Diabetes Mellitus Type II

Reporters:

Introduction- Jale Kiathlene Jaugan

Cause- Immanuel Vigo

Effect- Maribel Fuentes

Diet- Angela Lopez

Prevention- All

Introduction
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a
long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood
sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common
symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and
unexplained weight loss. Symptoms may also include increased
hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. Often symptoms
come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar
include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result
in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which
may lead to amputations. The sudden onset of hyperosmolar
hyperglycemic state may occur; however, ketoacidosis is
uncommon.

Type 2 diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack

of exercise. Some people are more genetically at risk than
others. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes,
with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes mellitus type
1and gestational diabetes. In diabetes mellitus type 1 there is a lower
total level of insulin to control blood glucose, due to
an autoimmune induced loss of insulin-producing beta cells in
the pancreas. Diagnosis of diabetes is by blood tests such as fasting
plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, or glycated
hemoglobin (A1C).

Type 2 diabetes is partly preventable by staying a normal

weight, exercising regularly, and eating properly. Treatment involves
exercise and dietary changes. If blood sugar levels are not
adequately lowered, the medication metformin is typically
recommended. Many people may eventually also require insulin
injections. In that on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels is
advised; however, this may not be needed in those taking
pills. Bariatric surgery often improves diabetes in those who are
obese.

Rates of type 2 diabetes have increased markedly since 1960 in

parallel with obesity. As of 2015 there were approximately 392 million
people diagnosed with the disease compared to around 30 million
in 1985. Typically it begins in middle or older age, although rates of
type 2 diabetes are increasing in young people. Type 2 diabetes is
associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. Diabetes was
one of the first diseases described. The importance of insulin in the
disease was determined in the 1920s.

Cause
What causes Diabetes Mellitus Type II

Diabetes Mellitus Type II – the most common type of diabetes is

caused by several factors, including lifestyle and genes.

 Overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity

You are likely to develop type II diabetes if you are not

physically active and are overweight or obese. Extra weight
sometimes causes insulin resistance and is common in people with
type 2 diabetes. The location of body fat also makes a difference.
Extra belly fat is linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and
heart and blood vessel disease.

 Type 2 Diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a

condition in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin
well. As a result, your body needs more insulin to help glucose
enter cells. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to keep up
with the added demand. Over time, the pancreas cant make
enough insulin, and blood glucose level rise.
The role of insulin in the cause of type 2 diabetes

 To understand why insulin is important, it helps to know more

about how the body uses food for energy. Your body is build up
of millions of cells. To make energy, these cells need food in a
very simple form. When you eat or drink, much of the food is
broken down into a simple sugar called glucose. Then glucose
is transported through the bloodstream to these cells where it
can be used to provide the energy the body needs for daily
activities.
 The amount of glucose in the bloodstream is tightly regulated
by insulin and other hormones. Insulin is always being released
in small amounts by the pancreas. When the amount of
glucose in the blood rises to a certain level, the pancreas will
release more insulin to push more glucose into the cells. This
causes the glucose levels in the blood to drop.
 To keep blood glucose levels from getting too low
*hypoglycemia or low blood sugar*, the body signals you to eat
and releases glucose from the stores kept in the liver; it also
signals the body to lower the amount of insulin being released.
 People with diabetes either do not make insulin or their body's
cells no longer are able to use the insulin, leading to high blood
sugar.

Health risk factors for type 2 diabetes

 Type II diabetes is believed to have a strong genetic link,

meaning that it tends to run in families. Several genes are being
studied that may be related to the cause of type 2 diabetes. If
you have any type 2 diabetes risk factors, it is important to ask
your doctor about a diabetes test. With a proper diabetes diet
and healthy lifestyle habit, along with medications, if necessary,
you can mange type 2 diabetes just like you manage other
areas of your life. Be sure to continue seeking the latest
information on type 2 diabetes as you become your own
health advocate.

Other type 2 diabetes risk factors include the ff.

 High blood pressure

  High blood triglyceride or fat levels
 Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more
than 9 pounds
 High-fat and carbohydrate diet
 High alcohol intake
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Obesity or being overweight
 Aging. Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2
diabetes. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes begins to rise
significantly at about age 45, and rises considerably after age
85.

Effects
The Effects of Diabetes on Your Body

When you hear the word “diabetes,” your first thought is likely about
high blood sugar. Blood sugar is an often-underestimated
component of your health. When it’s out of whack over a long
period of time, it could develop into diabetes. Diabetes affects your
body’s ability to produce or use insulin, a hormone that allows your
body to turn glucose (sugar) into energy. Here’s what symptoms and
effects may occur to your body when diabetes takes effect.

 Risk of stroke
 Extreme thirst
 Sweet-smelling breath
 Risk of heart disease
 Fatigue and lack of energy
 Pancreas malfunction
 Excessive urination
 Damaged blood vessels
 Nerve damage
 Foot problems
 Loss of unconsciousness
 Visual disturbances
 Cataracts and glaucoma
 Risk of infections
 High blood pressure
 Gastroparesis
 Protein in the urine
 Ketoacidosis
 Dry, crack skin

Diet
Guidelines for Diet Management

 Follow your prescribed meal plan.

 Eat meals and prescribed snacks at regular times each day.
 Do not skip meals or prescribed snacks.
 Avoid foods high in sugar content such as honey, jelly, candy,
syrups, cake, pie and soft drinks.
 Avoid foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol, which may
contribute to complications.
 Ask your physician about drinking alcoholic beverages. Alcohol
can temporarily interfere with blood sugar control. Alcohol, if
used, must be considered in your meal plan.
 Read all foods labels carefully. Avoid foods with corn
sweeteners, corn syrup, sugar, honey, or dextrose high on the
ingredient list.
 Dietetic foods are not necessary and may not be appropriate
for your diet.
 Weight loss is essential if you are overweight.
 When eating out, substitute appropriate foods and portions
from your meal plan.
 If a meal is delayed, eat a serving of bread, crackers, fruits,
juice or milk at the usual mealtime. This should prevent a period
of low blood sugar.
 Ask your dietitian for information about foods prepared
commercially and served at fast-food restaurants.

General Rules

Instructions for following the daily meal plan:

The foods allowed in this meal plan are divided into groups
called exchange lists. Menus should be planned on the basis of the
daily meal plan. Foods in the same list are interchangeable,
because, in the quantities specified, they provide approximately the
same amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, and fat. For example,
when your mealplan calls for one bread exchange, any item in list 4
may be used in the amount stated. If two bread exchanges are
allowed, double the specified amount or use two single exchanges
of two different foods in List 4. A day’s sample menus are given to
illustrate correct use of the exchange lists.

Since an adequate understanding of this meal plan is essential to its

proper use, consultation with a professional (preferably a physician,
dietitian, or nurse) is recommended at the time you are given the
meal plan at regular intervals as needed.

Measuring food:

Because portion size is important, all foods should be measured

with standard measuring cups and spoons. All measurements should
be level. A small kitchen scale is convenient for weighing foods.
Cooked foods are measured after being cooked.

Food preparation and selection:

Meats can be baked, boiled, roasted, or boiled (indoor or oudoor

grill) Frying food in special nonstick pans or using a vegetable oil
spray is allowed. When fat is used for frying, the amount of fat must
be subtracted from the total fat exchanges in the meal plan.

Many herbs and spices are allowed to season foods including:

Allspice lemon
Bay leaf horseradish
Bouillon cubes meat broth
Celery salt mint
Chili powder mustard
Chives non caloric sweeteners
Cinnamon nutmeg
Cloves paprika
Curry powder parsley
Dill pepper
Flavoring extracts poultry seasoning
Garlic salt
Ginger soy sauce
Horseradish vanilla
Lemon vinegar
Other foods allowed in reasonable amounts: coffee, tea. Diet
beverages without sugar, unflavored gelatin artificially sweetened
fruit-flavored gelatin, dill pickles & cranberries or rhubarb without
sugar.

Foods to be avoided unless permitted by your doctor:

Avoid adding sugar, honey, jam, jelly, preserves, syrups, molasses

and sweetened condensed milk to prepared foods. Do not use
regular chewing gum, regular soft drinks, or alcoholic beverages.

Many special dietetic foods should not be used unless they are
figured in meal plan. Always read the labels or write the
manufacturer for food value information, such as calories, and
carbohydrate, protein and fat content.

Prevention
Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: Here's What You Can Do

Strategies to help prevent, slow or even reverse the progression of

type 2 diabetes, including prediabetes, focus on making lifestyle
adjustment—to diet and physical activity.

It is possible to prevent type 2 diabetes. Whether you have several of

the risk factors or you’ve been told you have prediabetes, you can
take action and reduce your risk of developing diabetes.

Key Lifestyle Tips to Get You Started Your healthcare provider will
help you develop a plan, but it should include:

• Getting to—and staying at—a healthy weight: Being overweight

(BMI greater than 25 kg/m2) increases your risk of developing type 2
diabetes, so if you’re overweight, you should take steps to lose
weight. By losing 5% to 10% of your body weight, you can reduce
your risk. You can do this by eating smaller portions and being more
physically active, which, conveniently enough, are two other ways
to prevent type II diabetes

• Reduce portions and eat healthier: First, build your meals around
vegetables rather than meat, and cut back on your starches.
Avoiding added sugar and sugar substitutes, as well as processed
grains. Instead, substitute with heart-healthy fats, high protein-whole
grains (eg, pasta made from chickpea flour, quinoa, sprouted wheat
bread), fruit to add sweetness even to salads or as a snack, and lean
meats and dairy products. Seek out new, appetizing recipes; there
are many cookbooks that offer lower-fat and healthier recipes.

• Consider signing up for a virtual coach. Trying to make these

changes on your own, at your own pace, and in your own time is
very hard. So consider joining a support group like Overeaters
Anonymous so you don't have to go it alone. Another way to gain
insights and get some help as you attempt to make some changes is
to find an app that offers personalized tips and ideas. Having a
virtual coach is both convenient has been shown effective in
improving diabetes care.

• Sit Less, Move More. Aim for some daily physical activity. Exercise is
important to help prevent type 2 diabetes and has so many other
benefits. It can help you keep lost weight off, and improve your
heart health, and if you’re insulin resistant, it can help increase your
body's response to insulin (exercise so you will have better blood
glucose control. Plus, exercise promotes better sleep, and can even
reduce the symptoms of depression, helping put you in a better
mood.

• Stay Hydrated. Drinking water throughout the day is always good

to keep your organs and skin healthy. Of course, getting some fluid
before, during and after exercise is just as important to avoid
becoming dehydrated. However, what you choose matters a lot. For
example, skip the soda. New findings come out regularly to warn
against the negative health effects of added sugar, including
fructose (ie, high fructose corn syrup), honey, and agave.

Lifestyle changes that focus specifically on diet and physical activity

are the best way to prevent type 2 diabetes from developing and
worsening, and if you’ve been told that you’re at a higher risk for
diabetes—or that you already have prediabetes—taking action right
now will lower your health risk and put you on the path to
prevention.