12/4/2018

Koya University
Faculty of Engineering
Geotchnical Engineering Department – 1st Stage

Mathematics I (MAT5205)

Parametric Equation & Implicit Differentiation

Prepared by: Madeh I. Hamakareem

Parametric Equations
Parametric Equations
• Instead of describing a curve by expressing the y-coordinate of a point P(x,y) on
the curve as a function of x, it is sometimes more convenient to describe the
curve by expressing both coordinates as functions of a third variable t.
• Figure below shows the path of a moving particle described by a pair of equations,
𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡 .
• Equations ,like those provided above, are better than a Cartesian formula because
they provide the particle’s position (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑔 𝑡 ) at any time t.
• If x and y are given as functions 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡 over an interval of t-
values, then the set of points (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑓 𝑡 , 𝑔 𝑡 ) defined by these equations is a
parametric curve.The equations are parametric equations for the curve

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Parametric Equations
Slopes of Parametrized Curve
• A parametrized curve 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡 is differentiable at t if ƒ and g are
differentiable at t. At a point on a differentiable parametrized curve where y is also
a differentiable function of x, the derivatives 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑡 , 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥, 𝑑𝑥 Τ𝑑𝑡 and are
related by the Chain Rule:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ,
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• if 𝑑𝑡
≠ 0, then both sides of the above equation can be divided by 𝑑𝑡
to solve for
𝑑𝑦
.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
• Parametric formula for 𝑑𝑥 is as follow if all three derivatives exist and 𝑑𝑡
≠0

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ൘
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

❑ Find the value of dy/dx at t=6, for the function 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 3 and 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 − 1

Faculty of Engineering – Geotechnical Department 3

Parametric Equations
Slopes of Parametrized Curve
• If the equations 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡 define y as a twice-differentiable function
𝑑𝑥 𝑑2𝑦
of x, then at any point where 𝑑𝑡
≠ 0, the parametric formula for 𝑑2𝑥 is as follow:

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑′ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ൘
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑦
❑ Find as a function of t if 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 2, 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 3
𝑑𝑥2

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Parametric Equations
Find𝒅𝒚Τ𝒅𝒙 and 𝒅𝟐 𝒚Τ𝒅𝒙𝟐 for the following functions:
1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

6. .

7. .

8. .

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Parametric Equations
Standard Parametrization and Derivative rules

Draw the Graph of the following parametric equations:

1. 𝑥 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋
2. 𝑥 = acos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = asin 𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2𝜋

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Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation
• Most of the functions that have been dealt with so far described by an equation of
the form 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 that expresses y explicitly in terms of the variable x. Rules for
differentiating such functions have been learned.

• Rules used for differentiating parametric equations, which defined by 𝑥

= 𝑓 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡 , have been learned as well.

• There is another form of equations which define an implicit relation between the
variables x and y. For example 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 25 = 0, 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 4 − 9𝑥𝑦 = 0

• Implicit differentiation is used to find 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥.

• Implicit differentiation consists of differentiating both sides of the equation with

respect to x and then solving the resulting equation for 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 .

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Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation

Find dy/dx for the following functions

1. 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = sin 𝑥𝑦

Find 𝑑2 𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2 for the following function

1. 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑦 2 = 8

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Implicit Differentiation
Power Rule for Rational Powers

Use rational power rule to differentiate the following functions

1. 𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥 2 )1/4
2. 𝑦 = (cos 𝑥)−1/5

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Implicit Differentiation
Find derivate for the following functions

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Implicit Differentiation
Related Rates
• The rate is a derivative that has to be computed from the rate at which some
other variable (or perhaps several variables) is known to change.

• i.e. related rate is how to relate a formula to its change according to its time
such as how is cost changes according to time, how is volume of something
expanding or shrinking changes according to time

• The problem of finding a rate you cannot measure easily from some other
rates that you can is called a related rates problem.

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Implicit Differentiation
Related Rates Problem Strategy

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Implicit Differentiation
Example: Filling a Conical Tank

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