar e ar
eas wher e water Used f or t he conv ersion of
coversthesoi lori
spresenteitherator wet land env i
ronment sinto agr i
cul t
ural
nearthesurfaceofthesoilall
yearorfor l
and.Thesear ev eryef fi
cientindr aini
ng
varyi
ngperiodsoft i
medur ingt heyear
, upst ream l ands, prev enti
ngt heint r
usion
i
ncludingduringthegr
owingseason. of sal i
ne wat ers and back f l
ooding
dur i
nghi ght idesandsomemi norf loods.
- Al and area t
hati
ssatur
ated wi
th These l ead t o t he dev el
opment of
water, ei t
her permanentl
y or freshwat ersy stems,wher et hey wer e
seasonall
y. prev iously sal ine / br ackish. Onl y
sui t
ablef ortidalgat ingofchannel sset
Floodplain–isanar eaofl andadj acent
back f r
om mai n r i
vers and when
toast ream orr i
verthatstretchesfrom
compl etet i
dali sol ationisr equired.Flap
thebanksofi tschanneltot hebaseof
gat es,alsoknownasr efl
uxv alves,onl y
the encl osi
ng v all
ey wal ls and
allowf lowi nonedi rect i
on( downst ream)
experi
encesf loodingduringper iodsof
fordr ainagepur poses.
highdischarge
2.El astomerCheckVal ves( DuckBi ll
Fl
oodgateshave been shown to give Valves)
ri
setoar angeofnegat
iveimpactsdue Analt
ernati
vetot i
dalf lapgat es,
tothei
rpr ev
ent
ionofwat erexchange.
ther ubbercheckv al
vecanbeusedt o
Thesei
nclude:
provide flow in one di rection only
•Stagnati
on and sedimentati
on throughacul ver
tforfl
oodpl aindrainage
upstream ofthef l
oodgates; andf loodandsalinei
ntrusionmi t
igati
on
•Deteri
orati
oni nwat erquali
tyincludi
ng purposes.
dissolved oxygen lev
els, pH,
Ty
pes of Manual
ly Oper
ated
temper at
ure,af f
ecti
ng mostf orms of
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

Modi
fi
cat
ions monosulfideoxi
dat i
on by all
owi
ng an
i
nputofsal twat ertodrai
nagesyst
ems
1.Wi nchedTi dalFlapGat es
maintai
ning suffici
entwaterlev
elst o
Wi nching systems t ake v ary
ing
i
nhibi
t oxi dati
on and al low natur
al
for
ms and can easi lybe at tached to
neutr
ali
zationofacid.
exi
stingcul vertheadwallsori nstal
ledat
appropriate l ocati
ons adj acent t he 3.Buoy antLiftingFloodgat e(Automat i
c
culv
er t
.Openi ng gateswi l
lal low ti
dal Floodgat e)
exchanget otakepl acefort hedur at
ion Ther e ar e v arying desi gns,
oft he openi ng period and can al low althought hesegat esusual lyconsi stof
l
arge, r
apidinf l
owsofr iv
erwat er. apr imar ygat e,eitherf i
xedorswi nging
asperat r
aditi
onalt ophi ngedf l
apgat e
2.Penstocks( Vert
ical
Wi nches)
thatincl udesanaper t
ur e.Asecondar y
Penst ocksar enormal l
yf i
tt
edto
gat efitted wi th an adjust abl
ef loat i
ng
thestructuralframeworkofcul vert
sand
headwal l
s,orar econstructed asself- arm pi v otsf rom t he pr i
mar y gat et o
contai
neduni t
s. prov i
de openi ng or cl osur e of t he
Penstocks f uncti
on byoper at
ion ofa secondar yaper tur
e.
slui
cegat epl acedont helandwar dsi
de 4.Fi br
eglassBal lastFloodgat e
ofacul vert Constructedf rom vacuum-seal
ed
3.SluiceGat es fi
breglass, t hi
s st yl
e of modi fi
ed
Sluicegatesuseaslidi
ngpanelto fl
oodgat ef loat
s open i n t he water
regulatefl
owt hroughanapertur
e.Slui
ce column unt ilt he downst ream head
gates can be desi gned to provi
de a pressur eincreases( duetot i
dalorfl
ood
vert
ical,hori
zontalorrot
ati
onaldir
ecti
on wat eri ncrease)causi ng t he gat
et o
ofthisaction. cl
ose.

SELF- REGULATI NGTI DALGATES( SRT) 5.Smartgat

es
Avariationoft hetradi
ti
onalt op Smartgat
es usuall
y r ef
er t o
hingedf l
apgat e,theself-
regul
ati
ngt ide gati
ng syst
ems fit
ted wi
th advanced
gate st yles al l
ow aut omated and components that pr
ovi
de automat i
c
regulated ti
dalf l
ushing i
nt he system act
uati
onofgateswhentri
gger
ed.
whilstpreventingi nundati
onoflowl ying
l
anddur i
nghi ght i
desandf loodevents. WATERCONTROLSTRUCTURES
1.Waterman/Nekt onSRT
Thisstyl
eoftidalgat
econsi
stsof  FIXED LEVEL RETENTI ON
a posi ti
vely buoy ant l i
d and STRUCTURES( WEIRS)
count
erbal
ancingarms,ont opofwhich Weir
s arestr
uct
ur esconsi
stingof
aseri
esoffloatsar
emount ed. an obstructi
on such as a dam or
bulkhead placed acr oss t he open
2.Sal
tshakerFloodgat
e channelwithaspecial
lyshapedopeni ng
Thesal t
shakerfloodgatewasa ornotch.
one-
off constr
uction,designed as a Fi
xed levelret
ent i
on structures
means t o reduce the risk of i
ron
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

areincorpor
ated i
nto a watersyst
em system of i mplementation as
whenadj ust
mentoft hesillinv
ertwil
l pil
esar emer elydrivenintot he
notberequir
edaft
erinst
all
ati
on. ground–nodi gging;
 Relativel
yeasyt oremov ef r
om a
 SheetPi l
ingWeir wat erway with minimal
Theconstructionofpil
eweir
st akes disturbance.Once r emoved t he
placebydri
vingt hem i
ntothewaterway structure may be r eused ata
totherequi
redhei ght
.Thiscanbedone similarsit
e;
bymeans ofan excav at
ororsi mil
ar  Low cost as concr eti
ng,
device. earthmov ingandcofferi
ng-offnot
required;
Advant
ages:  Lowmai ntenance.

 Guar ant eesmi ni

mum wat erl evel Di
sadvant
ages:
retent ion capaci t
y pr ov i
ding
excel lentwat erlev el control;  Not adjustable without
 Interlocki ng Pl astipi l
e( Vonmac) modifi
cation of original
prov ides excellent seal i
ng i
nstal
lati
on;
capaci ty;  Mayr equiretheaddi ti
onofr ock
 Struct urecanbeconst ruct edt o fi
ll for addi tional structural
any l engt h as r equi r
ed by support
;
i
nt erlocki ng as manypi li
ngs as  Sheetpil
ingoftenr esul
tsi
nsome
necessar y; l
eakage.
 Plast ipil
e st r
uct ures can be
creat edt of oll
ow mor ethanone  Per manentWei r(Fi
xedSi l
l)
direct ion, ort oadesi redwi dt h,by Thesestructurescr eateapar ti
al
i
nt erlocki ng speci all
y shaped blockageoft hechannel ,r
etai
ningwat er
pil
ings l
ev elattheheightoft hest r
uctureduri
ng
 Pili
ngscanbecust om madet oa outflows. These st ructures can be
requi redshape; const r
uctedfrom ar angeofmat eri
als
 Can i ncor por ate wat er cont rol i
ncl udi
ng earth and compact ed clays,
gat es; sandbags, concrete,steelorrockfil
l.
 Flexibi li
ty pr ovides r esist ance
agai nsti mpactandat olerationof Advant
ages:
groundmov ement ;
 Sheetpi ling i nstallat i
on maybe  Guar anteesmi ni
mum wat erl ev el
l
inearorcur v ed; ret
ent ioncapaci t
y;
 Possi ble const r
uct ion mat erials  Lowmai nt
enancer equir
ement s;
i
ncl ude cor rosion r esistantv i
nyl  A lar ge range of const ruction
orr ecy cledpl astic; mat erial
s ar e avail
ablet o sui t
 Easyhandl ingandi nst al
lation,as budget ary r equir
ement s and
pil
es may be buoy ant and needs;
l
ight wei ghtand dr i
v en usi ng an  Can i ncorporate water cont rol
excav ator ; gates to all
ow greater
 Mi nimal di sturbance t o t he managementofwat erexchange.
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

Di
sadvant
ages: fr
om mar i
ne and hi
ghl
y aci
dic
water
s;
 Lessf l
exibili
tywi t
hmani pul
ating  Longli
fespan;
wat erlevels;  Lowmai ntenance.
 Maybedi ffi
cul
tt oremov ef r
om
wat erway ; Di
sadvant
ages:
 Install
ati
ons such as t hose
i
nv olvi
ng seti n place concrete  Gener all
y onl y sui
tableforl ow
canbel abori ntensi
veandcost volumedr ains;
prohibiti
ve;  No pr otecti
on agai nst flood
 The i nstallati
on or r emovalof wat ersabov et hemaxi mum sill
these st ructures can cause i
nv ert;
signifi
cant di sturbance to t he  No pr ovisi
on f or manual
hostwat er way . oper ati
on;
 Oper ati
onali nv
ertis noteasi l
y
 St ainl
essSt eelSheetWei r adjusted af ter instal
lat
ion –
Thisdesi gnf oll
owst heconcept s requires machi nerysuch as an
oft hesheetpi li
ngwei r,howev eriti s excav ator.
compr i
sed ofa si ngl
e st ainless steel
sheetdr iv
eni ntot hewat erwayt othe  Pr e-Fabr i
cat ed St ai
nless St eel
required invert.Thi s can be done by Wei r
means of an excav ator or si milar This desi gn i s driven intot he
machi ner y
.Stainlessst eelsheet scanbe water wayi nasi mi larfashiont ot hatof
cutt o size and wel ded t ogetheras theSt ainlessSt eelSheetWei r,although
required t o achi eve an appr opri
ately i
tissuper iori nst rengthanddur abi l
it
y
sizedsi nglesheetf orinsertion. and can be ut il
ized i nl argerscal ed
Like the sheetpi li
ng wei r,this applications.Thevsect ionconst ruction
designi sexcellentf orusei nsensi tive and added t hickness of st ainless
env i
ronment s f or t he pr evention of sheet i
ng pr ov i
des i ncreased r i
gidity,
excessi vedrainage.I ti
sof tenacheaper rei
nfor ci
ngt hesol idsi l
lsthathol dt hem
alternativet o sheet pi l
ing wi t
hl ess i
npl ace.
i
nt ensiveinstall
ation. This desi gn i si dealf oruse i n
sensitive env ironment s cl oser t o
Advant
ages: estuar i
ne sy stems t hat r equire
additional structural support.
 Simplisticdesign;
 Naturall
yaut omat ed; Advant
ages:
 Easil
ysi zedtosui tapplicat
ion;
 Provides excel l
ent wat er level  Naturall
yautomat ed;
ret
ent i
on;  Pref
abr i
catedtosi zesui
tabl
ef or
 Sheets 3mm i nt hickness are appli
cation;
considerablyr igid and wi l
lcut  Robustandr igi
d;
thr
oughr ootsdur i
ngi nsert
ion;  Provi
des excel l
ent water l
evel
 Minimaldi sturbance t o system ret
ention;
duri
ngi nserti
onorr emov al
;  Minimaldi sturbance t
o system
 Resistanttot hecor rosiveeffect
s duri
ngi nsert
ionorremoval;
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

 Resistanttot hecorr
osiveeffect
s Di
sadvant
ages:
fr
om mar i
ne and hi ghl
y acidi
c  Best sui t
ed f or lower v olume
waters; systems;
 Longlifespan;  No pr otect i
on agai nst f l
ood
 Can be desi gned t o incl
ude wat ersabov et hemaxi mum si ll
vari
ousf lowcont r
olgates; i
nv ert;
 Lowmai ntenance.  Ifthei nstallati
oni sper manent ,a
l
ack of t idal f l
ushing bel ow
Di
sadvant
ages: oper ational i nvert can cause
 No pr otect
ion agai nst f l
ood depr eciati
on i n wat er qual it
y
wat ersabov et hemaxi mum si ll upst ream ofst ructure;
i
nv ert.  Mor e i ntensiv e i nstall
ations
 Oper ationalinvertis noteasi l
y i
nv olving seti n place concr ete
adjusted af ter inst
allat
ion – canbei nt
ensi vetobothl aborand
requires machi ner
ysuch as an cost .
excav ator;
 Requi res occasionali nspecti
on
forent rappeddebrisordamage.

 V- Not chWei r  ADJUSTABLE WATER RETENTI ON

Ast henamesuggest s,thisdesignis STRUCTURES
amodi f
icati
onoft hefi
xedsi l
lweirthat
i
ncor poratesa‘ V’shapednot chint he  Dr op-board Cul ver
t ( Overfl
ow
top cent re of t he structure. These Escape)
designs ar e oft
en util
i
zed i n or
dert o Alsoknownasf lashboar
dr i
sers,these
cal
cul at
e st ream f l
ow and di scharge culv
ertsf unct
ionasperawei r
,retai
ning
wit
hint hehostsy stem. aspeci f
iedv olumeofwat erbehindt he
culv
ertdur i
ngout f
low.
Advant
ages:
 Nat urall
yaut omat ed; Advant
ages
 Prov i
des excel lent wat er l evel  Prov ides excel l
ent wat er lev el
ret
ent ionbel owt hev -not ch; cont rol ;
 Excel l
ent pr ovi
sion f or st r
eam  Adjust abletodesiredwat erlevel;
fl
owanddi schar gecal cul ations;  Const ructioncanber etrofit
tedt o
 Angul aral i
gnmentoft hev -notch existing cul verts,r emov ing t he
canbesetast opr ovi
det hemost requi rement f or i nst al
lation of
eff
ect ive angl ef orst ream f low furtherst ructuresint hewat erway ;
calculations;  Concr ete st r
uctures can be
 In smal l sy stems, use of precastorseti nplacedependant
const ructi
on mat eri
als such as upondesi gn,scopeoft hepr oject
mar inepl ymaybeeasi lyi nstall
ed andsi teaccess;
to t he r equired el ev ation or  Desi gns can be manuf actured
remov ed from t he sy st em wi t
h i
nexpensi vel
y.
mini mal disturbance;
 Lowmai ntenance. Di
sadvant
ages
 Of
tenr
esul
tinsomel
eakage;
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

 Boardsmaybedi ffi
cultt
or emov e
undersignif
icantheadpr essur e; Di
sadvant
ages
 Manuallyoper ated;  Expensive. I nstal
lati
on of
 Smallerstructuresgener al
lyonl y concrete suppor t
ing st r
ucture
suit
ableforlowv ol
umedr ains; bothintensi
veandexpensi ve.
 No pr ot
ection agai nst f l
ood  Ongoing mai ntenance can be
watersabov et hemaxi mum si l
l i
ntensiveandexpensiv e;
i
nvert;  Manualoper at
ionrequireshuman
 Easil
y t amper ed wi th or i
nterventi
on;
vandali
zedwhi chcanr esultint he
unauthori
zed l owering of t he  Dr op- board Weir( Stop Log /
operati
onalinv ert
; Flashboar dWeir)
 May r equire addi t
ional OH&S Const ructi
on usual l
y ent ail
s
i
nfrastr
ucturef orsaf e wor king i
nstall
ation of a concr ete suppor t
access; str
ucturet hatcreatesapartialbl ockage
 Restri
cti
vetof ishpassage. i
nt hesy stem,al t
houghrock-fillorother
mat er
ial
smaybeused.Thecent r
eof
thest r
uct ur
eusual lycompr isesagap
 Lay-
fl
atGat e(Til
ti
ngWei r
) wit
har aili
ngsy stem moul
dedi ntoeach
Asthenamesuggest s,
thelayfl
at endf ort hepr ovi
sionofdr opboar dst o
gat
eclosesv erti
call
yagainstacul v
ert determinet heoper ati
onalinv ertoft he
andopenshorizontal
l
y. weir.

Advant
ages Advant
ages
 Prov i
de excel lent wat er l evel  Provides excel l
ent water l evel
control, f
loodpr otecti
on, drainage control,dr
ainageort i
dalflushi
ng;
ortidal exchangecapaci ty;  Adjustabletodesiredwat erlevel
;
 Prov i
des excel l
ent seal i
ng  Lowmai ntenance;
capaci t
y ;  Designsar eofteninexpensive;
 Full
y adj ustabl e t o mai nt ain  Concr eteweirscanbepr ecastor
desired wat er l evelabout t he setinpl acedependantuponsi t
e
enti
redept hoft hewat ercour se; suit
abi l
i
ty.
 Can be r etrof i
tted t o exist i
ng
headwal l
sorpi ers; Di
sadvant
ages
 Manualact uat ion sy st
ems l ess  Oftenresul
tinsomel eakage;
expensi ve.  Boardsmaybedi ffi
culttoremove
 Prov i
sion f or dat a l ogging undersigni
fi
cantheadpr essur
e;
equipment and aut omat ed  Manuallyoperated;
actuat i
on systems for  Restri
cti
vetofishpassage;
developmentasasmar tgate;  No pr ot
ecti
on agai nst f l
ood
 Greater openi ng expanse watersabov et hemaxi mum sil
l
provides gr eat er passage f or i
nvert;
debris;  Easil
y t amper ed wi t
h or
 Betterpr ov i
sionf orfishpassage; vandali
zedwhi chcanr esulti
nthe
 Canbeusedi nconj unct i
onwi th unauthori
zed l owering of t he
under shotgat es; operati
onali
nv ert
;
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

 Can be const ructed tor et

rofi
t
 Sel f
-Regulati
ngTi l
ti
ngWei r existingcul vertsorheadwal l
s;
Wireropesar e att
ached tot he  Adjust abl eandr eli
able;
gateont heupst r
eam side,thelengthof  Lowmai nt enance;
which are sett o guar
ant ee a desi
red  Excel lentseal ingcapaci ty
;
minimum wat er level behi nd t he  Manualact uat i
on sy stems l ess
str
ucture. expensi ve.
 Prov ision f or dat a l ogging
Advant
ages equi pment and aut omat ed
 Prov ides excel l
ent water level actuat ion sy stems f
or
cont rol; dev elopmentasasmar tgate;
 Gat e adj ustabl
e t o desi r
ed  Remov able handl es on manual
el
ev at i
on; actuat ion sy st ems t o hel p
 Self-automat ed; all
ev iateunaut hor i
zedtamper ing.
 Struct ur
alconcr ete precastf or
mor eef fect
iveconstructi
onand Di
sadvant
ages
i
nst allat
ion.  Manualoper ati
onrequir
eshuman
i
ntervention;
Di
sadvant
ages  May r equir
e additi
onal OH&S
 Floating debr ismaydamage or i
nfrastructur
e to provide safe,
j
am oper at ionofgate; workingaccess;
 Gat e hei ghtmaybe di f
fi
cultor  Fr
ictioncandev el
opint het
racks
i
nappr opriat e to adj ust under whilstopeningorcl
osinggates;
signifi
cantheadpr essure;  Const r
uctioncanbeexpensi
v e.
 No pr ot ection agai nst f l
ood
wat ersabov et hemaxi mum sil
l  AWMASi dewinder
i
nv ert; Thesidewi
ndergateoperatesas
 Easily t amper ed wi t
h or i
fitwereasidewayspenstock.Opening
vandal izedwhi chcanr esulti
nthe gat
eswi l
lall
ow t
idalexchangetot ake
unaut hor i
zed l oweri
ng of t he pl
acef orthedurati
on oftheopeni ng
oper ational invert
; per
iodandcanall
owl ar
ge,rapi
dinfl
ows
ofri
verwater
.
 Ov er
shot– Under shotPenst ock
(HeadandDi schargeGate) Advant
ages
Thisst yl
eofpenst ockoper ates  Requiresnospaceabov eculvert
as pera v ert
ical
l
ywi nched penstock, foractuat ionsy stems;
al
though it has two v ert
icalsluices  Excell
entseal ingcapacit
y ;
operat
ingwithi
nar obustexternal
frame.  Full
yadj ust able;
 Excell
ent f l
ood pr ot
ection and
ti
dalexchangecapaci t
y;
 Can be r etr
ofit
ted to existi
ng
Advant
ages headwal ls;
 Provi
de excellent water level  No obst r uct i
on ofwat erwayby
cont
rol,f
loodprotect
ion,
drai
nage supportsandf rames;
orti
dalexchangecapacit
y;  Lessf r
ictionact i
ngontracks;
 Greaterorf ul
ldepthoft hewat er
WATERRESOURCESENGI
NEERI
NG

column pr ovi
des mor e efficient  Requiresmanuali nterv
ent i
on to
fi
shpassageandwat ert r
ansf er; adjustoperat
ional i
nvert
;
 Manualact uati
on sy stems l ess  Debris may accumul atei nt he
expensi ve. elbow compr omi si
ng oper ati
on.
 Provision f or dat a l oggi ng Damage or mov ement due t o
equipment and aut omat ed debris impact can al ter the
systems f ordev el
opmentas a positi
onoft heel bow andhence
smar tgate; theoperati
onal i
nvert;
 Themanualact ionhandl ecanbe  Vulnerabl
e t o v andalism or
remov ed tor educe t he risk of unauthori
zedt ampering.
unaut horizedtampering.
 
Di
sadvant
ages
 Manualoper ati
onrequireshuman GROUP1:
i
ntervention; ABABA,
EDWI
NJR.V.
 May r equir
e additi
onal OH&S
i
nfrastr
uct ur
e to pr ovide safe, ARI
ZO,
CINDYV.
workingaccess;
 Poorwat erlev
elcont r
olwi t
hout BORROMEO,
DIANAFAYEA.
expensive automatic act uat
ion MADERA,
KRI
STI
NEO.
systems or const ant manual
moni t
oring. BSCE5-
A

 Swivell
ingElbowCulvert
Thisdesignconsistsofanel
bow
shapedpipesectionthatmayberot
ated
aboutalubr
icatedO-ri
ngfit
ti
ng.

Advant
ages
 Inexpensi ve parts and
manuf act ur
e;
 Nat urallyaut omated;
 Adj ustablet ot he length ofthe
riserpi pe;
 Simpl isticdesign;
 Simpl et ot r
anspor tandassembl e.
Can be i nstall
ed i n r emote
regions or si tes wi th limit
ed
accessi bi
lit
y;
 Excel l
entwat erlevelregulat
ion.

Di
sadvant
ages
 Gener all
y onl
y suitabl
ef orl
ow
fl
owsy st
ems. Pi pe di amet
ers
greaterthan250-300mm maybe
i
mpr act i
calt
orotate;