ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

METABOLISM – chemical reactions responsible for maintaining the

living state of cells and organisms.

HORMONES – chemical substances produced by the glands, released

into the bloodstream.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Network of glands and organs that secretes hormones to
control and coordinate
- body’s metabolism
- energy level
- reproduction 1. ANTERIOR LOBE (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)
- thermal regulation secretes:
- growth and development  Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- response to injury  Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropins
- stress and mood  Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
 Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
 Prolactin (PRL)
 Pituitary Gland  Growth Hormone (GH)
 Hypothalamus Parts:
 Thyroid Gland  Pars Tuberalis
 Parathyroid Gland  Pars Intermedia
 Adrenal Gland  Pars Distalis
 Pineal
 Pancreas a.) FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
 Ovaries Female (Ovaries)
 Testes  Growth of ovarian follicle (oocyte formation):
secretion of estrogen
Male (Testes)
 Sperm production (spermatocyte formation)

b.) LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)

Female (Ovaries)
 Maintenance of corpus luteum; secretion of and
progesterone; ovulation (LH surge)
Male (Testes)
 Testosterone production

A. PITUITARY GLAND
- Master endocrine gland
- Controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands
- Pea sized gland
- Located at the base of the brain, inside the Sella Turcica
- Attached to the Hypothalamus via Infundibulum
- 2 Major Structures
o Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
o Posterior Lobe (Neuropophysis)

* diencephalon – It consists of structures that are on either side of

the third ventricle, including the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the
epithalamus and the subthalamus.
  Acromegaly – excess GH when epiphyseal plates
c.) THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) are already closed
 (Thyrotropin) Deficiency in GH
 Dwarfism
Thyroid
 Secretion of
thyroid
hormone and
growth of
thyroid

d.) ADENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)

 (Corticotropin)

Adrenal Gland
 Secretion of corticosteroids and
growth of adrenal cortex
2. POSTERIOR LOBE (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
 Hormones are produced in the Hypothalamus
and stored in the posterior lobe of Pituitary
Gland
Parts:
 Pars Nervosa
 Infundibular Stem
 Median Eminence
e.) PROLACTIN (PRL) Secretes:
Female (Breast and Mammary Glands)  Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
 Prolactation (milk production)  Oxytocin
 Development of mammary glands
a.) ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
Male  (Vasopressin)
 unknown
Kidney
Excess prolactin  Hyperprolactinemia  Water reabsorption (retention) on
 Gynecomastia Distal convoluted Tubule & Collecting Tubule
 Galactorrhea
 Infertility Deficiency in Antidiuretic Hormone
 Diabetes Insipidus – polyuria, hence polydipsia,
diluted urine

f.) GROWTH HORMONE (GH)

 (Somatotropin)
b.) OXYTOCIN
Muscles  increase skeletal muscle mass
Female
Bones  longitudinal bone growth
 Breasts – milk Production
Fat  lypolysis
 Uterus – labor contractions
Others: orgasms, sleep cycles, sleep cycles, body
Excess Growth Hormone
temperature
 Gigantism – excess GH in children
B. HYPOTHALAMUS
- Inferior to the thalamus and superior to the pituitary gland
- Regulates the homeostasis, metabolism and body temperature
- Controls hormones released by the pituitary gland
- Secretes:
 Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) – FSH and LH
 Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) – TSH and PRL
 Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH) – ACTH
 Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH) ???
 Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH) – inhibits PRL secretion
 Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) – GH
 Somatostatin – inhibits GH and TSH secretion

C. THYROID GLAND
- Butterfly shaped
- Loc: anterior & lateral to the upper part of trachea
- Largest endocrine gland consisting of 2 lateral lobes connected
by an isthmus
- Increase the body’s metabolic rate
- Maintains
 blood pressure
 heart rate
 digestion
 muscle tone

D. PARATHYROID GLAND
- 4 small glands
- Parts - Loc: posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
 Follicular Cell - Secretes:
 Parafollicular C-Cell  Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- Secretes
 Stimulate osteoclast
 Triiodothyronin (T3) – by follicular cells
 Inhibit osteoblast
 Thyroxine / Tetraiodothyronine (T4) – by follicular
 Promote absorption of calcium by intestines
cells
 Reduces urinary excretions of calcium ion
 Calcitonin – by parafollicular C-cells , lowers level of until blood conc. returns to normal
calcium level in the blood through deposition of
calcium salts in the bone tissue
 EXOCRINE PART ENDOCRINE PART

Products released in the Ducts Products released in the Blood

Stream
Main pancreatic duct of Wirsung
Accessory of duct of Santorini Via Capillary Network

Structure: Pancreatic Acinii Structure: Islets of Langerhans

Cells: Acinar Cells Cells: Beta cells
Duct Cells Alpha cells
Delta Cells
Gamma Cells
E. ADRENAL GLAND
 Loc: near upper pole of the kidney
Secretions: Secretions:
 Parts:
a. Cortex – outermost layer of adrenal cortex, divided  Acinar cells  Amylase for  Beta cells  Insulin
into zone w/c secretes diff. hormones Carbohydrates  Alpha cells  Glucagon
 Acinar cells  Lipase for fat  Delta cells  Somatostatin
1. Zona Glomerulosa digestion  Gamma cells  pancreatic
 secretes Mineralcorticoids  Duct cells  HCO- polypeptide
 affects electrolyte composition of bodily (Bicarbonate)
fluids
 Aldosterone – principal mineralcorticoid
w/c promotes Na retention & K excretion by
the kidney
*Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone syntehsis
2. Zona Fasciculata
 secretes Glucocorticoids
 For glucose synthesis & glycogen formation
 Anti-inflammatory activity
 Cortisol, Corticosterone, Cortisone
* Increase serum glucose
* Immune modulating effects
- decreases WBC
- inhibits phospholipase A2
* Promotes fetal lung surfactant
3. Zona Reticularis
 secretes Sex Steroids / Hormone
 Promotes adolescent skeletal growth &
sustains adult bone mass
 Dehydroepiandrosterone

b. Medulla – secretes cathecolamines:

> epinephrine &
> norepinephrine
- supplements effect of Sympathetic N.S.

F. PINEAL GLAND
 Pine coned shaped organ
 Loc: root of the third ventricle
 Secretes: Melatonin – maintains circadian rhythm & regulates
reproductive organs

G. PANCREAS
 retroperitoneal
 Parts:
 Head (w/ Uncinate Process) – widest part, tucked in
duodenum
 Neck
 Body
 Tail – tip of the pancreas
 Exocrine Part (HCO3) & Endocrine Part (Islet of Langerhans)