AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY:
HARDEEP SINGH MANN
ASST. PROFESSOR
DCME
Unit 1: Introduction to Vehicle Structure, Engines and Alternative Fuel

Objectives
After studying this unit, Students should be able to
 Define automobile engineering
 Classify the vehicles
 List the various components of automobile
 Describes the function of components of automobile.
• Automobile is a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine and it is
used for transportation of passengers and goods on the ground
 Vehicle Construction

(a) The Engine or Power Plant

(b) The Frame and Chasis.

(c) The transmission.

(d) The body.

(e) Accessories including light, air conditioner/hearer, stereo, wiper, etc.

 CHASSIS AND ITS FUNCTIONS

CHASSIS
• Chassis is a term used to denote the frame parts or Basic Structure of the vehicle.
• A vehicle with out body is called Chassis.
• All components of the vehicle are mounted on the Chassis frame.

FUNCTIONS OF THE CHASSIS FRAME:

• To carry load of the passengers or goods carried in the body.
• To support the load of the body, engine, gear box etc.,
• To withstand the forces caused due to the sudden braking or acceleration
• To withstand the stresses caused due to the bad road condition.
• To withstand centrifugal force while cornering
TYPES OF CHASSIS FRAMES:
There are two types of frames

1. Conventional frame 2. Integral frame

 SPECIFICATIONS
Automobiles can be specified into several types based on many criteria. A few specifications of
automobiles are listed below:
1. Based on Purpose :
a) Passenger vehicles
b) Goods vehicles
c) Special Purpose
2. Based on Load Capacity:
a) Light duty vehicle
b) Heavy duty vehicle
3. Based on fuel used:
a) Petrol engine vehicles
b) Diesel engine vehicles
c) Electric vehicles
4. Based on Drive of the vehicles:
a) Left Hand drive
b) Right Hand drive
5. Based on number of wheels and axles:
a) Two wheeler
b) Three wheeler
c) Four wheeler
d) Six wheeler
6. Based on type of transmission:
a) Automatic transmission vehicles.
b) Manual transmission vehicles
c) Semi-automatic transmission vehicles
7. Based on Suspension system used:
a) Convectional – Leaf Spring
b) Independent – Coil spring
 ENGINE
An engine is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical work

Defination
Classifications
Terminilogy
Working of 4 Stroke Engine
Petrol v/s Diesel
Working of 2 Stroke Engine
2 Stroke v/s 4 Stroke
 Engine Specifications

1. Cylinder arrangement
2. Number of cylinders
3. Cooling system type
4. Number of cylinders
5. Type of ignition
6. Number of strokes per cycle
7. Type of Lubrication system
8. Engine Location
1 Cylinder Arrangement
There are five basic cylinder arrangements:
a) inline
b) V-type
c) slant
d) W-type
e) opposed
2. Number of cylinders
• 4, 6, or 8 cylinders

3. Cooling system type

• Liquid cooling system
• Air cooling system

4. Fuel Type
• Petrol engines
• Diesel engines
• Dual Fuel
5. Method of Ignition

• Spark ignition (spark plug)

• Compression ignition (compressed air)
6. Number of strokes per cycle
• 2 Stroke
• 4 Stroke
7. Type of Lubrication system
• Mist Lubrication System
• Dry Sump Lubrication System
• Wet Sump Lubrication System
8. Location of Engine
• Front Engine
• Rear Engine
• Central and mid-Engine
 TERMINOLOGY OF IC ENGINE

1. Bore

2. Stroke

3. Top dead center

4. Bottom dead center

5. Stroke Volume

6. Clearance Volume

7. Compression Ratio
 4 STROKE ENGINE

1. Suction

2. Compression

3. Working or Power

4. Exhaust
4 Stroke Diesel Engine
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINE

1. Method of ignition

2. Fuel

3. Compression ratio

4. Mechanical Efficiency

5. Weight

6. Initial Cost

7. Construction
ENGINE PARTS
 Cylinder Block

• Largest part of the engine.

• Upper section carries the cylinders and pistons.

• Lower section forms the crankcase, and

supports the crankshaft.

• Cast iron and Aluminum alloys are used to

manufacture the cylinder block

 Cylinder Liner

A cylinder liner is a cylindrical part to be fitted into an engine block to form a cylinder
 Cylinder Head
• Detachable metal casting that fits onto the top of a cylinder block.
• This joint is sealed by a head gasket.
• The head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plug, and
fuel injectors.
• Materials generally used are grey cast iron and aluminium alloys.

Piston
• For Transfer of force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the
crankshaft in combination with connecting rod.
• IC engine pistons are cast iron, cast steel, forged steel, cast
aluminum alloys and forged aluminum alloy
 Piston Rings

• A piston ring is a split ring that fits into a groove on the outer diameter of a piston.

• Piston rings are made of cast iron.

 Piston Pin or Gudgeon Pin

• Forged short hollow rod made of a steel alloy of high

strength and hardness

• Used to connect the piston and connecting rod

 Connecting Rod

• Connects the piston to the crankshaft

• Connecting rods are commonly made from cast Aluminum alloy

 Crankshaft

Mechanical part able to convert rotating motion

into reciprocating motion.

Medium-carbon steel alloys a small percentage of

carbon with alloying elements manganese,
chromium, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, cobalt,
vanadium, and sometimes aluminium and titanium
are used in fabrication.
 Valves
This is a system that control the flow of gases or fluids within an engine