1.

Discuss the two major classification of words after which, using the
morpheme analysis chart, analyze

There are two major classification of words, the content words and function
words. The Content words are words that contain meaning. May it be nouns,
verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and interjections. Content words are also called as
open class because new words are not absolute or they are regularly added
depending on trend. Another classification of words is the function words
(functors). It does not carry lexical meaning but have grammatical functions,
thus, functors contribute a lot to a sentence for it to have a clearer meaning.
These functors are conjunctions, prepositions, articles, auxiliaries,
complementizers and pronouns. Function words are also known as Closed
Class, it is because this class is not open for the enrollment of new words. Even
if everything in this world changes, functors will still resist to change.

Morpheme Analysis:
a. They found an evidence for the corruption in his office.
WORDS FREE MORPHEMES BOUND MORPHEMES
LEXICAL GRAMMATICAL INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL
They They
found find Found
an An
evidence evidence
for for
the the
corruption corrupt -ion
in in
his his
office office
 b. The chair announced the important changes in the new policies.
WORDS FREE MORPHEMES BOUND MORPHEMES
LEXICAL GRAMMATICAL INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL
The The
chair chair
announced announce -d
the the
important important
changes change -s
in in
the the
new new
policies policy -es

2. Explain the Wh-principle that governs the following sentences. (Support with
a Tree-Diagram)

a. Luisa mentioned Jeff borrowed Rod’s car. (Account for multiple wh

questions with Jeff and Rod as the answers.

b. Employers oftentimes exploit their employees. (Account for a wh

question with a DP as the answer.)

c. Loid garnered the first prize. (Account the wh question with the order of
the prize as the focus of the question.)

d. She can speak French language ( account for in situ and pied piping as
interrogative constructions)

e. Liza is from Tagaytay (Account for the Wh with the object of the
preposition as the answer.
 3. Discuss the difference between semantic roles from grammatical
roles. Illustrate with examples.

Grammatical Role or the Grammatical Function is the relation of the noun in

the relation with respect to its position in the sentence. Grammatical functions
are subject, direct and indirect object, appositive, object of the preposition,
subject complement, object complement, and noun adjunctive. On the other
hand, Semantic Role or the Thematic Function refers to the function of the
noun with respect to the verb. Thematic Functions are agentive (the one
performing the action), experiencer (one that receives the sensory/emotional
input), theme (one that undergoes the action, but does not change its state),
patient (one that undergoes change of state), natural cause/force (event that
mindlessly performs the action), locative (denotes place or the place or
wherein), goal/directional (shows direction from one area to another),
benefactive (somebody is a recipient), ablative (source of action), and
instrumental (being the reason).

Example:
Nena hit the ball with a hand.
This sentence has 3 arguments (nouns) Nena, ball, and hand. For the
grammatical function, Nena functions as the subject, ball is the direct object, and
hand is the object of the preposition. On the other hand for the thematic function,
Nena functions as the agent (doer of the action), ball is the patient (the one that
undergoes change of state), and hand is the instrument (the one used in
performing the action). This is how the semantic (thematic) role and the
grammatical role differ.

4. Explain the conditions that are intended to discuss the distribution of the
anaphors, pronominals, and r-expression.
a) John(i)likes her(i).
 This sentence is incorrectly coindexed because the pronominal
“her” is coindexed with “John” which violates Principle B, which
states that a pronominal must be free within its governing
category/clause. The pronominal “her” in the sentence does not
refer to “John”.

b) Joey(i) feels proud of himself(i).

 This sentence is correctly coindexed. The anaphor “himself” is
correctly coindexed with “Joey” as stated in the Principle A which
 tells us that an anaphor must be bound within its same governing
category/clause.

c) Karina(i) blamed herself(i) for her(i) indifference

 The anaphor “herself” is correctly coindexed with Karina for an
anaphor must be bound within its same governing
category/clause. However, the pronominal “her” is not coindexed
with Karina because a pronominal must be free within its
governing category/clause as stated in Principle B.

5. Prove that the given sentence is a pseudocleft sentence.

a. He said he’ll visit her tomorrow.

b. I think you are right.

c. Ships head the nearest port in a storm.

6. Determine the projections from the given sentences.

a. Some scientists believe that climactic changes result from ozone

depletion.

b. He felt disappointed at the average grades in syntax exercises.

7. Account for the presence of the null constituent in the following sentences.

a. John wanted to help him.

b. Surely I was sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived
me.

c. Run.

d. Can’t run.

e. You held your breath and the door for me.

8. Account the arguments embedded in the given sentences. (identify both
the grammatical and thematic functions of the arguments)

a) Jim hid the book under the table.

b) Karen returned from Paris.

c) The boy hit her friend with a stick.

d) The audience enjoyed the play.

e) The police arrested the suspect.

9. Discuss the following concepts and supplement with examples.

a) Headedness Principle
This is under the projection principle. Whatever governs the phrase, that will
govern the phrase. For example, if the head of the phrase is a noun, it is a
Noun Phrase (NP e.g. The stars), Verb Phrase (VP e.g. confess his feelings),
Adjectival Phrase (AdjP e.g. nice), and Adverbial Phrase (AdvP e.g. very
beautiful). Under these Phrases, there is what we call the Non-lexicals, these
are the determiners or the articles, quantifiers like some, few, several, etc.,
auxiliary verbs such as be, have, the modals.

b) Wh expression
This process is also known as wh-fronting, wh-extraction, wh-raising concerns
rules of syntax involving the placement of interrogative words. Here are the
examples of this process that has a lot of movement patterns. Pied Piping
(process of dragging along other grammatical units behind it to the head
position), In-situ (an in-place question), Do Support (process of adding do,
does, did depending on the tense of the main verb), Prepositional Stranding
(making the preposition orphan), and Attract Closest Principle (the head will
attract the closest constituent with the relevant kind).

c) Binary Branching
This process is applicable both in morphology and syntax. In morphology,
Binary Branching is the process of dissecting the word formation to see how a
word arrives into another form, from a noun to an adjective.
 d) Pseudocleft
This is a sentence containing a focused constituent (overtly written or implied)
which occupies a focused position (a position occupied by a focused constituent
which is emphasized in some way).
Example:
I thought you were okay.
Revised:
I thought that you were okay.

Both sentences are correct. In the revised sentence, the complementizer that
(focused constituent) is needed to introduce another clause. The focused
constituent is placed on the focused position. With or without the
complementizer ‘that’, the sentence will still make sense. Sentences that do
not overtly write a complementizer is a pseudocleft sentence.

e) Enclitization

This is a process of shortening a certain morpheme and attaching it to another

word. This is a process of attaching a clitic or a clipped word that does not
carry meaning unless attached to the host morpheme.

Example:
You’ve made me stronger.
In the You’ve made me stronger, we have the word You’ve which is
composed of two morphemes, the clitic (‘ve) attached to the host
morpheme (You) and the process of this attaching is called Enclitization
because the attachment comes in a leech-like fashion. It is called leech-
like fashion because when we separate (‘ve) from (You), (‘ve) will really
make no sense at all.

f) Attract Closest Principle

This Principle is showing a process in which the head will attract the closest
constituent with the relevant kind.
Example:
Ryan defended that Michael did not steal the money.
In this sentence, when we are going to change this into an
interrogative sentence, this will become Who did Ryan defend that
did not steal the money?. The head in the declarative sentence is
Ryan and its closest constituent is Michael that makes a pattern Wh +
ACP + Do Support to arrive into an interrogative sentence.
 g) Pied Piping Principle

In the Pied Piping Principle, there is the process of dragging along other
grammatical units behind it and attaching it to the head position. Or it is
simplified to this that a constituent moving to the head position and dragging
along other constituents behind it is called pied piping movement.

h) X-bar theory

X-bar theory is a theory of syntactic category formation. In the X-bar theory,

there is what we call the X-bar Structure in which the sentence is always
composed of the head. In this theory, it will show us that all phrases will
contain an ‘x’/head. The complement is considered as the sister to the head
(x); or they are of equal footing. The formula shows that the XP is the maximal
projection or the sentence and the x I is the minimal projection or the mother
node.
Formula:

10. Illustrate a phrase structure and an immediate constituent

analysis for the given sentences.

a. The president comments on questionable situations.

b. The boy will read the book.
11. Discuss the TAM using the frameworks of Bull, Chafe, and Labov.

TAM stands for Tense, Aspect, and Mood. Tense is the expression of location
in time. Aspect is the expression of fabric or block of time. Mood will tell us the
modality, degree of necessity, the obligation, probability, and ability.

The Bull Framework was proposed by William Bull, a Spanish linguist, who
proposed the framework to describe a certain timeline. Bull established a Time Axis
illustrated below.

Chafe Model of Time shows 3 Past – 1 Generic (Present) – 1 Future. According to

Chafe, there should be a discourse sequence. This discourse sequence is identified
through time. In addition, he also indicated through his model that when a tense or
time has been established, this tense must be maintained or there should be
parallelism unless we are establishing or introducing another sequence.
Example:
Past My friend and I went to a party yesterday.
Generic I drink coffee sometimes.
Future Tomorrow is my birthday.

Labov’s Framework states that there is a shift of tense if we are presenting a

narrative.
Here is Labov’s Framework of a Narrative. It has 6 Elements with 3 Obligatory
elements.
1. Abstract (Obligatory) – This is the who and what element.
2. Orientation- this is the background.
3. Complication- also known as the conflict.
4. Evaluation (Obligatory) – this is the side comment of the author/narrator.
5. Result- the resolution or the outcome.
6. Coda (Obligatory) – this is the epilogue or the outcome.