Oxidation – Reduction Titrations

Q. 1. What are Redox titrations? Define oxidation & reduction.

Ans: Redox Titrations: These are the titrations in which substance to be determined is
either oxidized or reduced by means of a solution with which the titration is done.
Oxidation & Reduction:
Oxidation: According to older concept; oxidation is defined as addition of
oxygen.
Eg: C + O2  CO2
2Mg + O2  2 MgO
Reduction: According to older concept; reduction is defined as removal of oxygen
by use of Hydrogen.
Eg: CuO + H2  Cu + H2O
Hot
According to newer concept:
Oxidation involves an increase in valency.
Eg: FeSO4  Fe2(SO4)3
oxidation
 Valency of Fe increases
+2 +3 from +2 to +3

Reduction involves decrease in valency

Eg: Fe2(SO4)3 Reduction
  FeSO4
+3 +2 Valency of Fe decreases from 3 to 2
Q. 2 Explain Redox Reactions.
Ans: Redox Reactions involve electron transfer during the process. Taking the
following example the redox reactions can be explained as follows:
2FeCl3 + SnCl2  2 FeCl2 + SnCl4 (1)

in terms of ions the above equation can be written as

2Fe3+ + 6 Cl + Sn++ + 2Cl  2Fe2+ + 4 Cl + Sn4+ + 4Cl

Or, 2Fe3+ + Sn2+  2Fe2+ + Sn4+ (2)

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 Or, partial ionic equation can be written as
2Fe3+ Reduction
  2 Fe2+ (3)
Sn2+ Oxidation
  Sn4+ (4)
Equations must be balanced not only with regard to number & kind of atoms; but
also electrically, i.e. the net electric charge on each side must be the same.
Therefore, Equation (3) can be balanced by adding one electron to left hand side.
i.e. Fe3+ + e Fe2+ (a)
& eq. (4) can be balanced by adding 2 e on right hand side
i.e. Sn2+ Sn4+ + 2e (b)
or 2Fe3+ + 2e 2Fe2+ (a')
Sn2+ Sn4+ + 2e (b')
Adding a' & b'
2Fe3+ + Sn2+ + 2e 2Fe2+ + Sn4+ + 2 e
Cancel e of both the sides.
Therefore, Net Equation obtained is :
2Fe3+ + Sn2+ 2Fe2+ + Sn4+

Q. 3 Explain Reduction of KMnO4 by Fe(II)SO4 in presence of H2SO4.

Ans: The first partial equation (Reduction) is as follows.
MnO4 Mn
 2+

To balance it atomically, 8H atoms are added.

MnO4 + 8H+  Mn2+ + 4H2O

To balance electrically 5e- are required on left hand side

i.e. MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e  Mn2+ + 4H2O

Second partial equation (i.e. Oxidation) is as follows:

Fe2+  Fe3+
To balance electrically electrons (e) must be added on right hand side.
Dr. NISHA SHARMA, UIP, CSJMU, KANPUR Page 2
 Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
But, gain & loss of electrons (e ) must be equal. One MnO4 ion uses 5e & one Fe2+ ion
liberates one electron.

 Two partial equations apply in ratio of 1: 5

 MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O

5(Fe2+ Fe 3+ + e

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

Q. 4 Explain Interaction of K2Cr2O7 & KI in presence of dil. H2SO4

Ans: The first partial equation is written as:
Cr2O7  Cr3+
Cr2O7 + 14H+  2Cr3+ + 7H2O
To balance electrically 6 electrons are added to left hand side
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr
 3+ + 7H2O

& 2nd partial equation is written as:

I  I2
2I  I2
2I  I2 + 2 e 
One dichromate ion uses 6 e & Two I (iodide) ions liberates 2e; hence the two partial
equations apply in ration 1: 3.
 Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
3 (2 I  I2 + 2 e)
Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6 I  + 6e 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O + 6e

Q. 5 Define equivalent of oxidant/reductant.

Ans: Equivalent of an oxidant or a reductant is defined as mole divided by number of
electrons, which one mole of the substance gains or looses in the reaction.
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 for eg. MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4 H2O
Equivalent = MnO4/ 5 OR Equivalent of KMnO4 / 5

eg. Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

Equivalent = Cr2O7/ 6 OR Equivalent of K2Cr2O7 / 6

Q. 6 Define Oxidation Number.

Ans: Oxidation number of an element is the number, which when applied to that
element in a particular compound; indicates the amount of oxidation or reduction
which is required to convert one atom of element from the Free State to that in the
compound. If oxidation is important to effect the change, oxidation number is
positive. If Reduction is important to effect the change, oxidation number is
negative.
Q. 7 what are the rules to determine oxidation number?
Ans: Following are the rules to determine oxidation number.
(i) Oxidation no. of free or uncombined element is zero.
(ii) Oxidation no. of H (except in hydrides) has a value of +1.
(iii) Oxidation no. of O (except in peroxides) is -2
(iv) Oxidation no. of metal in combination (except in Hydrides) is +ve.
(v) Oxidation no. of a radical or ion is that of its electrovalency with the correct
sign attached i.e. is equal to its electrical charge.
(vi) Oxidation no. of a compound is always zero, and is determined by sum of
oxidation no. of individual atom, each multiplied by no. of atom of that
element in molecule.
Q. 8 Calculate the equivalent of an oxidizing agent.
Ans: Equivalent of an oxidizing agent is determined by change in oxidation number
which the reduced element experiences.
Ex. Reduction of KMnO4 in presence of dil. H2SO4 to Mn (II) salt

K MnO4 HSO Mn SO4

2 4

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 +1 +7 -8 +2 +6 -8
Change in oxidation number of Mn is from +7 to +2 i.e. by 5 units
Equivalent of KMnO4 is therefore; 1/5 mole.
 Equivalent wt. of KMnO4 = Mol. Wt. of KMnO4 / 5

Q. 9 Calculate the equivalent of potassium dichromate.

K2Cr2O7  Cr2(SO4)3
+2 +12 14 +6 6
Change in oxidation number of two atoms of Cr is from +12 to +6 i.e. by 6 units
 Equivalent wt. of K2Cr2O7 = Mol. Wt. of K2Cr2O7 / 6

Q. 10 Calculate the equivalent of FeSO4. (Equivalent of Reducing agent)

Ans. Equivalent of reducing agent is determined by change in oxidation number which
the oxidized element suffers.
Eg. +2 2 +6 6
2(FeSO4)  Fe2(SO4)3
The Change in oxidation number is from +2 to +3 per atom of Fe or by one unit

 Equivalent wt. of FeSO4 = Mol. Wt. of FeSO4 / 1

Eg. Oxidation of H2C2O4  CO2 + H2O
H2C2O4  2CO2
+2 +6  

For 2 C atoms, the charge on R.H.S. would be +8.

Therefore, change in oxidation no. of Carbon will be +6 to + 8 i.e. by 2 units.
 Equivalent wt. of oxalic acid = Mol. Wt. / 2
Q. 11 Discuss the theory behind Redox titration.
Ans. Only those reactions which undergo completion at equivalence point in
titrimetric analysis can be used. For this, value of equilibrium constant K should
be known. K value should be high for reaction completion.
Eg: For titration of Fe2+ & Ce4+ ions, reactions between both should be fast &
complete with availability of suitable indicator.
Fe2+ + Ce 4+  Fe3+ + Ce3+ (1)
K
 Fe  Ce 
3 3

 Fe  Ce 
2 4

Here, two electrodes may be taken into account

I  Fe3+, Fe2+ electrode
II  Ce4+, Ce3+ electrode
Following electrode reactions takes place:-
At I : Fe2+  e  Fe3+ (Oxidation)
Standard Redox potential = E°I = 0.75 V
At II: Ce  e  Ce (Reduction)
4+ 3+

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 Standard potential = E° I = 1.45 V
Electrode potential at 25°C :
E 1  E 0I 
0.059
log
Fe 3  
1 Fe 2  
& E I1  E II 
0 0.059
log
Ce 4  
1 Ce 3  
At equilibrium: Emf of cell for equation no.(1) will be zero
 EI = EII

Or 0.75  0.059 log

Fe 3

 
 Ce 4  
Fe 2 1.45 0.

059 log
Ce 3  
Or 0.059 log
Fe  - 0.059 log Ce  1.45  0.75
3 4

Fe  2
Ce  3


Or 0.059  log
Fe   log Ce   1.45  0.75
3 3
 a b
 log  log 
 Fe  2
Ce   4
 b a
Fe  x Ce  1.45  0.75
3 3
Or 0.059 x log
Fe  Ce 2 4

1.45 - 0.75
Or logk   11 .84 or K  7 x 1011 (value is quite high)
0.059
 Oxidation of Fe2+ with Ce4+ ions will go to completion. Therefore, is used in redox
titrimetry.

logk 
E 0
I  E 0 II x n 
0.059

Q. 12 Write a note on Redox indicators

Ans. Redox indicators are of 3 types.
(i) Self indicator (ii) External Indicator
(iii) Internal Indicator
(i) Self Indicator: Eg. KMnO4 (unreacted KMnO4 shows pink color at end point)
0.1 N I2 solution as titrant, shows light yellow color at end point.
(ii) External Indicator: Indicator is not added to titration mixture/ solution, but the
titration liquid is taken out from time to time & added to indicator solution that is
kept out side. Eg. Starch
(iii) Internal Redox Indicator: Redox indicator has one color in oxidizing medium
& different color in reducing medium. It is compound which has different colors
in oxidized & reduced forms. The oxidation & reduction of indicator is reversible
process.
Eg: Orthophenanthroline ferrous ion (Red Color in reduced form) when added to
K2Cr2O7 (Potassium dichromate) the reduced form will be oxidized by K 2Cr2O7 &

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 solution becomes blue.
 Fe  C12 H 8 N 2  3  2  e    Fe  C12 H 8 N 2  3  3
reduced form (Red) Oxidized form (Blue)

In general
In(ox)+ ne In(red)
Potential of indicator system is given as

E In  E 0 in 
0.059
log
In (ox) 
n 
In (red) 
For eg: E0In for ferrion is 1.14 Volt. If it is added to redox system whose potential is less
than (1.14 – 0.06) = 1.08 Volt.; Solution will be clearly red.
If potential is more than 1.14 + 0.06 = 1.20; solution will be blue.
The range (E0 – 0.06) to (E0 + 0.06) is called indicator range.

Q. 13 Explain Oxidation Reduction curve. Or How indicators are selected for

redox titration?
Ans. Consider titration of 100 ml, 0.1 N ferrous solution with 0.1 N cerric solution
(titrant)
Half reactions for the titrations are given as:
Fe2+  e-  Fe3+
Ce2+  e-  Ce3+
In the titration, the potential upto equivalence point is calculated from E 0I. Till the
titration is not complete, all the Ce4+ ions are reduced to Ce3+ & therefore the solution
contains Fe3+, Fe2+ & Ce3+. As there are no Ce4+ ions, Ferric Ferrous system exist. After
equivalence point, all Fe2+ converts to Fe3+ & now Ce4+ present is in excess. Now,
solution contains Fe3+, Ce3+, Ce4+.
 Cerric – Cerrous system exist. After equivalence point the potential is calculated
from E0II. Now calculate potential at different stages of titration as under:
(i) When 10 ml of oxidizing agent has been added
[Fe3+] = 10 ml [Ce3+] = 10 ml
2+ 4+
[Fe ] = 90 ml [Ce ] = 0



Fe 3

10

Fe 2
90
10 10
&  E I  0.75  0.0591 log  0.75  0.056 log
90 90
(0.75 + 0.591 (log10 – log90) = (1 – 1.95) – 0.95 = - 0.056
= 0.75 – 0.056 = 0.69 Volt
(ii) When 50 ml of oxidizing agent has been added
[Fe3+] = 50 ml [Ce3+] = 50 ml
[Fe2+] = 50 ml [Ce4+] = 0 ml



Fe 3


50

Fe 2

50

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  EI  E
0
 0.056 log
Fe 
3
 0.75  0.056 x log1
1
 Fe 
2 (log1
= 0)
 EI = 0.75V
(iii) When 90 ml of oxidizing agent (Ce4+) is added
[Fe3+] = 90 ml [Ce3+] = 90 ml
[Fe2+] = 10 ml [Ce4+] = 0 ml
90
E I  0.75  0.056 log  0.81V
10
(iv) When 99 ml (Ce4+) added
[Fe3+] = 99 ml [Ce3+] = 99 ml
[Fe2+] = 1 ml [Ce4+] = 0 ml
99
E I  0.75  0.056 log  0.87 V
1
(v) When 99.9 ml Ce4+ added
[Fe3+] = 99.9 ml [Ce3+] = 99.9 ml
[Fe2+] = 0.1 ml [Ce4+] = 0 ml
99.1
E I  0.75  0.056 log  0.93V
0.1
(vi) When 100 ml Ce4+ added
[Fe3+] = 100 ml [Ce3+] = 100 ml
2+
[Fe ] = 0 ml [Ce4+] = 0 ml
 At equivalence point, potential is mean of two standard redox potentials.
E 0 I  E 0 II 0.75  1.45 2.20
E (e.p.)   
2 2 2
E (e.p.)  1.10 V
(vii) When 100.1 ml Ce4+ solution added
[Fe3+] = 100 ml [Ce3+] = 100 ml
2+
[Fe ] = 0 ml [Ce4+] = 0.1 ml
100 ml, 0.1N, Ce4+ is used to convert 100 ml 0.1N Fe2+ to Fe3+. Now no Fe2+ are left. 0.1
ml Ce4+ are present as excess and Ce3+ ions are already in solution.
 cerric – cerrous system exits & potential is calculated from E0II
E II 1.45 
0.056
log

Ce 4 
1.45  0.059 log
0 .1
1 
Ce 3
 100
EII = 1.45 + 0.06 x log 10
or = 1.45 + (0.06 x 3) {log 10 = 3}
or = 1.45 + (0.18) = 1.27 V
(viii) When 101 ml Ce4+ added
[Fe3+] = 100 ml [Ce3+] = 100 ml
[Fe2+] = 0 ml [Ce4+] = 1 ml
1
E II 1.45  0.06 log 1.45  0.06 log10  2
100

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 = 1.45 + (0.06 x 2) = 1.45 – 0.12 = 1.33 V
(ix) When 110 ml Ce4+ added
[Fe3+] = 100 ml [Ce3+] = 100 ml
[Fe2+] = 0 ml [Ce4+] = 10 ml
10
E II 1.45  0.06 log 1.45  0.06 log 10 1
100
=1.45 + (0.06 x ) = 1.45 – 0.06 = 1.39 V

Ce4+ added (in ml) Potential (V) Change of Potential/ml

50 0.75 0.06/40 = 0.0015
90 0.81 0.06/9 = 0.0069
99 0.87 0.06/0.9 = 0.0667
99.9 0.93 0.17/0.1 = 1.7000
100 1.10 0.17/0.1 = 1.7000
100.1 1.27 0.06/0.9 = 0.0667
101 1.33 0.06/9 = 0.0067
110 1.39 0.06/90 = 0.0006
200 1.45

Potential rises slowly in initial stages and near the end point, sudden change in potential
is observed.
Indicator for this titration should show color change at 1.10 V, if color change takes
place at 0.93V error is by 0.1% .
If color change takes place at 1.27V error is by 0.1%
 Indicator showing color change between 0.93 to 1.27 V is selected.

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Q. 14 Write a note on electrode potential.
Ans. When a metal is immersed in a solution, containing its own ions for eg: Zn in ZnSO 4
solution, a potential difference is established between the metal and solution. In general,
potential difference E for an electrode reaction is given as:
Mn+ + ne M
RT
given by E  E   ln a n  (1)
nF M

n = valency of ions aM n activity of ions in solution

R = Gas constant = 8.3145 J/Mol/k

T = absolute temperature 273°K
F= Faradays constant = 96,485.3 c/mol
E = constant depends on metal
Equation (1) can be simplified by putting values of R, F and converting natural log to base
10 by multiplying with 2.3026
0.0001983T
 E  E  log aM n
n

For temperature of 25°C (T = 298 K)

 0.0591
 EE  log a M n
n
For quantitative analysis aM n  is replaced by C M n (ion conc. in moles/dm3)
0.0591
E E  log C M n eq. is form of Nernst equation
n
When E = E() E() is called standard electrode potential of metal.

Q. 15 Write a note on standard hydrogen electrode.

Ans. To measure the tendency of one redox electrode to lose or gain electrons, it is
Dr. NISHA SHARMA, UIP, CSJMU, KANPUR Page 10
 important to have another redox electrode for comparison. Such a redox electrode
selected is referred as H2 – H+ .
2H+ + 2e H2(g)
This electrode is assigned a potential of exactly zero volts at all the temperatures, when
the pressure of Hydrogen gas is 1 atm and H + ion activity in unity. This is known as
standard Hydrogen electrode. Standard hydrogen electrode consists of a piece of
Platinum foil coated electrolytically with platinum black. This Pt foil is dipped in a
solution of HCl having H+ ions at unit activity.

Standard Hydrogen Electrode

Q. 16 Show the representation of Electrode potential for the following:

Ans. (a) Metal electrode:
On connecting standard Hydrogen electrode with a metal electrode. Metal is in contact
with a solution of its ions of activity unit.
Both the electrodes are connected by means of a salt bridge of KCl. The electrode
potential may be determined as:
Pt, H 2 H  (a  1) M n  (a  1) M
KCl is an electrolytic solution. In all the secondary reference electrode; it acts as salt
bridge to make electric contact between electrode and rest of the cell. Parallel lines | |
indicates liquid function at which potential is disregarded or eliminated by salt bridge. | |
lines, minimizes potential difference; that occurs across liquid boundary between two
solutions.
Single | line represents Metal – electrolyte boundary at which potential difference is
considered.
(b) Representation of a Zn electrode (e.m.f. of a cell)
 n
Pt, H 2 H (a  1) Zn (a 1) Zn
For emf of half cell Zn2+ | Zn
Cell reaction is H2 + Zn2+  2H+ (a = 1) + Zn
Half cell reaction is written as
Zn2+ + 2e Zn E° =  0.76 V
+
2H + 2e H2 E° = 0.00 V
(c) Electrode potential of Fe3+, Fe2+ | pt
Emf of the cell is

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  3
Pt, H2 H
a 1
Fe
Fe 2 
pt

Cell reaction is written as

½H2 + Fe3+  H+ + Fe2+
Half cell reaction is represented as
Fe3+ + e Fe2+
(d) Electrode potential of Cu – Cu2+ electrode and standard hydrogen electrode:
At 25°C Electrode reaction is as:
Cu2+ + 2e Cu E° = +0.34V
2+ +
Cell reaction is H2 + Cu  Cu + 2H

Q. 17 Explain Concentration Cell.

Ans. Electrode potential varies with concentration of ions is solution. Two electrodes of same
metal but immersed in solution containing different concentrations of ions may form a
cell; called as concentration cell.
E.M.F. of such a cell is equivalent to difference of two potential if salt bridge is inserted
to eliminate liquid – liquid junction potential.
At 25°C
0.0591  0.0591 
E log C1  E    logC 2  E Θ 
n  n 
0.0591 C
E log 1 where C1 > C2
n C2
Eg: Ag 
 Ag   0.00475M  Ag   
 
0.043 Ag
 E2 AgNO3 AgNO3 E1

Consider there is no potential difference at liquid junction.

0.0591 0.043
E  E1  E 2 log  0.056 V
1 0.00475
Q. 18 Write a note on Redox Cell.
Ans. We know that reduction is gain of electrons and oxidation is loss of electrons. If a
system contains both oxidizing and reduction product, there will be an equilibrium
between them and electrons e().
If an inert electrode such as Platinum is placed in a redox system for example:-
Containing Fe(III) and Fe(II) ion, it will get a definite potential, indicating the position
of equilibrium. If a system tries to act as an oxidizing agent :
i.e. Fe3+  Fe2+
it takes e() from the Pt electrode and electrode gets positive charge.
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 If a system tries to act as a reducing agent :
i.e. Fe2+  Fe3+
Pt takes e() , and the electrode gets –ve charge. Standard experimental conditions for the
redox system are those in which ratio of activity of oxidant/reluctant is unity.
 For Fe3+  Fe2+ electrode, Redox cell is written as:
3
Fe
 a 1
Pt, H 2 H a 1 2
Pt
Fe
a 1

The potential measured in such a way is called as standard reduction potential.

Calculation of standard Reduction Potential:-
Electrode potential which is established when an inert electrode is immersed in solution
containing both oxidant and reductant is given by expression:
RT a
E T  E (-)  ln ox
nF a red
ET is observed potential of redox electrode at temp. T relative to standard H
electrode taken as Zero potential. E = Standard reduction potential
RT C
or E T  E (-)  ln ox
nF C red

E 25 0  E (-) 
0.0591
log
 ox 
At 25°C n  Red 
E25° = E() If activities/conc. of oxidn and Redn are equal

Q. 19 Write a note on formal potential.

Ans. Standard potential E() are evaluated with full regard to activity effects and with all ion
present in simple form. They are limiting or ideal values and are rarely observed in
potentiometeric measurement. Practically, solutions may be quite concentrated and
contain other electrolytes leading to unreliable conclusion. Therefore, formal potential
term is applied. Formal potential is the potential observed experimentally in a solution
containing equal number of moles of oxidized and reduced substances together with
other specified substances at specific concentration.
Formal potential varies appreciably with nature, concentration of acid that is present.
They are real practical values.
In dilute solutions they obey Nernst equation in the following form :-
E  E (  )' 
0.0591
log
 ox 
n  red at 25°C
E()' is formal potential and at unit concentration
E()' = E
Q. 20 Explain Iodimetry and Iodometry.
Ans. Iodine is a weak oxidant, which can be reduced by suitable reducing agents and gets
reduces to I
I2(Solid) + 2 e 2I E° = + 0.5345V
  
I3 + 2 e 3I E° = + 0.5345V
Dr. NISHA SHARMA, UIP, CSJMU, KANPUR Page 13
 There are number of oxidizing agents which have potentials more than E° = + 0.5345V
and will be oxidizing iodide ions to Iodine.
Kolthoff and Sandell were the 1st to observe the two types of reactions of Iodine.
Iodimetric Process: There are those processes in which standard iodine (I 2) solution is
used as an oxidizing agent. These are called as direct titrations.
In these titrations, a known volume of standard I2 solution is taken in an iodine flask and
is titrated against the solution of reductant whose concentration is to be determined.
Starch is used as an indicator and color of the solution changes from blue to colorless at
the end point.
I2 + 2e  2 I
 Equivalent weight of I2 = Mol. Wt./2
Various reductants which can be use are: stannous chloride, sodium thiosulphate,
sulphurous acid and arsenic trioxide.
Reductants react completely and rapidly with iodine.
Sn2+ + I2  Sn4+ + 2 I
2S2O3 + I2  S4O6 + 2 I
H3AsO3 + I2 + H2O  H3AsO4 + 2H + 2 I
Disadvantage of Iodimetry:
1. Titrations must be carried out in cold and away from direct sunlight in a long
necked Iodine flask.
2. I is oxidized by oxygen of air or water to I2.
Iodometry: This is an indirect method. These titrations are performed in neutral/ faintly
acidic medium.
If to a strong oxidizing solutions like CuSO4; K2Cr2O7 or KMnO4 excess of KI solution
in presence of acid is added, Iodide is oxidized to Iodine.
2I  2e  I2
acts as reductant

Oxidant accepts the e() and itself gets reduced

Eg: 2Cu2+  2e  2Cu+
Cu2+ is oxidant that accepts e() supplied by I (reductant) and gets reduced to Cu+
(cuprous)
Cu2+  Cu+
Cupric (II) Cuprous (I)


2Cu  2I
2+
 2Cu+ + I2
2Cu2+  4I  Cu2I2 + I2

 I ions are present in large excess, quantity of I 2 liberated will be equivalent to
concentration of Cu2+ (or amount of CuSO4)
2CuSO4  2Cu2+  I2
I2 + 2Na2S2O3  Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
sod. tetrathionate

 2CuSO4  I2  2Na2S2O3
Some of the oxidizing agents commonly used in volumetric analysis.
KMnO4, Cerric Ammonium sulphate, I2, KIO3
Some Reducing Agents:

Dr. NISHA SHARMA, UIP, CSJMU, KANPUR Page 14

 Ferric Ammonium Sulphate, Oxalic Acid, Titanium chloride, Arsenci Trioxide, Sodium
Thiosulphate

Dr. NISHA SHARMA, UIP, CSJMU, KANPUR Page 15