UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando, 2000 Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
What is Research?
- A Research refers to systematic process
of collecting and logically analyzing
information (Data) for some purpose (Ms
Millan ,J, And Schumacher, S., 2001).
- Doing a Research helps society to
answermany questions that one would like
to knowor find answers to many questions
or findsolutions to many problems in
society.
- One key question to look into the value of
research in daily life is “What will this be
used for? Will the research be used to help
us understand a real world problem and
solve it, or will the research further our
general information? Given this, research
can be categorized into two:
a. Basic research
b. Applied research
Basic Research
- Is driven purely by curiosity and a desire to
expand our knowledge. This type of
research tends not to be directly applicable
to the real world in a direct way, but
enhances our understanding of the world
around us.
Applied Research
- Is used to answer a specific question that
has direct applications to the world. This is
the type of research that solves a problem.
Characteristics, Process and Ethics in
Research
EPISTEMOLOGY
- Is the study of our method of acquiring
knowledge. It answers the question, “how
do we know?”
Created by: Jared Ezekiel M. Manio [ ABM 11 – St. John Bosco ]
There are two kinds of knowledge:
The Priori knowledge and the Posteriori
knowledge.
Two kinds of knowledge:
- A Priori knowledge is acquired through
anything that isindependent from
experience, which is a product of pure
reasonor deduction. Involving deductive
reasoning from a general principle to
anecessary effect; not supported by fact.
- A Posteriori knowledge is acquired by
experience or empiricalevidence (derived
from experiment and observation rather
than
theory). Involving reasoning from facts or
particulars to generalprinciples or from
effects to causes.
Rationalism (a priori) which views reason
as the source of knowledge or justification.
Empiricism (a posteriori) which says that
knowledge can only come from experience
and through observation.
In research it is fond to use empirical
knowledge because of scientific method
which is the very nature of research.
Characteristics of Research
1.Accuracy. It must give factual and exact
data in w/c should be correctly and
appropriately documented or acknowledged
in the references.
2. Objectivity. It must deal with facts and
not with mere opinions arising from
Teacher: Sir Tan Manalili
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando, 2000 Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
assumptions, generalizations, predictions, enable the researcher toarrive at valid and
or conclusions. conclusive results.

3. Timeliness. It must work on a topic that 6. Research is critical. It exhibits carefully

is fresh, new, and interesting to the present
society.
4. Relevance. Its topic must be instrumental
in improving society or in solving problems
affecting the lives of people in a community.
5. Clarity. It must succeed in expressing its
central point or discoveries by using simple,
direct, concise, and correct language.
6. Systematic. It must take place in an
organized or orderly manner.
7. Ethical. It must be geared toward what
are advantageous or beneficial rather than
what are detrimental by respecting
preferences on matters of confidentiality,
independence or freedom.
studiedjudgement.
- In research, it is a must that a systematic
plan be followed to explore, describe,
examine, explain, and predict a natural
phenomenon, human behavior or a social
issue or social problem.
- Scientific method refers to systematic,
organized, series of steps that ensures
maximum objectivity and consistency in
investigating a phenomenon, acquiring new
knowledge, or correcting and integrating
previous knowledge.
A scientific inquiry follows a process which
indicates specific steps and key question/s
as guide pursue a social research interest:

Characteristics which explains what

really is scientific research:

1. Research is empirical. Research is

based on directexperience or observation
by the researcher.

2.Research is logical. It is based on valid

proceduresand principles.

3.Research is analytical. It proves

analyticalprocedures in gathering the data,
whether historical,descriptive, and case
study.

4. Research is methodical. It is conducted

inmethodical manner without bias using
systematicmethod and procedures.

5. Research is replicable. Its design and

proceduresare replicated or repeated to

Created by: Jared Ezekiel M. Manio [ ABM 11 – St. John Bosco ] Teacher: Sir Tan Manalili
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando, 2000 Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Research ethics relate to the standards that
should be upheld to guard participants from
harm or risks. Ethical considerations should
be made at each stage of the research
design and include informed consent
voluntary participation, and respect for
confidentiality.

Kinds of Research
- Research may also be categorized into
purpose, approach to be used, level of
investigation, and methods of data
In doing a research, there are ethical collection and instrumentation.
norms to be followed:
1. According to motive/ purpose
a. Basic/ theoretical/pure- generation of new
knowledge
b. Applied/practical- has immediate
usefulness

2. According to approach
a. Non-experimental- no strict control of
variable
b. Experimental- strict control of variable

3. According to type of data being

researched
\ a. Quantitative research- measures
magnitude, size, or extent of the
phenomenon
b. Qualitative- provides descriptions of the
basic nature of the characteristics of the
phenomenon.

There are three kinds of research

according to level of investigation to be
used:

1. Exploratory Research - is often

conducted in new areas of inquiry.
‘formulative research’ –has the purpose of
exploring a certain topic specifically to one
that has not given clear explanation in
previous research studies.

Created by: Jared Ezekiel M. Manio [ ABM 11 – St. John Bosco ] Teacher: Sir Tan Manalili
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando, 2000 Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
2. Descriptive Research- is directed at Qualitative Research - is used to gain an
making careful observations and detailed understanding of underlying reasons,
documentation of a phenomenon of interest. opinions, and motivations. It provides
Aims at defining or giving a verbal potrayal insights into the problem or helps to develop
or picture of a person, a thing, an event, a ideas or hypotheses for potential
group or a situation among others. quantitative research.
(establish, describe, or name what such a
person is all about.

3. Explanatory - seeks explanations of

observed phenomena, problems, or
behaviors.

- Research usually uses quantitative or

qualitative methodological approach to
gather the data.

- In quantitative, the necessary item is the

variables. There are two variables:
a. Independent variable – which are the
presumed cause of another variable.
b. Dependent- which are the presumed
effect or outcome.

Quantitative Research - methods

emphasize objective measurements and the
statistical, mathematical, or numerical
analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by
manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques.
There are two types of quantitative
research:
a. Experimental- the purpose of this
research is to study cause and effect
relationships. Its defining characteristics is
active manipulation of an independent
variable.
b. Non-experimental- there is no
manipulation of the independent variable.
There are 5 major types of qualitative
research:
Phenomenology- a form of qualitative
research in which the researcher attempts
to understand how one or more individuals
experience a phenomenon.
Ethnography- is the form of qualitative
research that focuses on describing the
culture of a group of people.
Case study research- is a form of
qualitative research that is focused on
providing a detailed account of one or more
cases.

Created by: Jared Ezekiel M. Manio [ ABM 11 – St. John Bosco ] Teacher: Sir Tan Manalili
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando, 2000 Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Grounded theory- is a qualitative approach Kinds ofQualitativeResearch:
to generating and developing a theory form
data that the researcher collects. a. Phenomenology -Refers to the study
how people find their experiences
Historical approach- research about meaningful (one of kind, first time)
events that occurred in the past.
Its primary goal is to make people
Qualitative Research understand their experiences and the
Types of research (DATA): relevance to life, society, to family and to
a.Qualitative himself.
b. Quantitative
c. Mixed Methods b. Ethnography - Study of a particular
cultural group to better understand its set-
up, internal operation and lifestyle.

c. Case study -Involves long time study of

a person, group, organization or situation.

- Seeks to find answers on why such

things occurs or happen to the subject.

- Data collection is done by interviews,

questionnaires, observation,
documentary analysis.
Qualitative research – data, descriptions
d. Historical analysis -Examination of
Tools/instruments: primary documents to make you
a. Observation understand the connection of past events
b. Interview to the present time.
c. Documentary analysis
- Help you specify phenomenological
Population: changes in an unchanged aspect of the
- Based on the design society through years.
- Small number
e. Grounded theory -Discovering new
Presentation of data: theory to underlie your study at the time of
a. Actual responses, data collection and analysis.
b. Taken individually
- By means of data collection you will
Data analysis (3 ways in presenting data): happen to find theory that applies to your
a. Transcribing - Write out from speech, study.
notes, etc. Transcribing the oral history of a
tribe. - Interview, observation and documentary
b. Coding analysis are the data gathering technique
c. Theming - content analysis for this.

Created by: Jared Ezekiel M. Manio [ ABM 11 – St. John Bosco ] Teacher: Sir Tan Manalili
 UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION
Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando, 2000 Pampanga, Philippines
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

f. Content and Discourse Analysis -A

quantitative method that requires analysis
of the content used by a person, group,
organization or institution.

- A study of language structure used in

medium of communication to discover the
effects.

- Requires set of question as guide in your

analysis.

Characteristics of Qualitative
Research

1. Takes place in a natural setting

2. Uses multiple methods that are
interactive and humanistic.
3. Adopts and uses one or more strategies
of inquiry as a guide form the procedures in
qualitative study.
4. Reviews social phenomena
5. Fundamentally interpretative

Qualitative research is always based on

open ended queries. It uses in-depth
probing to uncover the thoughts and
feelings behind initial responses and it
applies insight and learning to research
process in real time.

Typical Qualitative Techniques for Data

Collection

Created by: Jared Ezekiel M. Manio [ ABM 11 – St. John Bosco ] Teacher: Sir Tan Manalili