DRAINAGE

The drainage of a locality is broadly divided into two categories- public and private

House Drainage: the principles and

procedures to be followed while
construction and laying sewer lines in
private buildings are referred as house
drainage.
Sewer: the underground drains
through which sewage is conveyed
are known as sewers.
Branch or sub main sewer: it obtains
its discharge from a few laterals &
delivers it to the main sewer.

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 The Various Types of Refuse
Various Types of Refuse Refuse is a general term applied to solid and semi-solid waste
materials other than human excreta. Waste material in refuse may be divided into:

a. Garbage - left-over vegetable, animal and fish material from kitchen and food
establishments. These materials have a tendency to decay giving off foul odors. They also
serve as food for flies and rats.

b. Rubbish - Waste materials such as bottle, broken glasses, tin cans, waste papers,
discarded porcelain wares, pieces of metal, and other wrapping materials.

c. Ashes - Left over from burning of wood and coal. Ashes may become a nuisance
because of the dust associated with them.

d. Dead Animals - Dead dogs, cats, rats, pigs, chicken usually run over by vehicles on
streets and public highways. They also include small and other large animals that died
from diseases.

e. Stable manure - Animal manure from stables.

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 f. Street sweeping - dust, manure, leaves, cigarette butts, waste papers, and other
materials that are swept from streets,

g. Night Soils - Human waste normally wrapped and thrown into sidewalks and streets.
This also includes human wastes from the pail system of toilets.

h. Yard cuttings - leaves, branches, grass and other similar materials produced during
cleaning of gardens and also after storms.

The amount of refuse produced is affected by many factors such as climate, season of the
year, industries present, economics condition of the family, and geographical location of
the community

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Soil pipe : a pipe which carries the discharges from the soil fittings such as urinals, water
closets, etc.
 Waste pipe: a pipe which carries the discharges from sanitary fittings such as
bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, etc.

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 Vent pipe :  a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
 circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative
pressure exerted on trap seals.

 the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitarsystem

 Connected to the Main Soil & Waste Stack
 The portion where waste does not travel through
 Continues to the roof; the portion penetrating the roof is called the Vent
Stack Through Roof (VSTR)

an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
serve two (2) traps.

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 Cowl
A cowl is a device used to protect a vent pipe from the elements in a plumbing system

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 Siphonage: water seal of
traps may break due to
siphonic action. This is
known as ‘siphonage’ & it is
induced when water is
suddenly discharged from a
fixture from the upper floor.

Anti-siphonage pipe: a pipe

which is installed in the house
drainage to preserve the water
seal of traps. It maintains
proper ventilation & does not
allow the siphonic action to
take place.

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 Sanitary Fittings can be classified as

Ablution Fittings Soil Fittings

Wash Basin Water Closets
Sink Urinals
Bath Tub Bidets
Drinking water
fountain

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 Trap: A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases from entering the buildings.
The traps are located below or within a plumbing fixture and retains small amount of water.
The retaining water creates a water seal which stops foul gases going back to the building
from drain pipes. The greater the depth of water seal ,the more effective is the trap,
normally it varies from 25mm to 100mm.Therefore all plumbing fixtures such as sinks,
washbasins, bathtubs and toilets etc. are equipped with traps.

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 Trap:
Good Traps should have following qualities:
•Should provide enough water seal ( around 50 mm) with large
surface area.
•Interiors surface should be smooth so that the flow is not
obstructed which enables self cleansing.
•It should be easily fixed with the drain.
•An assess door should be provided for cleaning the trap.
•It should be made of non- adsorbent material.
•It should be of simple construction.

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Various Types of Traps: classified in two ways-

According to shape:-
1. P. Trap:
This trap is used with W.C & Sink. This trap also
has water seal and prevents entry of foul gases
to the house.

P-traps can be made from PVC pipe or steel, the

latter is often used for exposed plumbing as it
looks more attractive.

A P-trap gets its name because it combines two

90 degree joints with a horizontal overflow pipe
and gives the entire unit the shape of the letter
“P.”

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2. S. Trap:
A common plumbing defect found in many older
houses is an “S” trap. An “S” trap is named so because
it looks like an “S” on its side – it basically consists of a
normal trap, and then another trap installed right up
against it in an upside-down fashion, as shown below.

The reason “S” traps aren’t allowed is because they

have the potential to suck, or ‘siphon’, water out of the
trap as the water flows down the drain. On a properly
installed “P” trap, there is a vent at the same place the
drain turns downwards, which breaks the siphon. In
other words, the vent prevents water from getting
sucked out of the trap.

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 P. Trap and S. Trap:

A simplified explanation is that S-traps are illegal

and are not allowed to be used in most states
nowadays as they were usually used to go
straight into the floor without a VENT and the
traps had a tendency to siphon (empty) and
allow sewer gasses into the home. Even when
vented, these traps still have/had a tendency to
siphon as a result of the second curve in the
trap

P-traps are legal everywhere and are supposed

to be used in conjunction with a vent and do
not usually siphon as a result of the vent and
the required minimum of 2 pipe diameters from
the trap to the vent connection

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TERMINOLOGIES FOR DRAINAGE SEWAGE DISPOSAL

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 3. Q Trap:

This trap is used in toilet under water closet. It

has the shape of letter Q, the legs of the trap
meet at an angle other than a right angle and
is used in upper storey other than ground
floor.

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 According to use:-
4. Floor Trap
This trap is provided in the floor to collect
waste water from washbasin, shower, sink and
bathroom etc. These are available in cast iron
or UPVC material and have removable grating
(JALI) on the top of the trap. The minimum
depth of water seal should be 50 mm.This trap
Also referred to as the nahni trap.

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5. Gully Trap:
These traps are constructed outside the building to
carry waste water discharge from washbasin, sinks,
bathroom etc. These are deep seal traps, the
depth of water seal should be 50 mm minimum so
that foul gases from sewer do not come to the
house. The gully trap leads the sewage either to
the sewer or to the inspection chamber. A well-
designed gully trap may serve two or three
connections from the nahni traps. The top of gully
trap chamber is
provided with a
cover ,usually
of cast-iron,
which may be
taken out easily
to clean the trap.

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5. Intercepting Trap:
This trap has a deep-water seal of 100 mm & it
is provided in the last manhole of house
drainage system. It thus conveys sewage from
house to the public sewer. It prevent entry of
foul gases from public sewer to building sewer.
This trap is also known as an interceptor and it
contains an inspection arm for the purpose of
cleaning or inspection. Well designed and
constructed interceptors can quickly remove foul
matter of house drain to municipal sewers.

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Other Traps
6. Grease Trap:
this trap is a device to collect the
grease contents of waste and can be
cleaned from the surface. This is
generally used in food processing unit.

7 Silt Trap

A silt trap is a designated area where water

that is contaminated with suspended sediment
as a result of construction activity or water
runoff is contained. While the water is in the
trap, the sediment can settle to the bottom of
the trap until it can be removed. These devices
can be made using silt curtains, silt fences or a
series of shallow ponds to naturally filter the
sediment from the water before it reaches a
stream or clean body of water.

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 House Trap:
A house drain is the pipe that receives all waste and water discharged by the soil stacks
and waste lines. This house drain is laid from a point just outside the building foundation
wall where it connects to the house sewer, then through the wall, and either along or
under the cellar floor to the point where connection with the soil stack is made. Before
laying this drain, determine its overall length and how much pitch to give it so that it will
drain as it should.

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 Cleanouts

A plumbing clean out is a cleanout

fitting with a removable plug
that is found in a roughed in
waste system. It is designed to
help keep clear any type of
debris that could cause any type
of stoppage in the water drain
lines.
Cleanouts are usually placed at the
connection point between the
sewer lines and the drain lines
where the base is located of a
vertical stack and at all places
were the pipe direction changes
at 90 degrees.

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Inspection Chamber
An Inspection Chamber is a clean-out generally
installed at the property line of a building. It
allows the municipality or city to access the
sanitary or storm sewers without disturbing
the building owner. The municipality or city
can service the laterals to the building with
cleaning equipment for blockages

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 Loss of Trap Seals
If a trap seal loss,
smells from the
sanitary appliances
• Evaporation would enter the
• Capillary action building. Therefore the
• Momentum water seal in the trap
• Leakage must be maintained
caused under all
• Wavering out
• Compression or circumstances.
back pressure
• Induced siphonage
• Self siphonage

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Principles of House Drainage
• It is advisable to lay sewer by the side of building rather than below the building.
• The drains should be laid straight between inspection chambers. All sharp bends and
junctions should be avoided except through chambers or manholes.
• Public sewer should be deeper than house drain otherwise there will be reverse flow
from the public sewer to the house drain.
• It should be properly ventilated.
• The house drainage should contain enough
number of traps at suitable points.
• Intercepting trap is provided at the last main
hole of building sewerage to prevent entry of
foul gases from public sewer to building sewer.
• The joints of sewers should be watertight.
• The lateral sewers should be laid at proper
gradient for self-cleansing velocity.
• The materials of sewer should be non absorbent.

Activity : Show the drainage system in the layout plan of your home

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Identify the traps and other terms of the following

Activity : Show the traps and IC in layout plan of your house.

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