Conduction - Heat Transfer-Insulation

/f^
UCRL-52863
Conduction heat transfer solutions
James H. VanSant
March 1980
.:'•• •:•.•! i s UHUMITEE

CONTENTS
Preface v
Nomenclature vii
Introduction . 1
Steady-State Solutions
1. Plane Surface - Steady State
1.1 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces 1-1
1.2 Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces
—With Internal Heating 1-27
2. Cylindrical Surface - Steady State
2.1 Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces
— N o Internal Heating 2-1
2.2 Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces
3. Spherical Surface - Steady State
3.1 Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces
4. Traveling Heat Sources
4.1 Traveling Heat Sources 4-1
5. Extended Surface - Steady State
5.1 Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating . • 5-1
5.2 Extended Surfaces—With Internal Heating 5-31
Transient Solutions
6. Infinite Solids - Transient
6.1 Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating 6-1
6.2 Infinite Solids—With Internal Heating 6-22
7. Semi-Infinite Solids - Transient
7.1 Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating 7-1
7.2 Semi-Infinite Solids—With Internal Heating . . . . 7-22
8. Plane Surface - Transient
iii
9. Cylindrical Surface - Transient
9.1 S o l i d s Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces
—No Internal Heating 9-1
9.2 S o l i d s Bounded by C y l i n d r i c a l Surfaces
— W i t h Internal Heating 9-24
10. Spherical Surface - Transient
—No Internal Heating 10-1
10.2 S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical Surfaces
11. Change of Phase
11.1 Change of Phase—Plane Interface . . , ' . . . . . n-i
11.2 Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface 11-13
12. Traveling Boundaries
12.1 Traveling Boundaries 12-1
Figures and Tables for Solutions F-i
Miscellaneous Data
13. Mathematical Functions 13-1
14. Roots of Some Characteristic Equations 14-1
15. Constants and Conversion Factors 15-1
16. Convection Coefficients 16-1
17. Contact C o e f f i c i e n t s 17-1
18. Thermal Properties . 16-1
References R-l
iv
PREFACE
This text is a collection of solutions to a variety of heat conduction

problems found in numerous publications, such as textbooks, handbooks,
journals, reports, etc. Its purpose is to assemble these solutions into one
source that can facilitate the search for a particular problem solution.
Generally, it is intended to be a handbook on the subject of heat conduction.
Engineers, scientists, technologists, and designers of all disciplines
should find this material useful, particularly those who design thermal sys
tems or estimate temperatures and heat transfer rates in structures. More
than 500 problem solutions and relevant data are tabulated for easy retrieval.
Having this kind of material available can save time and effort in reaching
design decisions.
There are twelve sections of solutions which correspond with the class of
problems found in each. Geometry, state, boundary conditions, and other cate
gories are used to classify the problems. A case number is assigned to aach
problem for cross-referencing, and also for future reference. Each problem
is concisely described by geometry and condition statements, and many times a
descriptive sketch is also included. At least one source reference is given
so that the user can review the methods used to derive the solutions. Problem
solutions are given in the form of equations, graphs, and tables of data, all
of which are also identified by problem case numbers and source references.
The introduction presents a synopsis on the theory, differential equa
tions, and boundary conditions for conduction heat transfer. Some discussion
is given on the use and interpretation of solutions. Also, some example prob
lem solutions are included. This material may give the user a review, or ever
some insight, on the phenomenology of heat conduction and its applicability tc
specific problems.
Supplementary data such as mathematical functions, convection correla
tions, and thermal properties are included for aiding the user in computing
numerical values from the solutions. Property data were taken from some of
the latest publications relating to the particular properties listed. Only
the international system of units (SI) is used.
v
Consistency in nomenclature and terminology is used throughout, making this
text more readable than a collection of different references. Also, dimension-
less parameters are frequently used to generalize the applicability of the
solutions and to permit easier evaluation of the effects of problem conditions.
Even though some of the equational solutions are lengthy and include
several different mathematical functions, this should not pose a formidable
task for most users. Modern computers can make complicated calculations easy
to perform. Even many electronic calculators can be used to compute complex
functions. If, however, these tools are not available, one can resort to hand
computing methods. The table of mathematical functions and constants would be
useful in this case.
Heat conduction has been studied extensively, and the number of published
solutions is large. In fact, there are many solutions that are not included
in this text. For example, some solutions are found by a specific computa
tional process that cannot be described briefly. Moreover, new solutions are
constantly appearing in technical journals and reports. Nevertheless, this
collection contains most of the published solutions.
The differential equations and boundary-condition equations for heat flow
are identical in form to those for other phenomena such as electrical fields,
fluid flow, and mass diffusion. This similarity gives additional utility to
the heat conduction solutions. The user needs only identify equivalence of
conditions and terms when selecting a proper solution. This practice is pre
scribed in many texts on applied mathematics, electrical theory, heat transfer,
and mass transfer.
A search for particular solutions has frequently been a tedious and dif
ficult task. Too often, countless hours have been spent in searching for a
problem solution. Locating and obtaining a proper reference can require con
siderable effort. Also, it is frequently necessary to study a theoretical
development in order to find the applicable solution. In so doing, there are
sometimes misinterpretations which lead to erroneous results. This text
should help alleviate some of these problems.
Science gives us information for reaching new frontiers in technology.
It is, thus, appropriate to give something back. I hope this text is at least
a small contribution.
James H. VanSant
VI
NOMENCLATURE
2
A = A r e a , ro
b = Time constant, s
c = S p e c i f i c heat, J/kg* C
C = Circumference, m
d, D = Diameter, depth, m
h = Heat transfer c o e f f i c i e n t , W/m • C
k = Thermal conductivity, W/m* C
1
m = "V hC/kA, m""
d, L = Length, m
2
q = Heat flux r a t e , W/m
2
%,' %.> <3_ = Heat flux i n x , y , z d i r e c t i o n s , W/m
1
q" = Volumetric heating r a t e , W/m
Q = Heat transfer r a t e , W
r, R = Radius, m
t, T = Temperature, C, K
Y = V e l o c i t y , m/s
w = Width, m
x, y , z , = Cartesian coordinates, m
2
a = Thermal d i f f u s i v i t y , k/pc, m / s
B = Temperature c o e f f i c i e n t , C
Y = Heat of evaporation, J/kg
Y = Latent heat of f u s i o n , J/kg
A = Difference
e = Emissivity for thermal radiation
„. ... ,_. ( a c t u a l heat transferred)
n = Fin e f f e c t i v e n e s s , ) h e a t transferred without fins)
. _. „ . (actual heat transferred
<p = f i n e r r e c t i v e n e s s , ( h e a f c t T â R infi i
S t conductivity f i n s )
s c t f r o m n t e
p = D e n s i t y , kg/m
a = 2 "V ax, m
-2 -4
a = Stefan-Boltzmann constant, W/m *K
T = Time, s
Jf = Radiation configuration—emissivity factor
vii
DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS
Bi Bi = Biot modulus = hi/k

v
B
h' Bf = Bi Fo = hx/pcJ,
P o
2
r Fo = Fourier modulus = at/X
*
Fo , Fo = Modified Fourier modulus = l/(:
*v
Gr = Grashof number = gSAtH /v
Ki
v Ki = Kirpichev number = q£./kAt
N u , Nu d = Nusselt number = hd/k
2
*\, Pd = Predvoditelev modulus = bS, /a
2
*°v Po = Pomerantsev modulus = q'"H /kAt
Pr == Prandtl number = v/a
R = Radius ratio = r/r
R e , Re d = Reynolds number = vd/V
X = Length ratio = x/SL
Y = Width ratio = y/w
Z = Length ratio = z/5.
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
exp = Exponential function

Ei = Exponential integral
erf = Error function
erfc = Complementary error function
n
i erfc = Complementary error function integral
I = Modified Bessel function of the first kind
n
J = Bessel function of the first kind
n
K = Modified Bessel function of the second kind
n
&n = Natural log
Y = Bessel function of the second kind
n
P = Legendre polynomial of the first kind
r = Gamma function
viii
INTRODUCTION
1. HEAT CONDUCTION
Energy i n t h e form o f h e a t has been used by man e v e r s i n c e he began

walking on t h i s earth. Moreover, the transfer of heat i s e s s e n t i a l t o our very
existence. Not only do our own physiological functions require some form of
heat t r a n s f e r , but so do most l i f e - s u s t a i n i n g processes of nature and many man-
controlled a c t i v i t i e s . The importance of the thermal sciences i n the t o t a l
sphere of science can, t h u s , hardly be disputed.
Conduction i s one of the three principal heat transfer modes, the others
being convection and r a d i a t i o n . I t i s customarily distinguished as being an
energy d i f f u s i o n process i n materials which do not contain molecular convection.
Kinetic energy i s exchanged between molecules r e s u l t i n g in a net transfer
between regions of d i f f e r e n t energy l e v e l s , t h e s e energy l e v e l s are commonly
c a l l e d temperature. P a r t i c u l a r l y , heat conduction i n metals i s mainly a t t r i
buted t o the motion of free e l e c t r o n s and i n s o l i d e l e c t r i c a l i n s u l a t o r s to the
l o n g i t u d i n a l o s c i l l a t i o n s of atoms. In f l u i d s , the e l a s t i c impact of molecules
i s considered as the heat conduction process.
The process of heat transfer i n materials has been studied for many
centuries. Even early Greek philosophers, such as Lucretius (c. 98-55 B . C . ) ,
meditated on the subject and recorded their c o n c l u s i o n s . Much l a t e r , the
famous mathematical p h y s i c i s t , Joseph B. J. Fourier (1768-1830), developed a
mathematical expression that became the basis of p r a c t i c a l l y a l l heat conduc
tion s o l u t i o n s . He postulated that a l o c a l heat f l u x rate in a material i s
proportional to the l o c a l temperature gradient i n the direction of heat flow:
where g^ i s the heat flow i n the x-direction per unit area as i l l u s t r a t e d i n

Fig. l a . Material properties are accounted for by including a p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y
constant:
*X=-K!X- , (2,
1
• i . /{///ft
I
at -«»*
— • dx •* X
(b)
(a)
FIG. 1. I l l u s t r a t i o n of heat flow and temperature gradient.
there the constant k i s c a l l e d thermal conductivity. (The minus sign must be

.ncluded to s a t i s f y the second law of thermodynamics.) This equation i s
a i l e d Fourier's law for heterogeneous i s o t r o p i c continua.
A simpler form of Fourier's law i s for homogeneous i s o t r o p i c continua. For
example, consider a p l a t e of t h i s of type material having isothermal surfaces
md insulated edges as shown in Fig. 1. The plate has a width Ax, surface
area A, and thermal conductivity k. The heat flow in the p l a t e i s expressed as
(t
2 - V (3)
Qx = -kA
- ]
Ax
Chis expression becomes Eg. (2) when Ax diminishes to zero.
fx lim At . 3t
A %. ~ Ax+O Ax " 3x
= = K = K (4)
The heat flux q i s presumed to have both magnitude and d i r e c t i o n . Thus,

Lt can be given as a v e c t o r , g which i s normal to an isothermal surface. For
example, i n Cartesian coordinates
q = q i +x
j +
*z k
(5)
2
where i , j , k are unit vectors in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively.
Since Eq. (4) defines q^ = -k3t/3x, and similarly qy = -k3t/3y, q = -k3t/3z,
z
we can state
q = -k (i3t/3x + j3t/3y + k3t/3z) (6)
i = -kVt . (7)
In anisotropic continua the direction of the heat flux vector i s not

necessarily normal to an isothermal surface. Example materials are crystals,
laminates, and oriented fiber composites. In such materials we may assume
each component of the heat flux vector to be linearly dependent on a l l com
ponents of the temperature gradient at a point. The vector form of Fourier's
law for heterogeneous anisotropic continua becomes
q = -K • Vt , (8)
where K i s the conductivity tensor; the components of this tensor are called
the conductivity coefficients.
In Cartesian form, Eq. (8) i s
+ k +
*x - -("ll £ 12 £ *13 H)
k + + k 9
S ' -( 21 fe *22 ft 23 l l ) < >
/ 3t 3t 3t\
= + k + k
% ' ^ 3 1 3x 32 3y 33 Szj *
To compute heat flow by Fourier's law, a thermal conductivity value i s

needed. I t can be estimated fran theoretical predictions for some ideal
materials, but mostly, i t i s determined by measurement and Fourier's law,
Eq. (2* -. As illustrated in Fig. 2, thermal conductivity can have a large
range, which depends on materials and temperature. For example, copper at
20 K has a thermal conductivity of approximately 1000 W/m*K and diatomaceous
earth at 200 K has a conductivity of 0.05 W/m'K. Consequently, heat flow in
materials can have a very large range, depending on a combined effect of
temperature gradient and material property.
Thermal properties of some selected materials are given in Section IS.
3
1000
1 r 1 r
Copper
100
Lead
10
. Fused quartz
•a
c
o
u
I- -Teflon
' Diatomaceous earth

0.1
0.01 j L _L J L
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Temperature—K
FIG. 2. Thermal conductivity of some selected solids.
4
2. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HEAT CONDUCTION
Solutions to heat conduction problems are usually found by some mathe

matical technique which begins with a differential equation of the temperature
field. Theâppropriate equation should include all energy sources and sinks
pertinent to a particular problem. Also, the equation should be expressed in
terms of a convenient coordinate system such as rectangular, cylindrical, or
spherical. Then analytical or differencing methods can be used to solve for
temperature or heat flow.
A common method for deriving the generalized differential equation for
heat conduction is to apply the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of
energy) to a volume element in a selected coordinate system. By accounting
for all the thermal energy transferred through the element faces, the change
of internal energy and thermal sources or sinks in the element, and by letting
the element dimensions approach zero, the differential equation can be derived.
This procedure is typified by the following heat energy accounting of the
rectangular solid element shown in Fig. 3. The net heat flow through six
faces is
x+Ax *y ~ ^ + A y z ~ °z+Az ' (10)

"net
FIG. 3. Coordinate systems for heat conduction equations: (a) rectangular,

(b) cylindrical, (c) spherical.
5
where t y p i c a l l y
Q = -AyAz
Q = -AxAz
y Ml'
Q = -AxAy
and k , k , and k are d i r e c t i o n a l c o n d u c t i v i t i e s .

x' y z
An increase in internal energy of the element i s represented by
A I = AxAyAzpc | ^ , (11)
where t is the mean temperature of the element, p is the material density,

and c is its specific heat.
Internal energy sources can be expressed as
QUI = q tii AyA

Ax Z f (12)
where q" ' is the unit volume source rate. Examples of internal heating in
materials are joule, nuclear, or radiation heating. Summing these energies in
accordance with the energy conservation law yields
For the limits Ax, Ay, Az -»• 0, we obtain
3 t BCL. 3qy 3 q
z
p c q t i 4 >
3T 3x 3y 3z »
6
where
. 3t
q =
x x 3x '
q
y " " y 3y '
q = - k -5— .
^z z oz
Using Eg. (14) as a general differential equation, we can derive the

following specific equations.
2.1 Rectangular Coordinate System
For isotropic heterogeneous media
D c 3t = 3_/ 3t\ 3_/ i t \ ^ i _ / 3t\ +
p c k + K K q ( 1 5 )
3x 3X \ 3 / 3y \ Syj 3z \ 3 /
X / Z> "
For isotropic homogeneous media this becomes
2 2 2
3t _ k_ 3 t , 3 t ^ 3 t l + ^ — = art + a
. (16)
3 T " pc 3x 3y 3z J 2 2 2
pc pc
When q'" = 0 , Eq. (16) becomes Fourier's equation.

In steady-state conditions, 3t/3x = 0 and Eg. (16) becomes the Poisson
equation.
When q ' " = 3t/3x = 0, Eg. (16) reduces to the Laplace equation.
Nonisotropic materials, such as laminates, can have directionally
sensitive properties. For such materials the conduction differential equation
in two dimensions is expressed in the following form:
2 2
2
pc || = ( k cos B + k sin B ) ^-| + l k sin B + 1^ cos B )
? n
2
?
2 2
~
2
2
+ (k -k )(sin B)y - + q'" ,
c T 1 y (17)
7
•-X
FIG. 4. Coordinate system for a nonisotropic medium.
where k_ and k are directional thermal conductivities, and 3 is the angle

of laminations as indicated in Fig. 4. When the geometrical axes of the
nonisotropic material are oriented with the principal axes of the thermal
conductivities, then Eg. (17) simplifies to the form of Eq. (14)
+
n
p c
a?
3
t
X 4
3x
* *4+*-'
2
3y 2
(18)
2.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System
Rectangular coordinates can be transformed into cylindrical coordinates

by the relations x = r cos 9, y = r sin 9, and z = z. The partial differential
equations (15) and (16) transformed to cylindrical coordinates are thus
k (19)
P c =
37 7 37 ( rk
3?) 7 3 9 \
+
39 ) 3l ( 37)
+ k + q
t _ » (& + i & i_ i*t . aft\ 3^1 (20)

T 2 r 8 r a 2 p c
U r ae a.V
For nonisotropic materials with the conductivity and geometry axes aligned as
in Eq. (18) the differential equation is
P 3?"r c
3rl 3r) r +
r 2 3 e 2 + k
Z 3 z 2 +
* (21)
8
2.3 Spherical Coordinate System
A transformation from rectangular t o spherical coordinates can be accom

plished by s u b s t i t u t i n g the r e l a t i o n s x = r s i n i|i cos ij>, y = r s i n ty s i n § and
z = cos \|i into Eqs. (15) and (16), which y i e l d the partial d i f f e r e n t i a l
equations for i s o t r o p i c heterogeneous and homogeneous m a t e r i a l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
3t 1 3 / 2 . 3t\ 1 3 /. 3 t \ A
r k k
P° 37 - ~2 3T( 37) * 2 . 2 ^ 36 ( 39 j s n
+ JL k sin + q (22)
—— IV ( x
^ If) '"
r sin ty '
2 2
at m /a t 2 at 1 3 t 1 3t\ <?•"
E 3 t 2 2 2 2 8
* " "W r sin * 36 r tan * * ) •* " ^
The d i f f e r e n t i a l equation for nonisotropic materials with aligned

conductivity and geometric axes i s
k 2 k 2
n „ 3t . r 3 t d) 3 t , *Sl» 3 . ,., 3t
PC j r = — — 7 + -5—*-= 5- + - ^ JT. s i n \p •55- + q' . (24)
3 T r 2 2 2 2 2 8
3r r s i n i|» 3<|) r sin * * **
3. SPECIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Some defining equations can have implied assumptions and boundary

conditions. They are u s u a l l y employed i n s p e c i a l cases to simplify the method
of s o l u t i o n . However, F o u r i e r ' s law i s the b a s i s for deriving t h e s e s p e c i a l
equations.
3.1 Combined Conduction-Convection
Thin materials having r e l a t i v e l y high thermal conductivity have very

small l a t e r a l temperature gradients. If the surfaces are c o n v e c t i v e l y heated
or c o o l e d , the convection condition becomes part of a heat accounting on a
d i f f e r e n t i a l element. Referring t o Fig. 3 , l e t Az be the t h i c k n e s s b of a
thin solid. On the surface z and z + Az, the s o l i d has a convection boundary
described by q = h (t - t ) , where t . i s the convection f l u i d temperature.
9
Applying the same principles used to develop the general equations for
rectangular coordinate systems should result in
c +2 ,i,+ k + k (25)
/ £ S<*-v-« fc( lf) fc( ij)-
If the geometry is a thin rod of circumference C, the appropriate
equation is
+ t ,M+ k 26
p°{f r < * - f > - « f c ( i i ) - <>
3.2 Moving heat sources
The general heat conduction Eq. (15) can also be used for moving heat
sources, but a simpler quasi-steady-state equation can be derived by
coordinate transformation. If the coordinates are relative to the traveling
source, the temperature distributions appear to be stationary. For example,
if a point source of strength Q is moving at a velocity U parallel to the
x-axis, the transformation would be x = x' + U T , where x' is the x-direction
distance from the source. By substitution in Eq. (16) we can obtain
I F ('fc-Vfc(»|*)*fc ( * £ ) • » . & •«•••-. •

The applicable equation for a moving source in a thin rod that is
convectively cooled is
28
ÎXTVÎXT^"^ !it-v 1
• <>
The moving source strength is accounted for in the boundary conditions
for a particular problem solution.
4. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Solutions to heat conduction problems require statements of conditions.

For general solutions there must be given at least a definition of the solu
tion region, such as infinite, semi-infinite, quarter-infinite, finite, etc.
Additionally, limits can be specified for any of these regions.
10
If s p e c i f i c solutions are needed, then complete conditions must be
defined. They could include, for example, i n i t i a l , i n t e r n a l , and surface
conditions. Other conditions might include property d e f i n i t i o n s . Whether
deriving a solution or searching for e x i s t i n g s o l u t i o n s , one must decide which
conditions are applicable to the problem and how they can be s u i t a b l y
expressed.
4.1 I n i t i a l Condition
Unsteady-state problems must have an initial condition defined. Mostly,

this implies a temperature distribution at x = 0 but, also, internal or
surface conditions could have initial values. A problem solution for x = 0
depends, of course, on whatever is specified at x = 0.
4.2 Surface Conditions
The most commonly employed surface conditions i n heat conduction problems

are prescribed surface convection, temperature, heat flux, or radiation. It is
even acceptable to prescribe two of *.hes3 for the same surface, such as com
bined radiation and convection. Other surface conditions could include phase
change, a b l a t i o n , chemical r e a c t i o n s , or mass transfer fror a porous s o l i d .
4.2.1 Convection boundary
Conduction and convection heat transfer r a t e s on a surface are equated t o

s a t i s f y continuity of heat f l u x according t o Newton's law:
( x T )
at h
-k '
3 x = h [ t ( x , T) - t ]
b f . (29)
where t_ is the temperature of the convection fluid, and x. is the boundary

location. The convection coefficient h must be determined from suitable
sources that give predicted values satisfying the conditions of the fluid.
(Some correlations of convection coefficients are given in Section 16.) The
method for defining h can vary depending on the type of convection or the
methods prescribed by those researchers who have supplied values for the
coefficient. However, h is usually defined as
11
TABLE 1. Sample convection coefficient values.
Fluid Condition h, W/nT-K
Air Free convection on v e r t i c a l plates 10

Air Forced convection on p l a t e s 100
Air Forced flow i n tubes 200
Steam Forced flow in tubes 300
Oil Forced flow in tubes 500
Water Forced flow in tubes 2,000
Water Nucleate boiling 5,000
Liquid helium Nucleate boiling 8,000
Steam Film condensation 10,000
Liquid metal Forced flow i n tubes 20,000
Steam Dropwise condensation 50,000
Water Forced convection b o i l i n g 100,000
h ( 3 0
• t(K ? ) - t
b T £ ' >
where t can be given as
t f = [ t <x , x, - t j + t
B b m ^ (31)
and where 3 £ 1, and t^ is the temperature outside the thermal boundary layer
of the fluid. In this respect, one must take care to use the proper fluid
temperature and convection coefficient.
Some typical order-of-magnitude values for the convection coefficient h
are given in Table 1.
4.2.2 Surface temperature
Of all boundary conditions, this is probably the simplest in a

mathematical sense. It can be variable or constant with respect to position
and time. In the real sense, it is very difficult to achieve a prescribed
surface temperature, but it can be closely approached by imposing a relatively
high convection rate.
12
4.2.3 Heat flux
Fourier's law defines the flux on a boundary by
3t(x ,T)
b
= k 3 2 )
* " ~3x • <
An adiabatic surface can be defined by either setting q in Eq. (32) or h in

Eq. (29) to zero. Inversely, if the solid's temperature di.stribution has been
solved, then Eq. (32) can be used to determine the surface heat flux.
Understandably, heat flux can be, in particular cases, time and position
dependent.
4.2.4 Thermal radiation
Heat transfer from an opaque surface by radiation can be expressed as
3 t ( T )
a*\vT 4(x , T) - T*J

b
41 = -k — V
s , (33)
where a is the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation constant, J*" is the combined

configuration-emissivity factor for inuiltiple-surface radiation exchange, and
T is the sink or source temperature for radiation. Because Eq. (33) is a
nonlinear expression, it is frequently difficult to find exact solutions to
problems with this condition.
A common method for dealing with radiation problems is to treat the
radiation boundary as a convection boundary. According to Eq. (29) we can
write
3t(x , T )
- k — ^ h [ t ( x , x) - t j
r b , (34)
where
2
h r = o y [ T ( x , x) + T ] [T (x , T) + T* J .
b b
Using this method means that T(x. , T) must first be estimated in order to
compute a value of h . After a value for T(x. , T) has been computed from
the problem solution, then the estimated value for h can be improved.
This, of course, becomes an iterative process.
13
4.3 Interface Conditions
4.3.1 Contact
Two contacting s o l i d s , either similar of dissimilar, w i l l almost always

have some interface thermal resistance to heat flow between them. The
magnitude of t h i s r e s i s t a n c e can depend g r e a t l y on the condition of the two
contacting surfaces. Properties that can e f f e c t the surface condition include
c l e a n l i n e s s , roughness, waviness, y i e l d s t r e n g t h , contact pressure, and the
thermal c o n d u c t i v i t i e s of the s o l i d s and i n t e r s t i t u a i f l u i d . Since there
are so many influences on the contact thermal resistance, i t i s d i f f i c u l t to
t h e o r e t i c a l l y predict i t s value. Consequently, experimental r e s u l t s are
frequently used. Some representative values of the inverse thermal contact
r e s i s t a n c e , commonly referred to as the thermal contact c o e f f i c i e n t , are given
i n Section 17.
The generally accepted d e f i n i t i o n of the contact c o e f f i c i e n t is
h ( 3 5 )
o-A^ '
where q i s the steady heat flux corresponding to a f i c t i t i o u s interface

temperature drop of At. defined by extrapolating the v i r t u a l l i n e a r
temperature gradient i n each s o l i d to the contact c e n t e r l i n e . This temperature
drop, which i s i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig. 5, would diminish to zero i f the interfaces
were in perfect contact.
4.3.2 Phase change
Other interface conditions include those caused by endothermic reactions

such as melting, s o l i d i f i c a t i o n , sublimation, vaporization, and chemical
dissociation.
A statement of an interface reaction condition defines the difference of
heat flux across the i n t e r f a c e . If the i n t e r f a c e which separates two phases
of a material i s l o c a t e d at x - x . , the heat balance for a phase change
r e a c t i o n i s given i n the form
3t (x ) a t (x ) dx
Yp2 36
h -hr~ - h ~^r- = * r • <>
14
Length -*
FIG. 5. Illustration of interface contact between solids.
whece y is the latent heat or chemical heat capacity, and subscripts 1 and 2
refer to the two phases.
5.0 Solutions
5.1 Extending solutions
A solution can be retrieved after identifying a problem by boundary

conditions, geometry, and other pertinent data. Usually, a temperature
solution is given, but heat flow can be derived from the temperature
15
distribution by using Fourier's law, i.e. Eq. (2). If cumulative heat flow is
required, a time and surface integration of local heat flux is necessary.
where n is the direction normal to the surface s.

Steady-state solutions can be considered as the infinite-time condition for
unsteady-state solutions. That is, problems which have a time-asymptotic
solution exhibit steady-state solutions for x •*• <*>. Thus, steady-state solutions
can be derived from transient solutions.
A steady surface temperature condition can be implied from a convection
boundary condition. For h •* °°, the surface temperature approaches the fluid
temperature. Therefore, a solution which includes a convection boundary can be
transformed into a constant temperature boundary solution by solving for the
implied limiting case.
5.2 Dimen&'ionless parameters
Grouping particular variables yields dimensionless numbers that can be

useful. Symbolically, they can shorten an eguational expression. But, they can
also give insight to the behavior of heat transfer in a particular problem.
One very useful parameter is the Biot number, Bi = ht/k. which results from
convection boundary conditions. This parameter is proportional to the ratio of
the conduction resistance to the convection resistance. Thus, we could say that
for
Bi > 1, conduction is highest resistance to heat transfer,
Bi < 1, convection is highest resistance to heat transfer,
Bi « 1, the solid behaves like k = ».
2
Another dimensionless parameter is the Fourier number, Fo = crr/S. , which
is found in transient solutions. This number is a dimensionless time value,
but it is also considered an indicator of the degree of thermal penetration
2
into a solid. Since crt/S. = (kTAt/£)/(pc8.Ai.;. it is proportional to the
ratio of conduction heat transferred to thermal capacity. Thus, an increasing
Fo value implies approaching thermal equilibrium.
16
The product of Bi and Fo numbers yields the parameter Bf = ht/pc& which
occurs in transient problems having a convection boundary. This is also a
dimensionless time parameter, but it is based on convection heat transfer
instead of conduction as in the Fourier number.
Solutions to problems having an internal heat source q ' " usually have a
dimensionless heating parameter called the Pomerantsev modulus
2
po = q"'Jl /kAt. This number is a ratio of internal heating to heat
conduction rates. Large values of Po imply large temperature differences will
occur in the solid.
The parameter Fo = 1/2S&Z is a form of the reciprocal of the Fourier
number and occurs in many solutions for transient temperatures in
semi-infinite solids.
When time dependent boundary conditions have a time constant, the
solution will frequently include a dimensionless group called the
Predvoditelev modulus, Pd = bfl, /d, where b is the inverse time constant.
Small values of Pd imply a slow changing condition. It signifies: the ratio of
the change rate of the boundary condition to the change rate of the solid
temperature.
5.3 Example Problems
5.3.1 Steady heat-transfer in a pipe wall
Hot water flows at 0.5 m/s in a 2.5 cm i.d., 2.66 cm o.d. smooth copper
pipe. The pipe is horizontal in still air and covered with a 1-cm layer of
polystyrene foam insulation. For a 65°C water temperature and 20°C air
temperature, estimate the heat loss rate per unit length. The solution given
in case 2.1.2 is
2ir ( t x - t )
2
q = .
r r
1 . 2 ^ 1 . 3 __ 1 1
-.— In — + ;— Jin — + — — + — r - A
r k r r h r h
h l 2 2 l l 3 3
17
From the problem d e s c r i p t i o n
t x = 65°C
t .4 = 20°C
r. = 1.25 cm
r = 1.33 cm
r , = 2.33 cm
k x = 400 W/m-°C (from Table 18.1)
k 2 = 0.038 W/m«°C (from Table 18.2)
5 0 , 9
hd/k = 0.0155 P r ° ' R e (from S e c t . 16.1)
h = 2 1 ( 0 J 1 5 5 5 0 9
l ^water/ ^ Pr°' Re - )
k = 6 5 9 w m c a t 6 5 c
water °' / *° l ° >
Pr = 2.73
Re = 2pvr]/n
J
p = 980 kg/m
v = 0.5 m/s
4
p = 4.3 x 10" kg/m's
Re = 2(980)(0.5)(0.0125) = M 4 8 8
4.3 x 10
5 0 , 9 2
h x = (0.659/0.025)(0.0155)(2.73)°" (28 4 8 8 ) = 6895 W/(m -°C)
h = ( k / 2 r ) C 1 1
3 air 3 lâ* ) * (from S e c t . 16.8)
k = 0 2 5 w m 0c
air °- /*
Pr = 0.71
Gr = g B ( t - 4 t )(2r )W
3 3
g = 9.8 m/s
- 1
B = 1/T 4 = 1/293 K
6 2
V = 1 6 . 5 5 x 10" m /s
3
G . (9.8) ( 0 . 0 4 6 6 ) (0.71) = ^ _ = ^
a
(293) (16.55 x l O ' V
C = 1.14, m = 1/7 (from Table 16.3)
3 1//7 2
h = (0.025/0.0466) (1.14) ( 8 7 7 4 ) = 2.24 W/m «°C
2n(65-20)
q = 1 „ /1.33\ . 1 » /2.33V
£ n + la
400 (1^5 ) 0^38 (l^2) (0.0125) (6895) (0.233)(2.24)
2ir(45)
= 8.33 W/m
4
1.55 x 1 0 " + 14.76 + 0.012 + 19.16
18
8.33
^-u 2nr h 3
271(0.0233) (2.24)
= 25.4"C
Using this new estimate of (t. - t.), we can recalculate h,.

1/7 2
h 3 = 2.24 (25.4) = 3.56 W/m *°C,
q = 10.54 W/m.
Additional iterations on h, would little improve this result.

Note that the copper tube and water film have a small effect on the
results because they present little resistance to heat transfer by comparison
to the insulation and air film.
5.3.2 Transient heat conduction in a slab
A billet of 304 stainless steel measuring 2 x 2 x 0.1 m thick and

having a uniform temperature of 30 C is heated by sudden immersion into a
450°C molten salt bath. The mean convection coefficient is 350 W/m • C.
Determine the time required for the center temperature of the billet to reach
400°C. The solution is found in the solution table (case 8.1.8 and Fig 8.4a):
t - t.
r_ 400 - 450
= 0.119
30 - 450
—h.t f
From Table 18.1
k = 21 W/m«°C #
-6 2,
a = 7 x 10 m /s
k 21
= 1.2 .
hi (350)(0.05)
From Fig. 8.4a

2
OTA =3.4,
2 2
_ = 3.4& _ ( 3 . 4 H 0 . 0 5 ) =
a 6
7 x 10"
19
5.3.3 Transient heat conduction in a semi-infinite plate
For the conditions given in 5.3.2, find the temperature at 0.05 m from
the end and sides of the billet.
The solution is found in case 7.1.21 and Fig. 9.4a for a semi-infinite
plate.
l
V
hVax =
6
35oV(7x 10~ ) (1214) = ^ M
1.2
0.05
= 0.27
I
- 6
2^/ca 2V(7 x 1 0 ) (1214)
W i V r
S(X) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55 (from Fig. 7.-)
t t
~ t = P(Fo) S(X) = (0.119) (0.55) =0.066
t = (0.066>(30 - 450) + 450 = 423°C
5.3.4 Extended surface steady-state heat transfer
A 160 °C uniform-temperature copper plate has a long rectangular rib

brazed to it. All surfaces are convectively cooled by 30 C air having a
convection coefficient of 53 W/(m • C ) . The rib is yellow brass extending
4 cm from the flat surface and 2 cm wide. Estimate the additional heat loss
from the flat surface caused by the rib.
The solution for temperature distribution in the rib is given in
Case 1.1.17.
*^\
v
\l T b
I
: t (
20
t-J _ £
f » Bi cos ( X X ) i x c o s h [ X ( B - Y)j + Bi s i n h [ X ( B - Y)l}
n n n n
t1 " t t 2
^ cos (X ) ( B i + X + Bi) fx cosh (X B) + Bi sinh (X B)"l 2
n=l n n Ln n n J
X tan (X ) = Bi (characteristic equation)

B = b/a = 4/1 = 4
X = x/a, Y = y/a
B i = = t53 01> = 0 , 0 4 (k v a l u e f r o m T a b l e 18 1)
Ir i3o* ° -
From Table 14.1
X x = 0.0632, X 2 = 3.1429, X 3 = 6.2838, X 4 = 9.4252, Xg = 12.5667,
Heat loss without the rib attached would be
q = hA (t - t ) = 53 (0.02)(160 - 30) = 138 W/m .
x f
The additional heat loss is thus

Aq = 666 - 138 = 528 W/m .
5.3.5 Rectangular fin heat transfer
Use the straight rectangular fin solution to estimate heat loss from the
rib described in 5.3.4.
The solution is found in Case 5.1.4 and Fig. 5.2.
= = 6 3 8 5 m
\ k a " V(130M0.01> '
l = 0.04 + 0.01 = 0.05 m

c
mfc = 0.3193
c
tanh {mSLj_ = t a n h ( 0 . 3 1 9 3 ) _ Q ^
ml 0.3193
c
q = 2h(a + b) ( ^ - t )(|) = 2(53) (0.05) (130) (0.968) = 667 W/m
f
21
5.3.6 Semi-infinite plate heat transfer
Find an equation for the heat transfer rate through the edge of the semi-
infinite plate described in case 1.1.5 with f(x) = t .
Using the given temperature solution and Eqs. (2) and (37) we can find
the heat transfer in the following manner:
fc fc
. 3t k .. . . 3T . m " l
= _ k = (t W h e r e T =
S 37 " I 2 " V 3? ' t~^t
= 2 S i n 1 c o s (n7r
9Y|Y = Q ~ Z ^"^C ~ G
n=l
00
Q = £ = 2 k ( t s i n 1 c o s
Y|Y = o / ^XIY = o ^ 2 " Vi It, ^^C - t™)]^
oo go
2 n 5
= 2k(t - t ) 2 , El - costfflT)] = J k ( t - t ) 2 , J '
2 2 L - 1» 3 ' '
n=l an n=l
22
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No internal Heating.
Case No. References Description Solution
1.1.1 19, Convectively heated and h ( t
p. 3-103 cooled plate.

i i - V
Bi x + 1 + (hj/h ) 2
t - t. B^ + 1
-h,,t.
w 2''2 fc
2 -h Bi
x
+ 1 +
W
(-• 1.1.2 19, The composite p l a t e . {t
H p. 3-103
o - V
]£ (w /k + 1/IK) + l/h
i 1 0
k, h h h
i-1
2 n-2 n-1
V ^ V i^^w«A/ * * « ^ M ^ ^ Temp i n the j t h l a y e r :
h
V o- Mi'S. j-l
Vi-1
^ H /^
i i + l / h ) + {x^/kj
i + (l/h )
0
fc fc
\i-1 j ~ 0 _ ifl
t - t„ " n J > 1
n 0
J a /ki i + l/h ) + (l/h )
£ 0
i=l
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
1.1.3 1, p. 138 Plate with temperature fc

l-v 2 fc
dependent conductivity, rv
m £
A
k = k + B (t - t ) . x
t + 2f fc L
<ww^ - h - i H v - vf - 2
k = <k. + k , ) / 2
\—*~~\
,J, 1.1.4 2 , p . 221 Porous p l a t e with i n t e r n a l
f l u i d flow.
t i x
x
0.
t - t,
fc
2
"0
f c
- o
= expT- v»-
t , x = 6.
2
t - fc exp (£fx)
P = Porosity. 0
fc fc X
, _» <^ x <^ 0
2 - l " "»~f? " ]
Mean temp:
p
u.t ,k ,p ,c
v M*
0 f f
V ^ = | ^ [1 - «*p« «>] , 0 < X < 5

p
P = porosity
S
~ V
p (1 _- TJX"
k M P) »' 5""f
p
* =
~ k (1* - P) f
(See F i g . 1.1)
1.1.5 2, p. 122 Semi-infinite plate.

9, p. 164 t = t , x a 0, H, y > 0.
:
t = f(x), 0 > x > A, y = 0. t - t = 2 2 _ exp(-rarY) s i n (mrX)

x
n=l
V 1
x f ff (X) - t "| sin (mrX)dX
i
F o r £(x) = t s 2
-t = f(x> t -t
I
UJ n=l
+ n
1.1.6 3 P- 2 5 0 Rectangular semi-infinite rod. «° <= ,,™ 2 2
r
( X x / w ) + (X x/Jl)
^ - 2 2
t t 5 l XJ e x p L n m
t = t , x = 0.
x " V- ^ ~
X X
t = t_ on other surfaces. 1 2 nm
n=0 m=0
x cos (X_)
n cos (\ ID)
X = (2n + 1 ) £ , \ = (2m + 1)^-

n
n
2 m 2
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Beating.
Case Ho. References Description Solution
1.1.7 2, p . 130 Rectangulac i n f i n i t e rod. t a t

i + t
u* 'in +
4v
t « P j U ) , 0 < i < I , y = 0.
t = F - ( x ) ,. 0o <
s xx <
* &,
* . yy =
t = G (x) , x = 0, 0 < y < w.
x
t * G , ( x ) , x = A, 0 < y < w.
=ww.
*l - 2
Y sinh (airc/L)
Z sinh (iw/i.)
n=l
S l
.
n
._,,
( n l t X L )
A (X) s i n (mtx)dx
t = F (x)
II -2 n=l
sinh [fo - ')]
sinh (niF/L) S i n ( r t I t X L )
i
I V > X S i n < n 1 t X ) f l X
i
1
i
w
i *1II " 2 £ fû ilSffi
sinh (nir/L)
s i n (iffy) | G,(X) s i n (nTTY)dY
t = G,(v)-» I— t = G (y)
2 n=l
t = F (x)
2
n=l •'ft
L = l/w
s i n (niTX) ,
2 1 " ~ ncosh
n=l
F ^ x ) = F ( x ) = t , G (y) = G (y) = t
2 2 2 1
1.1.8 2 , p . 147 Thin rectangular p l a t e ,

2 2 2
t = t , x = 0, 0 < y < x.
Q V sinh [(Bi + n i r L ) \ ] . . „„.
t - t 0 = 2 y &— 2 2 2 1.1 s i n ( n i r Y )
t = t , 0 < x < l, Q y 0.
~L sinh [(Bi + n V l . V J
t = t , 0 < x < «,, y
Q
w.
t = G(y), x = Si, 0 < y < w. x j [G(Y) - t ] s i n Q (fflTV) dY
h t r 0 at z 6.
h ,t 2 Q at • 0. Bi <- ( h + h )i./k6, L - Jl/w
x 2
in
t = G<y)
Z.I-' j
t Q hjj.tnJ
1.1.9 4 , p . 41 I n f i n i t e rectangular rod i n fc
a semi-infinite solid. iô
1
R~ - An f 3 . 5 ( d + k / h ) ]
/7777&777777777777777777777777
d
JL
1.1.10 4, p. 41 Infinitely long thin plate Vertical plate:

in a semi-infinite solid. ...
k<t
. .
l "V d
° ~ .. , ,0.24 - °' < w < " 5
i^k)
n , t
0 0.42/
1
d k J Horizontal plate:
k ( t fc
1 i " n> fl
ii Q s :
/A i
WB l
1 2 \_ '_
0 3 , o.5<£<12
K J V w/
i 1
1.1.11 4, p. 43 Thin rectangular plate on the kwir(t - t )
surface of a semi-infinite Q= // \— M
A n
solid. ( b)
1.1.12 4, p. 44 Thin rectangular plate in an 2irwk(t - t )
m
1
infinite solid. Q =- — —
in
T 1.1.13 5, p. 54 Rectangular parallelpiped

Q = P £ ( d w + db + wb) + 2.16(d + w + b) + 1.2<5J(t - tj_
J
" with Wall thickness of &. t 2
= total heat flow through six walls
T
i Ll _', _ i a
1
1.1.14 4, p. 37 Infinite hollow square rod. 2irk(t - 2 t )

x
9 =
It o l.OBw Tlk
h r 2 r 2 h W
l 0 0 2
„ h , t
2 2
1.1.15 9, p. 166 Rectangular i n f i n i t e rod.

t = f ( x ) , 0 < x < a, y = 0.
t - t = Y A s i n (mix) sinh j (1 - Y) ( ^ Y l coaech
n 0&\
T t » t, 0 < x < a, y = b.
n=l
t = t , , x • 0 , 0 < y < b.
1
t = t , , x = a , 0 < y < b .
A » 2 I [f (X) - O s i n (nirX)dX , L = l/v
w—» For: f(X) = t .

V
-» x
l ^ i - - 1 ^ } s i n (nnx, sinh [(1 - V, £ * ) ] cosecn ( * ) ,
f(x) I n=l n = 1, 3, 5, 7
1.1.16 9, p. 167 Rectangular infinite rod. 2 2

^ (Bi + X ) cos (X X) cosh [*(1 - Y)WX ]
t = f (x), 0 < x < I, y = 0.
t - t f = 2
a » 0, 0 < x < I, y = w. nTl [(Bi 2
+ X * ) B i ] c o s h <XW,
+ n
a = 0, x = 0, 0 < y < w.
x I j"f (X) - t / 1 cos (X X)dX

/
V
w
<y X tan (X ) = Bi , Bi = hfc/k , W = w/Jt
• n n
/y
y
y
^ For: f(x) = t,
i 1
t = f (X)
!
fc fc ~ cos (X X) cosh [(1 - *)WA ]
-f fl n
= 2 Bi
2 2
fc
l" f fc
, 1 Bi + P J + Bi cos (X ) cosh
n=l \ n/ n
1.1.17 9, p. 168 Case 1.1.16 with q = 0,

y = w , Q-«x<J!.is replaced
by convection boundary h,t . f
2
~ (Bi + X*J cos (A X){X cosh [X (W - Y)] + Bi sinh [\ (W - Y}]}
n n n n
t - t f = 2 2 2
^ [(Bi + X ) + Bil{X cosh (X W) + Bi sinh <\,W)}
n R
1
x
X i
'0
[f(X) - t "| cos (X X)dX
f n
X tan (X ) = Bi , Bi = hJL/k , W = w/Jl

n n
For: f(x) = t ^
x x
t - t f ^ . Bi cos ( n )U n cosh [X (W - Y)] + Bi sinh [X <W - Y)]}
n n
fc fc 2
l " f ~^ cos (X >r^Bi + XM + Bi"J[X cosh (XW) + Bi sinh (^ W)]
n n n n
1.1.18 9 , p . 166 Case 1.1.16 with t = t , £
y a w, 0 < x < £ .
2 2 1
(Bi + X ) cos (X X) sinh fX (W - Y)"| r
t - t. « 2 -* *" — "*• x I [f (X) - t ] cos (X X)dX
"i B
f n
" 2
* » : j + Bij sinh (XW) n
X tan (X ) = Bi , Bi = hH/k# W = w/S,

n n
For: f(x) = t , :
i
P cos (X X) sinh TX (W - Yfl
n L n J
2Bi 2 2 n
fc fc
l" f \ r( Bi • x) + Bi cos (X ) sinh (X W)
n n
n=l L\ n/
1.1.19 9, p. 169 Case 1.1.16 with
t • t , y = 0, 0 < x < I.
x
t = t , y = w, 0 < x < S,.
t - t.. ^ cos (XX) {sinh f X W - Jf)"| - sinh (X Y) (t - t )/<t_ - t.)}

•-— = 2 B i > — =-^ -
t -
x t f [^Bi 2 2
+ X ) + B i l cos (X ) sinh <XW)
n n
n=l
X tan (X ) = Bi , W «= w/X,
n n
1.1.20 9, p. 178 Rectangular parallelpiped.

z c
t » t, , x = 0 , 0 <"y < w , " 0 1 6 V V fsinh (L - LX) + T sinh (LX)] sin (mtY) sin (nmZ)
1 =
t, - t„ _2Z Z <nm) sinh (L) '
0 < z < d . "0 TT n=l m=l
t = t ,x = & , 0 < y < w ,
2
n = 1, 3, 5, m = 1, 3/ 5,
0 < z < d .
2 2 2
Remaining surfaces at t .
Q
L = (nirVw) + (Jim£/d) , z = z/d
T = (t - t ) / (
2 0 t l - t)
Q
1.1.21 9, p. 179 Rectangular parallelpiped.

t = t , x = 0 ,
t
-w < y < +w f -d < z < +d .

t = t 2 , x = i. ,
-w < y < +w , -d < z < +d .
Remaining surfaces convec
t i o n boundary with h , t , .
t - t. Jl>
-—, ~
r-i iTsinh (L - - X)
sinn ^L, a.) +v TTsinh
sinn (LX)3
tidw J c COS
o s (XJAY)XJcos
cos (BIPZ)zj
t _ . _, z _ x x ^ n TO
fc 22 2 22 2 2
l " ** ~ _„ , , cos (X ) cos <B ) T f xx + B i + Bil^B
BilZe + B i D + Bi D^sinh (h)
n=l m=i n m |_ n J\ m /
X tan (X ) = Bi, B tan (B ) = Bi D, Bi = hw/k

n n m m
2 2 2 2 2
L = X & /w + B / V d , D = d/w, X = x/i., Y = y/w
Z = z/d , T = ( t 2 - ^ / ( ^ ~ t ) f
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Mo Internal Heating.
1.1.22 9, p. 180 Case 1.1.21 except t = t ,

x = 0 , -w < y < +w ,
-c < z < +c .
Remaining faces are
correction boundaries
with h,t .
oa oo
fc fc _ _ [A* Bi
L sinh (L - LX) + L cosh (L - LX)] cos
« sin (X Y) cos (B Z)
~ f . _.2
t, - t. 2
2*. 2,
Z. [A
[A Bi
Bi sinh (L) + L cosh (L)] NM cos (X ) cos < B )
1
* n=l jn=l
2
A = £/w , N = X + B i + Bi , M = & + B i C
2 2 2 2
+ BiC.
n in
X ,3 , L , D , X , Y , Z, and Bi are defined in
n m
case 1.1.21 •
1.1.23 2, p. 175 Infinite plate with Case 2.2.10

cylindrical heat source.
1.1.24 9, p. 428 I n f i n i t e s t r i p with

stepped temp boundary,
t - t . y - 0 .
fl
- » < x < +°» .

t = t , y = w , x > 0 .
1
t = t 2 , y = w , x < 0 .
k = k , , 0 < y < w , x < 0 •
k = k , 0 < y < v x > 0 • f
( fc
h t „ *, . fc
"o fc
= y 2 [ V l> - ^ f (-1)" sin (mtY)exp(-mtx) , X > 0

i *. t, - t n
* ( k
l + k
2> n=l n
m
w > k
i
k
2 {
,f- *• - *•
1 "„ U = y sin (nirY)exp(nTTX) , X < 0
fc fc
{ 2 - l
X = x/w , Y = y/w
1.1.25 9, p. 452 Heated planes on a

semi-infinite medium. Q J -l (^
= COSh lti _V ,_ Xi < x < -a
t = t , x < -I , y = 0
x
t = t ,x>.+J,,y-0
2
a => 0 , -I < x < +8, ,

y = 0 .
"1 • V ~*
+£
1.1.26 9, p. 453 Heated parallel planes in Heat flow from bottom side of semi-infinite plane:
an infinite medium. C = k [(Xj/s) + (1/TI)J (tj^ - t ) , 0 < x < x .
2 x
t = t,,x>.O y = s. f
t = t 2 , -» < x + « Heat flow from top side of semi-infinite plane:

tl Q = £ ^[(irxj/s) + l] (^ - t ) , 0 < x <
2 XjL .
+oo
Yt
+oo
i 1 r
X
I—x J 1
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
1.1.27 9, p. 454 Infinite right-angle cocnec. 2 . 2\

t » t x > 0 , y » 0 .
l f
w nw ^ wJ it y w
t = t l f x = 0 , y > 0 . 2 W ; L 2 4 W l 2
t»tj., x > Wj^ , y = w 2 .

1
t » tj , i • ^ , y > » 2 . | — t a n " ( — ) ( t , - t_) , 0 < x < x, , 0 < y < y,
w w
l \ 2/ 1
X *1 For w. = w_ = w F x. = y = x:
w
I 0
i
I *
,
y
. w
1 , -K »
1.1.28 9, p. 462 A wedge with stepped surface

t - t L L l /*° s i n X p l n { r / r ) ] cosh(A6)d\
0
temp,
+
t = t , 0 < r < r ,
x Q t 2 - t x " 2 ? jj, \ cosh (\e )
Q
e = ±e . 0
t = t 2 , r < r Q . 9 = ±e Q
r
0 *?
1.1.29 15 Semi-infinite strip with

convection boundary. \ exp(-miY) s i n (mix)
1. 3 , 5,
x =0 y =0 fc fc C* 22 . '
f- l
Convection boundary at n=l mr + (n IT / B I )
Heat transfer into strip at y = 0:
y =0 .
k(t1
-s^.fi—»—...i.....
"£' " n=l n + (n TT/Bi)
See Tables 1.2a and 1.2b.
h, t * = w
f
1.1.30 88 Periodic strip heated See Fig. 1.6a and b for values of maximum differences
27 plate q^Wjy) = 0, on y = 0 surface, i.e. Ct(0,a) - t(0,0)J = At .
and heat transfer.
on 2b wide strips.
t(w,y) • t , on (2a - b) wide
strips spaced 2a on centers.
-y = 2a- b
£-y = b
r *•'
-y = -b
t, h —
f
•y= -2a+ b
-w-
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Keating.
1.1.31 28 Case 1.1.30 except t(x, y) - t k

f .
Q = surface heat flux £ L - §j. (1 BiX) + 2j
on (2a - b) wide strips Qa +
spaced 2a on centers. °° r Bi i
^ sin (rotB) cos (raiY) cosh (nirX) + — sinh (fflrX)J
/. 2~T id T
n=l n sinh (nnw) + —• cosh (miW) ']
B = b/a , Bi = ha/k » W « w/a , X = x/a , Y = y/a .
See Pig. 1.7 for values of T = t(0 , a) - t(0 , 0),
1.1.32 29 Spot insulated infinite See Fig. 1.9 for values of 0(r/w,z/w) =
plate with constant temp
on one face and convection [t(r , z) - t ]/Tt<<» , w) - t 1 at r = 0 , z = w
f f
i boundary with an insulating

10 spot on the other.
h,t f
T777?77m \
w w
? r
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
1.1.33 32 Infinite plate containing

an insulating strip.
0 0
t = t , - < x < < * > , y = w.
1
t = t , - » < x < » , y = -w
Q
q t » 0 , 0 < x < A , y = 0.
t<x , y) - t, U
' *' 0 _ 1 . i_ n „-l f VI F 1
t
•
fy 2i"l + cosh CTT(2X - L)1 cos T2TTY)]}
1 p =
1 + c o s h (TTL)
i
T TH G =
F o r L •*• <° :
2 sinh Cu(2X - L)3sin (21TY)
1 + cosh (TTL)
F = 2 cos (2irY)exp(-2TTX) - 1 , 6 = 2 sin <2TTY)exp(-2TrX)-l ,
X = x/w , Y = y/w , L = V w
1.1.34 19, Infinite thin plate with t
~ «*. K (Br/6)
0
p. 3-110 heated circular hole. fc fc B 5 )

, r > r ,
t = t , r = r .
x x
3" »" V V
h t
1' 1 B = -VBi + B i x 2 , t ^ = {tx + H t ) / ( 1 + H), H = B i / B i
2 x 2
if
h, t2 2
1.1.35 19, Case 1.1.34 with t. k5(t - t j K (Br/5)

Q
p. 3-110 replaced by a heat q =

2v{Bi /S) K^Brj/S) ' r > r
l
1
source of strength g.
B and t_ defined in case 1.1.34 ,
1.1.36 19, Case 1.1.34 with h„ = 0. t - t x i (Br/6)

Q
p. 3-111 =
I (Br,/6) ' c > r
1
t n
3 ~ fc
l
B given in case 1.1.34 .
1.1.37 60 Infinite plate with wall See Table 1.3 for conductance data K/K
19, cuts as shown. Heat flow uncut"
i K = ka/fi,
p. 3-123 normal to cuts, uncut
q Q =K t - t x 2
1.1.37.1 84 Infinite medium with See Ref. 84 for temperature and heat flow solutions.
single and multiple
insulating cuts.
1.1.38 61 Case 1.1.37, cut (c), Conductance:

19, with only one cut.
it
p. 3-124
USL - d ) / a ] + (d/b) + (4/ir) In tsec (TT/2)[1 - (b/a)]J
Q = K t x - t 2
1.1.39 62 Infinite rib on an See Pig. 1.10 for temp at x = 0 , y >_ 0

19, infinite plate with
p. 3-126 convection.
I t = t , x =• ±«/2 , y > A .
w
ro
to
t = t w , x > |fi/2| , y = I .
Convection boundary at y = 0
5
tfr
t ;n
f
+
V ¥ ^(f)
1.1.40 79 Finite plate with
centered hole. k(t,
_2w
2TT \TTr/_
/X 1*1 U
I iFH
1.1.41 79 Tube centered in a 2irk(t 1 -
V d
finite plate. r<
i
-eft-
w/d C
_L 1.00 0.1658
1.25 0.0793
1.50 0.0356
T IT-®- 2.00
2.50
0.0075
0.0016
K H Tw 3.00
4.00
00
0.0003
1.4 x 10
0
,
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Beating.
1.1.42 79 Tube in a multi-sided 2nMt, n C<n)

infinite solid. V 3 0.5696
4 0.270B
£n
®-
n = No. sides
C{n)
5
6
7
0.1606
0.1067
0.0761
r
l * 2 '
E / 1 0 £ o E n = 3 8 0.0570
9 0.0442
10 0.0354
00 0
1.1.43 79 Infinite square pipe. 2uk(t - 1 t )

2
q = w / d 1 4
0.93 In (w/d) - 0.0502 ' * '
l
T
w
2nk(t -
0.785 Jin (w/d)
1 t ) 2
, w/d < 1.4
1.1.44 87
1
Partially adiabatic q - Sk(t - t ) x Q
rectangular rod with See Fig. 1.11 for values of S.

an isothermal hole.
.r/vwyyyy.
W/W//7?
in
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane surfaces—No Internal Heating.
Case No. References Description

Solution
i
M
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
1.2.1 1, Infinite plate, fc fc

-l
p. 169 t = t , x = 0 .
x = X + PO X(l - X)
t = t 2 , x = «, .
i
h-H
to
1.2.2 4, p. 50 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with t - t_ 1 - PO (1/Bi + 1)
convection boundaries. ?_ _ 2 Po_ Po 2+
+ + 2
t - t 1 + Bi + H Bi
Bi.^1 + Po(l/Bi + 1/2)] (1 - X)
2
h 1 + Bi + H
V i— _h .t,
2
H = h /h
2 L
1.2.3 3, Infinite plate with (t - t j k 2

p. 130 temperature dependent 4^ = jr-l Vl + + 2B(l-X ,]
conductivity. q'-'L
k = k + 0<t - t ) .
f f
2
B = Bq>"L /2k^
See Fig. 1.2.
k(t)
V-7- _h,t f
J-iÛ-U
i
00
1.2.4 Z, Infinite plate with cos (VPOg X)

p. 215 temperature dependent (t - t ) k 0 L
- l
internal heating, q ...,t2 *° 3 cos CVPOg)
t = t , x = ±H ,
Q
2
q'" = q £ " + P(t - t ) Q
Po & = 6Jl /k
Mean temp:
( t k
q"'(t) m-V 1 t a n
q'"l 2
Pol
,i ****$
k
1.2.5 2, Infinite plate with (t - t )lCY

Q
A
p. 217 radiation heating, l - yxe "Y _„-YX

t = t , x = 0 ,
Y X
q' • • = qYe* .
q = radiation energy flux.
Y = mean radiation
absorption coeff.
i
V-_^
to
1.2.6 2, Porous plate with 1 e

p. 223 internal fluid flow.
P = Porosity.
— r ^ = jr- L - J+x,o<x<
(See Fig 1.3)
P
q"\k .p
—^ - i - U - « V« , —<X <
u,Vk ,p ,c
f f
^ P
Mean temp:
V:_h._|(. . . S i
^(v^M 2
5 r \ P
i
o
H & H p.ucA
*P ~ k (1 - P) ' h =
P f
u c &
k ( 1 - P) ' C =
_ q'"Jj.(l - P)
P uc
f f
1.2.7 2, p. 227 Porous plate with internal Pl 1 D D

fluid flow and temperature Bt + 1 e 7^1 * e
2 1
\ l^(*Jl±± l ,\
dependent internal heating, 6t + 1 -
2 E ^t 2 +1 - ) - E \fit + 1
2 " V
t = t , x = l,
2
2 Dl
q ' " = q j " d + Bt), « °
P = Porosity. E = e - e
= 2 + ( 2 > 2
q'"(t)
D
v [ v - BP
I PO
2 2 , a po
"-V'W 0 ° = v - [ v - e?
2
D D ) ( 6 t 1 } f c E
<1 - 2 2 + ' * oSp ~
Btj_-
i E* - EC p
to
p.ucS,
2 2
= V - De \ 2 S p = k ( ; . p ) , Po = - - - i /fcj
q B
1.2.8 3 , p . 220 Rectangular rod.

t = t , x = ± b , - a < y < + a.
Q ) - 2
q--a
t = t , - b < x < +b, y = ± a .
Q
^ ( - 1 ) " cosh [_(2n + D^XJ cos I (2n + 1 ) | Y |

VA b
n=0 £(2n + D j l cosh [{2n + 1 ) | B 1
°^ft
See F i g . 1 . 4 , Table 1 . 1 .
Y = y / a , X = x / a , B = b/a
^ , „
Section 1. 2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
1.2.9 3, p. 469 Infinite triangular bar. (t - t )k

t = t , x = ±y.
Q
0
= §- (X - * > In (J)
2 2
t = t Q , x = I.
X = y/8,
i
1.2.10 2, p. 197 Infinite rectangular rod CO GO

cos (XX) cos (X Y)
with temperature dependent
internal heating.
<* - y 4Po„ S I J^L n m
ve + t n n=lm=l Vm[ n X A + X
( m / A
)- P O
B]
[•" = q,J"(i + 0t).
t = t , x = ±b, - a < y < +a X = 2ir{2n - 1) , X = 2ir(2m - 1 )
n m
t = t , - b < x < +b, y = ±a
Q
X = x/b , Y = y/a , POg = qj'-abS/k , A = a/b
See Fig 1.5 ,

^
q"'<t)
^
1.2.11 9, p . 171 I n f i n i t e rectangular rod (t - t )'k ,1
with convection boundary. - — = ^7— + ^-(l - X) - 4

2 Bi
k = conductivity i n x - d i r . q"'a 1
k = conductivity i n y - d i r . s i n (X ) cos (X X) cosh (X AY)
In' *n n
X 2 X + s i n (2X s i n h A + c o s h (AX
n[ n n>] [ ( J 5 B ^ ) < V n>]
X tan (x ) = B i
n n r B ^ = tâ/k^ B i 2 = h a/k 2 x
A = X = x / b Y = Y / a B = b / a
V i h b ^W ' '
1.2.12 9, p. 423 Infinite plate with point

source, (t - t )U
p
t = t , z - 0 , l. i n (fflTZ) s i n (mtB)K (ffliR) 0

Q
n=l
Source of strength Q is
located at r. , 9 , b. R + r 2 r r COS (9 G }
= J2 [** l " l " l ]
B = b/l , Z = z/H
1
1
M'P>
u
1.2.13 29 Spot insulated i n f i n i t e Solutions of f"t{r , z) - t ~|/ft(o° , w) - t "J = 6(r/w , z/w)

L fJ L f J
plate.
a t r = 0 , z = 0 , w are given i n P i g . 1.8.
Insulated on one side and
an insulating spot with
convection boundary on the
other.
h,t
w
4z
r J
77777777777777777777777777,
at

Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2.1.1 4, p. 37 I n f i n i t e hollow cylinder. 2Trk(t - 0 t) L
fcn U , / ^ ) + (V&i.) + (VBi > 0
-"oô t - t„ In ( r / r ) Q
t. - t Q ~ Jin ( r . / r , 0 + (1/Bi 0 + (1/Bo^
B i . = h . r . / k , Bi = h r „ / k
l l l 0 0 0 n
2.1.2 19, The composite c y l i n d e r . (t
p.3-107 q =
* n - V
n
n-1 / r \
i=l " " ' i=l

•
t„h Temp in the j t h l a y e r :
t - 1 ,
n 1
j-l
k r r h k r h
h [i \ i / i iJ j Vi) jj
n-1 . n r j > 1
j L. ln (H±JS + y _i_
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating
2.1.3 3, p. 121 Insulated tubes. 2Trk(t - i t ) f
9 =
An
(*H
See Fig. 2 . 1
Max heat l o s s occurs when t = k/h.
V 2.1.4 1, p. 138 Infinite cylinder with

to
temperature dependent q = S-n ( r /
V
Q
thermal conductivity,
k k 3(t
k = k
Q +
at r .
V- (t -v 0 2
^K fcn(r /r)
0
k = k
Q
at
Q
t^ *0 =
Vi +
JlnUg/r^
(t 4
V
i
k ( k + k ) / 2
m " 0 i
2.1.5 2, p. 148 Cylindrical surface in an 00

, .n
infinite medium,
t = f ($) , r = r r
t - t. 1
2# \~) [nA c o s
^^ + B s i n
n { n )
* ]' r > r
, 27T
cos {nif) d(|)
, =ijf
n [f<4»-tj
(n<|>)d$>
n=? f [^+>-^]sin
2.1.6 3, p . 226 Infinite cylinder with uu
specified surface t = a Q + ^ R [a cos (n((i) + b s i n (n^H
temperature,
n=l
t - f($), r = r . n
f(<l»d<t>
21T /
0
2TT
t=f(#) • -if
a_ = r
n 7T '0
I
I f (<!>) c o s (n<j>)d<t>
b_ = $• I £M>) s i n (n<t>)di|>
'0
t = f W ) , r = r„
t Q , 0 < <j> < TT
For f(<))) =
[0 , Tt < <)> < 21T
n=l
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindcical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2.1.7 3, p. 228 Infinite cylinder with CO
specified surface heat R a c o s + b s i n

flux, t - t, = a + 2* \ W n WH
q = f (*) , r = r . n
2ir :
m f ( ) d a =
f((j)) cos (ni)))d(|)
V> aih / * * ' n irh(l i n/Bi) /
<3 F o r
«
n
I
q
0
irh(l + n/Bi)
Q
1
s i n (()>) , 0 < <)> < IT

J
I
, TT < 4 > < 2ir

21
f(d>; s i n (w|>)d<t>
(t-tyh i J. R s i n ((})) 2_ V , ,2n

B cos (2mr)
=„ 2C1 + (1/Bi)] " * 2 , « ( 4 n 2 _^ + ( 2 n / B i ) -]
Case Mo. References Description Solution
2.1.8 2, p. 133 Infinite half-cylinder «s; fit

with specified surface t fc
temperature. ~ 0 =f Z R " sin (n<{»J [f «(>) - t ] sin (n<|>)d<t>

Q
t = t , $ - 0 and IT.
For f (<p) = t :
t = f ($) , r - r . n
t -t
t = f(# u
"1 0 " n=l
For f ($) = t 1 # sin (4))
I r- = R sin (1) - ; ^ ; R" sin (ntf>)

fc fc n n
l " 0 n=l
2.1.9 3, p . 230 Cylindrical shell section

with specified surface heat
flux and temperature, t - t. + a 0 £n (R) + £ *J \*f n - ^"J cos (X^)
t = t. , r = r.. n=l
q = f (<|0 , r = r . Q
r n A
u ^ 0
/ X -X \ 2r A
X R n + R n = f fc C O S ) d
n nl 0 0 ) W Q J [ <•> " i] <V *
X = mt/(t> , R = r / r
n 0 i
2.1.10 2, p. 148 Infinite quarter cylinder, «> u/2

t = t , <|> = 0 and TT/2. R 2 s i n (2n)<t> t m _t s i n (2n<j>)d<)>
' • V f l " [ l o]
Q
t = f (*) , r = r . Q
n=l J
a
For f(<|>) = t . :
t = f(0)-j< fc
- fc
0 2„ -1
2
2R s i n (2d»l
= t a r i
tT^T: ¥ X-K 4
J
V
2.1.11 2, p. 133 F i n i t e cylinder with two sinh (X Z)J„(X R)
surface temperatures, t - tl
u u
, V ""•" ^ " ' " O n ' 1
t - t , z = 0. t , - t " " Z X sinh (XL) J (X

L
2 1 _. n n i. n
t = t , r = r . n=l
x Q
t = t 2 , z = I. J (
0 V ° ' = Z = z / r
0 ' R = r / r
0 ' L = A / r
0
For t 2 = f (r)
, r - sinh [\ Z)J (A R) /•
t - t,
r Q n = 1 sinh (X^J^X^ J Q
2.1.12 3, p. 253 Case 2.1.11 with

t -_!9_
t, 1 V W ' sin V >
t = t , r = 0 , r = t. =
t - t TT Z
x Q nI (X R ) 0 n 0
t = t , r 1 = r ,0<(|)<ii.
Q n=l
t = t , r = r , TT < <|) < 2ir. „ ~ I (X R) sin (X Z) sin (m<|»
Q Q
II '
n=l m=l
*
nml (X R„)
n n 0
X = rnr, R = r/A , z = z/Jl

n
2.1.13 3, p. 234 Semi-infinite rod with

KJ variable end temperature, fc fc A e X p ( X Z )
i
t = f (r) , z = 0. " 0"2 nW ' n
t = fc r =1
n=l
o ' "'V 1
2 J R[f(R) - t ]J (X R)dR 0 Q n
A =
n J
i<V
Z = z/r Q , J (X ) . 0 , X > 0
0 n n
If £ (r) = t ,
t fc e x ( X 2 X B
~ o . V P - n >V n
t t X
l" o" -A «»W
2.1.14 3, p. 234 Case 2.1.13 with

B i J ( X R ) e x p ( - X Z )
t - t^ V 0 n n
t = t. , z = 0, and = 2
t - tx ~ f a* + B i } J.tt ) 2
convection boundary h , t n=l n o n

at r = r„.
n 1 n O n
2.1.15 3, p. 238 Infinite rod with a traveling

boundary between two
temperature zones,
t = t - r = r , z < 0.
lf Q
V^r—In=l [-<v»T . /2
t = t , r = r , z > 0.
2 Q
i
Velocity of boundary exp [J] + [l + < V P , 2
] 1 / 2
} P Z
]' Z <
°'
(z = 0) = v.
t - t
(
•bi
fc
l - fc
2 n=l
£ [x • c v w ^ Vi V
2 1/2
exp [|l - [l + ( X / P ) ] ) p z], Z > 0 . n
Z = / r , P = vr /a, J (A ) = 0
Z 0 Q
Case No, References Description Solution
2.1.16 3, p. 238 Finite rod with band heating,

t - t s i n ( X L ) I ( X P R ) c o s ( X Z )
q = 0, z = + b. ~ "f L V n 0 n n
TS — + 2
Convection boundary at r = r ,
Q ^s Vk = H 1 AjBi I„(X P) + V > W > ] n
n=l
-b < z < +b.
Surface heating (q ) at r = r.,
A = MI, Bi = hr„/Jc, L = V b , z = z/b
n o
-8. < z < +8, .
R = r/r , p = r /b Q Q
2b
*nz I
U-2I8-
ro
I
^
Heating band
2.1.17 4, p. 37 Eccentric hollow cylinder, 2irk(t - t )

2 x
t = t , r = r . q =
2 2 2 2 2
V(R + 1) S • V(R - l ) - S
t = t^, r = r .
In
2 2 :
V(R + D - s - V(R - D
/ r
R = r 2 l' S = s/ r i
See Ref. 80 for other solutions to eccentric cylinder.

2.1.18 4 , p . 39 Pipe in s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d . 2 l T k
1 ^ 2 " l> fc
d > 4r, dr-teH-i;-^

h ,t2 2
h r d k
i i *S 9 A
1 k x 2 k ' 2 k x r 2
to
I
2.1.19 4 , p . 40 Row of pipes i n semi- 27ik(t - t )

2 x
^tFîl
infinite solid. , for one pipe .
+ A n
h .t
5^
2 2
?3p w> h d
k „. Vl n . 2 n d
d B l B l D
i - — • 2 "~F' - 1
Wu
1 *Lv\
s »I« s
2.1.20 4, p. 40 Row of pipes in a wall. 4vrk(t -

2 t )
x
, for each pipe .
T
I
77777777777777777777777777777?
BV* [«'D n Slnh
( 2
t^])]
h r hd
B i B i D
l=-P' 2=^ =I
to
I
2.1.21 4, p. 38 Two pipes in a semi- 2irk(t 1 - t )

Q z 1
infinite solid. q
i =
d
2>
k z,1 = fc fc 2
" ^ U / l - 0 ^S M 1- <V
I* +
1 2
Z 2 = iln
(-:) - ^ ^ f ^S?! ^)
For q,, interchange indices 1 and 2
2.1.22 4, p. 43 Circular disk-on the q = 4r k(t - t ^

fl 2
9, p. 215 surface of a semi-infinite

solid. . .
t = v z * -. iiii_ = 2 -i sin
t , - t, IT [(R-l^ + I ^ + t c H + l ) * ! ] ^ 2 8 1
t_ 2 1
i "I z = zA
j^fe T
0
2.1.23 4, p. 44 Circular disk in an q = 8r k(t 0 2 - t ) x
infinite solid.
t = t - z •+ ± «.
f
<2
f. ^ .|
1 1
k
2.1.24 4, p. 42 Circular ring in a semi-

infinite solid. 4^r ( 2 t l - t )
Q
4r„ , r 1 « d « r 2
M 0
k
An
ft) '(^J + Jin
*H ? 1
•2r, -n
2.1.25 4, p. 42 Vertical cylinder in a Bi, \

semi-infinite solid. 2D
+ — irr k( - 0 t l t ) Q
M 0
l&n
H^)]
//////S/S/V/A D = d/r
k r
to
I
1
w 2.1.26 9, p. 216 Two semi-infinite regions t - t„ 21c,
of different conductivities
fc fc T ( k + k )
connected by a c i r c u l a r disk. l " 0 ' l 2
t = t , z + +».Q
t = tjy z -»• - » . x s i n- 1
2 2 /2 2 2 1 / 2
\. z < o .
q z = 0, r > r , z = 0.
Q
[(R - I , + Zf * [(R + I , + Z ]
2k,
Z 4
= 1 -
fc
i~ ofc lK^ + k ) 2
M
w/w/mss. maw///,: . z < o
x sin 2 2 l / 2 2 2 1 2
[(R - I ) + Z ] + [<R + I ) + Z ] /
g = [4r k k /(k ( J 1 2 1 + k ,](t -

2 0 t l ) , Z = /r Z Q
2.1.27 9, p. 218, F i n i t e cylinder with:

J V& )
0 n sinh (CI - Z ] U ) n
69 t = f ( r ) , z = 0 , 0 < r < r 0" t - t,
t = t , z = I, 0 < r < r . 0 -
2u n
ssinh
i' (LA )
Q Q
n=l
Convection boundary at
r = r , 0 < z < A,
fl
2X 2
n
with h, t 0
n 2 2
- J^ »pW " t ]0 0
J ( R X
n , d R
" (Bi + \ \ )J (A
L = £/r . Bi = hr /k, X J' (XJ

0 0 n + Bi J (X ) = 0, X
Q n R > 0
For f(r) = t : x
t - t, J (EX ) sinh (CI - Z ] U )

n n n
fc fc 2 2
i" o " ^ ( i
B + x ) (X J n ) sinh (LX )
n
n=l \ n/ 0 n
2.1.28 9, p. 219 Case 2.1.27 with t = f(r),

z = 0, 0 < r < r . fc t
" 0= 2 C J
n 0 n> (RX
Remaining surfaces convection n=l

boundaries h, t_.
X cosh (CI - Z]LX ) + Bi sinh (CI - Z]LX )
X cosh (LX ) + Bi sinh (LX )
n n n
C , X , L, and Bi are defined in case 2 . 1 . 2 7 .

n n
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No internal Heating.
2.1.29 9, p. 220 Case 2.1.27 with t = f(z). => , . _,

^, I
l (rarR)
(mrR) Q r
r = r , 0 < z < &. t- t =2 n
sin ( m r z ) f z fc sin nlTZ)dz

t = t , z = 0, %, 0 < r < r .
Q Q n=l 1 i^v J [ < > ~ o] <
R = c/l
2.1.30 9, p. 221 Case 2.1.27 with t » £ (z), » r, ,, _, . _. . n „. _ ,, _.T

X COS (X 2) Bl s i n (X Z
„* <. * * , V [n n » H n> W * ]
r = r , 0 < z < H.
Q t- t =2 £
Q 7~^ 2 TT '
Bl + X + 2Bl I ( R )
Remaining surfaces convection n=l l S, n S,) 0 n 0
boundaries h, t..
1 f { Z ) [ X cos (X Z) + B i s i n (X Z)]!
n n & n
x/\ f(Z)lX cos (X Z) + Bi„ s i n (X ZlldZ

"TO
2
t a n (X ) = (2X B i ) / ( X + Bii? ) , X > 0, R = r/8.
n n x> n 0
t. n
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating-
2.1.31 9, p. 220 Finite cylinder with strip (t - t )k 8 <-, (-l) i (mnR) n

0
Q
heating and cooling, s i n (nnrb/S,) s i n (nnrZ)
2
q r = - q ^ r = r , S. > z > & - b.
Q
T £ o • <™ o 2l
1
fR )
q = 0, r = r , % - b > z > -A + b.
Q
q r - -tq^ r - r , -* + b > • > -A.

Q
m = 2n + 1, R = r/2Jl, Z = z/2A, B = b/2&
q = 0, z = ±1, t = t . Q
t = t , z = 0, 0 < r < r .
Q Q
q o i
jUIUHUltA• / / / / / / / / / / / /
\
•7T7777777777frr7777frrrm.
l.\.yi 9, p. 220 Finite hollow cylinder with: 00 1
t = f {z) r r = r i r 0 < z < %. t - t Q =2 y |T sin (raiz) / [f (Z) - t J sin (mrZ)dZ

Q
t = t , r = r
Q 0 < z < «,. Q / n=l * "0
t = t , z = 0 and i, r. < r < r .
Q Q
F Q = I (mrR) K (niTR ) - K (nnR) I (mrR )

0 0 0 Q 0 Q
F = I (HITR^ ^(mrRg) - K (mrR ) I^rniR^ 1 i
R = r/A
2.1.33 9, p. 221 Case 2.1.32 with q = f(z), CD 1
r = c,
t 0 < z < H. i t Q = - H ^ •£- sin (mrz) / f (Z) sin (mrz)dz
Remaining surfaces at t . n=l
F defined in case 2.1.32
F = Ij^mm^ K (niTR ) + K^mrR^

x 0 0 I (MTR )
0 0
For f (z) = q . , w < z < (SL - w)
i = 0,0<z<wand(Jl~w)<z<2,:
(t - t )k p
—s = > —— cos (nirw) sin (rnrz), n = 1,3,5,
2
V * • n F,
n=l 1
W = w/£
2.1.34 9, p. 222 Case 2.1.32 with t = f (r), 2 » j2 2 T
z = 0, r,i. <- r
- <- r
*o-. n
fc
""~ n"o T
fc =
2-
J J X S i n h (LX
Remaining surfaces at t . Q
n=l [ 0<V - 0< nV] n>
1
x / [Rf<R) - t ] 0 (RX )dR Q Q n
u {X ) = 0, X > o, R = r / r
Q n R i f z = z/£, L = A / ^
U ( R A Y ( Y ( R X
V 0 n> = V ^ n * 0 Vo' " V*nV 0 n>
2.1.35 9 , p . 222 Case 2 . 1 . 3 2 with t = f ( z ) , [X cos (X Z) + Bi s i n (X Z)]G(R,n)

2
fl n n
r = r . , 0u <- z a< -& «,.

. t t - t f " =' 2Z
_ u < : ,
r'~2 .2 71
i t J
+ + 2 B l G ( n )
Remaining surfaces convection n=l [}n ^ JlJ V
boundary with h, t , . f
1
x / [f(Z) - t"|["X f cos (X Z) + B i & s i n (X Z)] dz
•'o
ta., (Xj = 2X B (xJ - BijJ), X > 0 n V n
6(R.n) = W C W W -Bl K (X a )]
a 0 n 0
+ K (RX X + B i I ( X
0 n>[ nWV 0 nV]
2.1.36 9, p . 223 S e m i - i n f i n i t e cylinder with:

Jn(*& )
t = f ( z ) , r = r , z > 0. t - t„ f(Z) ( +X Z
Q
1 J7(TT / [ n J
-tol"* -V n >
t = t Q / z = 0, 0 < r < r . Q n=l * 0
exp (-X Z + X Z)dZ

n n
W '0.\ >0.z n =z/r Q
2.1.37 9 , p . 223 Case 2 . 1 . 3 6 with

JnO&J
f(z) exp (-X Z + X Z)
t = f ( z ) , r = r , z > 0.
Convection cooling at
Q t - ^•1 w - / [ X n J
-^ n n
n=l 0
z = 0 with h, t _ .
exp (-X Z - X Z)jdZ
J (X ) = 0 ,
0 n X >0 n
2.1.38 9, p. 223 Finite cylinder with heated

(t „ - t „))c 1
l {mrR,)
^^~ I ^hdr
= - 5" Aî [v-v w >
n
disks on ends.
q = ^ r z = 0, i, 0 < r < r ir n n 7 T
z L
V V
Remaining surfaces i n s u l a t e d .
- K^nirRg) I ^ m r R ^ ] , n = 1, 3 , 5,
'A Y
W////////A Ys
R = r /%
r r t m,0„ == m
mean temp, over region 0 < r < r. 3 = 0
<ii
T i lo 0 r
t . = mean temp, over region 0 < r < r i r z = A

'//,
V.
to
o J
2.1.39 9 , p . 224 Case 2 . 1 . 3 2 with t = t ^ 1
V 1
z = 0 and JL, r. < r < r .
t = f ( z ) , r = r , 0 < z < l.
t - t ( J = 2
> — s i n (mtZ)
2
f [ < > " o]s i n
f Z fc (nirZ)dZ
Q n=l •'0
q = 0, r = r . , 0 < z < I.
F = Ij^mm.) K (mtR) + K (nirR.) I (rorR)
/-t = f(r) z=S F = \ Km*.£ K (raiR ) + ^(niTRj) I <mtR )
2 x 0 0 0 0
+ V/Aj I'O
R = t/l, z = z/l
\/////7/////////
///////////////,
f
,<*
2.1.40 9, p. 426 I n f i n i t e cylinder i n an

fc +
i n f i n i t e medium having a
l i n e a r temp gradient.
At large distances from
0 W v Z, 0 < r < r.
cylinder, t = t z. f l
Cylinder, conductivity = k . — k + k r r > r„

Medium conductivity = k .
<i o^ 'J
Z = z/r r
t z
n
i
to
2.1.41 9, p . 434 Sector of a c y l i n d e r , t - t sin (u8/9 )

1 2 . -1 0
t V 0 < r <r , = tan
e = o, 9„
Q
r ? K*-©]
Isinh ITT- J,n(l
t r=
V
0 < 6 < 9„
V
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical S u r f a c e s — N o Internal Heating.
Case N o . References Description Solution
2.1.42 9, p . 451 T w o infinite cylinders in 2irk(t - t )

1 2
an infinite medium. q =
cosh (*hiH
R = r ] / r , S = s/r
2 2
to 2.1.43 9, p . 462 Spot heated semi-infinite solid, 00

(t - t„)k
to q = q , 0 < r < r , z = 0 . exp (-XZ)J (XR)J (X)^|-
z Q
q = 0, r > r , z = 0 .
z 0
Q
r q
oo =
l Q 1
t = t,r>0 z-*-«>. f
q 0
1 1
2.1.44 73 Infinite cylinder with two q = Sk(t„

internal holes. V
S = shape factor
t = t ,r= r .
Q Q
See Fig. 2.6

t = t., hole surface .
hole radius = X .
i
IO
2.1.45 79 Infinite cylinder with Znkf^ - t )

2
multiple internal holes. q = , r < r n > 1
®-M^
2 l f
Jin
n = No. holes
2.1.46 79 Ellipsoidal pipe, T.wtv^ - t )

2
9= b
t,
a
/ 2 * 2\
In
2.1.47 79 Ellipsoid with a constant 2nk(t x - t)

2
temperature slot.
«,n
(***)
2.1.48 79 Off-center tube row in an 2TTk(t - t )x 2
infinite | plate. q =
/6 (a/2d)\ , v
uu
4T& © © © Y 9 (a/d) = £
2
n=l
exp itrs(n + | V / 2 d cos [(2n f l ) f f a / 2 d ]
e (0) ire 3 e
l a
30
to 00
9
2 (0) = 2
n=l
exp
2
0 = 1 + V exp (iirsn /2d)
n=l
e 0 = i + 2 £ (~l) n 2
exp (iTrsn /2d)
n=l
2.1.49 79 Single off-center tube in 2TTk(t - t )

1 2
an infinite plate. g
1 -Hfrh-
T~f
XJ2 XyJ
to 2.1.50 79 Tube centered in a finite 2irk(tj_ - t ) 2

i
CO plate. ; i =
Jin \irr ^ 2w
W-«M
Section 2.1. Solids Boundedjby Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
2.1.51 79 Heat flow between two pipes 2-nMt! - t ) 2
in an insulated infinite plate. q =

ira + Jin
(•i)
^^mmmmm^
M 2.1.52 79 Tube in a semi-infinite 2Trk(t - t )

x 2
i plate.
2w Virr/
I—)2rU-
f^^^^W
2.1.53 79 Ellipsoid in an infinite 2 2
4TTrVl - a /b M^ - t ) 2
medium.
Q =
2 2
arctanh (Vl - a / b )
2.1.54 79 Ellipsoidal shell. 4irk(t,

Q = arctanh (c/b.,) - arctanh (c/b ) V
c = \ b - a = \ b - a.
x x 2
l
M 2.1.55 79 Rod in an infinite medium. 4-irkt^ - t ) 2
t ; x, y , z
2
An (2£/r) ' Tl < 0-1
,A 2i-
\k
37
2.1.56 79 Short cylinder i n an i n f i n i t e Q = ck(t x - t ) 2 ML
medium. 0 8
t = t ; x, y, z + » .
2 0.25 10.42
0.5 12.11
14.97
Zl 1.0
2.0
4.0
19.87
27.84
2r
•2«-
Case No. References Descc iption Solution
2.1.5? 79 Toroidal ring in an infinite

4TT k(t - t )
medium. x 2
= r /E > 2 0
t = t 2 K y z-K».
; t t
2 in Gtjzj ' l 2
2.1.58 79 Thin flat ring in an infinite

4ifk(t -t )
medium.
I
t = t x,y,z->=».
2 ;
2.1.59 79 Two parallel rods in an SirM^ - t ) 2

s > 5r
infinite medium.
^ _
i
5
k 28 3* For p a r a l l e l s t r i p s of width 2w, use r = w/2 .
4 t,_/
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
2.1.60 79 Two aligned rods in an 4TTk(t - t )

1 2
infinite medium. , s - 2% > 5r
22-
]t C
*7 Y„
For aligned strips of width 2w, use r = w/2
2.1.61 79 Parallel disks in an taM^ - t ) 2
infinite medium. , s > 5r

2[I - arctan (r/s) |
M
i
H
2.1.62 86 Infinite cylinder with kiKtj - t ) 2
symmetric isothermal caps. q - 2 In C2{1 + cos 9 ) / s i n 6]

to
i
UJ

Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
2.2.1 4, 51 Infinite cylinder with

convection boundary.
7 ^ - * " "1
q'" E
2.2.2 4, 51 Hollow infinite cylinder with (t - t )k

1 R + l + 2 R l n R)
with convection boundary on
outside surface. q'-rj
—
1 (lit ~ l ] ~ R 2
i < |
i
q t = 0, r = r i
r/r if Bi = hr /k
Q
2.2.3 4, 51 Hollow infinite cylinder with (t - t )k f ±\2 f2

convection cooled inside l l i i K" " ] 1 +
i-R 2
+ 2«o An R
<>
I M *
surface. q- " r
q = 0, r = t..
r
R = r/r., Bi = hr./k
2.2.4 ?., p. 189 Infinite cylinder with J R )

Bt + 1 0 ^ „ . ,,, 2.„
temperature dependent heat e t + l e
o J„(VPO-) .° °
source.
fc = r = r
V 0 • g t
m + 1
2 l J ( V g 5
i^
q ... = q^"»(i + gt) . Mean temp:
et +i
Max temp: K
max
5t +
o ' * (VK:>
0
See Fig. 2.2 .

2.2.5 2, p. 189 Case 2.2.4 with:

J R
t _ _ l V 5 ! ' + 2 V sin n6 n ^ >
t = t , r = r Q Q l 0 < <>
| < TT.
fc
o + t
i 2
J <VP5;> J (VPo^)
t = t. f r = r Q f ir £ <|> £ 2TT. 0 n = 1 n
q ... = q ^ « ( i + gt) .
n = 1, 3, 5,
p = & q r A
°f$ r o
in
in
2.2.6 2, pg 191 Case 2.2.4 with convection J Q " ^ * )

Bt + 1 Po
boundary. 0t + l ' fJ = ^ " r u A

f
VPOT
•O Mean temp: 3t Q + l
See Ref. 85 for nonuniform convection boundary solution.

VP^|_J (VP5;) 0
2^0/Po^)
_-!!i vp^)J Ji(

2.2.7 2, p . 193 Infinite hollow cylinder with (0t + 1)

r
^H[ °
n
<VP5~) Y (VPc"R.) n J (VPS;R)
temperature dependent heat 3t 3' (&t + l) - o " " 0 " i '
L
0
source.
T(3t + i)
J ( V g 5 R } J (VP5;) Y (VPO;R)
[(St. + l) o g i " 0 0
B =
J (R V55 ) Y ( V 1
o i 3 o V - V " ^ VV^>
to
I p r A R = r / r
CJ
at
°3 = ^ o " o ' o
2.2.8 2, p. 194 Infinite hollow cylinder .. ... (l - R * ) In (1/R) 1/2

(t - t )K . 1 ±
(1 - R ) 2 _1
Po,
q ' " r 5 — = -\—^
(k)
+
with temperature dependent 2P0" An(5-
thermal conductivity, r
3
t = t„, r = r..
fc r P o = q ' " r 3 A , R = r/r
"V "V p 0 0 Q
k = k [l + B(t = t >].
0 0
2.2.9 6, p. 272 Electrically heated wire with

temperature dependent thermal R +B
and electrical conductivities. B - f [8-6 t 16 J)
= r= r
* V 0' k
eO u \ r E
k / k
t to = 1 +
t - o • e ( t t ) R = 1
k L
k / k
e e O = 1 + 3 (t - ) . e t()
to
k = thermal conductivity
It = electrical conductivity
E = voltage drop over length L
2.2.10 2, p. 175 Cylindrical heat source t - %> KQCRBJ

in an infinite plate.
q' /kW " 2IT Bkj^CB]
t - t, r + - .
See F i g . 2 . 3
B = r^l^ + h^)/kw
r
0 \
h **
Vl
h 1
* 2 2
+
h
h 2
fc
\-t. ,h2 2
q' = heating rate in cylindrical source
2.2.11 9, p. 224 Finite cylinder with steady 2 n T r R )

surface temperature. I^V" Z^ Z 4_ V V
t = t , z = 0 and A, 0 < r < r . Q q'"4
2 2 bl
3
" ti " o<™»V3l
sin (mr2) ,
t = t , r = r , 0 < z < SL.

Q Q
n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
r^-3a. Z = z/A, R = t/Z
CD
2.2.12 9, p. 224 Finite hollow cylinder. ( t 2
t = t , r =• r , 0 < z < &.

^ V * _ z^ z 4_ V sin (rnrZ) . _1
0 Q
q«"a 2 ,3 L _3 F„'
t = t , z = 0
n and %, t < r < t
i Q . n=l
q =0, r = r .,0<z<&. n = 1, 3» 5,
F = ij^tmrRJK.CmrR) + I (nnR)K (mrR )
F = ij^tn^JKjjtmiRjj) + ^(miR^K^mtR^
2
z = z/l, R = t/%
2.2.13 9, p. 224 Case 2.2.11 with ( t

" V a COB [(VPQ>2 - VPQZJ] I_
q'" "%"[} + 3(t- t )] Q qitijj 4
po cos (VPo/2) Po
S l n n 1 l Z
A ^ ^ ^ ^ < )
4. v 0 n _ _ l i c
nX
nti VW n
2 2 2 2
X = (2n + 1 ) T T - Po, Po = q : " e A / k , Z = z/%, R = r/£
n u
V 2.2.14 9 , p . 423 F i n i t e cylinder with l i n e heat

( t - t Vk n
source. =r > — cos (imrB) s i n (imrz)

q' - 2
^ S
t = t , r = r , 0 < ss < H.
Q 0
m-1
t " t , 0 < r < r , z = 0,
0 I.
Line source of strength q' per i _ (imrR)
11
unit length i s l o c a t e d a t r , 9 . , 2 TirTFnÔ^n^ ^ - V^V V^V]
n=0 *0
b < z 0, m = 2m - 1
n n
B = b/Jl, R = r / £ , Z = z / £
For R. < R < R interchange R for R t .

2.2.15 9, p. 423 Case 2.2.14 with a point ,. . .. 0 «

source of strength Q located - = - > sin (nmZ) sin (muZ^
at r. 8^, z^ . f m=l
" I (irniR)
x
2 îjsagrfn^^n'"^
*n 0' 4 - ô"*^^]
n=0
y. cos|"n(9 - 9 )"J , 0 < R < R x
f For R < R < R , interchange R for R .

Q
° R o /A, Z = z/£, E = 1 if n = 0, E = 2 if n > 0

E
n n
2.2.16 9, p. 423 Infinite cylinder with (t - t )kr "
= c o s n < 9 9 J
point source of strength Q. 0 2? £, C " 1 1
t - t , r - r .
0 0 n=^"
e X z J ( X R )
Source located at t \ . v x y *P<- l l > n n V W
z = 0 J w 2
- \> 0 *[K»>- fi ]
= Z B Z A R = r A
h-z ? W °' 0' 0
Section 2,2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
2.2.17 16 Hollow cylinder with Solution by numerical method .

temperature dependent See Fig. 2.4 for values of t at r = r. .
heating and thermal I
conductivity. X r K at R = a b r 6 = /bt
Pi " " <V 0>' " V 0» V 0' %" Q
fc B
V "V r
For a = b = 0:
q r = 0, r - r . Q
c c
k r a 0 i'"t) l .2 , 1 . / 1 \ 1
*V V n n
« • " -<»i"r t - 0. '0 0
k = k Q + a(t - t).
Q
(Eq. (5) i n F i g . 2.4)
to
I q... = ^ M + ( t
q b 0 - t),
2.2.18 64 Triangular arrayed cylindrical (t - t ) k

0 ^
cooling surfaces in an infinite to (R)
2
solid. q'"s
t
' V r= r
o•
See Table 2.1 for values of A. .

See Fig. 2.5 for t values ,
max
S = s/r , R = r/r
0 Q
0\QJZ
o q
I "'
Equilateral triangular array

^>z?mfz c
i . T
^.^c^WlB
" •P i«
VI # $ •
h
• ^•;
• i -JA
Im \ •'A
• :o
2.2.18 64 Triangular arrayed cylindrical (t - t )k yj

- \W- ©*]
0
cooling surfaces in an infinite Sn (R)

2 IT
solid. q'"s
v F
0*
i £ «f1 - («H - ««•

j-x
Table 2.1 for values of A.
Pig. 2.5 for t m a x values .
s A r R - r/r
0 Q
Equilateral triangular array
1 , , . ._, _••-*'
2.2.19 64 Case 2.2.18 with a square

= an
array of holes.
„, 2 7 <*> - life) " U ) J
1>D
q'"s
o efe
j=i
See Table 2.2 for values of 6.

See Fig. 2.5 for t values,
max
-|2r |~-
0 |»-2s--|
Square array
2.2.20 67 Eccentric, hollow, infinite See Ref. 67 for eguational solution.

cylinder.
to
i
2.2.21 73 Cylinder cooled by ring of See Ref. 73 for max temperatures.
internal holes.
Insulated surface
I
10
i
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
3.1.1. 4, p. 37 Spherical shell. 4nr k(t - t )

0 i Q
Q -
(r^) - 1 + (tp/rj) ( k / h ^ ) + k/h r 0 Q
t - t„ <r /r) - 10
fc
*i
- i " - 0n <*,/'«>
^ O ' l - 1 + ( r 0/ r
",i) ( k / ri ,"hi. )' + k/r„h
n / w v / i
0 0 (
3.1.2 92 Composite sphere. 4 fc

u » 1
Si"*!
t. = local temperature in j layer

3.1.3 If p. 139 Sphere with temperature- 4Trr k (t.

0 m l n
V
dependent thermal conductivity. <V i> r
t » t t » t .
1 ( t
k k + k / 2
fc =
V r = r
0' m = <0 i>
k - k + B(t - t ) . t m
Q Q
V %
t =
V h
k
~ fc
0 k
m ( r
0 / r
~ 1 }
uI
to
3.1.4 2, p. 137 Sphere with variable

n
surface temperature, t a ^^
V a
nr P n(cos 9)
t = f(9), r = r . Q n=0
f(fl) IT
2n — / f (9) P (cos 9) sin 9 d9
n 2rr n
o 1
3.1.5 2, p. 137 Case 3.1.4 with:

t * t , 0 < 9 < TT/2
0
t = o, ir/2 < e < Ti . + R 5 C O S D )

32 V •'
3.1.6 2, p. 137 Spherical shell with specified R 2n l_ 2n l + R +
surface temperatures. t fc n+ P lCOS 9)
fc r = r
0 = 1 ( I) (^H-l-!) (") »
"V o •
t a f(8), r = r. .
TV
ui x I P^(cos 9)[f (cos fl) - 1] sin 6 d6

i
U>
R = r/r.
t = f(fi)
3.1.7 4, p. 41 Sphere in a semi-infinite 4nr k{t - t ) 0
Q =
solid. i
1 +
2 [ ( d / r ) + (1/Bi)]
Q
h t
;i Bi = hr„/k
0'
y//,y//////////////,
MS
I
3.1.8 4 , p . 43 Hemisphere in the surface Q = 2irr k(t

Q 0 - t.)
of a semi-infinite s o l i d .
3.1.9 9, p. 423 Sphere in an infinite medium 3 k

t o
having linear temp gradient, T Q " 2k + kj a» 0 < R < 1, 8 - z/r
Q 0
nor large distances from sphere

t = t.z. Sphere conductivity
is k, and medium conductivity is ^ = [ R +
(R) (2k + k ^ J cos 9, R > l
Q
k
o.
A,
3.1.10 59 Irradiated spherical thin shell. See Fig. 3.1 for T/T' .
19,
_ \ in <I_ = source heat flux
p. 3-111 s
T B sink temp .
s
a = absorptivity . aG e + X
l \V 2 /.
^S.
3.1.11 79 Sphere in an infinite medium. Q = 4TT ' Q M ^ " * *

2
t » t, r * - .
f
3.1.12 79 Two spheres separated a large 4nk (^ - t )2
> 5r
distance in an infinite medium. 2(1 - r/s)
for s > 2r, error « 1%
0 QE
3.1.13 79 Two spheres separated a small Q = ^ ^ _ ^ + r / s + ( r / s ) 2 + ( r / s ) 3 + 2 ( r / g ) <

distance (see cane 3.1.12) in
an infinite medium. 5
+ 3( r / s ) + J, 2r < s < 5s
3.1.14 79 Two spheres of different radii •irMtj - t ) 2
in an infinite medium. T - 2r_/s , s > 5r n
(r / ) 2 9
s
1 - (t / ^' 2
3© ^ s
2r,
r— —H
»wsejM';''-3&!*W
-No intecnal Heating.

,!. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces.
Section 3
W
i
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
3.2.1 Spherical s h e l l with s p e c i f i e d «t - t ) k Q q'"r.

i n s i d e surface heat f l u x . <J< r
6<3, RR„ 0 R
RR„
i'i
fc a r = r
V 0 '
q = q r = r R = r/r
r i' i ' i
3.2.2 1, p . 190 Sphere with temperature <t - t0 ) 3

n , p
1 sin 1(RVPO) _ j_.
L f p
_
o „ &
.
r
2y . .
k
dependent heating,
*0 sin (V5o)
t - t , r r.
L
Q
0 *
+ 3(t - t )
0 t - t,
2
— = 1 - R , Po = 0
fc
'max ~ 0
t
0 sin (TTR) ,/=-
(t B
max - V ypo
s i n (VPO)
3.2.3 6, p . 274 Sphere with nuclear type heating, (t - t . ) k

fc
"V r =
r
r
0' ,- ^f0 .1 [„ - A - ffu - .«,]
*0
3.2.4 9, p. 232 Solid sphere with convection 2
boundary.
f ~ = £&. - R + (2/Bi)]
6
q'-'r?
See Ref. 85 for nonuniform convection boundary
solution.
3.2.5 9, p. 232 Solid sphere in an infinite <* ~ *J n k

1 2
— = id - R + 2/Bi + 2k /k.),
n 0 < R < 1
medium. „i.. 2 r 6 0 1
q
0 0
k = k, 0 < r < t
Q Q .
k = kj_ r > c .
f Q
(t - t )k
q... = J " , 0 < r < r .
q ( Q 2 = 1/3R, r > r Q
g " ' = 0, r > r . <3n"r

0 0
Q
h = contact coefficient at r = r
t = t„, r > » . Bi = hr /k Q 0
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SucCaces—With Internal Heating.
u
w
i
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources.
4.1.1 2, p . 189 Traveling line heat source in

9, p . 267
r .-..,_ ,.j
an infinite solid. fc - (-S>o(s^^)
t « t Q f x - oo. v •*• ± ° ° .
v = velocity of line source

q' = heating rate in line per
*• » v
unit length
4.1.2 2 , p . 291 Traveling line heat source in ( t w h

- V 1 / vxx I > 1 + 2 , /v \ V T 7 - 1 I
an infinite plate,
t = t Q , x •*• <*>, y -»• ±oo.
v = velocity of line source
q' = heating rate of line
T f—I
w
t'o-"a
n.h-,—^
4.1.3 2, p. 286 Traveling plane heat source (t - t„)kv . v

in an infinite medium,
t = t , x •*• ».
fl
(t - t )kv
0
1, x « 0
q" = heating rate of the plane
i
4.1.4 1, p. 352 Traveling point heat source fc fc u +
p
" °. k - e x p L <* Y>1
' " in an infinite solid, e x p
g'/kr 4n L 2a J
t * t Qf r -*• ».
g' = heating rate of the point
î
4.1.5 9, p. 268 Traveling plane source in

e x p
an infinite rod. q" AU \ 2a )
t = t , x * ±».
0
2 2 1/2
U = (v + 4a hC/kA)
t .h
0
X v = velocity of source
q' = heating rate of source
x v
C = circumference of rod
A = cross-sectional area
i
u>
4.1,6 9, p. 268 Traveling point source on the
surface of an infinite plate
and no surface loss,
'^^ - k «.© •* i ^ [ - a r / D n=l
t = t , r •*• ».
fl
cos (2|p)exp{vx/2a)
2 2 ^ 2
r = x + y
''''''jdr. ,%• v = source velocity in x-direction
H q' = heating rate of point source

Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Soucces.
4.1.7 9, p . 268 Traveling line source on the

(t - t )vwk
0
surface of an infinite plate 1 + N — cos(mrz/w) (1 - N) exp(vx/2a)

g'a
with no surface losses, n=l
t = t , x •* ±«.
Q
2 1/2
N = [ l + (2afflr/vw) ]
TV
/,
^<m v = source velocity in the
x-direction
g' = heating rate of source
4.1.8 9, p. 269 Traveling infinite strip f c v +B
source on the surface of a

<«= - v 2 r* exp (X)K [(Z + X )
Q
2 2 1/2
]dX
q'a " TT I
no
semi-infinite solid with no "'x-B
surface losses,
X = vx/2a, z = vz/2a, B = bv/2a
t = t , x + ±».
Q
See Fig. 4.1

v = strip velocity in the
thW/A x-direction
q' = heating rate of strip
4.1.9 30 Traveling i n f i n i t e s t r i p source X+L

( t ( x , z ) - t )kirv
f
2
on a s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d with
2aq
Vz^T™
D
convection boundary. X-L
t = t, f x •*• ±°°, and z .
00
2: 2
TTH exp (HZ) / T exp (H T ) e r f c (Z/2T + Ht)
Source = q
x { e r f [ ( X + L)/ar + T ] - erf[(X - L)/2T + t 3 } d t
i
m v = v e l o c i t y of s t r i p
H = 2ah/kv, L = vZ/2a, x = vx/2a, z = vz/2a
See F i g . 4 . 2 .
4.1.10 30 Traveling band source on an

(t - t )irk
f
infinite cylinder with £T + — V sin (n6) exp [-W(l - R ) / l £ ]
y R
convection cooling. n=l
2 2
/w cos {w Fo - r>4> - [W(l - R)/V2] - IT/4 } + Bi cos Cw Fo - n6 - W(l - R ) / V 2 ] \
2 2
V nfW + B i + V2 W Bi) /
Source = q,
W = r "Vno)/a
0
a) = rotation speed of source

i 26 = angular width of source
en
See Fig. 4.3 a and b.
4.1.11 34 Infinite cylinder with

(t - t )2nr k X
n W>
- 2-
f n
moving ring heat source 2 2

(Nu /4) X W
on i t s surface. n +
2
exp(f±Vê /16) x;) + g
+ for £ < 0
.h.t, ,-t(z,r,t) 2
V(Pe /16) \2 +
- for C > 0
Z
Nu = 2hr /k, Pe - 2vr /a, X, = * ** , R = r/r
0
NU J ( X j = 2X a.(X )
n n
-J On n 1 n
See Figs. 4.4 a and b.
4.1.12 34 Infinite cylinder with

{t - t ) 2 T r r . k
f
J
i«V
a moving ring heat source on
its inner surface.
• n=l
I\ JV( ^n R)'
n
^(XJJ) *' 0 ( * -»)
n 1
V
X J (X
t(z.r.t)
n[ l nV W - W WV]
£—fiinB~neat source"
^ [ W V W " WVW].
C / 2 r , -•
2 2
A • n . " _ exp ( P e / 4 ) ± V ( P e / 1 6 ) + X ,
n 2 2 L n J
V(Pe /16) +X
i
OB + for? < 0
- for£ > 0
[ww - ww] w
\ - "I {[WV W - WVW]*
+
[WWV " WWo^n)
-f[WW " WW]
Z + OT
R = r / r . , Nu = 2 h r . / k , Pe = 2 v r . / a , C =
i' i i' ' * r.
l
See F i g s . 4 . 5 a and b .
4.1.13 70 Infinite cylinder traveling Temperature solution given in source Ref. 70.
through temperature zones.
r Z.
h,.t.
z. h ,t
* — , ' — / >
2 2
Zone boundary
4.1.14 7i Traveling plane source in a Temperature solution given in source Ref. 71.
thin rod with change of phase.
i
Melt zone Source
4.1.15 71 Traveling plane source in an Temperature solution given in source Ref. 71.
infinite medium with change of
phase.
.»
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
5.1.1 1, p. 209 Infinite rod.

- r— » exp (-mx)
t - t , x - 0. C Z
Q
0 t
t - t. f x •*• ».
I S«
3
in
I
V
5.1.2 7, p. 43 Finite rod, insulated end. Total heat l o s s :
t • t . , x = 0. Q = VhCicA tan (ml) <t - t ) Q f
a " 0, x • a.
t fc
' f = cosh Qn(& - x)]
z: h,t f
S-ê cosh (m£)
. ;
i See Fig. 5.1.
E
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
5.1.3 7, p. 43 Finite rod with end loss, mkA tan (ml) (t o -

£ 2 )+
h /mk
V
t = t , x = 0.
Q 1 + (h /mk) tan (mJl)
t - t^ cosh rm(8. - x)] + (h,/mk) sinh [>(«, - x)]

r _ *•
( J L -h .t.
2
V^" ' '
2
1 fc
o" cosh (mil) + (h /mk) sinh (mS,)
P m = kA
•J 5.1.4 7, p. 44 Straight rectangular fin.

Use m =-Jjfo i n c a s e 5 > 1
' 3
•
h.t f tanh (m& ) .

< • * See Fig. 5.2
Recommended design criteria: 2k/hb > 5 ,
Minimum weight criteria: 2S,/b = 1.419Y2k/hb .

5.1.5 7, p. 52 Straight triangular fin. , ^(zÎ) 2h .

q = V5hkb — — — , S - kb—
i (2-VHa) 0
t - t f l (2-VgTc)
0
1 i^ziU)
, See Fig. 5.2.
t„
c - ct„
o " f i (2-ca*) 0 >OTi (2Ve«;)
0
Optimum l/b ratio: Vb = 0 . 6 5 5 j | | ,
5.1.6 1, p. 228 Straight fin of minimum mass, t- t £ h(t - t )x

fc
x - q'
fc
0 " f
q" = total heat loss

Profile:
q. \ 2
Y - 2k(*- h ( t 0
- v)
Q'
I =
h(t - V
5.1.7 1 0 , p . 95 Straight f i n of convex

t - t
parabolic p r o f i l e .
fw-fVF -1/3V
m = -V2h/kb
•fix)
q = kbm(t - t )
2/3 (H
(H
Q f
-1/3
=
i ^/ad"*) , See F i g . 5.2
* ST raa
l / (f )
3
5.1.8 1 0 , p . 175 Straight f i n of trapezoidal t - t f . JJ

parabolic p r o f i l e . t - t \Jl/
2
f(x)=|(f) 3 =-i + |Vl + 4mV
q - S & (t - t j
-
" l ^0 -f
1
0 + 1 ' See F i g . 5.2
5.1.9 10, p. 175 Straight fin of trapezoidal t- t f ^ ( B )* (8) + 1^(3 )K (3)

0
fc fc +
profile.
o - " VWV f WW
(t 1 1
h3 0 - V f !^ !",' " W W
3
q = + B
"HCOS e 2
[ W W WV c>
e , I ( e )
3 c V e l c " Vê'Vô*
=
IHV WW + WW
- tan 9) - tan 9)
3 = 2H\ x + - ^ , B = 2H
i 2 tan 2 tan 9
e
tan 9)
3 = 2H ... , H = W k sin 6,
c c 2 tan 6
+
* -* -i
0
5.1.10 7, p . 54 Cylindrical fin—rectangular I (x m)K (x.m) - K ^ x ^ ) I^x^)

profile. Q = 2Trx bkm(t - t )
b 0 f ^ ( x ^ ^ â ) R Q {x m) + ( X B ) I Q ^
{x m)
m = V2h/kb
t - t f K (x m) I (rm) + ^ ( x ^ ^ f r m )
x e
fc fc 0 +
0 " f ~ V'e^VV ^'V^flV
, See F i g . 5.3
1 (x /!£ )2 I ( x m ) + 0K (x m)
vt ~ e b ]
0 b o b
Minimum material: use F i g . 5.4.
5.1.11 7, p. 58 Cylindrical fin—triangular l_ 2 / 3 (5) ^BI 2 / 3 (g)

9 1
profile. 2 I ( , + B l
v [i-(VV ]L V3 * -v*
3 2
"/ \ / l
m = V2h/kb, 6= | x m, b
-2/3
See P i g . 5 . 5 .
L
2/3
fe)]
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—No internal Heating.
5.1.12 10, p. 106 Cylindrical fin— 3 2

o - rkMbx / ,t2l t .fo/aty'-a/s'V - ^ ^ V W V ]
hyperbolic profile.
b x
b
fc fc I / 2 r I B 1 8
< - f> /» \ C 2/3<V 1^< > - ^ / a ^ e ' - ! ^ ' ]
(t I (B )I B )
0 " V ~W P ^ V W V ~ -2/3 e -l/3 -2/l V " '-2/3 <V 2/3 bfl
n
T*[ M = V2hAbx- . B = § M x f , B - f- »M»f
b
- / , B = §MX
e
2
b
2 3 2 3 / 2
>3/2 J x
n - (K - x ) " M/MKSITP, P = V e
e b
Section 5.1. Extended Surfaces—Mo Internal Heating.
5.1.13 1, p. 234 Cylindrical fin of minimum

hlTX.
material.
Q = ( X / x + 2 ) ( x / x 1 } (t
"T e b e b " 0 " V
Profile:
h r 2 x
, , =
e [l/x \ 1x +
1 e'
*™ — |3\r) "2x; 6x-
m
I
CD
5.1.14 10, p. 114 Pin fins—cylindrical type. Q = j kd m tanh (mfc) ( t 2

Q - t )
f
K
.1 *C * + = t a n h
n j m i >
' )
, m = V3h7kd , See P i g . 5.1
=r
J ^f
5.1.15 10, p. 115 Pin fins—rectangular type. Same as for case 5.1.14 except ( 7 d J is replaced by (bd),
Depth of fin = b.
.1 C
7
..-/F
5.1.16 10, p. 117 Pin fins—conical type.
m Q
U = E ^ I . ^ . ({t _ t )
1 Bl I , (M) 0 V
t - t. t nj- ^(MVx/JO
, See F i g . 5.1
t 0 - t f \x I M)l(
41,(M)
<t> = MI^M) , M = 2V2 iti&, m = "V2h/kb
5.1.17 10, p . 119 Pin fins—concave parabolic

irkb [V9 + 4M - 3j ( t - 2
t )
n f
type. 81 0 -f
1+WgW
2 2
, M = V-ln/kb S. , See Fig. 5.1

• 2
1 + M" ) 1/2
5.1.18 1 0 , p. 121 Pin fins—convex parabolic

Q l C
type. 164 I (M)
Q 0 V
3/4
t Q - t f I (M)
Q ' " 3 \kb
M
2 *1< >
, See F i g . 5.1
M I (M) Q
5.1.19 10, p. 134 Infinite fin heated by square See Fig. 5.6
arrayed round rods.
- *-«o
m
i
5.1.20 10, p. 135 Infinite fin heated by See F i g . 5.7

equilateral-triangular
arrayed round rods.
rz
w •h,t f
r®\
u. V) — 8n
© °© E
5.1.21 10, p. 185 Straight rectangular fin (

I 1±1 V
with nonuniform cooling.
h(x) = ( * U h ( £ ) . Y
t - t.
fc fc
0 ~ f " 2
-Ml
1 / (
Y > + 2
.l/(Y 2) +
\ -L. w +
* "" (° ) U_ t
(0)
Y a
Y+2 "H?
Y+2 Y+2
h = av coeff.
a
h(x),t
l/(Y+2)
r
(Y+l)/(Y+2) (
V
rri±i"
f
A « |"lY + 2)^fr, + 1 ) ' jt+2
2 +1
^ L <mJl) ^ > . l la
-(y+i)/(y+2) a ]
I +
Y+2.
in Y *
I
_ 2-VY + 1
"I Y + 2
fc
5.1.22 1 0 , p . 191 Same conditions as case
5 . 1 . 2 1 with:
*-
fc fc
f /u^rv^wv -^""Î'V
0 - f " VV [ V V W V " ^ n ' V V l ' V
(1 + a) Ix/SL + c ) '
h(x) = h.
„ . ,a+l a+1
(1 + c) - c
2(1 - n)
1
-.0i-cw^ ""!!
n \1/2
(4 1 - 1
u = 2n (x/a ++ co)
'"
mil
( 1 + c ) d-n)/n. (l-n)/n c
u Q = u, y. = 0; Uj « u, x » i , n •> — , m = V2h /kb g

5.1.23 10, p. 187 Same conditions as case 5.1.22 2m8, ./- / xc\
n = — , u = nVi exp(- ^ )
with:
h ( x ) = h r l-ae^-cx/H) I • " "VS exp(c), B - nVi
°° "aLl- (a/cf-exp'ÔjJ- „ ^ .,
n a n
integer:
Q =
2iaZ[l - (a/c)Cl - exp(-c)3j * A - A 3 4
A f J W J ( 3 )
l " [ V l * " Vl *0[ n-l< " n l + ]
A = [j^rt.) - J (*)] [v . B) - Y (B)]
2 n+1 n l( n+1
I
& J ( B ) ( (
3 = n [Vl *»-Vl *»]
A w J J
4-V [ n-i«» - »nW]
If n is not an integer:
A
. l - *2
2 A A
2(mH) {l - (a/c) CI - exp(-c)]) 3 " 4
A
l = ["". m n ~^nlf-"'/) + » n-l ] J <S)
A = [-J (*) + iKJ^(*)][-nJ. (B) - SJi^tP)]

2 n n
A = J <B)[-nJ_ (#) - *J _ «l»]

3 n n 1 n
A = J ( B > n J ( ) + 1
4 - n [" n * Hi-l** ]
5.1.24 10, p. 205 Straight fin of rectangular

profile radiating to free
space.
t = t , x = 0.
J 20OGT 3
= B(0.3, 0.5) - B (0.3, 0.5)
B = complete beta function

u
B incomplete beta function

T = T , x = SL. u
e
Space temp = 0 K.
see Figs. 5.8 and 5.9
OK
in
U
-iH c
/
—10
3
'V' - V ' , z . T.A.
i
W, 20oeir/kb
h—i- 2 3
Optimum length: b/Z = 2.486aeT /k
0
5.1.25 10, p. 211 Straight fin of rectangular 5 Z

1/2
profile radiating to
4 3 2
Z + Z + Z + Z+ 1
V~
k b T 5
0 \hkbZ K T
1 0
nonfree space.
T = T , x = 0.
Q
QVkbT Q
T = T , x = S,. , K = 20E, Z = T / T
x Q e
e
K = incident radiation
See F i g s . 5.10 and 5.11
absorbed from surroundings.
i >JuLl Optimum l e n g t h : 2
b/SL = 2.365aeT^/k
5.1.26 10, p. 218 Straight trapezoidal fin See Pigs. 5.12a, 5.12b, 5.12c, and 5.12d.
radiating to nonrree space. X = b /b„ = 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 (triangular fin),
e 0
T = T , x = 0. K = 2 ae.
K , = incident radiation
2
absorbed from s u r r o u n d i n g s
T 2
oJ / /
bo Y<±
J
V
'T
I ± r
1—»-x
5.1.27 10, p. 228 Straight fin of least material Profile:

radiating to free space.
T = 0, x = 0.
f(x) = J2-
2kaeT: or. • J2_
2aeT„
1/2
5.1.28 10, p. 230 Straight fin with constant Profile:

temperature gradient
K S, T 5 K Z
radiating to nonfree space. . . 1 0 2
T - T 3
10kZ (Z - l ) 2
|[x * fc - «]» - i - =$-ftc.
K T
- «])
dT J) e 1S
dx ~ I '
5
K JlTg(Z
x - 1}
Q = K £
5(Z - 1) 2
Z = T /T Q e
dT To-T„
'n
ui
I dx I K = 2 ae
5
z -L
5
5 Z ( Z - 1) KjT*
K_ = incident radiation absorbed
1/4
A
e,mm 2'"l' *
5.1.29 10, Radial fin of trapezoidal Pin efficiency: (See Pigs. 5.15a-5.15Jt)
p. 247 profile radiating to nonfree A = b /b„ = 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0
e u
space. K / K T = 2 4
2 1 0 °' ° ' ' °*
T = T , r = r.
0 0
Profile No. = K^rjj/kbg
r
0
K x = oe, K_ = incident radiation absorbed
r
' • " ' "*| e
b 0 -\
T
° A
J
l~— K,
5.1.30 10, The capped c y l i n d e r , Side:

p . 275 convection boundary. t - t cosh (mx) + sinh (mx) p . , (mr ) / I (mr )1
t = t , x = «,. t„ - t ~ cosh (mJl) + sinh {mi,) Tl, (mr )/I„(mr )1
0
O r L l e u e J
Insulated i n s i d e s u r f a c e s .
sinh (mS.) + [cosh [ml) - l ] [ l (mr ) / I (mr )1
* ~ mJl{cosh (mil) + sinh [ml) [i-finr )/I (mr )]}
(7)
Q e
Top:
t - t f I (mr)/I (mr )
0 0 e
U1
1
t Q - t cosh [mi.) + sinh (mfc) p ^ r a r ^ / I g t m r n
I-
to
21. (mr )/I_(mr )

1 e u e
mr {cosh (mil) + sinh (nfl) p^Cmr ) / I ( m r n |
0
m = "Vh/k6, See F i g s . 5.16a, and 5.16b
- H h - i8 t Q
5.1.31 10, Doubly heated straight, t t

~ t exp(mx) - 2B sinh (mx)
p. 407 rectangular f i n . fc fc
o- f
t = t , x = 0.
0
t = t,
% x = l. q Q = kbil
q_ = kbm |exp (mil) - 2B cosh (mS,) ( t - t )]]

M|
I /- B = -«_-<H^V/_< t
cJiL,..« ro
2 s i n h (mi,)
in
^1 See F i g . 5.17
5.1.32 10, Single T, straight, Vertical section:

p. 394 rectangular fin.
t - t„
t = t , x = b.
Q — = Ffcosh (m x) + "V2u/v tanh (m a) sinh (rnx)l
t - tQ L £ x y x J
All surfaces convectively
cooled by h, t_.
<h = - 5 - jsinh (m b) + V2u/v tanh (ma) [cosh (m b) - l]}
v
x ra..b * x y u x
Horizontal section:
'VL ^ t - 1 , cosh (m„y)

<y>
in
N
rrt • ^
fc
0" f fc cosh (m a)
y
F tanh (ma)
h = *•— , See Figs. 5.18a, 5.18b
"y m„a
F =
cosh (m b) + yivfv tanh (m a) sinh (m b)
m = "Vh/kv, m = Vh/ku
x y
5.1.33 10, Double T, straight, Vertical sections:

p. 413 rectangular fin. t - t f
fc = x = b
T^rq = ^ [ c o s h ( m ^ ) + Kj_ sinh ( m ^ ) ] , 0 < X j < ^
V i r
A l l surfaces c o n v e c t i v e l y t - t =
O M h + 2 V t a n h lm a )
c o o l e d by h , t . f y^"V2[ ^2«2> V V 2 y2 2
X ) < X je2 2 2 2 2 2
x2 m _b„
x2 2
•a 1 f1- % x (cosh (n> b ) - 1)] , 0 < x < b x2 2 2 2
*1
•J b
1 u
1
— -
«- 1v
a
1 — •
Horizontal section:
t - t cosh (m y ^
F a
T-Ê- - l cosh ( / „ « , ) ' ° < * l < l
0 f '"yl 1
t - t. cosh (m„,y»)
v2-*2' a
t Q - t f ~ l 2 cosh ( m a ) ' o <*2

F,P„r r y , < 2, y2 2
u
|> , = — = — tanh (m . a . ) , 0 < y . < a.

¥
yl m ^ yl 1 1 1
p i?
12
1> „ = tanh (m _ a _ ) , 0 < y_ < a_
*y2 m a y 2 2 y2 2 '2 2
5.1.33 continued
1 cosh (m , b,) + B sinh (m , b,)
xl 1 xl 1
a
2 cosh («n b ) + V2u^7v^ tanh (m z^
x2 2 2
s i n h (m b
x2 2'
a }
B = P Vv /v [sinh (i\ b ) + V2u /v tanh (m 2
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
b ) + 2 V u v t a n n 13 1
x cosh (m, 2 2 ] c ]/ i ^yl !
i m x l = V2Vkv lf m x 2 = "V2h/kv 2
to
Ul
m y l = V2h7K^, m y 2 = V2h/ku 2
5.1.34 2, Insulated wires adjoined on t - t m ,

p. 179 a convectively cooled plate
(e.g., thermocouple wires).
t = «:„, r - «. kpWthj^ + h ) ( l / h . + 6 / k ) 1/2
2 1
Wire radius = r . B = Vk~T + V F T

w wl w2
Wire i n s u l a t i o n thickness = <S.
Wire therm, cond. = It .
w H = "V2(h + h )/kw
I n s u l a t i o n therm, cond. = k .
P l a t e therm, cond. = k .
m
l
to
lb
nMi
l
"2' f2
Section 5 . 1 . Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
5.1.35 9, Composite f i n i t e rod. cosh (A) sinh (B) + H sinh (A) cosh (B) + (T /T ) sinh (Dx/x )
=
p . 157 t = t , x = 0. T^ sinh (D) cosh (A) + H cosh (D) sinh (A)
t = t , x = x .
2 2 0 < x < x x
A j , A_ = a r e a s .
CV C = circumferences.
2 ft _ ^ - ^ j , B = m ^ - x), D = m ^ , T = t - t f
H h C k h C k A m h C / k A m = h C / k A
I | =V l l lV 2 2 2 2' l =V l l l l' 2 V 2 2 2 2
f-h,,t t _h ,t2 f
1
*°\~ 1 P 2 T* „ cosh (A) sinh (B) + H sinh (A) cosh (B) + (Tg/TJ sinh (m b - m x)
Ul
I x
to h— i-*i X
T ~ sinh (D) cosh (A) + H cosh (D) sinh (A)
F^r- * X. < X < X
A = IILX^ B = m ( x 2 2 - x), D = m ( x 2 2 - x ), T = t - t
x f
h C k A / h C k A m a n d m a S a b o v e
H =V 2 2 2 2 ' l l l l' i 2 '
5.1.36 9, Case 5.1.35 with: t- t f cosh ( m ^ - nyc)

p. 157 q = 0, x = x_. t„ - t. cosh (m x ) cosh (ra x - m ^ ) + H sinh ( m ^ ) sinh (m x - n y ^ ) '
2 2 2 2
0 < x < x •
(t - t ) f cosh (m x - m x)
2 2 2
=
t - t H cosh (ra x ) cosh (m x - m ^ ) + sinh (m.^) sinh ( m ^ - m ^ ) '
1 1 2 2
X., < X < X j ,
k A / h C k A h C / k A m h C A A
in H = V h C 2 2 l l l l ' "l = V l l
2 2 l l' 2 =V 2 2 2 2
i
w
Section 5.1. Extended S u r f a c e s — N o Internal Heating.
5.1.37 31 Concave parabolic f i n See Fig. 5.19 for values at (J>(N ,N ).

radiating t o non-free space. 2
N c = (2eo-FA T^)/kb , N
0 s = K /2ECTFT* .
2
T = T. , x = 0.
D P = view factor.
K_ = incident absorbed
radiation.
Profile: f (x) = -|(1 - x/l)\
i
ro
5.1.38 31 Convex parabolic fin See Fig. 5.20 for values of <j>(N , N J .
radiating to non-free space. N and N given in case 5.1.37.
c s
Conditions same as for case
5.1.37 except profile is:
f (x) = -~ "VI - x/JL
5.1.39 81 Straight rectangular fin of See Kef. 81 for approximate temperature and efficiency
variable conductivity, solutions.
k-k |l + B ( t - t )].
0
5.1.40 83 Sheet fin for square •loo -loo

2 2
array tubes with J 2 K IVBT[<X - mA) + <Y - nA) ]
0 )
t t
convection boundary, ' t n=-°° m=-°a

jaa ^£0
n
h t . J~ 1/2
f f
2 2
K <RVBT) + I (RVBT) ^T
0 ^
0 K [&VBT(m + n )J 0
n=-co m=-°°
o o
n, m / 0 .
2n
01
o o (. (.
HVBT[(A/R) 2
- IT]
o4 o4
I
to •400 4CO
,1/2
2 2
K^KV&T) - I ^ K V B I ) Y ^T K [Aî(m + n 3
o o
0
n=-°° m=
•fCO ^£0
*
I I K (RVBT) + I (R^T) £
0
"^ ^
J0
n=-°° m=-°°
2
K [AYBT(III + n 0
0
1/2
2
n, m ^ 0 .
X = x/b, Y = y/b, R = r/b, Bi = hb/k, A = a/b

Section S.l. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
i
to
Section 5,1. Extended Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
to
o
Section 5.2. Extended Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
5.2.1 10, Straight, rectangular fin. ( t t )

~ f .. cosh (mx) . . , , ^ g'"b J
rakb = -—, >•„. - sinh (rax) +
p. 194 q = q . x = 0.
Q q Q tanh (mi!,) q m 0
g = 0, x = b.
Optimum profile:
sinh (2m&) 1 - q /hb(t -
0 t )
f
fc ) < 1 / 3
2m£ - 1/3 - q /hb(t - t ) ' °± VÔ ~ f
I
0 0 f
m = Y2h/kb, t = t , x = 0
I
u>
5.2.2 1, p. 246 Straight infinite rod.
t = t , x = 0.
Q
1 + 2 1 -
km (t - t )
Q f
MSB
t h t
o|/- ' f
EZ3
F
Section 5.2. Extended Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
i
u
M
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No internal Heating.
Case No. References Descr iption Solution
6.1.1 9 , p . 54 I n f i n i t e p l a t e source.
— ^ = f [erf (FO* - Po^) + erf (PO* + Fo*)] , - » < x < 00
t = t , - b < x. < b, T = 0.
t = t ^ b < x < - b , T = 0.
See F i g . 6.1
x = ~b x •* b
l
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
6.1.1.1 74, Case 6.1.1 with a plate of

t 2 1
p. 424 different properties. -^- = 1 - r^T i (-HjHerfcp "- *-^
2 X + X
* erfcR " - > 1), - 1 < X < +1
2i¥
. %l J)
CO
1 +
© l"*£/ " n=l
fc fc K + X
n - «,
© 0
I
to
/x - 1 + 2nvsr^rr\
x erfc f • 1 , 1 < X < -1
1 - K
P C k
, H ;. + K
" 2 2 2
Interface temp:
t - t_ 2K n _ 1
y <-H) erfc^Fo*^, X = 1
fc 1 + K 2
0 " ^ (1 + K)
n=l
For Po. - small:
X 1 + 2 l
fc
2 - *» K , / X - 1\ 2K
21 — erfcl/ f - V^
erfc/ |
fc
0 " fc
- " X + K
K) 2 V f
^
\ VFO-;
2 (i +
6.1.1.2 74, Case 6.1.1 with a pulse source

(t - t )p,c b
2 i 1
p. 427 of heat of strength Q J/m* a t

Q
2 TTVFOTV \ F o
l/ f.
x = 0, x = 0 n=l
t = t , - » < X < <*>, T = 0.
(2n - X)' (2n + X)'

x {exp + exp -1 < X < 1
4 Fo, 4 Fo,
(t - t^p^jb n-1
(-H)
I ^ y ^ { l + KJVTMPO^ ^
u
x exp I^^VF:; ^ 1 1 2
). i<*<-i
K = P r l ^ f H = l - K
P C k 1 + K
2 2 2
6.1.2 9 , p. 54 Case 6 . 1 . 1 with: t - t.co 1 - X rf _ Fo + erf + F x erf

t = t ( b - x ) / b , - b < x < b,
Q t Q - ta
K x ) H^ K ° ) - x K)
m
T = 0.
t = t , b < x < - b , T = 0. /at , (x + b)' •(x - b ) '
m
+ J-2~iexp + exp 2 exp
6.1.3 9, p . 56 I n f i n i t e rod source. t - t

1 1 5 = - = J[erf( F o ; - Fo*) + .rf (*£ + Fo*)]
t = t , |x| < d
Q r | y | < b,
T = 0.
x [ e r f ( F O * - Fo*^ + erf M * *
t = t , | x | > d,
a )]
| y | > b , T = 0.
6.1.4 3 , p . 407 i n f i n i t e cylinder source. 00

t = t_ J (XR)Y (X) - 3 (\)? (XRT1 ^
0 0 0 0
fc r < r T = 1 + exp(-X^Fo)
"V 0' °' J*(X) + YJ(X)
t = ^ r > r , T = 0.
Q
See F i g . 6.2
6.1.5 9, p . 55 Spherical source. t - t ^ ^ t * \ i / * *\

,_ . . . r ~ = r erffFo - Fo ] - — erf(Fo + Fo )
t = t , r
0 < b, T = 0. t„ - t^ 2 \ r c) 2 Q \ r tJ Q
t = t^, r > b, x = 0.
2
* \ 2
V - j e x p ^ - F O ^ ) ] exp[(Fo *
r + Fo^) ]
2 Fo VT
r
See F i g . 6.3
6.1.5.1 74,
p. 429
Case 6.1.5 with a sphere of
different thermal properties.
I I A . . i (^\hi?± exp r2 P P . P ( 1T R) i
fc fc R K X + K L l 1 1 J
«- 0 l 2 - Vl 1
x erfc/AI_S . P VFOT\ - « f A-iSM , R < i .

x 2V
W V l ^f "
t-t_ , , ,„ „ , / R _ X
Merfc/^^\ + F^ erfc
2
M W ~
fc R K x
o " ^ i laVioTi 2 " \vnq.
K 2 + K
e X P F P R rtC P V B
1 ~ (K, - 1) (K V l f P( 2 °2 " 2 " *)* (^= ~ 2 2|
R 1 + 2 5 K + K
1- , £ / - ^7 l\ , 2 l
K X
2 " \ 2 ^ j (K -D(K
2 1 + D
/ 2 . /R - 1 + 2 0 : x
x exp(p^Po - P R - 1 + 2 > 5 7 ^ ) e r f c /
2 ^ _
2 2
5 5 R X
~ V ! )) ' *
1
K - ^ 1 K -^ P " 2 - P - Vll
1 P C k 2 X K + K 2 X + K
" 2 2 2 ' " V " 2 V 1 ' l
f(+R) = f(-R) - f(+R)
6.1.6 9, p. 61 Adjoined semi-infinite regions. t - t,

i - f-
r = |[erf(po;) l] -»<x + /
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
t = t_, x < 0, T = 0.
I
-J
6.1.7 7 , p. 89 Specified temperature 00
2
f (x + \a)exp(' -X )dX
distribution.
wJ
t = f ( x ) , -co < x < <*>, t
6.1.8 9, p. 88 Adjoined semi-infinite t - t,

1 + A e r f + e3 H x + H /4
regions with contact t~rt ' TTJ I
2 [ K) *( i f i )
resistance,
t = t , x > 0, T = 0 . x erfc IPO + H /2 X >
( x fl )]) ' °
t = t , x < 0, T = 0.
2
t - t,
erf Po e3 + a
sp^q = r r ^ [ I xl - * ( v »l »
x erfc(| Fo*| + H o /2^1 , x < 0 2 2
00 •c k,
0 h^ , H . i l L p L , H - J&(1 + A,
k, ot- 1 k,A 2 k *
1 2
6.1.9 9, p. 88 Adjoined semi-infinite t - t,

regions—no contact
—-f- - ^ [ l • A erf (*£)] f
x > 0
1 2
resistance.
t = t , X > 0, T 0. t - t e r f po x <
t = t , X < 0, T 0. t-r^ = rir (l x l)'
>
k, a „
1 2
6.1.10 9, p. 89 Plane source of heating ( t k

" V i i / *\
between adjoined semi- a
<ri
infinite regions,
t = t., -°° < x < °°, T = 0. { t k
" V 2 I /, *,\
^ = q„, X = 0, T > 0 q CT
0 2
= heat source strength.
k k,
2
k *a
1 2
-x t.
at
I
is
6.1.11 1, p . 341 Line source of heat.

e x p Fo r > r , r + 0
9, p . 261 t = t , 0 < r < r , X = 0. t T T T " F15 (" r j ' Q Q
fc E r T =
= *=«' > ' 0 °-
If line is a steady source of strength g :
0
VVT
6.1.12 1, p. 342 Cylindrical shell source. t- t

F F ex Fo 2 + F J 2i F o
t =t ,
Q < r < r , T = 0.
t i Q t 0 - t a
(\ ' % ) P["( r* °r')] o( r *\)
*»' r > r , T = 0. 0
i =V=T
I
H
6.1.13 9 , p . 247 Spherical surface a t steady t - ti 1 / * *\
temperature. t - —t = — erfcfPo - Po I
fc R r
t =t , r >r
± T = 0. Q f i V V
t = t , r = r , T > 0.
0 0
l
0
6.1.14 9, p. 247 Spherical surface with t - t. .

i BI j, e. r_ f, .c_j ,P„o. - Fo
„_ J, expQBi + 1)(R - 1)
convection boundary. t , - t. (Bi + 1)R
t =» t , r > r , T = 0.
t Q
(Bi + l ) F o ] e r f c | P o * - Fo* + (Bi + 1 ) V F O | |
£ 6.1.15 9 , p . 248 Spherical surface with (t - t.)k

- — = R^ lecfclFo*r - Fo* )
steady heat f l u x . q r
Q
0
0
L I V
t - t . , r = r , x = 0.
Q / * * ,-Yl
q = q , r = r . - exp(R - 1 + F o ) e r f c f F o - F o t r +VfoJ
Section 6 . 1 . I n f i n i t e Solids—No I n t e r n a l H e a t i n g .
Case No. Ref _r •.ices Description Solution
6.1.16 1 , p . 336 Point source. t - t r"*

0_ 2
t = t.., 0 < r < r „ , T = 0.
u L L
„ _ ,. — exp/- Po* j , r > r„, r n - 0
i' " " V ~ "* t.t i -_ t to " ^r^n^y *"r / ' * ' *0' '0
fc fc
= co' c
>V T
= °" ° 6>^V
If point is a steady source of strength Q : Q
0 r
; = —z-z:—
3/2
I expl- X Po IdX
V 0 4TT Va fe \ "'
I
For T ->• <*>:
(t - tjkr
1
Q 4TT
0
6.1.17.1 1, Spherical shell source. fc

- fc
» R
o - 1
r -i) i 2
r 2
i) i
( R ( R +
p. 340 t t., r. < r < r R >

I I 0' tpr-^ • S ^ m eXP
L" 4FO J " L" eXP
4Fo J ' V 0 * ° R
0.
R = r/r i
too' r > r , T = 0.
Q
If the shell is a steady source of strength Q.:

2,2
( t (r - r ^ X (
- *»>* V5- f i_ dX
exp 4a exp to
*0' I 4ir r - / ^ X
For T •+• °°:

i
( t - t )kr
_1
4ir
6 . 1 . 1 7 . 2 1 , p . 342 Plane s o u r c e . t - tco 1 /

9 , p . 263 t = t . , -9. < x < +£, T
7t . — = —=-
- t irFo
expf-
\ c FOx*2\/ ) , •, x\', > a, a + o
t = t^, |x| > a, x = o.
If the plane i s a steady source of strength q n
I
gA wal /T A.72 2
e x p ( x 2
~ ^ /4a)dX
0
* J x
*VVr
2
= VFO" exp(- Fo* ) - -L|^- e r f c / F o ^ A
6.1.18 9, p. 335 Cylinder with steady 00

J (XR)Y (X) - Y (XR)J (X)
2 0 Q Q 0
dX
surface temp. exp(- X Fo)- X
0 1 J. jJ(X) + Y*,(X)
t = t^, r > r Q f T = 0.
t r T >
= v -v °- See F i g . 6.4
q r / 2
0 , _ -1/2 1 1 /FoV __, 1 _ R = 1
(7T F O ) + + F o
( t 0 - 1 .i) •
n 2 - i ( r j 8 -
For Fo < 0.02

( t
- V 1 f /R - 1 \ + (R - 1 ) V F O
I e r f c +
3/2
i e r f c (~2Vfo)
(t - n t | ) = VI (l?f5) 4R
2
__, (9 - 2R - 7R ) .2 _ / R - l \ ^
+ l e r f c +
„ 5/2
32R' D (^Vfo)
6.1.19 9, p . 337 C y l i n d r i c a l s u r f a c e with _

convection boundary, • ^ - - 2 Si f e x p ( - X Fo)
fc
t - t^ r > r , T = 0. i " f M
Q
J (XR)[XY (X) + Bi * (X)] - YgtXR^XJ^X) + Bi J (X)]

Q 1 0 Q ^
2 2 X
[XJ^X) + Bi J ( M ] + [XY (X) + Bi Y (X)]
Q X Q
6.1.20 9, p . 338 C y l i n d r i c a l surface with

( t -- t..)k
t,)k /" T 2 1 V1 X R ) Y
~V l ( X ) X R ) J ( X ) d X
2
steady heat f l u x ,
t = t r r > r , T = 0.
Q
— j Li - • * » *-°>J —[jjtt)
— + Y*<A)]A 3
q = r = T >
r V V °- For Po < 0.02:
(t - ti. ) k ,A/FO . . /R - 1 \ 3R + 1 ^=r- .2 . /R - 1 \ ^

— = 2 \ - xerfc(-^ =) - - ^ - VFO I e r f c ( - ^ = ) +
Vo W
For Po » 1:
0\
H
Ul
( t _ k
V /4Po\
V o-*— = A n p ^ f ] - 0.57722
\ R '2
6.1.20.1 74, Case 6.1.20 with two dif- ( t J (X R A ) d A
p. 434 ; erent thermal materials,

- V i 4 f r / 2 \i o >v
t = t., r > 0, T = 0.
q r = q r r = r , T > 0.
0 Q
J,(X)
2
VO IT 1 L *\ VJ 3 (•
, 2 + *")
X
XR Y x
en
I
ô^f )*- o|/f ^ dX , R > 1
KJ x y x J Y x
i< ' o(vf j - ^ o ^ i ^ )
KJ (X,J A A ) J A
*- i o(>/5 ) " ^ V i(^T
6.1.21 9, p. 342 Infinite conductivity

fc fc
-0 4B /" 2
cylinder in an infinite
fc fc 2
exp(-A F o ) f | , R < 1
l " 0 " n i
medium.
t - ' t y r > r , T =0.
Q
t = tjl, r < r , T = 0.
Q
B 2
= P 0 1 1
0
C / P C
2 1
A.':=!.[AJ (\) - BJ (X)]" +|^Y (^) - BYÂ)]
0 X 0
See Pig. 6.5

k,c ,/J
0 0
6.1.22 9, p. 342 Infinite conductivity 00

(t - t )k Q
2 3
cylinder with steady heat exp(-X F o ) ] ^ , M < IK
source in an infinite medium,
t = t ; r > 0, T = 0.
Q
B and A defined in case 6.1.21.

Heat rate = Q per unit length.
See Pig. 6.6.
k,c ,P
0 Q
6.1.23 9, p. 346 Cylinder with properties

t _ fc X R ) J ( A ) d X
different from surrounding 0 4Y f /,2 \ V l

i.
medium.
t = t , r < r , T = 0.
x Q J^Xjfj^XRJlf) - Y(BXR)^T[dA
0
t = t , r > r , x = 0.
Q Q 2 2
x (4> + i|> )
R > 1.
i|i = Y^CXJJJJCSX) - BJ^XJJ^BX)
<>
j = yJ (X)Y (eX) - 6J (X)Y (0X)
1 0 O 1
I k
e =vs^, Y =v o
See case 6.1.4 for equxl material properties.
6.1.24 9, Point source of rectangular (t - t„)4irrk

T
p. 402 periodic wave heating.
= erfc (f??) - l+ 1
Q(T) = 0, T < 0. 00
2 2 2 2
exp(-TX ) exp(-X + TjX ) - exp(-X )| sin(Po*X)dX
Q(T) = Q„, nt < T < nt n
0' '"0 0 2
+ T n = 0 , 1,
l f 1, x[l - tX p(-X )]
Q(T) = 0 , n T 0 + T < T < (n + 1 ) T 0 0 < T < T,
n = Number of cycles,
r = T / T T = T / T Fo =
t = t , m r -»• =°. i i o' o' * trtv^l
Q(r)
Ref-
Case No. erences Description Solution
6.1.25 9, Line source of rectangular (t - t )4irk

CO *
p. 402 periodic wave heating. Q~ Q
= E i
<" F o 4 T
/ > T _ 2
Same conditions as for

2 2 2 2
case 6.1.24. °° exp(-TA )J (Fo*A)[(l - Têxpl-X )
0 - exp(-A + OÂ ) + r J d A
- 2
2
/0 x[l - exp(-A )]
0 < T <T .
T = T / T T = T / T P = t / d f
l l 0' 0' ° ^ o
i
H
6.1.26 46 Infinite conductivity sphere See Fig. 6.7
19, in an infinite medium,
p. 3-63 t = t , r < r , T = 0.
x Q x
Section 6.1. Infinite Solids—No internal heating.

, . • ' ; ' . ;
. . • • • • • ' ' >
to
Section 6.2. Infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
6.2.1 9, p. 265 Cylindrical source of heating.

(t - t.)k
qui _ wi
-a < z < +z,
q f o < r < r
T > o.
l f
M
_^.-/ -HHHi4)
0 '1 -i J
0t
du, r = 0 , Z = 0
q'" = 0, r > r , £ | z | > A,

For SL •*• ">i
T > 0.
t = t , r > 0, (t - t,)k
^•"t—(-^-i-C-A.)
±
, r = 0, Z = 0
|z| > 0, X = 0.
a
0 *1
Fo = orr/r,
q'" = 0
to
to
1
—%
6.2.2 9 , p . 347 Case 6 . 1 . 2 3 with a c y l i n d e r CO - -j

fc 2
and i n t e r n a l h e a t i n g , " V'O _ 4 f ll - exp(-X Po )Jj {\R)J (X)dX

1 0 1
2 2
, R< 1 .
t = t , r > 0, T = 0. q*0A " r" 0 IT i , 4 ^[*22 +
, *
,,,2T
2
]
Q
— I l l — — I I I
ql", 0 < r < r .n
T > 0. ( t -- V
t )k Q
k [ l - exp(-X F o ^ ] [J (BXR)I)) - Y (BXR)ip]dX
n
2 f Q 0
R > 1.
S, <f>,and I)J defined i n case 6 . 1 . 2 3 .

6.2.3 9, p. 348 Sphere

Sphere with
with internal
i n t e r n a l heating
heating (t
(t - - t )k
t»)k Q „„*2
*2 r , / i _ R\ Q / l + R\
2 2
. . . .. „ 5 2
I°__ ! _
4
2 R i e r t c / ^ - ^ \ - 2R i e r f c ( ^ ^ r )
i n an i n f i n i t e medium. qj «' '"<rr
3
2 L V Fo / \ Fo /
0 0
t = t . , r > 0, T = 0.
... = ..», 0 < r < r ,
q q *
^{"try-^^m
0
2 Fo - 4
1
q" =0, r > r , Q
T>0. 0 < R< 1 .
fc t , k 2
T ( y\ i _: o FO*
B V 7 F r2 _ 2 R
- ' ô" o
3 5 L
+ Fo* i e r f c ( - | - ) l / R > 1 .
Fo = 2"tf«T/r 0
6.2.4 9, p . 349 I n f i n i t e conductivity sphere

(t - t ) k Q x
l_jh_Bi 6 2 .2
in an infinite medium with K B
in 2 Bi it
contact resistance, *o r
o
t = t , r > 0, T = 0. oo
q ' " = q' ", o o. exp(Fo u )du

Q Q 2 2 3
l Q [ u ( l + Bi) - K B i ] + [ u - K Bi u]
q " ' = 0, r > 0, x > 0.
0 < R < 1.
I For small values of T:

to
fc k
a C
1.Pl' V 1k
< - V K Fo
[1 - (K Bi Po)/2 + . . . J
^0 0
For large values of T:

(t - t ) k 0
+ Bi
• ^ Bi
3 P C
1 1
K= p c
o o
Section 6.2. Infinite Solids—With Intt. . Heating.
6.2.5 74, p. 426 Infinite plate with internal

1 V ( _, H^
) n - l ej . r <2n - 1) + x"j
heating in an infinite 1 + Po Fo,
i-rnc2 u
2^sr
medium, n=l *
t = t Qf -Z < x < I, T = 0.
2
t = t , a < x < -a, T = o.
m + 4 Po Fo, 1 ierfc [ ^ - ^ ] J\,. - 1 < X< 1
+4 p F i2erfc
- Tti [«*» (!*£) ° ° 2 (f*J)]
1 lq'"
JULA* K(l + H) V , n - l L m f / 2 n V
V I^ - \ 5 X 1
+ 4 Po Fo i'erfc , 1 < X < -1
V 2 ^ )\
K H = f(+x = f x) f(+x)
" £hr '
P k
i~rl'
1 K
> <~ -
2°2 2 *
Section 6.2. Infinite Solids—With internal heating.
i
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
7.1.1 9, p. 61 Constant surface temperature, t- t / *\ h

t = t. + bx, x > 0, x = 0. ~- = erf(Fo ] + ^T-
0 S 0 s
t = t , x = 0 , T>0.
s
For b = 0:
V _2 See Fig. 7.1

k(t - t ) " W
s Q
7.1.2 7, p. 89 Variable initial temperature,

2
t = f (x), x > 0, T = 0.
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
' -<* • * I «>{-[- (^) ] - -[- H*fy
f (B) = f(x)
7.1.3 5, p. 80 Convection boundary t -1.

74, t = tj_, x > 0, T = 0. fc fc
f- i
i_ 1 - erf
K)
p. 206
2
- exp( i B x + Bi F o )[l - erf( *
x F o + B i ^ ) ]
t ,h
f *, )
2 2
,. *° „ » = exp(aTh /tt )erfc(V5f h/k) See Fig. 7.2
h ( t - t.) f
1
"i 7.1.4 2 , p . 275 Ramp surface temperature. t - t. 2 2
i - ( l + 2 Fo* ) erfc ( F O * ) - £ Fo*. exp(-Fo* )
t=t., x>0, T=0. bT
t = t . + bT, X = 0, T _> 0.
t = t, + br.
7.1.5 1, p. 258 Steady surface heat flux, (t - t , ) k *2 e r f

p + e x p
t = t . , x £ 0, T = 0. i ^ - - ^ °r °K) K)
<3 = q f x = 0, T > 0.
X Q
<* - V 2 , x = 0 See F i g . 7.7

q Var"
0 "Vf
Section 7 . 1 . Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
7.1.6 9, p. 62 Time dependent surface fc

" i fc
/ *\
temperature, — T 7 - erfc(Fo > 0 < T < x
x 0
t » t, Q x = 0, 0 < T < t £
t = t , X « 0, X > X .
x 0 t - t. t, - t,
f o + erfc X T T
t = t., X > 0, T = 0. i^TTT - » K ) v ^ T T (V T- )' >o
2 a( v
7.1.7 9, p. 63 Time dependent surface

2
1 ^ - (l + 2 Fo* )erfc(Fo*) - | = Fo* exp (-Fo^ )
temperature.
t = t., x > 0, x = 0.
t = bT, x = 0, T > 0.
br-
7.1.8 9, p. 63 Time dependent surface t - t.

2
- = expf-2 Fo* j - Vir Fo* erfc^Fo'j
temperature. bx
t = t,, x > 0, x = 0.
t = bVr, x = 0, x > 0.
bV7-
7.1.9 9, p. 63 Time dependent surface t - t.

temperature.
i = A(f + 1 )iW( ;)
PO
bfn/2
t = t., x > 0, T = 0.
n
t = tj + bx ' , x = 0, T > 0. See Pig. 7.6
.n/2.
br'
7.1.10 9, p. 64 Time dependent surface t - ti

= i1 exp {- xVETS) erfc /FO* - Vbr\
temperature, bx
t = t., x > 0, T = 0.
+ exp(xVbAx)erfc(Fo + Vbrl
t = e ^ , x = 0, x > 0.
7.1.11 9, p. 74 Convection boundary with t-t

2
-—•^-—- = erfc(Fo*^ - expJBi + ( H / 4 ) | e r f c Fo* + (H/2)| , 0 < T < T,
step fluid temperature
t = t . , x > 0, T = 0.
t f = t , x 0 <^ T _< T
= e r f c F O e x p B i + H2 4 erfc Po + H 2
t £ - V T > T.
v t -t ( x) " [ x ( / j| [ * ( / )]
+ it. - —
t .i ) erfc 2"Va(T - T ) - exp
1 Q
t..h-
hVa(T - T ) n
Ol
x erfc ,T > T
2Va(T - x ) 0
2KV5T
Section 7.1. Serai-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
7.1.12 9, p. 76 Step surface heat flux,

3 = - = 2 ierf c( Fo ) - 2 V -—— ierfc/ * \,
t = t., x > 0, T = 0. 1 v T
"o ^ «' \ va(T - t y
2 o)
g^ = q , x = 0, 0 < X < T .
Q Q
c^ = 0, x * 0, x > x . Q T „
0
See case 7.1.5 for 0 < T < x .
7.1.13 9, p. 76 Time dependent surface t - t. = 1, x = 0, 0 < x < x

m
heat flux.
t = t , x > 0, x = 0.
L
fc fc
" i = -1
f sin (VxJJ7x) , x = 0, x > x Q
= k/vSnT, x = 0,
^x
0 < x < T . 0 AT„/(T-T„)
q x = 0, X = 0, X > X . Q
7.1.14 9, p. 77 Time dependent surface ( t k

" V _ H I + n/2)
heat flux. , x = 0, x > 0
n / 2
q V5? t
0 n
t = t . , x > 0, T = 0. <*•!)
n / 2
q x = q T
n , x =* 0, T > 0,
n = - 1 , 0, 1, 2 . . . <t_ti
n72 = 2 l 4 ) n / 2 r ( 1 + n / 2 ) i n + l e r f c
K)
q Var T
0
See Pig. 7.8 for n = 2,
V 7.1.15 3, Plate and s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d

p. 402 composite with constant
t o a
surface temperature, " ^ „T 0 | L i J

t = t . , - b < x < <=, T = 0.
t = t , x = - b , T > 0. - B erfc
r<2n + l ) b - x~|j -b < x < 0 ,
I °1 J)'
t„ - t,
2
tt • r f r I «" "'°[' " * l{> * -] • • » •
7.1.15.1 74, Case 7.1.15 with: t- t / *\ V" n i / * * \

ecfc ?H H erf 2 F F
p. 409 t = t„0 < x < b, t-ri- - K) 2 ° I " °b * V
T = 0.
t = t , x > b , x = 0.
t = t , X = 0, T > 0. t, - t
O H n _ 1 e r f c (2n X) F Fo
(t -\[) (I • I) 1
Q [ " °b * x ] '
n=l
o < X< 1
n
t-^-l- = fiT[ Z H erfc [ P o - F o + F o + (2n - 1)B F o J
x x b
i n=l
( t K
l - V f * * 2 K
+ e c
(t Q - t ) (i + x)
x " Fo - Fo. + (1 + K) ( t - t)
0 x
x b
n - 1
Y H erfc | F O * - Fo* + 2nB Fo*J, X > 1
n=l
P k
. l"l l n
H
1- K . B
_JJ
~ P,c„k„ ' - 1 + K ' "" V
2 2 2
Section 7*1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
7.1.16 7, p. 99 Periodic surface t - t

temperature. . . ^ = exp ( - V J x) cos (u>x - V ^ x) , See Fig 7.3
c o a
t - (t„-v (—)' T = maximum surface temperature
X = 0 , T > 0.
TQ = period of periodic temperature
t = t , x > 0 , t=0.
0 a) = 2Ttn/T n
Maximum temp:
fc fc
max " 0
exp
(-«•)
J,
Time for t t o reach x:
max
Si m
— + , m = 0, 1, 2,
fc n
0 2 Yawnr"
Heat transferred i n t o s o l i d , T. < T < T_:

q V c t / T
0 1 r / TI\ / Tf\T
-r-rr r-r = ° ° S ( U)T, - -r I - COS (<0T_ - -)\
7.1.17 7, p. 106 Periodic fluid temperature. fc _ ^ e x p (,^) C Q S \ w - ^.- ^ (-LJj|

t =(t - ^
f> fM m i—y —— t + (2/HJ + ( 2 / H 2 ) ] 1 / 2
ax h
t = t , x > 0, X = 0. H = — S r - , u = 2mt/x
mrlt °
t - „ = "iax f l u i d temperature
h
< -SJ Maximum temp:
fM
T- = period of p e r i o d i c f l u i d temperature
I exp
fc
M- Ofc
(-^•)
(t 2 1 / 2
fM " V [ l + (2/H) + ( 2 / H ) ]
7.1.18 9, p . 68 Square wave surface

temperature.
t - t + t,,, « - 0,
a
2raT < x < (2m + l)x ,

0
m = 0, 1, 2, . „ . .
t = t - t , x = 0, T = period of periodic temp
(2m + 1)T < x < tm = mean surface temp
(2m + 2)X 0' t_ = deviation of surface temp from t
7.1.19 2, p. 248 Quarter-infinite solid. Dimensionless temperatures equal product of solution for
7.1.20 2, p. 248 Eighth-infinite solid. semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and solution for
7.1.21 2, p. 248 Semi-infinite plate. .infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7). See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
7.1.22 4, p. 84 Infinite cylinder in a Time for soil to reach steady states

semi-infinite solid.
Cylinder assumed mass less. 1 , 4 4
«*•» C(d/D + l / B i ) D ,
C = 4.6 for const, cylinder temperature.
2,
WAMMWAWM.
C = 6.0 for const, heat flux from cylinder.
The heat transferred during the time given above:

_2SL 1.25
= 12(d/D + V B i ) D
2
SQ (t - t )
c f
i
Temperature of cylinder = t .
Initial temperature of semi-infinite solid = t.
t > t . e
c f
The time for the cylinder to return to temp t after
m
st jady state is achieved and heating is stopped:
2 3
3 | = (d/D + l / B i ) ' f D
See Fig. 7.4 for values of f,

7.1.23 9 , p . 264 S e m i - i n f i n i t e surface

(t - t ) k rfc + Ei Fo 2
heating,
t = t., 0 < x < «,
A
q Voa ~ Vn
o
±
f K ) # (" )J ' * = °
y
-oo < y < +oo, x = 0.
q x = q„, x = 0,
-oo < y < 0.
q = 0, x = 0,
0 < y < +<=°.
7.1.24 9, p . 264 I n f i n i t e s t r i p heated (t - t ^ k ^Fo

surface.
t = t i r 0 < x < ">, %*
-oo < y < +00 , = 0 .
2
q = q , x = 0,
^x ô ii*_\ E i f. /ujrfl _ /^_*f E i L (L^L\ '
- a < y < +a.
q = 0, x = 0,
x
y > a, y < - a . x = 0,
See F i g . 7.5
7.1.25 9, p. 264 Heating through a (t - t.)k

circular surface. '• ^ - = 2 /Po— ierfc
=
"3 <3n» 0 < r < r ,
x = 0, T > 0.
^ = 0, r > r , x = 0, T > 0.
o
ierfc [F°*-y/l + ( V M f 'r = 0

t = t., 0 < r < »,
0 < x < °°, T = 0 .
7.1.26 9, p. 265 Heating through a Maximum temp

rectangular surface,
t = t x >. 0, y >. 0,
if
Cinax - tj)k o T _i _i /i\"
-—= - sinh (L) + L sinh ""(±)
x
, -w
frll» -w < y < +w,
z >_ 0, T = 0 .
m
% V -i. < z < +1, x = 0.
-w < y < +w,
- i < z < +a, x = o,
T > 0. Average temp:
g^ = 0, x = 0
IYI > w» h i > *»
T > 0. 2 . 3/2 ] |
i *-—-^ J
J I, -w < y < +w, -A < z + A, x = 0.
L = S,/w
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite Solids—No Intecnal Heating.
7.1.27 9, p. 401 Rectangular wave At x = 0:

surface heat flux,
(t - t_)k
t = t. , x •*• », T > 0. ^ ^ = - = y T V T
f 1 + -2 -T [ d - T ^ V T - ! (T l f T)/V5f],
q = q (T)f x = o, T > o.
0
q (T) = 0, T > 0. 0 < T < T,

0
q (x) = q ,
0 0
(t - O k T w +
nt 0 < T < nT Q + V ^r- =T i W^ [ ^ - V ^ - (T-V 1 / 2
-I ( V w/vr].
n = 0, 1, . . .
T < T < 1 .
q„(T) = 0 , n t 0 +
i
X < T < (n + 1 ) T .
% Q
+T
n - No. c i c y c l e s .
:(T T> = j
r
f 2 2
e x p (- T X ) U l - T ) exp ( - X ) - e x p ( - X
2 2
2
+ X 2
V J dX
X [l - exp (-X )]
q lr)- T = T/T , T = A
0
x O 0 x T l 0
7.1.28 9, p. 419 Semi-infinite cylinder See case 9.1.20

with convection boundary.
t = t , 0 < r < r , z > 0, T = 0.
Q Q
t = t , 0 < r < r , z = 0, t > 0.

x Q
Convection boundary
of h, t at r = r , z > 0, T > 0.
Q Q
7.1.29 9, p. 419 Case 7.1.28 with: See case 9.1.21

•j
£ t = t i r r = r , z > 0,
Q
T > 0.
t = t 0 , 0 < r < r 0 , z = 0,T>0.
7.1.30 19,
p. 3-83
Plate and semi-infi-
nite solid composite vvy.
2 g" VcQr "2m
i^== 2
[exp (m P o ) erfc (m V F O ^ -lj
2
with constant surface

heat flux,
t = t , 0 < x < <S, 0
Q x
< X < <*>, T = 0 . + — , 0 < x. < 6
q = q", x = 0 , T > 0. Heat flux at interface:
q /q" = 1 - exp fm F o J erfc (m V?o~) , x = 6 ,

2
m = ( P P
I 2 V 1 °1>
SeL Pig. 7.9
7.1.31 74, Semi-infinite rod with t -t

p. 211 convection boundary. ex x) e r f c Bi Fo
tprt - I P ^"d (iTBJ ' d d)
t = t , x > 0, T =s 0.
A
t = t, x
f
0, T > 0. + exp ( Bi X) erfc
d ( T ^ ^ ^ T ^ I )
.
d
cross section area ..
perimeter , X = x/d
Heat flux at x = 0:
Tt „ h
e x p ( B i F + V i r e r f c ( V 5 I
k ( t ! ° - t . ) = ?V?oT " d °d> d dâ'
7.1.32 74, Semi-infinite plate

p. 465 with fixed surface H±i_ . x + 1 Y - t ^ sin (XX) exp (-X* To)
temperatures. to - t.l it in-l
S n n \ n /
t = t., 0 < x < SL,

00
0<y<°°,T-0.
1 y S=lil s i n ( x x) [exp (XV) erfc
t = t., x = 0, i., * ATi n n
L n
0 < y < =>, T > 0.

t = t, 0 < x <K
Q
x /FO* + X VFO") + exp (-X Y) erfc M?o* - X VFoj
n n R
i y = 0, X > 0.
X Po erfc F
- 2 exp (~n ) ( °y)] •
1 Xn = mt.
7.1.33 74, Semi-infinite cylinder

with fixed surface
p. 466 temperatures.
t = t 0 < r < r„,
i r
n=l
0 < y < », T = C. + exp {X Z) erfc [Fo + X V F O ]
n \ z n /
t = t ± t 0 < r < c, Q
y = 0, x > 0. + exp (-X Z) erfc / F O * - X VFo\"j . n
t r = < y
"V V °
< <*>, T > 0.
W "°
I
r.
7.1.34 74, Case 7.1.33 with:
2 Bi J (X R) exp (-X Z)
p. 466 convection boundary 0 n fl
h, t at r = r , and 2 2
~ J„(X ) (si +\ )
1
t = t , 0 < r < r ,
Q Q n=l 0 n \ n/
Z = 0, T > 0.
r- Bi
Bi J
J .. (X
(A R)
R) r / *\
+ ( e r f c X + F o
Z T ,. / . 2 , , 2 \ H? V>
t B ( n^ z
B l + X L
n=l W ( n)
- exp (-X Z) erfc ^
n VFO" - Fo*)j .
Bi
W "
Section 7.1. Semi-infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
Case No. References Descciption

Section 7.1. Semi-infinite Solids—No Internal Heating.
Case No. References Description ' Solution
10
Section 7.2. Semi-infinite Solids—With Internal Heating.
7.2.1 9, p. 79 Steady surface

temperature and t - t,0 * * * 2 / *\ 2 * * / *2\
- = (1 + Po + Po Fo *) erf {Fa ) + j= Po Po exp f- F
x J x 0j£
initial temperature
distribution,
t = T, + bx, x ^ 0,
^ bx _ * „ *2
T ••- 0 . T PO FO .
T- x
t = t , x = 0, t > 0.
q " ' OT
Po kT,
7.2.2 9, p. 79 Case 7.2.1—variable (t - t )kB*

o
heating, * -8x
t = T., + bx, x 21 0, r PO \PO / erf (Fo ) + 1 - e
R
T = 0.
X - e x X + 0 X
t " t , x = 0, x > 0. + \ e erfc (VX - Fo*) - \ e erfc (Vx + F o * ) .
a" "
q
* 0
Po = , X = aB"T
k? e>x
7.2.3 9, p. 79 Case 7.2.1 with

t " t,
band heating, 2 2
—- = Po* jl - 4 i e r f c ( F ° * ) + 2 i e r f c |Po* (1 + X)l
t = T, + bx, x >. 0,
T = 0.
2
2 i e r f c [FO*(1 - X)lj + ~ + erf (FO*), 0 < X < 1
t - 1 2 2
= 2 Po* ( i e r f c [FO*(X - 1)1 + i e r f c [Vo*(X + 1)1
2i2 fc + +erf
« K)) i7 K ) |, X> 1 .
* q i " OT
Po _ ^0
Case Nu. References Description Solution
7.2.4 9 , p . 80 I n s u l a t e d boundary (t - t , ) k ,
and band h e a t i n g . - = 1 - 2 i e r f c [FO*{1 - X)] 2 i ' e r f c [FO*(1 + X)l ,
t = t . , X> 0, T = 0. q^"aT
0 < X < 1.
a = 0, x = 0, T > 0.
(t - t.)k
q"' = q A " r 0 < x < d, - L ^ = 2 2
i erfc [ F O ^ X - 1)] - i e r f c 2
[ p d j j x + 1)] ) .
T > 0.
X > 1
q'" = 0 , x > d.
-J
I
to
7.2.5 9 , p . 80 I n s u l a t e d boundary (t - tW
and v a r i a b l e h e a t i n g ,
t = t + bx, x > 0,
Q
Q
- ^ - exp (-SX) +
Po_.
\
Po
*
X
Po
*+
X
2X\ erfc
K)
T = 0.
2 2
o = 0 , x = 0 , T > 0. + | exp (X - 3x) e r f c ( x - F o * ) + | exp (X + 0x) e r f c ( x + F o * )
& X
q'" = J"e*
q ( ,
X > 0 , T > 0. q^'OT
Po kbx , X = B Vor
7.2.6 9, p . 323 Plate and semi-infi

n i t e solid composite. ^1 V 1 . . V Q n ,2 , / (2n + 1) + X\
4 L
t - t 0 . -b < x < -
f t f 0 n=0
T = 0.
t = t , x = - b , T > 0. n .2 , f(2n + 1) - x | X .2 ^ / 2 n + X\
xe r f c + x e r f c r
0 ' J
-e L 2-vfe J i + x \2 m')
-b < x < 0, T > 0
q" 1
= 0, x < 0, T > 0.
X .2 .
1 + X x erfc O'Yvfe * ")]- --1 < X < 0
( t
2l V ' h , _ __44
"0*"l V 0
a n
n f ,,2._^_
2 . /2n+Jx\
\ 2Vf5 /
i'o" l
E?
n=0
i 2 e r f 0 [ ^ » «»] - 2 i 2 e r f c [ ( * > , + # + " ] } , x > 0.

, _ • X- 1 V x
P o x
6 = V^7o , X = k «A , 3 = YTT'2 2 x = JT"' * b
7.2.7 9, p. 307 Time dependent heating (t - t ) k

0 r p . + (s/2)]
and convection boundary. T
, , , l+(s/2) D. + (s/2)] (s/2)+l s+2
qA/'OTC (-Bi )
t = t . , x > 0, T = 0. x
S / 2
q'" =q^'T ,
x exp (Bi + Bi Fo \ erfc (Fo + Bi -v/Fo \
s = - 1 , 0, 1, . . .
« 7.2.8 9, p . 308 Constant temperature Surface heat flux:

surface and band
heating,
t = t , x > 0, T = 0. = 2 ierfc [Fo* \ - ierfc |Po* ] ,x =0
Q qA" at
t = t , x = 0,
Q T > 0.
q'" = 0 , 0 < x < x ,
X > Xj.
q ... = q < " ,

X < X <X .
7.2.9 54 Exponential heating.

exp (-2 M F o )
19.
p. 384
t = t , x>0,t=0.
2 qj "V5t
ierfc
K) [l - exp (M) ] 2
eXp M> ex 2M F e r f c Fo - M
" 4M [ P (" °x) ( x )
- exp (2 M Fo*\ erfc (FO + JM^ 1 .
Surface temp:
( t p J 2
* y = 0 5642 - 1 - exp (M ) erfc (M) =
l
to
M = ji Vaf
See Fig. 7.10
7.2.10 74, p. 383 Planar heat pulse and (t - t ) k x f x
(X - 1)
convection boundary. = 2VnFo
Instantaneous heat Qa 4 Fo
pulse occurs at x = 0,
x = x, with strength 2 X +
- Bi exp (X - 1) + B i Fo erfc 2 p ' 0 ^ Bi V f o I
•Vm
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
f
t ,h-
f
i
00
S e c t i o n 8.1. S o l i d s B o u n d e d by Plane S u r f a c e s — N o Internal H e a t i n g .
8.1.1 9, p. 94 Infinite plate with steady

surface temperature.
t = t(x), 0 < x < %,
t - t Q = 2
I*.
n=l
sin (rmX) exp I-n Ti Pol
1
T = 0.
t = t , x = 0, H, X >, 0.
Q
w
A =
-»n
/ f(X) sin (mrx) dX
See case 8.1.25 for convection cooling at x = 8,.
oo
l
8.1.2 9, p. 96 Infinite plate with steady

t - t, n-1 2 2
surface temperature and • 0 . 2 V (-D
linear initial temperature. sin (mrx) exp {-n ir Po)
8, - t ~ ir n=l
Z n
t=t_ + bx, 0 < x < J l f
T = 0.
t = t , x = 0, l ,
Q T >_ 0.
K M
Section B . l . S o l i d s Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.3 9, p . 97 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with
t - *t„ 1
f "]
2
steady surface temper- "0 8 V 1 (2n
exp
12U&L. u Fo "
ature and bilinear t_ - t " „2 Za
n / 0 _ A
4
0 w 2 n + 1 }
i n i t i a l temperature. " n~0 <
t = ( t - t > («- -
c Q |x|)/
a + t > , -s. < x < +£,
0 = 1
T = 0. n=0
t = t , x = ± 1 , T > 0. | > n 4- 2) - l x | l \
0
ierfc
L 2VfS J)
IsA"/^
09
l
to
W W
See Fig. 8.1
8.1.4 9, p. 98 Infinite plate with

steady surface
temperature and bi-
t
~ fc
t"t " 2 Z
0 32 V-
±lll cos
(2n + 1)
2 TTX exp [.ia-iid^^j
n (2n + I)"
parabolic initial n=0
temperature.
See Fig. 8.2
2 2
t = (t - t ) (a - x ) /
e Q
2
I + t , -I < x < +«.,
c
T = 0.
t t , x = ±a,
0
T > 0 (see case 8.1.3),

T 8.1.5 9, p. 100 Infinite plate with
steady surface
temperature and cosine Vo (¥) -(-4-)
initial temperature
t - t„ t )
<v oTOS
+ t , -2. < x < +«.

(ft)
c
T " 0.
t = t , x = ±£,
Q
T >_ 0.

74, p. 113 steady temperature and 2 C S 6XP X F0
constant initial
temperature.
CTJ:
1
°
-
n=0
E "4^ ° <V> f n ) n
t t., -i. < x < I, Mean temp:

T
t V x = ±1,
T > 0. 1
n=0 n
IWA'VA'
^ . -1 2 ^ " . P O < 0 . 1
l 0
Heat loss:
Sln X 1 X F
J
2£pc -. w„, ~
2 VZ X!l [Xn L - *** (~n °)]
..... ... .
Irt-V^v/* (t.- t.) Z X TX^ + sin (X,,) cos (AJ"
e I i 0 _ n I n t n
X = (2n + l)u/2, See Fig. 8.3
Case Do. References Description Solution
8.1.7.1 74, Infinite plate with X cos (X x) exp (-X Fo. ) C

p. 220 convection boundary
(general). t - t =2 f n (X**
_nX + sin )Vcosn (Xl) j r f( x ) _ j
fc c o s ^ ^
t = f (x), -«, < x < +1, n=l n
JO
T = 0.
cot (X ) = X
n ^
X given in Table 14.1

-h,t,.
t.,h-
CO
J.
8.1.7.2 3, p. 294 Infinite plate with
74, p. 223 convection boundary— t - t„ ~ s i n (X ) cos (XX) exp (-X^Fo)
constant initial temp. t . - t . Z / X + s i n (X ) cos (X )
t = t . , -«, < x < +fl,
i n=l
T = 0. c o t (X ) = X /T8i
(see case 8 . 1 . 7 . 1 ) n n
fc fc
-f
1 - cos (V§i X) exp (-Bi F o ) , Bi < 0 . 1
t.-t f
t - t
X 2 1 X
TT = e r f / * " - ) - exp m i d - X) + Bi Fo] e r f c f " + Bi VFO)
C L J
V £ \2 VF3 / \2 VFO" /
1 + X 2 1 + X
+ erff c Z \ - exp feid

L
+ X) + B i F o ] e r f c f
J
+ Bi V F O ) ,
\2 VFO/ \ 2 VFo '
See F i g s . 8.4a, b , c , d and e and 9 . I d .

Section 8.1. Solicis Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.

time varying surface (t - tj) a
temperature, = Fo +
t = t. -I < x < H,
f
n=0
T = 0. t = t. + bT, x cos |{2n + 1) | X1
X = + «,, T > 0.
See Table 8.1, Fig. 8.16 and Fig. 8.25.
t(r)-
os -t(T)
I
en
s\/ss/\

time varying surface
temperature (general),
. =lt J^ <*> * VW" wo *„[ ( 2 n V
V' Fo]
t = t., -«. < x < %, n=0
x = 0.
t = t ± + f(T), at'
X = ± H, T > 0.
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Mo Intecnal Heating.
Case No. Sefecences Description Solution
8.1.10 9, p. 104 Infinite

J.I1A.4.AIX L 6 plate
J / 4 0 L C with
H4UI "~
exponentially varying i _ -OT cos (X^3) 4_ ^ (-1)"
e
surface temperature. T - tx. O O B
,-ssr,
( V 5 3 )
ir ^ ( 2 n
,., + 1. J , , 1fi ( 2 n
#•>+ X) ^ , , 2/ 4 „p 2d . . „ , 2 l
t - t 1 # -£ < x < * f n=0 L " * J
T = 0. 2 2
T J (2n + 1) TT „ 1 l"(2n
1 + 1)TT
1 "j
t = t . + T (1 - e " ) , bT exp I- j-^ PoJ cos j - j - — Xj ,v
x = ±1, x > 0.
2 2 2
b ? (2n + l ) ir a/4A
8.1.11 9, p. 105 II n
n ff ii n
n ii tt ee pp ll aa tt ee with
with «°
m e n t i a l l y varying
exponentially varyi i DT cosh (xVPd) £ V (-1)"
surface lace temperature.
temperature T - t. = ê
^ " 7T ^ ( 2 n + X ) N + 4 P d / 7 r 2 ( 2 n + rf]
t . , -2, < x < H,
, ... . - , 22 _ 22
T = 0. T (2n + l ) n _ 1 f(2n + 1)TI „"1
J 1
b T
x exp - r-* Fo cos - —<— X
t = t. + Te ,
x = ±1, T > 0.

periodic surface S— = X, cos [(2TTT/T )+ *] 0
temperature. "rax mn
t = (t mx - tmn)
1
t = max surface temp
mx
cos ±1 t = mean surface temp
mn
t„ = cycle time
f^(XCT) + fjtXCT) 1/2

£ = See Table 8.2
f + f
L i«» 2<°>
t(T)—H -t(T)
t {a) f (xa) - f (a) f^xa)
2 = tan
-1 x
fâ)
2
f^Xa) + f (a)
2
2 f (xa)
2
M tâ) cos (a) cosh (a), f (a) = sin (a) sinh (a)
a = VriPd = fcVn/aT,,
Heat stored during half cycle:

2llpc (t x) F(a)/a
mx
df* (a) + df* (cr) 1/2

P(CJ) See Fig. 8.5
fj (a) + t\ (a)
df (a) = cos (a) sinh (a) sin (a) cosh (a)
df (o)2 sin (0) cosh (0) + cos (a) sinh (a)

8.1.13 9, p. 105 Infinite plate with t - t.

periodic surface = A s i n (our + 9 + <t>)
temperature. m 1
t = t , -a < x < a,
t
n 2 2
T = 0. ( - l ) ( 2 n + 1) [4 Pd cos (9) - (2n + l ) n a i n (6)]
t = t . + (t - t )
i m i
+ 4
' In=0
2
16 Pd + (2n + l ) 4
II 4
sin (urc + 9 ) , x = ±1,

T > 0. x exp [- (2n + l ) 2
IT 2
P o / 4 ] cos [ ( 2 n
\ l ) l t
x]
t = maximum surface
m
temperature.
1/2
cosh (X -VTPd + cos (X V2 Pd) , See Fig. 8.6a
00
I cosh ( V 2 Pd) + cos ("V 2 Pd)
IP
tM- •t(r) = arg See Fig. 8.6b .
<^^* ^ V « M
Pd = Hio/ti •
K-i- -H
Section 8.1. SolidB Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.14 9, p. 105 Infinite plate with t - t.

periodic surface — = A s i n (wr + S + if)
temperature on one tm-tx
side, constant
temperature on the on
n
other, A n „ V n(-l) [ n V sin (9) - cos (9) PdJ
t = t 0 < x < Jl,
i #
^- 4 4 2.4 2
n=l nV + urV/aT
t = t. + (t - t.) x exp (-n IT Fo ) s i n (n ir X)
I 'm i
sin (tur+ 9), x = I,
T > 0. 1/2
cosh (xV2~Pd") - cos (xVTTd)
t = t., x = 0, T > 0. A =
09
i t = maximum surface cosh (VFi'd) - cos (V2~Pd)
m
temperature.
sinhfxVH,^,)
<>| = arg , Pd = K. w/a
sinh f ^SO
-t(r)
K-'H
8.1.15 9, p. 108 Infinite plate with » X (T.-T*) X (T-x")

steady periodic fc
" *Q = 2. Y (-1)" s i n -
(rntX)
n
e
n
- -^ ~
surface temperature
surface . . .
t, -
t,
1
- t„
t ~
n
0
A
£-•, nn
nIT *-.
n=l
B i
" v
", l i W
.
XT
n
on one s i d e , constant 1 - e
temperature on the
other. T ' = T - nff, m » 1
t - t . K - 0. T > 0.
0 - X (T- T-M
n V X (T-T")
n
t l fcJ s i n (nirx)
-v *•' tr^-f- = f Z • j r -
X n = 1
* ri
n
aff < T < *r + T ,x ° 1 - e
T
L •• = T - (mT + T . ) , m »
V U i 1 ,
<f t » t , X = %, iflj
Q "1
T B period of c y c l e . n '

steady surface 0 4 V (-1)" m a f(2n + 1)TT "I
temperature on one c s X
side, insulated on the i-r^ = 7 Z n n 2 + i ° L 2 J

other. 1
A (T,-T')
( A (T-T ) x
q = 0, x = 0, T > 0. n 1 ' n
e - e , x ' = t - mT, m » 1
1 - XT
t =t l f x = a, n
mT < T < mT + T , 1 - e
m = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
t = t_, x = I, mT fc fc
00
" 0 4 V (-1)" f"(2n + l)ir J

+ T < x < (m + 1)T.
x
T = p e r i o d of c y c l e .
X (T-T - T " ) X (T-T")

n 1 n
e - e
XT , T " = T - (mT + T^, m» 1,
n
1 - e
2 2 2
X = a (2n + l ) ir /4£
n
8.1.17 4, p. 82 Infinite plate with (t - t„)h „. /=-

0' Bl /Fo
48 steady surface heat exp
2 \ TT
flux and convection *0
boundaries, r-
t = t , 6 < x < %, x = 0.
Q „-2 „Po
- Bl exp ( Bi + Bi + 4 Bi Fo
= l T >
x
V So; * ' °"
t= t ,
f 0 T > o. See Fig. 8.18
For Bi •*• » ;
f c k
< -V VF5(
GO t ,h-
f
I
See case 8.1.20 for special solutions.
hiH
Section 8 . 1 . Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.18 14 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with
47 steady surface heat
74, p . 174 flux and variable 2 (X - U * - (X - 1) + j + Fo - ^" Z , \ cos [rnr (x - 1)]
TT n=l n
thermal conductivity»
t = t , ~Sb < x < +«,,
Q
1
T = 0. k = k(t). a is x exp (-rnr Fo) J-/ k(T)dT
constant.
q = X = A
x V "" " - T = (t - t ) / k = k(t )
0 t ( ) f Q 0
For k(t) = k Q [ l + 3 (t - t )] Q
V
k(t)
fc fc B t fc
ff
k
k ( I ) dT
k(T) dT•= - 0 , 0( - M '
+
0j n t„ 2 \ t„ /
'0 "0
For 3 = 0 , see Fig. 8.7.
For 3 = 0 and q Q terminated at T = D, see Fig. 8.17.


steady surface heat (t - t.)k
flux. V n=i A
t = t., -1 < x < +H,
1
T = 0.
x
x= rnt
V V = ±%, T > 0 .
n
J1
OB
i
1*4— —i-*|
8.1.19 3, p. 350 Infinite composite

plates with convection fc fc X e X e
l " f l - 2
boundary and infinite
fc fc X X
thermal conductivity. 0 - f " l " 2
t = t ,0 < x < & , x > 0.
2 2
t = t 1 ? l 2 < x < % 2 + i. ,
x
X > 0.
fc
o-f"o~H
fc fc 3
\ x
i"2 x
t = t , 0 < x < «, +
Q x l , 2
X + X b + b + b
l 2 = l 2 3
T = 0.
q = 0, x = 0, X X b b
CO l 2 = l 3
i
h„ is contact coefficient
b = h P C b P C b = P C
between 1 and 2. l 2/ 2 2 V 2 - V 1 l V 3 V 1 l \
k->
•h,,t f
2
%
-*,-K*H
8.1.20 3, p. 476 Infinite plate with '^V'l-WPo

steady surface heat T
.° + +
x 0 ' °' °* *0*
, r [ 1 +(Bl/3)] Bi FO [1 - (T /T)]li 0
x {1 - exp r f T > T„
-h,t, \ L 1 + 2(Bi/3)+ 2(Bi /15) JJ

T. = penetration time to X = 1
00
I
2
= l /5a
K-H See case 8.1.17 for general solution.
8.1.21 3, p. 349 Infinite plate with (t - t )h f
unsteady surface heat cos (arr - b) exp (-nrr)

flux; convection \f~2 2 2 2
boundary and infinite m +u
thermal conductivity, 1
t = t , 0 < x < %, T = m = h/pcS,, b = tan""" (ui/m)

f
q = q.cos (urr), x = 0.
***•**"+
». — * x
k-»«> -h,t.
% '
fc
*•
hH
8.1.22 2, p. 248 Semi-infinite plate, Dimensionless temperatures equal the product of solution
quarter-infinite plate, for semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and
infinite rectangular bar, solution for infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7).
semi- infinite See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
rectangular bar,
rectangular
parallelepiped.
8.1.23 9, p . 113 I n f i n i t e plate with DO
unsteady surface n , /-> + 1)

T (m/2 -,. vs—
VPo V? i-m+1e r f c l"(2n + 1)• - ~A\
c J
heat f l u x , m/2 n=0 L 2VFO" J

t = t . , 0 < x < I,
OS T = 0. . .m+1 - f(;2n + 1) + X~|
i
q^= 0, x = 0, T > 0. + l erfc
L 2VFO J
m/2 „
= x =
\ V ' *"
T > 0 , m «= - 1 , 0 , 1 .
V-i-A
8.1.24 9, p. 114 Case 8.1.23 with

(t - ti-. ) k m+l y ^ ^ i m+1
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
r = 2 r ( m / 2 + X) i
q/T'
V2
riÔ
2 n X t o + X
erfc [ < ^ > - ] - iêrfc [< * ^ ]
8.1.25.1 9 r p. 120 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with co / 2 2\

steady surface ^ . (Bi + X ) s i n a X)
temperature, convec- (t - V - 2 > exp U* ro)\ g-S^ ± -
i tion boundary and n=l V n
/ Bi + X + Bi
to variable i n i t i a l n
temperature. r-1
t = f ( x ) , 0 < x < a, T = 0. x / [t - f (X)] s i n (X X) dX
t = t , x = 0, T < 0.
Q
Q R
-'0
« Bi = h V k , X cot (X ) + Bi = 0
n n
-h,t n
See case 8 . 1 . 1 for t = t , x = I, T > 0
j—«-H
8.1.25.2 74, p. 239 Infinite plate with _

++ AXpI [l _
2
(iB i -- cos
cos |AJ
(Xn)-| } / 9 \
steady surface temp 0 = 2
and convection
boundaries. *£-*«> n=
t = t , 0 < x < A,
Q
X cot (\ \ + Bi = 0
T = 0.
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
Q
See Fig. 8.24.
f*-*-
00
I
o
-h.t.
8.1.26 74, p. 236 Infinite plate with sin (X ) cos (X X)

parabolic initial *- f c
f t
., B~ ^ S /_L_ _ i \
temperature and X n + sin (X ) cos (X )
n n
exp « »*)
convection boundary,
2
t - t - (t - t )(x/A) ,
c c s
X tan (XJ = Bi»
o < x < a, T = o.
t = t , x = 0, T = 0 .
c
t = t , x = ±SL, T = 0.
s
j-î-J^-i-^l
00
t ,h-
f
•h,t.

Y sin (X X) exp (-X
n
2
Foj
steady surface temp Bi X
- 2 Bi
and convection tf-to 1 + Bi 2 2
n=l (Bi + B i + X J sin (X )
boundary, \ n/ n
t = t , 0 < x < I, x
w
Q
X cot + Bi = 0
t = t , x = 0, T > 0. n
-h.t,
K-iH
8.1.28 9, p. 126 Infinite plate with a [Bi (t - t ) / ( t - t ) - Bi - 1
f n 1 p
steady surface temp. = X +

Bi + 1
Convection boundary
and linear initial
temperature,
t = (t^- t )x/S, + t ,
Q fl
2 {Bi [(t - t ) / (
f 0 tl - t )]
0
0 < X < Sir T = 0.
t = tQ fX = 0, T > 0.
2
, ^7 sin (X X) exp f-X Po)
- Bi
n=l fBi" + Bi + X M sin (X ) n
-h,t.
X cot (X ) + Bi = 0
n n
h-'H
8.1.29.1 9, p. 126 Infinite plate with t t

two convection " 0 BiX „. V s i n (g X) exp (<
\-& n n Po;
")
B l
temperatures. t f - t Q " 2 (Bi + 1, " ^ ^.2 + B . + 0 2J .
s n ( ^
t = t , -fc < x < +i, T = 0.
Q
2
V cos (X X) exp ( - X n Fo)
+
2 " B i
L-i / _ . 2 . _. . , 2 \
2 2
n=l ( B i + Bi + X J cos (X )
tn.h" -h,t«
X tan (X ) = Bi, 0 cot (8 ) + Bi = 0

n n n n
I [••i-^l*-*—|
to
8 . 1 . 2 9 . 2 74, p. 239 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with

t - t„ £l 1 + B i X
two convection
coefficients, t- - t n 1 + B iS.1
, , + ( B'•%\
i . . / B I-i.v
,,) / aJ
t = t , 0 < x < +1,

Q
00
T = 0. Bi
n cos (X XJ+ , U s i n (X X) exp (< °a) • F
k n X n
sin (X ) cos (X ) + X
A = B l
ll/ B i
U I n n
2 s i n (X )
n
t .h -h .t,
2
0 r
+ - j - s i n (X ) n
Bi = Vk, Bi = h Vk
h-«-H u h l A 2 2
x B i B i 1
,. ,. , / n n\ L + nV
8.1.30 9, p. 127 Infinite plate with c o s e x p Fo

convection boundaries t. - t.
, = 2, nBi
- ~rci f£ *•
—. <V>
- rr K )
and time dependent 1
r n=l f Bi + X„+Bi ) cos (X )
fluid temperature, n
t = t , -S, < x < +S,, T = 0.

t = <t>(T).
f
xf 2
exp ( a X ^ x ' / A ) * ( T ' ) dT'
X tan (X ) = B i .
-h,t f
n n
t .h-
f
L-«-J
| * - { - * p-*-»i
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane surfaces—No Internal Heating.
8.1.30.1 74, p. 316 Case 8.1.30 with t - ti cos (VPH X) exp (-pa Fo)
f f m £ m i e fc fc 53
fm " i "* cos CVPI) - J j V sin (V5d)
2
Y A cos (X X) exp (-X Foj
n n
2
1=1 1 - X /Pd
n
1 2 2 1 2
(-1)"* 2 Bi ( i B + X ) '
An =
2 2
00 X (Bi
n + Bi + X)
I
in
Mean Temp:
fc fc
ni~ i exp (-Pd Fo)
fc
i Vpa (cot (VfoT) - g j VPS"!
2
V exp (-X Fo)
2
- 2 Bi 2 2 2
^^ 2
~ 2
n=l X (Bi + Bi + X ) [l -(X /Pd)]
8.1.31 9, p . 127 Case 8.1.30 with fc fc

- i . , B . f cos g X ) exp ( - A ;
n FO) , O < T < T 0
T >
"0 -i n=l fei" + X^ + BiJ cos (Xn)
" 1*1. V
t - t.
x 2 B1
Y T + (1 - T) exp
& M %)]
tT^t * " _4,n=l nB i 2
+ X + BiJ
2
cos (X )
n
x cos (X X) exp (-X Poj
CO T = ( t - t . ) / ( t - t ) , Po. = ( H / r , X t a n (X ) = Bi
I o i n
l i u u n n
to
an
Ref-
Case Ho. erences Description Solution
8.1.32 9, Case 8.1.30 with t - t. Bi M

p. 127 t.= (t - t.) sin
r n ; — = —~ sin (COT + e + e - & ) Q x
74 u i fc fc
o- i
' ' (HIT + £) + t. ir
p. 325 1
T > 0. *2
2 Po
cos (E) - sin (E) cos (X X) exp (-X Foj
+ 2 Bi
+ 4 + B i + B i c o s
n fx (l « Po* /xJ) (*n ' ) <V
iB„
Me ° = cosh (X Fo ) cos (X Fo ) + i sinh (X Po ) (X Fo ) sin (X Fo )
00
I
ro
^1 A * it it it it . . it
Me = (Fo ) sinh (Fo ) cos (Fo ) - Fo cosh (Fo ) s i n (Fo ) + Bi cosh (Fo )
x r * * * * * , *
x cos (Po ) + i I Fo sinh (Fo ) cos (Fo ) + Fo cosh (Fo ) s i n (Fo )
+ Bi sinhs (L) s i n (L)j
Fo = S, V372a , X t a n (X ) = Bi
n n
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—No internal Heating.
8.1.33 9, p. 127 Case 8.1.30 with fc a 2

< - V Bi X - Bi - 2
89 t = t.+ bt, T > 0. F o+
WT — = Til
2
cos (X X) exp (-X Fo j
n
+ 2 Bi
2
n^l X 2
(ai 2
+ X + Bi) cos (X )n
X tan (X ) = Bi, See Fig. 8.26.

n n
(See Fig. 8.1.25 for Bi = ».)
(t - V
t,)k M L .X , 3 + M "I 2
perfect contact with

an i n f i n i t e p l a t e of i
~S^~~ = F
1 + M L °1 2 " 6(1 + M)J +
i n f i n i t e conductivity.
t - t., o < x < a 1 + i ,
2 y cos ( y Q exp (-XJ; F o J
t = o. i£l 2
X (\ 2 2
+ M + u) cos (A)
q = 0 , x = 0 , T > 0.
^x
-q x - q , X= t
Q 1 + l ,
2
X cot (X ) = -M
n n
T > 0.
p,c JL ,
2
-"o
I—/,—(•«,*(
8.1.35 9, p. 129 Case 8.1.34 with c o s x e x 2 po
g = 0, x = S, + J, r T > 0. t - 1.1 . v ft ) P I-* -,i

i =
+ 2M / i \ n 1/
t = t , a < K < % , x = o.
2 1 2 fc
2- V * + H
n=l (V M + 2
M) cos (A )
+
t = t., 0 < x < SL , T = 0. \ n / n

X cot (X ) = -M
n R
8.1.36 9, p. 128 Case 8.1.34 with

(t - t )k t Y sin (X X) exp (-X
r n FOjJ
t = t., x = 0, T > 0.
X - 2M
Vl n=l X (x + M
n \ n
2 2
+ M ^ cos (X )
/ n
CD X tan |X )= M
i
n \ n/
8.1.37 9, p. 128 Case 8.1.34 with

t = t., x = 0, T > 0.
i
(t t )
<fc -- V
t 2t , "- ti
±
= ™n=l
A
CD
v sin (X X) exp
2
«-0
( t t )
j } (\ + M 2
+ M ) sin (X )
t = t , Jl < x < SL , T = 0.
2 1 2 \ n / n
t = t. , 0 < x < JL, T = 0.
Xn tan i\ \ = M
\ n/
q x = 0, x = J^ + % , 2 T > 0.
8.1.38 9, p. 129 Case 8.1.34 with (t - t ) | 2 2

^ ^M )sin(x x)exp(-X;F )
t n 0 l
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
Q
= 1-2
fc
q = 0 , x = «. +il ,T>0.
1 2
(0 " V n=l 2
X (x + M + M ) 2
n Vn /
X tan (X ) = M
n n
8.1.39 9, p. 129 Case 8.1.34 with (t - t.)k(l + M)

X= l T >
V °' l* V °- ZJT = M Fo 1 - X (1 - X) + +? 6(1+ M)
sq x= T >
V o' °' °" 2 2
!(1 M) + f (« + X ) cos (X X) exp (-X
n n n FoJ
4 1 2 2 2
n=l X (X n n + M + M )
A cot (A ) + M = 0
n n
8.1.40 9, p. 129 Case 8 1.34 with _ - / 2 \ c Q s ft / ^2 \

m convection boundary 2_ \ V I n / n \ n 1/
=
o h . t at x = i + £ .
f x 2 (t t - t )2 ^ r/ . _ 2B x \2 2 + A + X 2 / M + B . -] c o s }
t = t , A< x < 4 ,
2 x 2 L\ 1 n ) n n lj n
X t a n 1 = B i X / M B i =
T = 0. n ^n l " n ' î/*!
(See Ref. 82 for solution of material 1 of low conductivity

and material 2 of high conductivity)
8.1.41 .1.40 with

9 p. 129 Case 8.1.40
r j°°^ ,, „. ,2
^2 / .2 „ \
"1„ f T ) , x = 0,
( (t-t.)_2a_ y A cos (X X) exp (-X Fc> ) n n n
x 3
T > 0. kA n=l ["(si, - X / M ) + (1 + 1/M)' A + Bi cos (X )
2 2 2
2
xf f<T') exp (&n'/l ) *:'.
Jo
2
X tan (X ) = B i , - X /M .
n n I n
os 8.1.42 9, p . 129 Case 8.1.34 with a (t - t . ) (M + l ) k , 3 Bi + 6 + M Bi

i contact r e s i s t a n c e h . *—-£ F ^ + j (1 - X) - Bi (i M) °
6 +
between the two ° VI 1 C

plates.
00 2
+ 2 Bi c (1 + M) J— K X_ ~- M Bci . M B l
/ 2 v
4 l * « » <X)
n n n n n ^ V n /
( x J - M B i J t a n (X ) = B i X . n c n
P = X + X Bi + B l 2 M B i + M B i ( 1 + M X
n n n ( c c " c ) c > n •
B i h k
c " cV l '
8 . 1 . 4 3 . 1 9 , p . 324 Composite p l a t e s of Region 1 , - a < x < 0:

i
different materials,
t = t , -& < x < «,,,
n n
X = 0.
f c ( L + K ) n X
t = < l-V n^l

v
x =» -A.,, X < 0. cos (A X) s i n (BLA ) - a s i n (A X) cos (BLA )

n n n n
t - t , x = l , 2
X Hi + KS L) s i n (A ) s i n (BLA ) - B (K + L) cos (A ) cos {BLA )1 J
Q 2
n •- n n n n
X > 0.
Region 2 , 0 < x '• 2
00 CO
I
Ul fc
< - V L - X _ V ,2„
M
s i n (BLA - SA X)
n n
2
A [(1 + KB D s i n (A ) s i n (BLAJ - B (K + L) cos (A ) cos (BLA )]
n n n
c o t (A ) + a c o t (BLA ) = 0
n n
B =ycT[7cy K = k A 2 l f F o = a.£/l\,
1 L = l /l
2 v X = x/4j
8.1.43.2 74, p. 441 Composite plates of

different materials tt ~- tt ^"" l
X X / V S < X < L
with insulated i-rf- - 1 - 2 2 n r "a ( n ) «* K ^ V * ) ' °
r i n=l n * '
surface and convec
tion boundary,
t = t 0 < x < SL +
i f X
COS X L COS (
df ~ Tl - 1 - 2 n=l
5 XT |
n '
[L \ < " )] J V*>
2
- K sin |~X (X - L)l s i n (X LA'S) ) exp £-X*L Fo /A") , L < X < 1.
00
-h.t,
x ( l + KL/VS) cos (Xj] cos ( \ y V K \ + [ ( l + KLA5 + i g r - ^ ) cos (X )
l + Sin
" n & P ) ( m) <V]
X Ksin
W*> •
LX X
— ? • (1 + L) tan (X L / V A ) = 1 - - T (1 + L) tan (X )
Bi n Bi n
K tan (X ) tan (X L / ^ ) .
n n
P C k
B i = hSL /K ,
x 2 L = l^/i. ,
2 Po l = O j T / ^ , A = <X /0. x
,
K
l l l
2 ' -P c k2 2 2
8.1.44.1 9, p. 416 Rectangular 00 CD

t t s i n (imrY) s i n (mrz) s i n h | ( 1 - X) \/X
parallelpiped. ~ i _ i6 y
t = t., 0 < x < w t - t ~* 2 " —
t
0 i n m=0 n= m n s i n h (X )
0 < y < b,. 0 < 2 < d. ra,n,o
00 CO 00
t = 0. a s i n (mitY) s i n (mtZ) s i n (fcirX) exp (-X_ „ Fo )
t = t . x = C),
0
m,n x, w
t
m=0 liFO ISO m n X.'m,n,£

0 < y 0. 2 ?
X „ = J l V + (mirw/b ) + (mrw/d) '
m,n,)t
t = t i # all
CD
I othe:r f a c e s , T > 0
m = 2m + 1, n = 2n + 1, X = x/w, X = y / b , Z = z/d
t
f i
b
JJ /
8.1.44.2 74, p. 287 Rectangular p a r a l l e l e 00 CD
piped with convection

boundary,
t = t , -l± < x < +SL ,
x X
fc
V' o
= 1 2 2 2
n=l m=l s=l
A A
n l m2 s 3 ° ° A s
<*nl X) O O S
<\n2 Y)
-* < y < +a , +
2 2
X COS (hi*) «P (*nl *°! * £ * ° + X^ P O ) 2 2 3 3
-& 3 < z < +1 ,3 T = o.
(n,m,s) l + / 2 2 \l/2
A , = J_l 1\ * n m.s,ij
f
X B i + B i + X
n,m,s,i ( i i n,m,s,i)
cot (X .) = ( r f - } \ „ . , Po. = or/A? n
n,m,s,i \ B I . / n,m,s i i i r
Bi £ = hlt^/k, i = 1, 2, 3 , X = x/J^, Y = y / £ , Z = z/& 2 3

8.1.45 9, p. 417 Case 8.1.44.1 with

t = t sin (ur + e},
Q
x = o, o < y < b,
0 < z < d, T > 0.
1
5 ,, v V s i n (imtY) s i n (mrZ) M s i n (urc + e + 4 ) T
-J* " x _ 16 \ \ ^__"_' m,n mn f
«^ fc fc 2
0 " i IT ra=0 i£u m n
OS 00 00 00
I s i n e
,„ ^ ^ ^ Jl s i n (imrY) s i n (mtz) s i n (JluX) (W cos e -X o ) exp(-Xar/w )
~ ~~v ^ *-* £-> / 2 2 \
11
m=0 n=0 A=0 r + X , n n
V m,n,J6/
2 2 1/2
= sinh{(l-X)[(^w/b) -t- (nirw/d) + i v f l }
Vn«* c^ ) rn s i n h ([ -;;
( /b)2 ; - 2;
{ W) iw ]v j2
W = w w/a, See case 8 , 1 . 4 4 , 1 for \ .,X,y, Z, m, n

Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Mo Internal Heating.
8.1.46 9, p. 419 Wedge with steady »

surface t - P e r a t u r e . _ ^ = | 2 £ ^ n ^ { 2 n + ^ ^
0 i 0 0 n=l
T = 0.
t = t , 9 = 0, T > 0.
t = t., e = e , 0 T > o. r exp (-<rcu /r ) 2 2
s = (2n + 1) Tt/Sp
s
d u
For t = t Q f B = 0, 8 , 0 T > 0:
t - t.
h-H
= i |-
'0
2,
n=0
s i n s6
< >(
i e x
P (~«u A ) " 2 2
J (u)du
s
8.1.47 33 Composite slabs with 2 e x X F o 1 e x X p d s i n x
ramp surface Pd ( * n +M) P (~ n !) L - P ( n / )j ft >

R
= 2
temperature.
t = t , 0 x < &J+ Z ,
± 2
4-^ nTL X
n (*n +
« 2 + M
)
x = 0. X t a n ( M S c a p 0 X = x / X ,
n V = "' = lPi i' 2 2 2' l
x = 0 0 < X < 1. " •

f
See cases 8.1.34 t o 8.1.42 for other conditions.
t = t , x = 0, T > " l / o .
^ - 0 , x = «,, + K, •
2
00
09
\*-li-*\*-i -*\
3
8.1.48 19, p. 3-29 I n f i n i t e p l a t e of ( t

h " V 3/2
i n f i n i t e conductivity, For n = 1/2: J -pcS,
^r 3
a~^ = 2 (Bi F o ) J /
exp (-Bi Fo)
transient f l u i d temp
and convection
boundary. (Bi Fo) j - 1
t » t , T = 0.
Q
(2j + 1) (j - 1) 1
t - t„ + Sr . n j~l
f
f c
h < - V = exp {-Bi Fo) + Bi Fo - 1
For n = 1: pel &
k->-~
v2 (t - t„)
t..h- ~ ) g-^- = 2 |_1 - Bi Fo - exp (-Bi Fo)J + (Bi Fo)'
w
MO
h-2*H
Section 8.1. SolidB Bounded by Plane Surfaces—Ho Internal Heating.
8.1.49 19, p. 3-30 Infinite plate of t - t

infinite conductivity mn cos (TIJ) - \))) r exp (-
with convection
tmx - tmn 2 " + 1 v pel)
boundary and harmonic
Ve + i
fluid temperature. 9 = pcX,/h, i|> = tan" (6)1
fc (t
f"W mx ~ W
COS (UfT ) . Instantaneous surface heat flux:
t = mean temp,
mn q A 9 sin (TO) - i|i)
t = max temp, r
h (t - t ) - , =-
mx 2
mx mn >/l + 9
See Fig. 8.9
k->°°
t ,h- — h,t f
f
| — 2f—*|
8.1.50 40 Infinite plate of See Fig. 8.12 for maximum temperature values:
infinite conductivity
with surfabe reradia-
tion and circular
pulse heating,
t = t , T = 0,
Q
max
( âx \
'pott J
4
D = heating duration
g =aj?T .
= 1 m/D
*x V " '
CD
i
— <*r
k -*•«>
2
H- ?H
8.1.51 19, p. 3-44 Infinite composite P 5 fc
42 See Fig . 8.14 1 1 = f Aamax ~ o\

plates in perfect
43 contact, convection
66 boundary on one side,
insulated on other side, D = heating duration
t t , 0 < x < S +
Q ±
<S , T = 0.
2
c^ = 0 , x = S^ + 6 , T > 2
0.
t ,h-
f
K*HH
8.1.52 19, p. 3-49 Infinite plate with See Figs. 8.15a-e for heating.
44 radiation heating
68 or cooling. See Figs. 8.15f-l for cooling,
t = t , 0 < x < 6,
Q
t - t„
f(Fo)
H
% -**(*!-*I-o)-
T = source temp.
a
i
8.1.53 19, Infinite plate with

k ( t 3 2
p. 3-68 time-linear surface ' V PO /PO X 5X Y 5 ) 1 „
49 heat flux. ~i^6 = io^ U - 12 — " + X +
16/ ' 2 < ° F < Fo D ,
t = t , 0 < x < 6,
Q
^ D ^ 1
x = o.
Fo = aD/S"", X - x/6
For ^ T/D)
^max
k (t - X 2
6 2
*o
± < Fo < FO , Fo > 1 .
D D
D = duration of
heating.
h-«H
8.1.54 19, Case 8.1.53 with See F i g s . 8.19a 6 b

p. 3-68 q = <i s i n TTT/D.
150 2fi£$. (t - t ) = f(2irr/D), Q = q D
Q Q x
C
0
8.1.55 19,p. 3-73 Porous infinite See Figs. 8.20a & b

51 plate with steady
surface heat flux 2
f(ax/6 )
and fluid flow.
t = t , 0 < x < 5,
Q
P = G c 6/k
f f e
t = fluid source
k e = Pk +f U-P)k s
G = fluid mass flux
p = plate porosity
CD -t ,k,,c
0 f
i
*» Steady state solution:
in
^Tfi = p exp (-Fx/6)

k-M
8.1.56 19, Two infinite plates See Figs. 8.21 a-d

p. 3-75 in perfect contact
52 with a steady surface fc
< - V i k
heat flux. ewo^)

6
t = t, 0 < * < 6 ,
Q 1 Z
*0 1
0 < x < 6 , T = 0.
2 2
\ = x =
V i °' * °" T
J
co
I
8.1.57 19, Case 8.1.56 with See Fig. 8.22

p. 3-75 k •*• oo.
i
48
= f (FOj)
8.1.58 19, Case 8.1.56 with See Figs. 8.23 a, b, and c

p. 3-75 k, •* >» and t - t„
53 a = a sin TTT/D. f (2TTT/D)
eqb 0
-ur.ition of pulse
8.1.59 74, p. 245 Thin p l a t e with two 2

t -1„ cosh ( B i ^ X)
convection conditions,
t = t , -& < x < +£,
Q £VBT
fc fc 2
f " 0 cosh ( J/ ) * ^ Bi L Sinh (Bi^jL
T = 0.
2w
2 2
2 y X sin X cos (X X) exp [- ( x ^ + B i ^ L ) F o J
n n
h
V i -h ,t 2 X + B i L 2 X + s i n X C O S X
2 (
" n=l ( 2 lw ) [ n ( n) ( n)]
2w]
K tan(X )= B i , B i = w/k, B i = h w/k
-i\H
n 2 w l w h l 2 w 2
f'"2
l "V, X = x/w, L = Jt/w
-j
Mean temp:
tanh
' . " 'o
t f t ( ) 2
B i , . . .,
' Bi^ L + P* 2 L t a n h
l w B l
2w
X B B i F
V n n — [- fa + l w *') °wl
2
-4,
n=l
X? + Bi,..
"n lw
L
. "i»
I)
2
'Bi? + B i . + X
'" >'.$
lw lw
8.1.60.1 74, p. 320 Infinite plate with t - t

evaporation and con i . _ M cos CVPoX) exp (-Pd Fo)
vection boundary. t f -t. cos ( V P 3 ) - —• VPd s i n (VPd)
t = t., -S, < x < +8,,
T = 0. An cos (An X)' expr -Xn Fo
m = n» e , x = ±&. 1 - Pd/X"
0
n=l
m = evaporation r a t e .
2 si ( n ) n X
•ymo f wb
"n ~ X + sin/X \cos/X ). ,' "M =~ h ( t . - t . ) ~ t , - t.
n \ n) \ n) f l f i
M- -H cot/X )= X / B i , t . = wet bulb temp.
I
t .h-
f h.t,
m
8 . 1 . 6 0 . 2 74, p . 321 Case 8 . 1 . 6 0 . 1 with M + M + M

asymmetrical boundary t - t. l "2 V / l 2 \ / s
conditions.
1 X
n=l
m - M )Bi X ( M M }
x
"V" " 2
V 1 " 2 / \
2(1 s i n e F o
TBIT" ' 1 2 \ <V *e K )
m=l
2 s i n (*n) 2 cos
(\n)
An =~ X + sin/X )cos/X ),»' *m
- ~ X - cos/X \sin/X
oa
i
cot(X )= X / B i , tan(X )= -X^/Bi
n n m
Mean temp:
fc
.-
f c
fc
i . M
l+»2
2
, V A
1
M ^« \
1
2
2 Biexp^Fo;
2 2
k -) 2
*f- i ^. V " / X (Bi + Bi + X )
n=l n \ n/
00
in
o
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane S u r f a c e s — N o Internal Heating.
oo
i

(t - t.)k
uniform internal
heating,
(1
T^h" = I - - 2 ^ x2) 2 6XP
(< °) «V°
F COS
t = t -J, < x < &,

i #
V * n=0 n
T = 0. X = (2n + 1)71/2
n
t = t i t x * tl, x > 0,
See Pig. 8.8
00
I
to
I — J t - -l~\

(t - t^k ^ cos [(2n - 1)TTX] cos (X X)
steady surface heat P o 4 R
flux and variable q 2 1,a (2n 1)4

internal heating, u " *' i-1 "
t = t -fl, < x < +£/
i f
T = 0. x 1 - exp C-X^ PoJ + *
q ' " = %" (1 - «/«•). «. 00
< ^ = q « x = ±SL, x > 0.

0
a " 'ii,
k-&-H -k»]
I x exp
Ul
Xn = mr
<*<T q"' -"0
B.2.2.2 74, p. 363 Case 8.2.2.1 with

(t - t.)k n
,III _ „ i 11 (1 - X"), J _ i _ - f to - 2 <-l) -J cos (X X) [l - exp (-*J n Fo)] + *
0 n»l n
X and $ given in case 8.2.2.1
n
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Sucfaoes—With Internal Heating.
8.2.2.3 74, p. 364 Case 8.2.?.l with _

q--i = q £ " exp (-bX). - 1 - 4 - = 2g [l - exp (-„,] + V [i - (-!,» exp ,-b>] f
x cos (Xn X)
X) [l1 - exp (-X* *>)] $
- exp +
X and $ given in case 8.2.2.1
8.2.2.4 74, p. 364 Case 8.2.2.1 with (t - t )k

—~ = Fo (1 + Pd Fo) + $
J q ".= ."(l bT).
q + ,2
it*
$ given in case 8-2.2,1
8.2.2.5 74, p. 364 Case 8.2.2.1 with (t - t.)k

q'" = <3o" exp (-be),
_ 4 : . . _ [ i - « « p -MFo>] *
r ( +
g
0 *
$ given in case 8.2.2.1
8.2.2.6 74, p. 364 Case 8.2.2.1 with fc k

< - V i sin (Pd Po) + *
.in - q'"
»in cos (DT) ,,. ,2 Pd
q

00
J.
8.2.2.7 74, p. 365 Case 8.2.2.1 with ( t fc )k n
~ i (Pd F o ) _ -
q"\ = q'" bx". a'" I2 n + 1

8.2.3 9 , p . 131 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with

time dependent
internal heating.
t = t . , -i, < x < ±a,
e-"d-»5 (£&r-[•****«]
n=0
T = o. ;
t = t.,'"xi= ±a, T > o. 2 2
xj f ( x ) exp T-Tr (2n + l ) a ( T -T'JAjar"
q ' " = f(T).
Jo
CO
I
:
\-*-l-*\ *-l-*\
8.2.4 9, p . 132 Case 8 . 2 . 3 with

ffr) = q ' " e
•bt
( t
q>" I
" V k
o
[s^BM-™
1_ [cos (xVPd
n
2 ^ (-l) cos (A X) exp (-A^ Fo)
n
X = (2n + 1 ) 7T/2
n
8.2.5 9, p. 132 Case 8.2.1 with

q"' = f(x).
n=l
x / f (X) cos 0^ xj dX
CD
I
Ul
•J
8.2.6 9, p . 132 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with uniform

( t B i 2
41 i n t e r n a l heating and - V* , , Bi Bi X
convection boundary.
t = t , -1< x < Hi T = 0. g-'-r
cos (X X)
2 Bi
'24,
+ B
n=l
2
Xn fx 2
Bii" ++BBlI))/ cos (X )
\ n +
n
2 exp K »)
' n
-h.t X t a n (X ) = Bi , See P i g . 8.13
f
n n
03
I
U1
03
MH H W
8.2.7 9, p . 132 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with uniform .. _ . .. _
i n t e r n a l h e a t i n g and con- ' ~ f _ (1 + Bi/2)X x
v e c t i o n boundary on one s i d e . a S? 1 + Bi
,l,
" 2
9
t = t , 0 < x < X., T = 0.
t = t , x = 0 , T > 0.
f
sin (X X)fl - cos (X l"
. i n
1
_ „ i 11
y
0
+ 4 Bi
'2 2
, X (X + B i
n=l n \ n
2 2
+ Bi ) s i n (2X )
/ n
exp « «>)
X cot (X ) + Bi = 0
•h,t f n n'
K*H
8.2.8 9, p. 311 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with

time-dependent heating, (t - t ) k
! l - r/(2 + s / 2 ) 2 s+2
Q
t = t , 0 < x < H, T = 0. l + s / 2 " (1 + s/2)

Bar
t = t^, x = 0, A, T > 0.
8 2
q . . . = fr / ,
s - - 1 , 0, 1, 2 , .... L
n=0
00
1
to
\*-l^\
8.2.9 9, p. 404 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with vari k

able internal heating, <*- y if.c o s ( V l x ) 1
2 B
t = t , 0 < x < SL, T = 0.
Q
t = t , x = S., T > 0.
«^ " l cos ( V I )
q'" = q^" + 3 ( t - t „ ) . 16 V (-1)" exp {[-(2n + 1) V + 4 B ] Fo/4f cos L(2n + DTTX/2.

+
q = 0, X = 0, X >_ 0. * ^ f4B - (2n + 1) V ] (2n + 1)
L
n=0
• x
B = eavk
:
8.2.10 9, p. 405 Case 8.2.9 with

convection boundary ( t - t )k
Q Bi cos (Vlx)
h, t at x = I.
Q
2 ~ BTBi cos (V"B) -iTS sin (V~B) ~ B
l l l n
«0 * L
™ cos (X X) exp n [(B - X ) Fo ]

fl
+ 2 Bi 2 2
n=0„ (B
V - \ n/
) \\
L n + Bi(Bi + 1)J cos (XJ
n
X tan (X ) = Bi, B = 3A A
n n
8.2.11 19, Infinite plate of infinite G Jin [l - (9/Gf) + 6 = LH/C

p. 3-29 conductivity, variable
specific heat, convection
boundaries and steady heating. G = (1 + q £ " X.)/hL(t - t ) , C = .1 - c ) / c , H = hc/pcA
f f Q
t = t , 0 < x < 21, T 0.

c = c B(t- t ). H evaluated at t , c evaluated at t
Q f f
Q+ Q
n I. = R. x (surface area/volume) = 1
o 9 = (t - t ) / ( t - t )
Q f Q
%
k-t-oo
-h,t
f
\^2i.*\
8.2.12 19, Case 8.2.11 for infinite See case 8.2.11, set: L = 2 for square rod
p. 3-29 square rod and cube. L = 3 for cube
8.2.13 19, Infinite plate o f infinite + 2 tan 1 6 N 2 3
p. 3-32 conductivity w i t h surface in R| + B (1 + S i " < / > • tan^d/N) + 4 MN

radiation a n d steady heating,
t = t , 0 < x < 2%, T = 0 . i
1/4
Q
9 = T / T , N = (c ' "l./a&'r
Q i Q 0 + 9*J , M = a^r^t/pcS,
<J = °& « - < ) •
r
1 = source temp.
rt< • > = « « • •
00
I
en
q'"
"Ir
h~2AH
8.2.14 19, Case 8.2.13 with simulta /9 - R \ /e - R \ A 2 2
p. 3-33
2 3
(9 - n ) + 4> ~]
neous surface convection M A n + A n + J
and radiation. = i * [wnrj 2 * \e^R-j r 2 2
( l - n ) + 4> _
g
x = h ( t
f " t }
x = 0, 2%, T > 0.
+ t S r |
«- *}
2 2 2
-l
^ = jsVv - n [n Vv - n + (v/2 + n )]}
2 2 2
-l
A = fsVv - n [nVv - n - (v/2 + n )]J
2
OS 2 4
I a 3 = n/(y + 8n )
to
2 2 4
A. = (v/2 - v ) / ( v + an )
4
R = - n - V v - n r R = - r i
1 2 +"Vv - r\
<t> = Vn + B / 4 , n = V 3 7 2
,1/3
2
V = J + 3 /4
^
s = h/aJTT„
,1/4
N = Icq'"i./a&-T* + 9 4
+ s9 f
8.2.15 19, Infinite plate of infinite

p. 3-34 conductivity with prescribed
heating rates,
t = t , T = 0.
Q
a. step input; *rrr = 1 , ?,, = 1 D

a ££«-9=7 l
=• QlI« "
Tnax ^max
„ I I I _ Q' ''
h £ C S _ _ r2
fl
b. linear input; jjhvr = T r q>"D
5in =0.5 p
b- QTTT O - T
Tnax Tna~
Tnax
c. linear input; )*,,-,' = (1 - _T) r ^.
n unt = 0 . 5 D
c pr8=?(2-7,
Tnax Tnax
en a''* 2 — Q'''
<*» d. circular pulse; g , , , = s i n TIT , " i n =0.5 sin2irx
D
Tnax Tnax
3 ( 1 A 3 ) PCS ( l A 3
e. power pulse; f ^ l = (37)" e " ~ . S ^ _ = 0.5473 ^ - 9 = 0 . 06767A + l)e- - >
o'" 5 -(1/T-5) Q''' pC6 - (l/T-5)

0.2795 9 = 0. 006869/-47 + ~Z7 +
Z + ) x
f. power pulse, g , , , = ( 5 T ) e , .,, Q"'

D
\6T 3
2T T /
"rnax ^max
1 0
g. exponential pulse; ^LLL . ( l o 7 ) .X-"t ? fi^_ . 0 . 2 7 1 7 g . flSL. 9 . ^ [ l - (10T + 1) e " * ]
% ax Tna
9 = t - t , D = heating duration
0
x = TA>/ Q''' = total heat input per unit volume durin;j time D
See Fig. 8.10
8.2.16 19, Infinite plate of infinite See Fig. 8.11

p. 3-35 conductivity with surface
reradiation, steady surface
heating, and steady internal
heating.
t = t , x = 0.
Q
g = q " + o?^
x - 4
T ), x = o, 26.
T = source temp.
k-
00 • V -i*
i
on q"
hr-25-H
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces—With internal Heating.
8.2.17 74, p. 386 Infinite plate with two

symmetrical planar heat ( t - t )k& c
= 2 V ,i !1. 7T—- cos (X X,) cos (X X)

pulses and convection Qa A> X + s i n (X
boundaries, n=l (X ) cos (X ) *n 1 n
t = t , -ft < x < +1, T = 0.
f
Instantaneous pulse occurs x exp

« " ) •
at t = 0 , x = ±x, with
2 X t a n (X ) = Bi .
n ri
strength Q(J/m ) .
For t = f ( x ) , -H < x < +SL, T = 0:
(t - t ) k £ f
2
= 2 ) ^—-— rr^- -r—- cos (X X) exp (-X Po)
:
oo Zs X + s i n (X ) cos (X ) n ' \ n / r
l
en n=l
ui X, X,
-h,t f
1
cos (X X)dX .
n '
h-H *-M Mean temp:

2 2
(t - t )U ^, Bi cos ( X ^ ) exp (-X FoJ
m f
Qa , s i n (X )X ( B i 2 2
+ Bi + X )
n=l n n\ n/
a
For Bi = i.
(t - t )kSi
f
n + 1
= 2 Y (-l) cos [(2n - DTTXJJ cos [(2n - l)nx]
Qa
n=l
2
x exp [-(2n - l ) i r Fo/4] .
8.2.18 74, p . 387 I n f i n i t e plate with

(t - t )k«, ^ ,
a planar heat pulse, = 2 \ s i n {mx^
2
s i n (n7rX) exp (-n ir Po)

t = t , 0 < x < Z, x «= 0.
Q Qa
Instantaneous pulse occurs n=l
at K = x . ,
T = 0 with
strength Q(J/m } .
-Q
nf\
00
I
a\
JLJ
MH
Section 8.2. Solids Gounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
CD
i
en
Section 8.2. Solids Gounded by Plane Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
CO
l
03
9.1.1 2 , p. 240 I n f i n i t e cylinder with

t t 3 ( X
74, p. 131 steady surface temp. ~ 0 , V 1 / ,2 „ \ 0 n
t = t . , 0 < r < r„, T = 0.
i 0
fc r T n=l
=V •V * °-
J.(A ) = 0, see F i g . 9.2
u n
Cumulative heating:
n=l n
IS
I t )
Q "V ^
0 ~ i
9.1.2 1, p . 269 I n f i n i t e cylinder with time

9, p. 328 dependent surface temp.
t = t. 0 < r < r , x 0. 2,} ' ° 4 F + ( R 2
" X) + 2
2 6XP
(" n A F o
) ,3 W>
0
cr /a
t = t + «, r
B t
r , T > 0.
Q
0
n=l K W
W
See Table 9 . 1 and Fig. 9.8
9.1.3.1 74, p. 270 Infinite cylinder with

convection boundary and 2 V W > exp(-X Fo) 2
n >1
t - t Rp(r) - t jJ (X S)dR
variable initial temp, J + J
f 0 n
t = f (r), 0 < r < r , T = 0. " " n=l 0<V 1<V -4/

BiJ (X )
0 n =X n J l (X ) m
9.1.3.2 3, p. 298 Infinite cylinder with

convection cooling, t - t f , V Bi J ( X 0 n R ) exp (-X; Fo)
t = t 0 < r < r , 1 = 0. + B i 2
i r
h,t.
Q
**-*«• k « )w
x J . a > + Bi j { X > = o n
n 1 n On
See Figs. 9.1a-c
Cumulative heating:
Z
1 - exp
2 2
(< ")] ' 2 Q = l r
V c ( t
i " V
Qo , X (x + Bi ) 0
n=l n \ n /
For Fo < 0 . 0 2 , R » 0:
11
(t -" V
t.) „ _ . /Fo" . . A - R\ . . „ . Fo
2 i e r f c + 4 B l
t -1.) -
e
B I
VR~ \2^ws) vi
x + B i i 2 e r f c +
(iR f - ) (ivfl) ••••
9.1.4 9, p. 199 Infinite cylinder with initial

t - t„ R
temp varying with radius.
= 2
exp (< ") VV
t = t t - br , 2
br! 2
X J (X ) 2
n=l
0 < r < c, T =0. n 1 n
Q
t = t, r = r Q Q f T > 0.
1 J X , + 2 J (A )
l ( n 2 n
b c
\ o
a (X ) = o
0 n
to
I
9.1.5 9, p. 201 Infinite cylinder with pe

t - t. I (R -Vi Pu,
Q
riodic surface temperature, l_
real e x p 1
t = tt., r„,
, 0 < r < r
t , T = 0. Q
t - t. iiTRTpdY L ^ + e)]
m I
t (t t.) sin (wr + e ) .
r r , T J!, exp (-X Fo) X Pd cos (e ) - X sin (e)
W
0
n
t = max fluid temp,
L, A 4 , „ 2\ ,
m
n=l
(xW) J
= pd = r a)/a
W °' o
'(t - t)sin(cOT + e)
m
M&SKt'
9.1.6.1 9, p. 202 Infinite cylinder with .

, / , , \ ^ exp (-\l Fo) J (A R)
89 convection cooling and i _
linear time-dependent .2 K " 1 R +
Si)+2B i
1 2 / 2 2\
fluid temp. 0
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i# Q
Mean temp:
fc
m- fc
j „ 1 L , 4 \ , , „.2 y e
*P (if)
X
r n F o
;
n=l n V n )
i \ / see Fig. 9.9

Section 9 . 1 . Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No internal Heating-
9.1.6.2 74, p. 317 Case 9 . 1 . 6 . 1 with

t - t. J ( Vpd R) exp (-Pd Fo)
t -f = t_fro - (t_ -br
' fm - t .i )' e _____ _ !
fm i Vpd J ( Vpd) - ~
Q Pd ^ t Vpd)
J (X R) exp
0 n X F
- 2 Bii V "0'"n"' " * (~ n °)

+ Bi2 X
n=l W (>n ) t " ( nH]
Mean temp
fc fc 2J. ( V"Pd) exp (-Pd Fo)
n,- i
_i = 1
fc fc
in
fm " i Vfd J ( Ypd) - ~
Q P6 J Vpd1
exp
4 Bi
9.1.6.3 74, p. 320 Infinite cylinder with t - t. MJ ( VPd~R) exp (-Pd Po)
convection and evaporation
= 1
boundary. t f - t. ~ J (VP3)
Q - (-VPd/Bi)J ( VPa)1
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i f Q
in = m.e = evaporation rate.
/h.t,
IrFfeil. -A
n
c o s (A R) exp
n K »)
Bi Y<m >0
An = + Bi2 , M
~vvK ) h(t -f t.)'
vo J„(A ) / J , (X ) = \ / B i
v
0 n" l n n
9.1.7 9, p. 202 Infinite cylinder with pe t - t i j Bi I (R"ViPd) exp (iurr + ie)
0
riodic convection boundary, c e a l + 2B i
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i f Q
V^7 = (i[vrra i VTM, l ( + B iv vrwgj
(t t . ) s i n (turr + e ) ,
X MCOS ( £ ) S i n [ e ) J a R )
t = max f l u i d temp.
e
" /, 2 \ n[ ~ 3 0 n
m
n=l Vn / \ n / O n
X J x = B i J X P d r w a
„n 1
i f Jn n exp (-X„ Fo) - ~
q / X
q = r = r T y ° ° „=1 ^ nW
r V 0' °" J (X ) = 0 , See F i g . 9.3
\£ For Fo < 0 . 0 2 , R » 0
0
(t -
~ t .i ) k _ IFO" . , (X - R \ . F o ( l + 3R) . 2 , / l - R\ .
t ) k
J - J — = 2 ^ ierfc ( p ^ ) + ^ i erfc ( y ^ ) + . R 3 / 2
9.1.9 9, p. 207 Infinite hollow cylinder

with steady surface temp. = 6XP Fo
tTTt:
"i 0 L"2 R )
n=l
V»iV [ W W ~ V W W
+J
"VW o<V
VWVV "VW W - °
R = r / r , Fo " a r / r
Q 0
to
i
oo
9 . 1 . 1 0 . 1 9, p . 207 I n f i n i t e hollow cylinder with

A
d i f f e r e n t surface temp. T „ V _ / ,2 _ \ Y V V ° V „ 0
1 r < r < T =
"V i V ° n=l
fc r = c T >
=V 0 ' °'
t = t , r •> r . , T > 0. x > "- = =-* exp f-A Pol
J J V
n=l 0<V " 0<V '
T ( J l n ( 1 R +
0 [ W / ) *n(R/R )] i
a R b
to
i
n " iV n " V V*V ' W ' W " ' W W *
vo
Wi> W " W W Wi> - °
R = r / r , Po = aT/rp
Q
See Fig. 9.7a for t = t . , and Fig. 9.7b for t = t..

9.1.10.2 74, p. 282 Infinite hollow cylinder with

two convection boundaries and t _ t V E e x p ^ 2 FO) W(X ,R). n
variable i n i t i a l temperature-
a- £ iî n \ n / n
general case, n=l
t a f(R), r.< r < r , T = 0 . + X X J ( X R )
W(XR) - - p i i V V
n nV n>] 0 n
[ x J x , B i . a (X )] y ( X
+ n l ( n + 0 n 0 n R ) !
H ,2 2
2
E X B i J ( X
n =r n[ 0 0 nV " V l <W]
to 2
I x /" R [f (R) - t f ] W (X ,R,dR {(X
n n + B i J ) [Bi. J ( X ,
0 n
•a
+ A + Bi X 1
V l M * ~ ( n O E i V nV " W W ] * ) ' .
Bi X + X B i X X
E i V n> n W ] [ 0 V nV " n W V ]
B i X X 8 1 X Y (X
" [ 0 V nV " Vl< nV] C ! W " n l n > ] " °-
B i = h r / k B i = h r / k R = r / c
i i i ' o 0 i ' 0
9.1.11 3, p. 409 Infinite hollow cylinder

with steady inside t - t.
1 2 Fo
surface! temperature,
t = t.y r.. < r < r , T = 0.
tprr, = - 2. - K ) w » M ¥
Q
n=l
t = t^Jr = r T > 0.
i #
A„{R.) = Y„(X )J„(X R.) - J„(X )Y„(X R.)
0* i' 0' n 0 n l 0 n 0 n l
g r = 0 , j r = r , t > 0.
Q
A (R ) = Y (X ) J (X R ) - J (X )Y (X R )
l i 1 n J. n i. l n l n i
Y, (X ) J . ( X R.) - J , (X )Y.(X R.) = 0 V
1* n 0 n i ' 1 ' n' 0 n i '
Po = o t r / r , R = r / r
0 Q
N»
9.1.12 74, p. 200 I n f i n i t e hollow cylinder with (t - t . ) k

2 F + R n
steady surface heat flux.
t = r < r < r , T = 0. <*n
O'O
r
1 - R7
ii °-i r- i *
V £ Q
l S i/
-q =q > r = r
r 0 Q f T > o.
J J
q = 0, r = r . , T > 0. x «,n {R^ + j + f TT 1<W 1<V
2
[ j ( X R)Y,(X R.) - Y (X R)J.(X R.)"| exp (-X Fo^
l
L0 n
n
l n i 0 n 1 n I'J n
\ n /
Po = a r / r , R = r / r
Q Q
J . rtR.JY. (X ) = Y (X R.) J . (X )
x n i l n x ni 1 n
9.1.13 9, p. 210 Infinite cylinder with vari oo co

able initial temperature and _ y y r A 9 + B s i n 9) -|
n m n m
constant surface temp. 0 Z* ^ L » ' J
t = f(r,0), 0 < r < r , t = 0.
Q m=l n=0
t = t , r = r , T > 0.
Q Q
, J (X R) exp (-X* F o ) 2
n m
.1 IT
R 9 J X R R d 9
= " =• / / R[f ( r ) " tnl ( ™ >«l n
5 m 2 l J m
' ir L[JA<Ol
v
0 m'J I0 L-IT ° °
.1 -TT
= - / / RTf(R,9) - t„"l cos (n6)J (X r)dR d9
n m 2
' *ftVI -i i
1 TT
R f R 9 fc s i n
„ ™= ~ 5 I / l " < ' > " nl ( n 9 ) J (X R)dR d9
n
' TT [W]
m
|J' ( M 2
I0 1
-7T
L
° J
• " m
J X
„< J = o
n m
Section 9 . 1 . S o l i d s Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
9.1.14 9 , p . 211 I n f i n i t e cylinder with v a r i - « °°

able i n i t i a l temp and convec- _ V V r ft C Q g Q) s i n (Q) -, j
( X R ) /_£ \p
t i o n boundary-general case. f £,£-•]_ n,m n,m J n n \ n /

t = f (r,9), 0 < r < r , T = 0. m=l n=0
,2 _1 _TT
A„ r a =-7-5 =r 2 I f IdR d6
Rff(R,B) - t J l J (X R)< Q m
2
2X
m
10
x I I Rff(R,B) - t "j cos (n9)J ( X R ) d R d 9

f
'0 -TT
m
2 2
-\(xW-n ) [ W ]
1 TT
* \ \ R[f(R,9) - t "| s i n (n9)J (X R)dR d9
f n m
0 -TT
X J' (X ) + Bi J (XJ = 0 v
in n m' n m'
See case 9 . 1 . 3 . 2 for f ( r , 9 ) = t i
or
case 9 . 1 . 3 . 1 for f (r,8) = f ( r )
<$ffi§®?
e«Sav;'r£Ks!Es
9.1.15 9, p. 212 Infinite cylindrical sector

with steady surface temperature. 0 8 V sin(j9) V „,_ / , 2 „.\ j m f .„, . dR D T
e X P F o 1
t = t . , 0 < r < t , 0 < 0 < e , t T ^ T " = ? L 2n + 1 L
n n Tm j -.2 / ^ j ' ^ f
T „*= n=0 m=l Lj • J 0

t = t , Q r = r , 6 = 0, x > 0.
Q j = (2n + l)ir/6 , Jâj
0 = 0
10
I — 0
9.1.16 2, p. 248 Semi-infinite cylinder. Dimensionless temperature equals product of solution

for semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and
solution for infinite cylinder (case 9.1.1 or 9.1.3).
See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
9.1.17 2, p. 248 Finite cylinder. Dimensionless temperature equals product of solution

for infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7) and solution
for infinite cylinder (case 9.1.1 or 9.1.3).
See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
9.1.18 Infinite cylinder in a See case 7.1.22

semi-infinite solid.
9.1.19 9, p . 41S F i n i t e c y l i n d e r .
t - t„ Bi J ( R X ) sinh [(1 - Z)X LJ
t = t , 0 <r <r ,
=2
0 n n
Q Q
4it B i
0 < Z < St,, T = 0 . t, - fc 2 2
1 " ° n
1_1=
,1 (Bi
\ + An/
,) J .oU Jn sinh |H
n |
t =t 1 # 0 <r <r , Q
CD co ( r 2
Z = 0, T > 0 . „ ^-, mJ-(RX ) s i n (imrZ) exp I - U + (nrn/L)
2 2 2 2
~ ~ |"(X L ) + (mir) 1 | B i + A 1 J „ (X ,
V
0 < r < r , z = I, T > 0.

0
n-X m=l L n J L nj 0 n
Convection boundary h , t_ X J , (X ) = Bi J . (X )
l
n l n 0* n'
a t r = r , T > 0. Bi = h r / k , R = r / r , Z = z/l,
Q Q Fo = onr/r , L = V r 2
Q
to
I
9.1.20 9 , p . 418 Case 9.1.18 with convec R c s h 1 Z + B I s i n h 1 z

t i o n boundary h , t ^. J ( ^ 0 \, ° r* LJ - J]
n [ v ^ ~ 3i
2 Bi
a t z = $., x > 0. fc
l" ^ B i 2+ X X c o s h + B i s i n h ( L
n-l ( l) W [n ^n' V]
P B i 2 L e J (R 5 i n ( 2 X + g 2 F o
i Y V m( " * m) 0 V V «"> R l > ) "
1 + B i 2 + + B i L +
nfl m=l ("* *n) ( ^ ^ ) (^n <) W
3 cotg = -Bi L, L = Vr„

m m 0
See case 9.1.19 for X , Bi, R, Z, and Fo
n
ft^w-'"
9.1.21 9, p. 419 Semi-infinite cylinder with _ « j (RX )

convection boundary. 0_ . V" 0 n 2 exp (~X Z) + exp (X Z)
t = V 0 < r < r „ , « > 0, 4 - t - Q £ ( .2 X^) J ^ )B +
T = 0.
t - t , 0 < r < r ,
x 0 x e r f c
f — 2 _ + Z Fo*] - exp (-X Z) erfc I — ^ - z Po
*)
n
2 = 0, T > 0. \2 Fo / \2 Fo /.
J = B J
Convection boundary h, t Q \i l'^n^ * o'^n^
at r = r , z > 0, T > 0.
li = h r / k , R = r / r , Z = z/t ,
Q 0 Q Fo = r /2-ôT
0
A 9.1.22 9, p . 419 Semi-infinite cylinder witn

-inrinite cylinder with i /pi t f 2
steady
dy surface
surface temperature.
temperature. Z ~ 0I9_ =1 . , _ VV 0"Q'""n'
z z
V I.Jo2 » ^ / L\
,2 „ P_\o \ „erf
J
„.,
( B
*
(Z Fo ) + exp (X Z)
t y o < r < V z > o , v ^ - - £ x^TT) [ . « • K )
•t = 0.
t = t,r= r ,z>0 X
x Q
erfcfz Fo* + — ^r A + exp (-ZX ) erfc |Z Fo* ~)
T > 0. \\ 2Fo"/
2Fo / " \\ 22Fo*/
Fo" n
t =t,0< r<r,
Q Q S e e o a g e x , Fo*, R,and Z
9 > 1 - 2 0 f o r
z = 0, T > 0.
9.1.23 9, p. 420 Cone with steady surface

temperature.
t - t.
i
^ (2n + l)r [(n + l)/2] PJX)
= 1 + ^ 2. nT(n/2) [dP (X)/dn]
t = t,, o < e < e , T = o.
Q 0 l n x = x
t = t , e = e , T > o.
Q 0
exp (-orru/r ) J n+1/2 (u)du

3/2
• /
P (X„) = 0 (Legendre polynomial)

n u
^ 9.1.24 33 Infinite composite cylinder,

t = t., r < r < r., T = 0.
3
) r - r r = IT J « P ("* n *>) FG [x2j (R X ) - NX
0 2 n nJl (R X )]
2 n
t = t Q l r = r , T > 0.
3 1 "0
n=l
q = 0, r = r,.
F =
X R 2
vw2 X R X N R X
[V n 3>] [ ^ " «(« " V*2» J n ~ [ „V 2 n> " V l < 2 n>] '
G J {RX ( R
- 0 n> [ ^ D 2 V " « V V n > ] ~ V » V
X J (R X
*[ n 0 2 n> - V l ' V n ' ]
k = °° (R - 1) ' p c
( R X ) P
3 " 2°2
9.1.25 33 Finite cylinder with convection Bi J (^ R) cosh [X L(l - X)J

boundary and insulated end. 0 n n
- 2TT
t = t., 0 < r < r , 0 < x <
*' 0 Q fc fc
" i = 2
\ (X + B i ) J„(A ) cosh (X L)
2 2
n=l V n / D n n
T = 0. t = t , 0 < r < rQ Q f
2m
x = 0, x > 0. q = 0, x
™ ^. (2m + l)BiJ (X R) cos
Q n [( 2 ~ *) (1 - X)7ij
0 < r < r , x = %, T > 0.
Q
~ , 2 2
L [x + (2at + 1>V/4L 1 ( \ 2 2 2
+ B i ) J„(X )
m=0 n=l L" J \ n / O n '
Convection boundary h,
h a t r =
2 ' V V
h.t.
vo I WV = B i
W
I 2
Bi = hr /k, L = «/r , R = r / r , X = x/l,
Q Q Q Fo = orr/r
|x = £,
9.1.26 33 Case 9.1.25 with convection " . r _ n x x
h , t-.j at r = r .
Q i_ _ 2 V 1 2 0' n Ln -I
fc fc 2 2
Convection boundary 0 " i , (x + B i ) J„(X ) Tx sinh (X L) + B i , cosh (X L)l
n=l \ n J. / Q n l_ n n £ nJ
h , t :
2 Q at x = 0.
" • X B^ B i ^
m • B i ; J (X R) cos [X L(l - X)]
0 n m
Z 2 2 2 2
n 4; (xV x ) (x Bi ) J ( X ) [(x Bi?)
+ + 0 + + Bi,l
m=l n=l \ n m/ V, n 1/ 0 n ]\, m 2/ 2J
2 2 2
x exp [-FO ( x ^ • X )]
(X = B i = B i
to
Vl n> l W ' V»'V 2
i B^ = h^/k, Bi 2 = h JLA, L = H/t ,
2 Q R = r / r , X = x/S,
Q
l ^ S R K v • -"--.-.V.ii
9.1.27 33 Finite cylinder with a

™ Bi J ( 0 R ) cosh [ e L ( l - X)]
linear time dependent o n n 4
temperature on one end.

t = t^ 0 < r < r ,
^ " ' i n4.
n=l
2
fe
Vn
2
+ B i ) j (B ) cosh (3 L)
/ O n n
p d
00 00
0 < x < l, T = 0. 3 Bi J . ( B R ] cosh fe L ( l - xfl
m o n Lm J
b(t„ - t.)T,
t = t. + b(t„
i 0 2
0, 0 < T b.
Q
2 2
g^ = 0, 0 < r < r , x = I, Q
- [k « * «M1 - [ - (»„ * «> )])
T > 0. Convection boundary (2m + l)ir, 3nJ ,l( 3 n) = Bi J O
n ( 3nJ
n n
h, t . at r = r 0 '
o h.t,
Fo = orrAn, Bi = h r / k , L = £/a, R = r / r , X = x/J,,
0 Q
-X
J L 2
Pd = r b / a
t = f(r)-
, ••b
3j 0
9.1.28 33 Case 9 . 1 . 27 with convection Solution identical to that given in case 4.1.25 except
boundary h , 2 t f
at x = 0. multiply the second summation series by
fc
f
t. ^
-
I
" < o "bt.)T, fc
0 < T < 1/b. t = t , T > 1/b.

Pd {exp | ^ T (X: + KL/l>~)\
Q
[h K • *4 - 1}
Convection boundary h w t.:

at r = r„.
9.1.29 65 I n f i n i t e rod attached . .

k 2 n
to an i n f i n i t e p l a t e . t c
" V
" V*! i _ _,_ x „ __, i 2 v (-D , >: ir P o ) ,
2 2
fc s fc b 3 2 2
» 0£ *! « '
0 1q b 00 2 7i 4 , n
00 £<_ C n=j.
r< < »<*>,, T
T =
= 00. .
• ^ = q~, x = 0 , T X = 1 , R •+ «° .
fc k k k P C V 2
< -V l [<* - V l 1 / 2 2 2\
q b = L q b J p
o o ^ ~ W i<V
2 2 2 R
YP f f f» \ . i , ^ 4 r P + S) ' J
to
i
IO
_
©
_
i fm^T
_|o U
x ^ Po 4 1 erfc ( ^
n=0 \
4i +
+ 4 i erfc (^=-j - 4 i erfc [ 2 yPo J
ZM . i 2 e r f c ([iî^]-)) - | (erfc W + erfc ( ^ )
erfc L c f c
f^Po J - e r f c ^ ^ ^J ;{,X =l R = 0. r
2
Po = o t ^ / b , X = x / b , R = r / b Q Q

Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindcical Surfaces—No internal Heating.
Case Ho. References Descciption Solution
VD
i
to
JJ!*.!***^-'•" ".•WWSj
2
9.2.1 9, p. 204 Infinite cylinder with steady , _
t t ) k ~ J (RX ) exp (-X Fo)
n
2
internal heating and constant 0 = I ( 1 _ R ) _ 2 ) — j—^ -
surface temperature. *fo'
_2_,,, 4 £-i
n=l
,l
'I n n , l 3
=
W °
See Pig. 9.5
V0
i
to
9.2.2 9, p. 205 I n f i n i t e cylinder with

(t - t ) k
90 steady internal heating
i"
f
K + 2/Bi) - 2 Bi >
and convection boundary. 2 2
^ X ( B i + X ) J„(X ) 2
t = t , 0 < r < r , T = 0. *n1,

f
0^0
Q
n=l n \ n/ 0 n
. . . t... (
q = q
BiJ (X ) = V l V '
0 n
See Fig. 9.10.

Section 9 . 2 . Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
fc
J ( VSdR)
a R) I
74, p. 372 Case 9 . 2 . 2 with g i "
fr
9.2.2.1 1 n = în^-bT
=
q^'e - *-i_ _ po Q
exp (-Pd Po)

t = t,., 0 < r < r , x = 0.
Q pJ^V^dJ
00
„n=li - Pd - Xn
J„(X
(r n') Xn
2 Bi
X + B l X n
W (n J
I
to
9.2.3 9, p. 204 I n f i n i t e cylinder with
exponential time-dependent ( f c
- V k
exp t-br) J (RVPd) 0
internal:heating. 2
q" • Pd ^(VPo")
t = t„> 0 < r < r„, T = 0. ^0^0
r
J exp (-FoX^JpCRXj
2_
Pd
n=l ^ ( x J / P d - l ) J X )
n l( n
9.2.4 3, p. 363 Infinite pipe with steady Pipe temp:

fluid flow and sudden heat
generation in
generation in cne
the w
wall.
an. (t^
It -- t..)h
c. jn Pr. / i \ -XT -E r *
E A T
Fluid: t - t „ T - 0. — i i- = XT + ( j - r r ) (1 - e ) - e ^ [(XT - 1)
Pipe: t = t., T = 0. g
0 "p
Fluid velocity = V.
X T
x +(E T*) - X*(5,T*) + (j^-rr) e "
f A(C,T*,X)] , t > (X - 1)5,
Wall heating: q'" = q"'
U
T > 0.
No axial conduction. Fluid temp:
(t - t . ) h P. _ x r
Insulated £ ± - = XT - (1 - e ) - e *
A ( X 1 ) / X
1 outerwall 1 " n x "
en *0 " p
0
AT
< »-yJ- V x [{XT + X - 1)I|I(5,T ) - e " A(C,T X)J r , T > (X - 1)5 .
—- v t , h -<
f
*
,T
6
6e" d5
2
_~
n=0 (nl)
( n l
>' -i
0
t, = D / X ,
f A = X + B /D ,
f p T = D / (X -
p X/V) , ^ ^*
P A fin+le 6 d 6
b = h V f°f f
f b = h P/PpOpAp,
2 + ( E r t *, = J -^~2 / "
rt 1**1
nl /
A, = flow area, A = pipe section area, n=0 < >' 0
n
f P
P. = pipe inside perimeter. ^ J!, ,_,, r ,,-jn /•* "
l
A
See Figs. 9.6a, 9.6b, and 9.6c. ^ (n!)'
n=u u
9.2.5 9, p. 405 Infinite cylinder with

linear temperature- (t ~ t )k _ ^ J ( R V P 5 )
Q 0 ^_ ~ exp l(-\l + Po)Fo] J ( R \ )
Q
+ 2
dependent internal heating.
o' • r'r
B J (VPO)
Q " Po 2/
X P o X J
9
0 0 n=l n( " n) l<V
J ( X ) = 0 , Po = Brjj/k, R = r/r
Q n Q
2
If 3 > 0, steady state solution exists for Po < A .
I
W
-J
9.2.6 19, Infinite cylinder of See case 8.2.11, set L = 2, radius = I.

p. 3-29 infinite conductivity,
variable specific heat,
convection boundary, and
uniform heating.
9.2.7 19, Case 9.2.6 with a short See case 8.2.11, set L = 3, radius = I.
p. 3-29 cylinder of length 2A.
Section 9 . 2 . S o l i d s Bounded by C y l i n d r i c a l Surfaces—With I n t e r n a l Heating.
9.2.8 63 Hollow i n f i n i t e c y l i n d e r .2 ~ 2 2 ..
( t
with e x p o n e n t i a l l y space ~ ^ m „ \ WW / 2 fc\
%
varying heat g e n e r a t i o n . 2 Z, ,2., . 2,„ T , 0 n \ n /
m r J (
t = t . , r . < r < r , T = 0. Q l n=l W ~ 0 W
t = t^T), r = s i r T > 0. , r Fo
x (T) Ti(T exp Fo d(Po)
t = t ( x ) , r = r , T > 0.
q'"
2 2
= mc e x p [ - 6 ( r - r ^ ] .
(/ h v w " il W )
0
F o
r I
2 2
j f (X ) ( B r ^ n / mx exp ( x Foj d(Fo)|
2
r ^ < , (t - t )k3 a
x x
R = r/r l f Fo = a r / r ' , T ( T ) -
mr
R
2
exp ["Sr^R - 1)] RB (X R)dR
0 n
/
J (X R)
W > " 0 n VV " W W
J (
0 WW * W V W
9.2.9 74, p. 375 Infinite cylinder with a (t - t ^ k

steady surface heat flux Po +
and steady internal heating. q'''r Q
t = t , 0 < r < r , x = 0.
A Q
on
q". = . " o < r < r , T > 0. 2
J (X R) cap
0 n ( A )
f- [ Fo - J(l - 2R ) - 2 J
]
q Q + s
2
q = r = r T > X J„(X )
r V 0' °* n=l n 0 n'
j'(X ) = 0
0 n
I
to
9.2.10 74, p. 375 Case 9 . 2 . 9 with

(t - t . ) k 2J (X
V [ i n - W l j
' (1 - R ). § - = i FO + 4 Z ^3,2,
a'''
q
0
r0 r XJ
J„(X )
n=l n Cr n
2
x J (X R) [ l - exp (-X F o ) ] + 4>
Q n
$ given in case 9 . 2 . 9
9.2.11 74, p. 375 Case 9.2.9 with (t - t )k v

5 — = FO ( 1 + ~ Pa Fo) +
q'" "%"a + br). 2
%'I I'I .or \ * '
given in case 9.2.9
9.2.12 74, p. 376 Case 9.2.9 with (t k

"V 1 r l
r l•I a ~q'"
l I I exp (-be). ,.,,2 Pd
r
V o I
given in case 9,2.9
9.2.13 74, p. 376 Case 9.2.9 with (t - t )k

.III _ q
„ ••II•' ,,,2 ±-r sin (Pd Fo) + If
- ± — = Pd
cos (br).
q'"r
4> given in case 9.2.9
9.2.14 74, p. 376 Case 9.2.9 with ( t n

- y _ (PdFo) FO +
n + 1
q-rj
given in case 9.2.9
9.2.15 74, p. 393 Infinite cylinder with

pulse heating on a
cylindrical surface Q,
and convection boundary
"IT ~Z (BI 2
+ x) 2 2
J (X )
h, t , 0 < r < r , T = 0
f Q
n=l \ n/ 0 n
J = 0, R =
Instantaneous pulse heating
0<V r
' 0 r
of strength
itrength Q.
Q occurs at For B i •* °°:
r T = 0. 00
F
l r
<t -
- V p c r
o V n > 0 ( X ^ ) exp
X R J
K °)
•J2-
«1
*?<*»>
Mean temp:
i oo
(" n Fo)
A
P c c
nW
2
•X
w <** ~ V o l ) B
n e x p
J
n=l ?<V
2
4 Bi
2 2 2
X (X + Bi )
v
n n '
,-With internal Heating.
A A v*> cylindrical Surfaces-
. •„„ o 2 Solids Bounded by c y i m
Section 9-*- *"•"•
VD
I
W
M
10.1.1 2, p. 239 Sphere with steady

74, p. 126 surface temperature. = e x 2
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0. t r* f y "*~H P i-^ Po) s i n (mrR)

i f Q
t - t TT ^_ n
n=l
OD _
= X eCfC 2R eCfC + R Po < 1 .

- R 2 LL (\ 2zVfe"
TT jro / ' ~ \^ 2^Tiro
yfe )J' j'
n=l
Mean temp:
CO
t~m - 10
t. 6 V 1 . 22 _ v
9 I i I l 0, n IT
.'_. \ I n=l
Cumulative heat r a t e :
CD
,n+l
0 w n
n=l
See F i g . 10.1
10.1.2.1 74, Sphere with convection °° , ._ _, „„„ / ,2

n \ -1
p. 254 . r
. , t— A s i n (A R) exp |-A_ Fol I _
boundary-general case _ „ V n n V n / I r_ _ 1
t fc 2 L M r c J
t = f (r), 0 < r < r , " f " Z fX - sin (X ) cos (X )"| R / ' f
x = 0. n
L
n
n=l x s0i n (X R) dR .
n
tan{Xj
V (1 - Bi)
See Table 14.2 of roots
10.1.2.2 3, Sphere with convection Bi s i n (X ) exp (-X Fo) s i n (X R)

p. 298 boundary.
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i f Q
i^. = y 2
n
n
n
\ n /
X - s i n (X ) cos (X )X R
n n
n
t, - t, 2
n=l
Z
X cos (X ) = (1 - Bi) s i n (X )
n n n
Cumulative heat rate:
[ s i n (X ) - X cos (X )]
R n fl [l - exp (-X* Fo)]
k- n-1
I X
n On " s i n
<V COS
M
Q = f TVrJpc( - t )
0 ti f
See F i g s . 10.2a, 10.2b, and 10.2c

10.1.3 9, p. 233 Sphere with initial temp

£(r) and surface temp 2 2
exp(-n IT To) s i n (mrR)
4>(t), general case.
n»l
•If
Rf (R) s i n (mrR)dR - mr(-l) 2
exp(n w 2
Po X)()>(A)dX
" - / '
o 10.1.4 9, p. 235 Sphere with surface temp

u proportional to time. t - t 2 2
i + ^— exp(-n Tf Fo) s i n (mtR)
t , 0 < r < r , t
t Q
t - .
0 t \ 6 p 0 ; v 3
Fo R , n3
brt + t . , r T n-1
I V " °- See Table 1 0 . 1 and Fig. 10.8
l
o
WRBm.
10.1.5 9, p. 235 Sphere with variable

init'-'
itial "temp. ! ~...*° JL V ± =
2 2
expl*-* ^ + 1) Pol sin |"(2n + 1) TIR!
c r)/ r + fc fc fc 3 3 L J L J
= <*r» " VII' <
- 0
ii " ( i0l l 0> ill'
c "rr 0 nT, Rn£ K (2n + I )
c
n=0
0 < r < r , T = 0.
Q
r= r T
*= V 0' * °'
10.1.6 9, p. 236 Sphere with variable initial t - t ™ n-1

temp (parabolic). 9_ i-L. V
= 1=11 i s n (n1T R) exp(-n it Fo)
. = _ ,.
t . , /.2
r 2 _2^
r 2 ,/_2
r +^
fc .
. \ tc _ -"0t 7T*
„3„
*R *-Z-
J n „3
^ c - V ( o " V ( Q o) n
n=i.
0 < r < c, Q T " 0.
t = t, r = r
Q Qf T > 0.
10.1.7 9, p. 237 Sphere with variable initial _

temp (trigonometric). i 1 2
t = t„ + ( / c ) s i n r r / r ) ,
t < ( 1 0 t Q - t Q — s i n (HR) exp(-u Fo)
0 < r < r , T = 0. Q
o
l
U1
10.1.8 9, p . 237 Sphere with variable i n i t i a l

fc t
temp (exponential). _ _ " 0 2ir V n , 2 2 „ ,
eXPt n
t -t Q + (t -c V eX p[ (r - r 3, tprt; - T
b 0 1 -^TTBV " ^
0 < r < r , T Q
n + 1 2 2 2
t , r = r , T > 0.
Q Q
x s i n (nTO) [(-l) (B - 2B + n t r ) - 2B exp (-B)"j
B = br„
10.1.9 9, p. 236 Sphere with two i n i t i a l CO
temperatures. t
' 0 t
2 sin (nirRj)
MTR
Rj^ sin (nirRj_)J
H" 0 fc
nn
n=l
2_2
x sin (nTiR) exp(-n IT Fo)
H
O
10.1.10 9, p. 237 Sphere with polynorainal

n + 1
i n i t i a l temperature. ^ _ 2 _ = 2 V s i n < nltR) L i - <-l) + - ^ [ ( n V - 2)
2 3 fc fc
t = h - ^ +V • b r 2 + b r
3 l ' 0 £ »**
+ . . . . , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
_T . b 2 . 3 3
0
, , , n+1 , „ . , , , n+1 3 A
t = t , r = r , T > 0.
Q Q
x (-1) - 2J + -£-£ (n u - 6nii) (-1) nX
+ ~^j
4 4 2 2 n 2 2
[24 - (n n - 12n ir + 24) ( - l ) + ....]} exp(-n ir Fo)
b[ = b r„/H, b* = b rJ/R, bj = b ^ / R , 2
10.1.11 9, p . 238 Sphere with convection boundary

( t 2
89 and changing f l u i d temperature, " V" „ , R Bi - 2 + Bi . 2 Bi
t = t , , 0 < r < r , T = 0. F o + +
br!2 " Til —

t f = bx + t . r T > 0.
^, s i n (RXJexp (-Fo X ) R
X + B i B i 1 s i n X
n-T
n=i Kn u\ n
l < " » ]J < Jn
X cot(X ) + Bi = 1
n n
Mean temp:
2
exp (-X Fo)
o F O
" 15 I " 5i) 1 + 6 B l
2.
brr ~ X (X 4 2
Bi 2
- Bi)
n=l n \ n +
'
See Fig. 10.9
Section 1 0 . 1 . S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—No Internal Heating.
10.1.11.174, Case 1 0 . 1 . 1 1 with t - t. R Bi s i n ( V p a R ) exp (-Pd Fo)

P 1 7 fc fc ( B i x s i n v^?a , + c o s ( V ? a )
' t f = t f m - (t f m - t.)e . f m ~ i ~ " " > f" " ^
_ A R s i n (A R) exp 1-X" Fo)

_ 2 B i V _S 1JL_ V -S Z.
2
~ ( l - X /P6) X
n=l \ n / n
n+1 2 2 1 / 2
(-l) [\ n+ (Bi-l) ]
A =
n X +Bi2 Bi
(l - )
Mean temp:
fc fc
m " i _ 3 Bi [tan ( Vpd) - VPHD exp (-Pd Fo)
t . - t. Pd RBi - DtanCVPd') + \PdJ
rm l
2
exp (-X Fo)
2
6 Bi
2 2 2 2
^ X (X +Bi - B i ) ( l - X /Pd)
v
n=l n \ n ' n '
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—Mo Internal Heating.
10.1.12 9, p. 238 Sphere with convection boundary

and changing fluid temp,
fc fc
t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i # Q ~ i 2 Bi
t m - t . i " Pd R
t f = (t - tj) sin (OJT + e), T > 0.
m
t = max f l u i d temp, X rX
m
I V Pdl-Pd
n=l [( n X
S i n
/ P d
(E)
) + 1
l
" COS
K
(£)
+
1
Bi
(Bi
2
" 1) S i n
- B i ) cos (X ,
( R
V
n
?
x exp f-Fo \ n \ + 2 ^ - s i n (COT + z + ^ + 4f )\ 2
Pd = (at /a
X cot (X ) + Bi = 1
n n
Ae = sinh (to ) cos (to ) + i cosh (to ) s i n (to )
i(t>
Ae 2 = to, cosh (to_) + (Bi - 1) sinh (to )
w = R "VPd/2, u = (1 + i ) Y i d / I
10.1.13 9, p. 240 Sphere enclosed in a Temp of the sphere:

finite medium of infinite 2 2
conductivity. M X* + 3(2M + 3)X + 9
fc
t
" 'C
t 1 fc
02M V K M
t = t., 0 < r < r , T = 0.

t = r Kr < T =
t. - t ° M + 1 " 3R Z
n=l
„2 + 9(M + l)X
MfX*
n n
h n
sin
^n'
V i V °
q t = 0, r = r , T > 0.
2 2
x sin (X ) exp (-X Fo.jJ , 0 < R < 1 •
Temp of the surrounding medium:
co
2
7 ~~ = „ * , - 6M y -r-r exp (-X Po. J , 1 < R <
O t. - t M + 1
Q Z, 2 2 M ^ nX +
P
l)
n=l n '
P 3 X
2°2 / 3 \ n
M = — - (R - l) , R = r/r , tan (X ) = j n
l°l P
' w 1
3 + MX_ n
See Fig. 10.3

Case No. -References Description Solution
10.1.14 9, p. 241 Case 10.1.13, except the sur- Temp of surrounding medium
rounding medium transfers m
heat by convection to a ( 3 Bi R MX;) exp (-XJ; F o J

2
fluid at temp t .
t t , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
t Q
ifc "2 n
2
n
4
*"? M X + 3X^(3 + 3M - 2M Bi R_) - 9 Bi R , ( l - Bi R_)
n=i z z i.
t = t , r > r „ , x = 0.
Q
P
2°2 1
Exterior surface area = A_ (-J" )' r/r,
M„ 3X
tan(X )
3(1 - Bi R„) + MX"
^ n
o
i
K
10.1.15 9, p . 242 Sphere with steady

surface heat f l u x , (t - t . ) k 5 R 2 _ 3 2. V S i n (
Vn ) e x p X F
(" n ° )
t = t . , 0 < r < r , T = 0. = 3 Fo +
Q
Vo 10 ~8 Z ^2 s i n (X,,)
X*
g = r = T >
n=l n n
r V V °' tan(X ) = X n n
See Pig. 10.4
i
to
10.1.16 9, p., 246 Hollow sphere with two ( T R ) R T / T c o s (nir) R

surface temperatures T__!i V i ~ i 2 v o i ~ i
= + +
t = f(r), t < r < r ,i Q T = 0. T^ R R Rrr 2J n
n = 1
t = t . , r = \ . , T > 0.
fc r r T > * 2 2 ~ i V *
"V • 0' °" x s i n (fflTR ) exp(-n IT FO) + y s i n (rnrR )
n=l
2 2
x exp(-n ir Fo) / (R*+ R)f (R*) s i n (mm*) dR*
/
2
R = (r - r . ) / < r . - r.) , R = r / r , Fo = onr/(r - r . )
l n u n
i"^0 '1' 0 *i'
10.1.17 9, p. 247 Hollow sphere with 2 1 / 2
steady surface flux, (t - t . ) k <R - R) 0 2 " (l + \ n ) sin g R n Q -\ R)

n
t = t c < c < c T = 0. RR •R
i r i Qt
Vi Q
n-1 X
n [ 0 R + ( R
0 " 1 ) X
nl
t = t . , r = r , , T > 0.
-9 r - q , r = r , T > 0.
0 Q x e x p (-A Fo)
t a n (A R„ - A ) + A = 0
n 0 n n
R = r / r . , Fo = orc/r.
I I
3
I
10.1.18 9, p . 350 Sphere of i n f i n i t e

conductivity enclosed t - t,Q_ 4K
=
by s h e l l of f i n i t e ~R
l 0
conductivity.
2
sin [ A ( l - R)] exp (-A Fo)
n
~ x 2K(1 - R.)A n + 4R.A s i n n [A (l

n - R.)] - K sin [2A (1 - R R.)]
R. < R < 1 .
i
2 2
R.K A cos [A (1 - R.)l L J = v (x R - K ) s i n [A (1 - R.)] .
L J
i n n i n i ' n i
2
3 c / / p R = r/ft F o = 0 f T / r
K= P 2 2 l°l' 0' ' 0
10.1.19 9, p. 351 Composite sphere.

t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0. t* ~
i f Q
- *0
t n
=
2R £
^0 n
_±_^ s i n ^ j s i n {X^ s i n [ A ( R _
O 1 } x j
fc fc R
t o t , r = r , T > 0.
Q Q i " 0 n = 1 n
x exp (-X* FOj) , 0 < R < 1 .
t o 2
*~ 3 V - I - sin ( X ) sin[A (R - 1) X J
n=l
2
x exp (-X P o ) , 1 < R < R . 2 Q
2 2
• (X ) = K X s i n
n n [A X n (R - 1)]+ A X (R
Q n Q - 1) s i n (X > n
2 2
+ [(1 - KA)/A X ] s i n (X ) s i n [A X
n R {R - 1)] .
Q
X cot[A X
n n (R - 1)] + 1/A + K [ X
Q n cot (X ) - l ] = 0 . n
Fo = crt/r^, A = VSjA^, K = k ^ , R - r / r . , A(R - 1) i r r a t i o n a l Q

10.1.20 45 Sphere with radiation cooling See Fig. 10.6

19. t = t ,0 < E < r ,x = 0
p. 3-57
q = a tf"(T , - T \
4 4
r = r 1*
^r \ r=r s/ x
T = sink temp,
s
10.1.21 72 Prolate spheriod with t - t.

steady surface temp See Figs. 10.7a & b for - — t vs Po
t = t., throughout solid, T = 0. w i
t = t , on surface of solid,
w'
T > 0.
10.1.22 74, p. 320 A sphere with convection t - t. R M Bi s i n ( VPd R) exp (-Pd Fo)
and evaporation boundary, x__ 1 - (Bi - 1) s i n (-VPd) + YPd cos ( V P 9 )
t = t , 0 < r < r , t = 0. t - t.
£ Q
c
f I
m = nue" = evaporation rate.

2
T [l ^ TJA R sin (X R) exp (-X Fo)
2 n n v n
H
n=l L i -(pd/x u '
n + 1 2 2 1 / 2
(-l, B i [X + (Bi - 1) ]
, M = Ym /h(t - t )
0 f 1
2 2
X + Bi - Bi
n
X cot(X ) = 1 - Bi
n n
o
t
Sucfaces-No internal Heating.
,1. solids Bounded by Spherical
Section 10
o
I1
i-
00
10.2.1 1, p. 30? Sphere with steady surface

temp and internal heating. <t - t„)k
t = t . , 0 < r < t , x = 0.
f l
,,, 2 6 3
i *,£V " ^
c o
- t ,x > 0.
t- V r Q
2 2
', 0 > r > r„, x > 0.
x s i n (rniR) exp (-n TT Fo).
See P i g . 10.5 for condition t . = t .
10.2.2 9 , p. 243 Sphere with linear internal

heating d i s t r i b u t i o n . (t - t )k 2 3
2 3
0. -—-f- = ij (1 - 2R R>
t = t , 0 < r < r , T
n Q
+
2 n + 1 ) 5
t = c = T *0 C
0 ^ n=0 <
V v " °- .2_2 „ T
x exp [-(2n + 1) TT Fo] s i n [(2n + 1) ITR] 2
_ i i i9„ 'i "i i ( r - r ) / r 0 '
_ 0
0 < r < r , T > 0. Q
1 0 . 2 . 2 . 1 74, Case 1 0 . 2 . 2 with fc t

00
,
p. 366 , , b/2 T
" i V 1 r . /2n-l-_R\ . /2n-l+_R jl
e c f c e c f o
b i -^ - - = 2 R [
r E \ 2VFO J " V 2VF5 />J
X j> U jr 1 / £f • • • n=l
t
t i # 0 < r < r , x = 0. Q
Po Po
r = c T > | i - r ( , • * ) * • •
V 0' °' 1 + (b/2)
00
V 1 Tjb+2 * /2n - 1 - R\ .b+2 _ /2n - 1 + R\"ll
n=l
b 2 2
Po = q ' - ' T / r / b ( t - t i )
10.2.3 9, p. 243- Case 10.2.2, with .. » ..

... ... (2 2\ , 2 ( t
~V * 1 „ D 2 W , - 2 , 12
D V (-1)"" 1
q
0 < r < r„, T > 0. 0 0 n=l
'0'
x exp(-n2TT2 Fo) sin (mtR)
10.2.4 9, p. 244 Case 10.2.2, with (t k
q'V'r-
- Vj — = —1 [l
r - expf-ir2 Po)]
T
sin (TtR)
Z
q"' "-^—^ sin (iir/r ),
0 q^'r* TT R
0 < r < r , T > 0.
Q
o
l
CO
Case 1 0 . 2 . 2 with (t - t )k , , _ , , ,,
B
q.'. =qM-exp[b(r-r )I. 0 _ - £ _ . ± j ( i _ | _ ( i - - ) exp(BR - B) - (± - ff l) e"
00
2 V s i n (MTR) e x p (
, n
2 2 P_o ) ,
" H 1 n(n
, 27T2 +, B1 ) " *
n = 1
n 2 2 2 B
x [ ( - l ) ( 2 B - n ir - B ) - 2Be~ J.
B- r b.0
Section 1 0 . 2 . S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical Surfaces—With Internal Heating.
10.2.6 9, p . 245 Case 1 0 . 2 . 2 with (t -~ V t„)k

* _ 1_ -br [ s i n (RVPd) .1 _2_
e
q'" = %"*'*. ,, c2
lv ~ Pd LR s i n ( V W " ""J „3 n
7T R
V 0
£ ( - 1 ^ s i n (nirR) e x p ( _ 2, 2
n r F o ) >
n<n"V - Pd)
n=l
Pd = r*b/a .
f 10.2.7 9, p . 245 Case 1 0 . 2 . 2 with (t - t ) k Q g-br I f s i n ( R V W ) "I s i n (V"Pd - RVPd) )

1 e
g " =q " 0 ' • it
1
a0 "r0
q E
2
=
R Pd \ [ s i n ( V W ) " J R
s i n (VPd") f
r E
i < < V
0, 0 < r < r , . |R cos (R^ Pd) - -^sz-
Y""PcT
s i n
^VPdj]
n
+ 2_ V L^ L _ i ) + i - sin (mtR.)
(
n(n"7T" - Pd)
n=l
2 2
V]
R cos (mrR ) | sin (mrR) exp (-n"ir' Fo)
n
Pd = r*b/a .
10.2.8 9, p. 245 Case 10.2.2 with ft - t )k 1

g'" = f(r), 0 < r < r , n __0— _ _^_ y __ ^ _ - - ey [ .n 1!
2 2
P o ) s i n { m R )
r R i i)
f ( R
1
s i n (rniR')dR'
t > r
y ~ e x p ( - n i r Po) s i n (rniR) /
R
R'f(R )
' °- 0 * n=l " n
-0
n=l 0
2 , 2
| / R ' £ ( R ' ) dR' + J R'f (R') dR' - | R f ( R ' ) dR'
io.z.9 9, p. 245 Sphere with steady internal ,...,, ( t k

<=° •,-,*.. /,2 „ \ 5 1 n ( X R )e x p X F o
S 90 heating and convection ~ V 1 „2 ,.,„,., . at V M
( 1
n R +
("n )
2 / B l ) 2
.J,
u
boundary. .,,
q' " r2 = 6 ~ * ft" Z t l.2/.2
2
x J ( x ;^+ „
6
B i2 - B i\) _,_
. l n, (X ) R ; a n J
t = t , 0 < r < r ,T =0
£ Q
n B
q*" = <^'\ 0 < r < r , X cot C y = 1 - Bi

Q n
T >0
See Fig. 10.10
h.t f
10.2.9.1 74, p. 366 Case 8.2.9 with fc

- i fc
. Po r Bi sin (V"Pd~R) "1
_brr
,.. „ q ^ " e .
q
t„ - t, " ^ ~ pa L R [(Bi - 1) sin fv Pd)+ V Pd cos ("V Vd)Tj
A sin (A R) exp (-X Po)

ti_ __ n \ n /
x exp(-Pd Fo) RX
n=l n
2 [sin (X ) - X cos (X j ]
i- n n n- 1
{ ]
\ ~ Xn - sin (A)
n "cos (Xn) ' t a n
K =
1 -"B!
10.2.10 9, p. 246 Sphere with parabolic initial i r(t "- 1t )k_ 1

C , K
o
I
temp and convection boundary. n
n „2 |"l_ _1 1 T _ 2 Bi
1
to
0 < r < r , T = 0 (temp dist.

^ sin (X R) exp I-A Fol
for steady state with const,
surface temp = t.).
£. ( X +Bi2 B i sin (
") V ]
q'*' = 1^", 0 < r < r , x > 0.
Q
n
2
q' " r
X n cot (X ) = 1 - Bi, Po =
n k ( t ° _ Ij
10.2.11 9, p. 350 Sphere of infinite con- . Jfc

(
ductivity enclosed by a ~ o' _ 1 / 1 _ 1_\ _ 4K
shell of finite ,,, 2 3 \R ~ R / ~ R Q
q r
conductivity n n
t = t , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
Q 0
" sin [ X ( R n Q - 1)] s i n [X (R n Q - R)] exp (-X^ Fo)

q ... = ^.i, o < r < r ,
q Q
X 2 K ( R 1 ) X + 4 X s i 2 X R 1 } K s i n 2 R
T > 0. n-1 n | 0 - n n " C n< 0 " ] " [ V 0 " ^) '
q ' " = 0, c t < r < r ,Q
2
KX cos [X <R - 1)]
n n 0 = (X - K) sin [X (R n Q - 1)] , 1 < R < R ( ) .
T > 0.
K = 3 P C / P C R = r / r P = A
2 2 1 1' i' ° V i
i
w
Ol
10.2.12 19, pp. 3-29 Sphere of i n f i n i t e oon- See case 8 . 2 . 1 1 , s e t L = 3 , radius

d u c t i v i t y , variable
s p e c i f i c heat, convective
boundary, and steady
heating.
10.2.13 74, p. 370 Sphere with a steady (t - t,)k

internal heating and Po + $
steady surface flux.
2
sin (X R) exp (-A Fo)
n \ n '
ft Po
- f t3 Fo - ^- (3 - 5R ) - 2 2
^
10 O sin (X )
n=l n n
tana ) = X
n n n
10.2.13.1 74, Case 10.2.13 with 2 - (2 + X ) cos (X J

2
sin (X R)
(t - t,)k
p. 370 q'" = q'"(l - r/r„).
H
0
P-F"2
a' •'r~
0 n=l
v n/ n
X R sin
n
(X )
n
n
2
x [l - exp(-X Fo)] + ft
ft given in case 10.2.13.

10.2.13.2 74, Case 10.2.13 with 2

(X R) [l - exp (-X, Fo)]
< ~ V fc k
2 Po sin n
P. 370 g l I 1,,, _ 2 ,
= q ( 1 R ) + *
a " "r
q r Xra
R sin (Xm)
0 0 n=l
$ given in case 10.2.13.
10.2.13.3 74, Case 10.2.13 with ( t

" fc
i )k 2
3 Fo [2 - exp(-b) (b + 2b + 2)]
p. 370 q'" = q'" exp(-bR). 2
q'"r
4
0 0
2 2
" 2X - exp(-b) (2 + b
n + 2b + X ) sin (XJ sin (X R) n
o
+ 2 b
2. 72 . 2 ,. . A 2 ^ .2\2 _
~ X sin (X_) (X_ + b ) R
n=l n n \ n /
2
x [l - exp(-X Fo) ] + *
10.2.13.4 74, Case 10.2.13 with (t - t.)k ,

p. 370 q'" = q^"(l + bT). x— = Fo (1 + ~ Pd Fo) + $
•M l• • 2 V 2 '
a r
q
0 0
10.2.13.5 74, Case 10.2.13 with (t - t.)k , -.

p. 371 iii _ >i> (-bT), - — = ^r 1
[l - exp(-Pd Fo)J + *
q q e x p
3"'r
Pd 2
d
0 0
10.2.13.6 74, Case 10.2.13 with (t - t.)k .

p. 371 q » " = q'< 'cos(br). ± — = |^ sin (Pd Po) + *
given in case 10.2.13.
10.2.13.7 74, Case 10.2.13 with

p. 371 ,
q l I q^.tn:".
=
... 2
q r

o
l
IO
03
10.2.14 74, p. 390 Sphere with pulse heating 2

,1/2 2
(t - t ) p c r * ^ [(Bi - l ) + X ] A sin (X^) sin {X R)
on a spherical surface and f x R n
a convection boundary, Q| ~ 4rT Za B i R. R

t = t , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
f Q n=l i 2
e x p X F
Instantaneous pulse of 2-11/2

* (" n ° ) *
2 2
2 Bi [ X + (Bi - l) ]
strength Q occurs at n+1
A
r = t ,
x T = 0. n=™ 2
X + Bi
2
- Bi
n
tan(X ) R = r / r
»'
n rîi' o
For B i -*• °°:
(t - t )pcr i v 1 2 2
= S i n ( n l I H ) s i n ( n 1 T R ) e x n F
5 2 ? Z R~R l P(~ T °)
n=l
For r = 0
3 » ,2
X S i n ( X R ) e x p F o
(t - t )pcrjj
f i \- n n ( n )
QI 2TTR ZJ ~ - sin (X ) c o s ( X )
l , n n n
n=l
Mean temp:
<*,, - y p « 0 , ^ i- 8 1 1
, 2
,.V2 s i n
4TTRRTBIS D " ' *^ Vn <W
n=l
x exp « ">)
6 Bi
B =
n 2 2 2
X (X v Bi - Bi)
n n +
/

Section 11.1. Change of Phase—Plane Interface.
11.1.1 9, p. 285 Initial surface maintained at Solid temp:

constant temp: freezing liquid..
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
Q
t = t , x > 0, T = 0. *•" 0
= erf
fc K)
l/erf (A), 0 < x < w,
t = melting temp, Liquid temp:

m
t„ - t]
'ft ~ c
/ * \ ,
=
_ t erf c/FOj^J/erf c (X M a / < \ ) , x > w .
t s
i 2 (t X a
XYVT exp(-X ) m ~ V H *** (~ V f t )
I w c ( t e r f ( A ) (t t ) k e r f o ( X )
(solid) (liquid)
s m " V ' m " 0 s
w = 2Xya T
s
11.1.2 9, p. 287 Solid region maintained at Liquid temps

melting temp: freezing liquid,
t = t , x < w, T > 0.
m
= \YTetCcfeo^/expl-X ) , x >w .
t = t , X > 0, T » 0.
x
w = 2XVa„T
t, < t , t melting temp.
1 m m 2
X exp(X ) erfc(X) = (t m - t^ C^/VVTT
11.1.3 9, p. 287 Melting of a solid in contact Solid temp:

with another solid.
fc fc
B- 0
t = t , x > 0, T = 0. erfc (Fo" ) / e r f c ( X Y a . / a ) , x > w.
t fc xs ** s
t x = T > m" 0
'h>V °' °-
t = melting temp. Liquid temp:
fc fc
0 ~ i *
— - = erf (Fo „ ) / e r f (X) , 0 < x < w .
''SL, t m - t, xJl
\-\-\ |t .a .k
e B K
(solid) I (liquid) (solid) e t f (X> + k V 5 ( t e r f c ( X V 5 ) C ( t l tm>

£ * i " S* V s" * "
11.1.4 9, p. 288 Liquid freezing on solid- Original solid:

properties of solidified
fc fc
sl - Q VA
liquid different from [ l + erf (Fo* )] , x < 0 .
t - t„ VA"+ K e r f (X) gl
m o
original solid.
t = t x < 0, T 0.
Q f
Solidified liquid:
t = t . , x > 0, T 0.
fc fc K e r f F
t = melting temp. a2- 0 ^ * ( <4 > 2
, 0 < x < w .
t - t„ ~ VA + K e r f (A)
m u
Liquid:
e r f c ( F o ^ J / e r f c (XV o t / < y g 2 , x > w .

fc fc
m-i
k
V^r si k
' W k
s 2 VV ,
(solid) (solid) (liquid)
XYVJ _ K exp(-X ) 2
, "lâ**, ~ l t ) M I ( V
P - &2 / C
V
3 ( t k
s2 m " V V I + K erf (X) s 2 VT (tA m - t ) erfc
Q (XVa /a )
s2 A
w = 2X V S ^ r , K= k A„ 2 , A- a g l /a s 2
11.1.5 9, p. 289 Melting of a solid in contact w = 2AV"<V^

AT
with another solid—properties

of liquid different than k^VHêxp {-A )
XYVTT
original solid. c ( t
A l " V " h ^ l +
" a l ^ e t f( X )
t = t, > t , x < 0, T = 0.
1 m
k ( t fc e x X a
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
Q
, B2^t 0- m P(- V s2)
k ( t e r f c ( X 1 S 5
*^ i" V >' 7 ? S
See case.11.1.4 for temperatures
i
t = melting temperature ,
11.1.6 9, p. 289 Solid melts over temp range For case 11.1.1, change equation for A to
of fc t o
ml W <2
exp[(a - y A / a J e r f c
s t W a ^ ( t ^ - t )k VcT ml &
fc > T
V m2' * °' - °' erf (A) lt
ml ' V s * \ k
For case 11.1.4, change equation for A t o :
2
K e*pl> s 2 - y X / g J erfc ( X V ^ T y (t m 2 - t m l )k Va^
f c
V7T+ K erf (A)

<V " V **T
Use c« for c„ in the above equations and solutions given in
cases li.l.i and 11.1.4.
11.1.7 9, p. 290 Change of volume during
r*$-4b®->-
A (
* X P -PI[/5
S
solidification, ° Jl +
P
Sa-h X
t = t, Q x = 0, T > 0.
t = tj, x > 0, t = 0. 2 ( t e x p
exp (-X ) l - V * J ^ (-^ypfrl) AY V¥
erf (X) " <t - t ) k V a ^ e r f c < X p V T r / p ^ ) " e ^ ^ - t )
m 0 a g Q
t = melting temperature.
w = 2XY~a~T"
s
r t 0
| w
(solid) (liquid)
11.1.8 9, p . 291 Constant heat flux at

original solid-liquid
s
a
S^S"
p ; s
= * - :2x V + 2 F o
x > ^12x2i
+
T^ 4
+ 1 2 P o +
x " ?<Q
boundary. , 0 < x < w.
t - t , x > 0, T = 0. 3 2 5 3
W = QfT - | Q T + | Q T
m
= q X = T >
SJ 0' ?' °*
Q = Fo a X/x T =
t s = solid temp,
, t s < tm . V W ' x "s ' V
t m = melting temp,
11.1.9 9, p. 292 Convection boundary at

t - t P BiJ; F Bi*
original solid-liquid t - tj. X 2 X 31 X
boundary. ~m
, 0 < x < w.
t = tv x > 0, T = 0, t x > t .
m
t = melting temp,
m P Bi2 3
2
•x w = F Bi Fo x J - ^ (1 + F) FO + x
w
F = k (t - t ) / a p y , P o = cyr/x* , B i = hx/k
v\, te
s m f g x x s
(solid) (liquid)
)
11.1.10 55 Solidification on plane semi-

19.
infinite solid with convection
h
s V i i X N
•- 1
p. 3-87 pyk N 2 H l K B i + 1) - 1
coefficient between solid-solid
and liquid-solid, fc t > hw
N= V o" m
Bi - s
t = t ,
Q at < 0, X = 0. t ) ' B l
•
a " k
c = 0. See P i g . 11 .1 s
t = melting temperature.
(Solid) (Solid) (Liquid)

t ,h .
P. c Vo
11.1.11 56 Case 11.1.10 with solidified See Figs. 11.2a and b

19,
layer of finite heat capacity
p. 3-88
and heat flow at x = 0 given
as q = bt , where t is temp
w w
at x <" 0.
11.1.12 19, Case 11.1.10 with heat flow See P i g s . 11.3a and b
77 4
at x = 0 given as q = b t w . 0, T = 0.
Q
t , x 0, T > 0. "w "d

t. = w
decomposition temp,
d
Virgin layer
H
I = bVT.
I
t - t^,
Q
erfc
Ka) , x >_ £ „
Char Virgin fc e r f c ( b / 2 V S )
S, ' d ~ 2
© ©
b2
exp (- /"«l) /p^PÂd- ^ V ^ K ^ ) V^Px/c^! Yb
e r f (b/2VaJ) " V P ^ ! * ! \ t ~ t / erfc ( b / 2 / c S p " 2 ( t -
w )
d / w t ( J
See F i g s . 11.4a and b
h-f •
11.1.14 57 Ablation of a semi-infinite See Figs. 11.5a, b and c

19, solid by convection heating,
p. 3-93 fc
d" 0 fc
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
Q t • •_ - = 1 - exp [(h/k) ore ] erfc [(h/k) VoTj]
t, = decomposition temp.
t , = Time for free surface to reach temp t .
d d
Steady state ablation velocity a n d temp distribution:
h fc
< a - V
"ss ~ p § < t - t ) + a] d Q
l
fc fc v
to
l - o r ss, ,.i
i 'd0
H = heat of ablation
(Char) (Solid)
11.1.15 58 Case 11.1.15 with heating by See Fig. 11.6

19, a constant surface flux q " . Preablation time:
p. 3-95
2
Ablation velocity!
_
'ss p[c(t - t ) + H]
d Q
Section 11.1. Change of phase—Plane interface.

Section 11.1. Change of Phase—Plane interface.
V
to
Section 11.2. Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface.
11.2.1 9, p. 29 Liquid freezing on Liquid temp:

a cylinder.
t = t,0<r<R. (-Fo2) /Ei
m a El <-X ) , r > r . s
t = t., r + », t < t . fc
»- i fc
1 1 m
t = melting temp. 2 2
X exp(X ) Ei (-X ) + c ( t 2
- t^/Y = 0.
A m
r g - 2X VSJ7
.J® , (Solid) (Liquid)
11.2.2 9, p. 295 Liquid freezing Liquid temp:

on a sphere.
t = t , 0 < r < R .
t « tr
m'
r + -, < t .
t l m
tm - t1 2
2X
exp(-X ) - xVi" erfc (X) (2 Fo
rJl
exp «l)
" J e r f c
("-)} • r > r
2 2 2
X exp(X ) | e x p ( - X ) - Xu e r f c (X)j = ~ (t m - tj ,
(Solid) (Liquid)
r = 2X V5£T
Section 11.2. change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface.
11.2.3 9, Steady line heat sink S o l i d tempt

p. 296 t = t , r > 0, T = 0,
(~2)
( t k
s - V s 4lt Ei Ei(-X^), 0 < r < r .
t , > t . sinK rate = q„.
1 m u
t = melting temp.
r = 2X V a t
a s
Liquid temp:
(t c - t.)
> r
s "
m x
2 2 2
ax p(-X )/4ir * ~ ^ - t , m e xp(-X o / l g a A )/E 1 (-X a /aJ
s x
VY/q .
0
•U
11.2.4 9, p. 296 Freezing on steady Solid temp:

temp cylinder.
r = T >
*- V V °' f-^~T - an(r/r )/£n(r /r )
n s 0 r r Q < r < r s
fc <
0 V IR 0
r > T =
*"V V °- 2 r
s ^ s ' V " r 2
+ a 2
= 4 k (t - t )T/YP
t = melting temp, s m Q
(Solid) (Liquid)
Section 1 1 . 2 . Change of Phase—Nonplanar Interface.
11.2.5 19, Freezing i n s i d e a tube, 2 2

(
p. 3-87 tube resistance neglected, m" a' _ Bi ("A . l \ .. 2, _2 0 0 AVI „ , ,
+ ( 1 R R n
convection cooling at r = r .
Q p^k " 2 LUi 2) " ' " * WJ ' ~ '
r
t = t , r = r .
m 1 Bi = h 8 A , R = t /* 0
t = melting temp.
Liquid
Solid
11.2.6 19, Case 11.2.5 with freezing on 2^

1
p. 3-87 outside of tube and convec- < n, ~ a « SiT/l |\ 2 _ + R 2 £ ]
l _
tion cooling on i n s i d e . pyk 2 |_VBi 2/ J
11.2.7 19, Case 11.2.5 with freezing 2 _

p. 3-88 i n s i d e a sphere. m^ a = B|_ gj_ _ ^ ( 1 _ R 3 ) + | ( 1 _ R 2 ) "J f R < x
S^^f^s?-'''?,':--^?'•
11.2.8 19, Case 11.2.6 with freezing 2

p. 3-88 on outside of sphere. 'm " V 2
_ B i f/l_+ .
1
,\ ,_3 ,, ( R 3_ 1,} 2
p "1
^k r L\Bi ) (B 1}
" "2 " J ' * R
i
Section 11.2. Change of Phase—Nonplanar interface.
i

Section 12.1. Traveling Boundaries.
12.1.1 9, p. 389 Semi-infinite solid with t - t Q .

linear! initial temp, time - — — 7 - = D(l - U) + G + ^ erfc [x(l - U)]
dependent surface temp 1 ~ 0
and internal heating
2 + D +
t = t "+ dx, x > 0, T = 0. + i exp(40X ) erfc [ x ( l + 0)] + f ( § §)
t » t ' + tit,-* = 0, T > 0.
2
Solid increasing at x 1 (1 + U) exp(4UX ) e r f c [ x ( l + U)] - (1 - U) e r f c [ x ( l - U ) ] j .

velocity u.
B - bT/(t x - t ) , D = dx/(t
0 2 - t ) , G = q'-'OT/M^ - t )
f l Q
H = ux/x, X = x/2Vat
10
1
H
12.1.2 9, p. 389 Semi-infinite solid with

F B
convection boundary, t _ ° n = I ( e r f c [ X ( l - Oj] + F o °. f p exp(U/Fo) e r f c [ x { l + 0)]
t = t , x > 0, T = 0 .
Q
Solid increasing at + 2 Fo Bi -_0 e x p ^ B i ( 1 _ 0 + F o B i j] e r f c £ (

X 2 p 0 Bi + 1 - U ) ] .
velocity u. Po Bi
Bi = hx/k, Po = ax/x , X = x/2 Var, u * UT/X
Section 12.1. Trav îng Boundaries.
12.1.3 9, p. 389 Semi-infinite solid with t - t

steady periodic temp, f- = exp[ux/2a - xVE cos (<l>/2)] cos [tox - x V b s i n (<|>/2) + e]
fc
t = (t - t )cos(ayr + 9 ) ,
Q m 0 ~ m
x = 0, x > 0.
Solid increasing at 0— + j& = b exp(i<t.)
velocity u. 4a
to
I
12.1.4 9, p. 389 Cylindrical boundary
traveling in an t - „t„
t n _ e I <0)K <UR) cos (n9)
infinite solid, 0 _ X n n n
fc fc =
t = t , r > r , T = 0.
£ Q 0" i ^ V°>
t = t, r = r T > 0. n=u
Q Q l
2
Cylinder traveling at + | V exp(-U P o ) e n cos (n6)I (U)
n
v e l o c i t y u. n=
n=0
£h
2
" exp(-Fo X ) [j (XR)Y (X) - Y (XR)J (X)l XdX
L n ii ij n J
2 2 2
(X + u ) [a (X) + YJ(X>]
e = 1, 6 = 2 i f n > 1 , Fo = orr/rj;, R = r / r n
U = ur / 2 a
12.1.5 9, p. 391 Thin rod with fixed end 2 2 2
temps and convection s i n h L \ U X + Bi X J exp(0X - U)

cooling, sinh
t = t , 0 < x < S., x = 0. GO
t = t , x = £, T > 0. ( X n n 5 i n
<"«)
+ 2 l yexp(UX- )D S - ' 2
2 2
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
n=l B i + U + n 71
The end boundaries traveling
2 2 2
at velocity u. x exp [-Fo (Bi + a + n Tt )]
p = rod p e r i m e t e r . 2 2
A. = rod s e c t i o n a r e a . Bi = hpS, /kA, Fo = o n / A , 0 = ufc/2a, x = x/S.
to
I
t .h
0
il
A
i
1.0 , , p ^ B = 0-j r
FIG. 1.1. Temperature distribution and mean temperature in a porous plate

(case 1.1.4, source: Ref. 2, p. 221, Fig. 9.2).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.0

x/B
FIG. 1 . 2 . Temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n in an i n f i n i t e p l a t e with internal heating
and temperature dependent conductivity (case 1 . 2 . 3 , source: Ref. 3 , p . 132,
Fig. 3 . 2 3 ) . F_ x
o
FIG. 1.3. Teit,perature d i s t r i b u t i o n in a heat generating porous p l a t e (case

1 . 2 . 6 , source: Raf. 2, p. 223, Fig. 9 . 3 ) .
, p 0.60
0.45 -
0.40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-* b/a (or a/b)
FIG. 1 . 4 . Ratio of mean and maximum temperature excesses i n an e l e c t r i c a l

c o i l of rectangular cross s e c t i o n (case 1 . 2 . 8 , source: Ref. 1, p . 180,
Fig. 1 0 . 5 ) .
F-2
h
FIG. 1.5. First-term approximation to the maximum temperature in a solid
rectangular rod with internal heating, ^ = VqJjT^TSk 2b, ty ~ "Vqo /Bk 2a
2
F-3
b/a = 0.2
b/a = 0.4
b/a = 0.6
FIG. 1.6a. Maximum temperature variations on the cooled surface of a f l a t

p l a t e having equally spaced adiabatic and constant temperature s t r i p s on the
o p p o s i t e surface (case 1 . 1 . 3 0 , source: Ref. 2 7 ) .
F-4
PIG. 1.6b. Heat flux through slabs held at a uniform temperature on one
surface and having equally spaced constant temperature strips on the other
(case 1.1.30, source: Ref. 88).
F-5
2
10
b/a = 0.5
b/a = 0.7
s
b/a = 0.9
1
10
w/a = 0.05
FIG. 1.7. Maximum temperature variation of the cooled surface of a f l a t plate

having alternating adiabatic and constant heat-flux s t r i p s on the opposite
surface (case 1 . 1 . 3 1 , source: Ref. 28).
F-6
3
10 E 1—i—i i i 1111 r—i—i i i 111 1 1 I I I II I 1 1 1 I I III I 1 3
Insulating spot-v ib
>„,H
mwL.
10'' v//////////////////m^/m////////M
Insulated surface
hw/k
PIG. 1.8. Temperatures at the spot center of a spot-insulated plate having a
uniform internal heat source (case 1.2.13, source: Ref. 29).
d
10 "I—I—I I I I 111 1 — I — I I I I 111 1—I—I I I I III 1—I—I I I 111,
Insulating spot-v
^ 0 ^
H
mm.
J i ' ' ' ' "

d
10
hw/k
FIG. 1.9. Temperatures on the cooled surface and at the spot center of a
spot-insulated plate having a constant temperature heat source on one face
(case 1.1.32, source: Ref. 2 9 ) .
F-7
0.4 0.6 0.8
(y/t)/(1/Bi+1)
FIG. 1.10. Hotspot temperatures along plate/rib centerline (Bi = hl/k)

(case 1.1.39, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-126, Pig. 7 7 ) .
10
1 1 1
9 Adiabatic wall—v.
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Ratio b/a Ratio b/a
FIG. 1.11. Conductive shape factors for a rectangular section containing

constant temperature tube (case 1.1.44, source: Ref. 87).
F-8
1.6
_- 1.0
r / r
o i
FIG. 2 . 1 . Heat l o s s from i n s u l a t e d tubes (case 2 . 1 . 3 , s o u r c e : Ref. 3 ,

p . 123, F i g . 3 . 1 8 ) .
F-9
5 ! " I 1
1 '
l
\ l\
'
12:25
4 — 1 \
tm
1 \
—
• =^^^ -
p 3 — 1 \
+ 1 \ +
1 \ o
- V b T = 2.00
£ 0
1 \ -
+ 1)/
2 1 \ .
S. i +
s E
" 1.75
1 ^V
1 \—
1.50
>
0s.Y
0 1 —I 0.00—
0.2 0.4 0.6 • 0.8 1.0
R
FIG. 2.2. Temperature distribution and mean temperature in a cylinder with

temperature dependent heat source (case 2.2.4, source: Ref. 2, p. 189,
Fig. 8.11).
100
FIG. 2.3. Temperature distribution in an infinite plate with a cylindrical

heat source, B =V(h + h )/lw r , t = t at r , ^ = t at t = » (case 2.2.10,
x 2 0 0 0
source: Ref. 2, p. 175, Fig. 8.2).

F-10
0.1 -
0.01 -
0.001
;o 0.0001
°" 0.01
0.001
0.01
0.001
0.05 0.4 0.5
FIG. 2.4. The inside surface temperature of an infinite tube with temperature
dependent conductivity and heating {case 2.2.17, source: Ref. 16, Fig. 1 ) .
Equation (5) given in case solution.
F-ll
CM
V)
s/r n
FIG. 2 . 5 . Maximum (hot spot) temperatures i n the cross s e c t i o n of a

heat-generating s o l i d (cases 2.2.18 and 2 . 2 . 1 9 , source: Ref. 64, F i g . 3).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

1/0 = b/r o
FIG. 2.6. Shape factor for a cylinder with two longitudinal holes (case
2 . 1 . 4 4 , source: Ref. 73, Fig. 6 ) .
E-12
100
o(e, + £>)rft£/k5
FIG. 3.1. Steady temperature of thin, nonrotating spherical shell in uniform

radiation field (case 3.1.10, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-112, Fig. 68).
F-13
12
I 1 I 1 I
B = 10/l
10 -
- 5 -
/ S\ V
I
I 6
2
/ / X
4 -
1
/ / S V
2 - " • = ;
=-5^1 I I I I
-2 -1
x/b
FIG. 4 . 1 . Surface temperature of a semi-infinite s o l i d with heating on the
surface over width 2b, which moves at v e l o c i t y u (case 4 . 1 . 8 , source: Ref. 9,
p. 270, Fig. 34).
|-« Heat source *»-|

| width |
' 1 > 1 1 1 1 -i— i
3 -
Is—^"0^ = 0 L=1
- // H = O.lXX -
2 -
y^. H = i.o ^
--~~~^\s' -
1 -
Leading edge — ^
1 1 i i , i 7"---VI ^ ^t-
-3 -2
x/fi
FIG. 4.2. Surface temperature of a convectively cooled semi-infinite solid

with a traveling strip heat source (case 4.1.9, source: Ref. 3 0 ) .
F-14
-0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
0-rad
PIG. 4.3a. Surface temperature of an i n f i n i t e cylinder with a r o t a t i n g

surface band source, $ = 0.01 (case 4 . 1 . 1 0 , s o u r c e : Ref. 30).
1 1 TTT
J I I I l VZX I I
-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
0-rad
PIG. 4.3b. (Same conditions as for P i g . 4.3a),
F-15
Nu = 0.2
Nu = 2.0
g(R,f) Pe = 20.0
OIR.tt
Pe = 20.0 (4/Pe)
(4/Pe) 2.0 - I - — Pe = 2.0
— — Pe = 2.0
J L
-1.5 -1.0
(b)
FIG. 4.4. Temperature distribution in a cylinder with a ring heat source (case 4.1.11, source: Ref. 34),
9 = (t - t )2irr k/Q .
f 0 0
9(R,f) Nu = 0.2 9(R.f)
R =1.25
0
- Pe = 20.0
- Pe = 2.0
PIG. 4.5. Temperature distributions in a hollow cylinder with an inside ring heat source (case 4.1.12,
source: Ref. 3 4 ) . 9 defined in Pig. 4.4.
0.9 -
0.8
0.2
0.1 —
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Hv/h/kYb
FIG. 5.1. Perfocnance of pin fins (cases 5.1.2, 5.1.14, and 5.1.16 through
5.1.18, source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p. 55, Fig. 3.14.
F-18
^ _ $ \ |n = 1/2;y = ;u. UKVWkVb
1
[n=1/3:y = y ( x / « b
u
4 '2/3l b'
0=
3 u
b '- 1/3 (u ) b
jn = 0;y = y (x/K);u =2Es/h/ky

b b b _
u
\ 2 M b>
u u
, b l t h) 0 , .
3 / 2
|n = -1;y = v ( x / t ) b ,u b =4t^hlky b
u
I 4 '2< b'
10= U
"b 'l( bl
2
n = + „ ; y = y (x/e) ;u b b =Cv/h/kV b
1 +Vl-4u b
0.2 -
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Sv/fiTEVb"
FIG. 5 . 2 . Performance of s t r a i g h t f i n s (cases 5 . 1 . 4 , 5.1.5, 5.1.7, 5.1.8,

source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p . 56, Fig. 3.15).
F-19
1.0 I I
0.9
V b 0 = l (u )/K (u )
1 e 1 e
0.8
t\/h/ky b
0.7
0.6 u = u (x /x )
e b e b
<t> 0.5
, x / x = 1.0
f h
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
B\/h7kVb
FIG. 5.3. Performance of circumferential fins of rectangular cross section

(case 5.1.10, source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p. 57, Fig. 3.16).
F-20
FIG. 5 . 4 . Curve for calculating dimensions of circular fin of rectangular
profile requiring le&st material (case 5.1.10, source: Ref. 1, p. 234,
Fig. 1 1 . 1 1 ) . a = B/irhx£(t - t ) .
0 f
F-21
I I
(u +
_4 [i-2/3 b) P'2/3("b)|
4/3 +
1-(u /u ) ]||l/3K) ^l-1/3Kj
e b
|
^=- -2/3("e)/'2/3(«e)
28Vh7i^T
I
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
£Vh7k^r
FIG. 5 . 5 . Performance of cylindrical fins of triangular p r o f i l e (case 5.1.11,

source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p. 58, Fig. 3 . 1 7 ) .
F-22
<re*-r K/2h7k^
0
FIG. 5.6. Efficiency of an infinite fin heated by square arrayed round rods
(case 5,1.19, source: Ref. 11 and Ref. 10, p. 135, Fig. 2.22). r| = (2/W)s.
F-23
<r *-r )V2h7k6;
e 0
PIG. 5.7. Efficiency of an i n f i n i t e fin heated by equilateral triangular

arrayed round rods (case 5.1.20, source: Ref. 11 and Ref. 10, p. 136,
1
Pig. 2 . 2 3 ) . r* = ( Z W T T ) / ^ .
P-24
7
IO
Z = T /T
0 e
FIG. 5.8. Fin parameter as a FIG. 5.9. Fin efficiency for a

function of Z for a straight fin straight fin radiation to free space
radiating to free space (case 5.1.24, (case 5.1.24, source: Ref. 10, p. 209,
source: Ref. 10, p. 208, Fig. 4.3). Fig. 4.4).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
1/2
Profile number £(!<.,Tjj/2kb)
FIG. 5.10. Heat flow relationship for a straight fin of rectangular profile
radiating to nonfree space (case 5.1.25, source: Ref. 10, p. 216, Fig. 4.8).
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6

1 2
Profile number £ ( r ^ T j ^ k b ) '
FIG. 5.11. Efficiency of a straight fin of rectangular p r o f i l e radiating to

nonfree space (case 5 . 1 . 2 5 , source: Ref. 10, p. 216, Fig. 4 . 9 ) .
F-26
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Profile number K^TJ^/kbo
FIG. 5.12a. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating fin of trapezoidal
profile with a taper ratio of 0.75 (case 5.1.26, source: Ref. 10, p. 223,
Fig. 4.12).
Profiie number I^T^/kb,,
FIG. 5.12b. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating fin of trapezoidal
profile with a taper ratio of 0.50 (case 5.1.26, source; Ref. 10, p. 224,
Fig. 4.13).
3
F-27
2
Profile number K T § B / k b
1 0
FIG. 5.12c. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating f i n of trapezoidal

p r o f i l e with a taper ratio of 0.25 (case 5 . 1 . 2 6 , source: Ref. 10, p. 224,
Fig. 4 . 1 4 ) .
2
Profile number K T ^ R / k b
1 0
FIG. 5.12d. Fin e f f i c i e n c y for the longitudinal radiating f i n of triangular

p r o f i l e (case 5.1.26, source: Ref. 10, p. 225, Fig. 4.15).
F-28
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Temperature ratio Z = T /T
0 e
PIG. 5.13. Profile number of constant-temperature-gradient longitudinal

radiating f i n as a function of b a s e - t o - t i p temperature ratio (case 5 . 1 . 2 8 ,
source: Ref. 10, p. 233, Fig. 4 . 1 8 ) .
F-29
0.4 0.8 1.2
2
Profile number S K T^/kb
1
FIG. 5.14. Efficiency of constant-temperature-gradient longitudinal radiating

fin as a function of p r o f i l e number (case 5 . 1 . 2 8 , source: Ref. 10, p. 232.
Fig. 4.17).
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
Radius ratio p = r /r
n e
FIG. 5.15a. Radiation fin efficiency of radial fin of rectangular profile.

A
= 0 , 0 c a s e 5 1
Taper r a t i o , X = 1.00; environmental factor, Kj^râ ° * « -29,
source: Ref. 10, p. 250, Fig. 4.24).
F-30
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio p = r /r 0 e
FIG. 5.15b. Radiation f i n e f f i c i e n c y of r a d i a l f i n of rectangular p r o f i l e .

Taper r a t i o , X = 1.00; environmental f a c t o r , K J / K J T . = 0.20 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 ,
source: Ref. 10, p . 251, F i g . 4 . 2 5 ) .
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75

Radius ratio p - r /r
Q e
FIG. 5.15c. Radiation f i n e f f i c i e n c y of r a d i a l f i n of rectangular p r o f i l e .

Taper r a t i o , X = 1 . 0 0 ; environmental factor, K /K.T* G.40 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 ,
source: Sef. 10, p . 251, F i g . 4 . 2 6 ) .
F-31
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio p = r /r
Q e
FIG. 5.15d. Radiation fin efficiency of radial fin of trapezoidal profile.

Taper ratio, \ = 0.75; environmental factor, K./K.T. - 0.00 (case 5.1.29,
source: Ref. 10, p. 252, Fig. 4.27).
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75

Radius ratio p = r /rn e
FIG. 5.15e. Radiation f i n efficiency of radial f i n of trapezoid*" p r o f i l e .

Taper r a t i o , \ = 0 . 7 5 ; environmental factor, K /K T = 0.20 (case 5.1.29,
source: Ref. 10, p . 252, Fig. 4.28).
F-32
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r
Q e
FIG. 5.15f. Radiation f i n e f f i c i e n c y of radial f i n of trapezoidal p r o f i l e .

Taper r a t i o , \ = 0.75; environmental factor, K-ZK-.T': = 0 . 4 0 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 ,
source: Ref. 10, p. 253, F i g . 4.29).
c
o
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /rQ e
FIG. 5.15g. Radiation f i n efficiency of radial f i n of trapezoidal p r o f i l e .

Taper r a t i o , X = 0.50; environmental factor, K /K T? = 0.00 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 ,
source: Ref. 10, p. 253, F i g . 4 . 3 0 ) .
F-33
•D
ra
DC
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75

Radius ratio, p = r /r Q e
FIG. 5.15h. Radiation fin efficiency of radial fin of trapezoidal profile.

Taper ratio, X = 0.5C; environmental factor, S A T : =0.20 (case 5.1.29,
source: Ref. 10, p. 254, Fig. 4.31).
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75

Radius ratio, p = r /r
0 e
FIG. 5.15i. Radiation fin efficiency of radial fin of trapezoidal profile.

Taper ratio, X = 0.50; environmental factor, K./K^T!: = 0.40 (case 5.1.29,
source: Ref. 10, p. 254, Fig. 4.32).
F-34
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r Q e
FIG. 5.15j. Radiation fin efficiency of radial fin of triangular profile.

Taper ratio, X = 0.00; environmental factor, K /K 1* = 0.00 (case 5.1.29,
source: Ref. 10, p. 255, Fig. 4.33).
1.0 1
1^ u ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
0.8 -
0.6 -
CO
'•5
TÂ^Z// -
f/ / / / ^- Profile number
0.4
^ / / r , i . i , i i
0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r n e
FIG. 5,15k. Radiation fin e f f i c i e n c y of radial f i n of triangular p r o f i l e .

Taper r a t i o , X = 0.00; environmental factor, K/si 0.20 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 ,
source: Ref. 10, p. 255, Fig. 4 . 3 4 ) .
F-35
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80
Radius rato, p = r /r
Q e
FIG. 5.151. Radiation f i n efficiency of r a d i a l f i n of t r i a n g u l a r p r o f i l e .

Taper r a t i o , X = 0.00; environmental f a c t o r , K /K T = 0.40 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 ,
source: Ref. 10, p . 256, F i g . 4.35).
o
•a
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Base parameter ml
FIG. 5.16a. Efficiency of the side of

a capped cylinder fin (case 5 . 1 . 3 0 ,
s o u r c e : Ref. 10, p . 276, F i g . 5 . 6 ) .
F-36
Base parameter mB
PIG. 5.16b. Efficiency of the top of a capped cylinder fin (case 5 . 1 . 3 0 ,

source: Ref. 10, p. 277, Fig. 5 . 7 ) .
F-37
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.6
Parameter mil
FIG. 5.17. Heat flow ratio qj/qg as a function of mb and temperature
excess ratio (t! - tfj/ftg - ff) for the doubly heated rectangular fin
F-38
1.0 — 1
| 1 1 1 1 |I
i i 1
I
/ > -
0.9 ^ •V <6
>
c
X
•e-
aj
fici 0.8 w* / o
»N'
<0
07 —
H-
a>
_c ^ S
iZ 0.6
0.5 - 1
0.4
| 1 1 1 1 1 I
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1
m b
xl l
FIG. 5.18a. Efficiency of the vertical section of a straight, single Tee fin
for u = v (case 5.1.32, source: Ref. 10, p. 398, Fig. 8.4).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6

Parameter m b x 1 1
FIG. 5.18b. Efficiency of the horizontal section of a straight, single Tee

fin for u = v (case 5.1.32, source: Ref. 10, p. 399, Fig. 8.5).
F-39
FIG. 5.19. Effectiveness of the concave parabolic f i n radiating to non-free
space (case 5.1.37, source: Ref. 31).
0 0.5 -*
FIG. 5.20. Effectiveness of the convex parabolic f i n radiating to non-free

space (case 5 . 1 . 3 8 , source: Ref. 31).
F-40
100 V I I I I I I
90
s 80 — V, —
70
60 —
I
A/2R
50
I
^-1.5
40 ^-0-3.0
30 \ \ ^<S-<^—5.0 -
20
10 ^ - _ -
I I I I ,
0
1-)^
FIG. 5.21. Effectiveness of sheet fin with square array tubes (case 5.1.40,
source: Ref. 83, p. 294, Fig. 2 ) .
kO.01
-^No.0 \ 5
_a2NA\ -
-
J Ji —1
0.5- *v ^v
-
~2
-5
No
i ^ s ^ :
FIG. 6.1. Temperatures in an infinite region of which the region |x| < b is
initially at temperature tg (case 6.1.1, source: Ref. 9, p. 55, Fig. 4 a ) .
F-41
1 1
^ 5 * V 0.01 = Fo
0.1N
1
s
o!2
^
0.5 \
0.5
-
2
i i ^S§§?
FIG. 6.2. Temperatures i n an i n f i n i t e region of which the region r < r i s

0
i n i t i a l l y at temperature t (case 6 . 1 . 4 , source: Ref. 9, p. 55, Fig. 4b).

0
1.0 s1 3.02SAo.01 = Fo '

1
0.05
o.ioN
I 'c 0.5 -
0.20
0.50
1.00
1_ I XS^5*
FIG. 6 . 3 . Temperatures i n an i n f i n i t e region of which the region r < r i s

0
i n i t i a l l y at temperature t (case 6 . 1 . 5 , source: Ref. 9, p. 55, Fig. 4c).

0
F-42
= 0.4
FIG. 6.4. Temperatures in an i n f i n i t e region with steady temperature tg on

the surface r = r (case 6.1.18, source: Ref. 9, p. 337, Fig. 41).
0
log (Fo)
10
FIG. 6 . 5 . Temperature in a cylinder of i n f i n i t e conductivity, i n i t i a l l y at

temperature t±, i n an i n f i n i t e medium i n d i t i a l l y at t . Numbers on the
0
curves are values of 2 p c / P i C i (case 6 . 1 . 2 1 , source: Ref. 9, p. 342,

0 o
Fig. 45).
F-43
a
I 0.2-
PIG. 6 . 6 . Temperature in a cylinder of i n f i n i t e conductivity, i n i t i a l l y at

temperature t , in an i n f i n i t e medium. Numbers on the curves are values of
u
2pQCo/Plci (case 6.1.22, source: ref. 9, p. 343, Fig. 46).
Embedded sphere
10 20 100 200 1000 2000 10,000

Fo->-
PIG. 6.7. Temperature response of solid sphere 0 < r < r with kj_ •*• °> and
l f
initially at tx,o» embedded in an infinite solid (r > trf initially at

t2 (case 6.1.26, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-64, Fig. 37).
0
F-44
o 0.6
0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500 1.000 5.000 10.000

Fo->
FIG. 6.7. Temperature response of an infinite solid with a constant spherical
surface temperature of t (case 6.1.13, source: Ref 74, p. 430, Fig. 10.9).
0
Fo„
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08(1)0.1,
0.6 1.0 10.0
I "*K*.
(III)
0.5 N c- (II) (I)
0.9 0.99
0.4 0.8 0.98

•M
T
\
lll\ -ii
0.7 0.97
4? 0.3
III V II
0.6
0.2
I I i0.5 "I s
0.10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8(11)1.0

0 40 80 120 160(111)200
F
°x
20 40 60 80 100
10 I I I I U.2b
0.08 0.20
0.06 -\ - 0.15
0.04 — 0.10
0.02 — 0.05
I I I I 0
0 200 400 600 800 10 00
Fo
FIG. 7.1. Temperature distribution in the semi-infinite solid having a steady
surface temperature (case 7.1.1 b = 0, source: Ref. 74, p. 95, Figs. 4.4 and
4 5
' >- F-45
I
0.01
FIG. 7.2a. Temperature distribution in the semi-infinite solid with convection

boundary condition (case 7.1.3, source: Ref. 5, p. 82, Fig. 4.6).
F-46
1.0000
0.8875
0.3222
0.2579
0.2031
0.1573
0.1198
0.0897
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 5.00 10.00 50.00

BL\/Fo7 -
FIG. 7.2b. The dimensionless excess temperature vs the number B i ( F o ) ^ ' ^

x x a n d
various Fourier numbers for semi-infinite solid with a convection boundary (case
7 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 74, p. 207, Fig. 6 . 2 ) .
2y/lTQTQ
FIG. 7 . 3 . Temperature distribution in a s e m i - i n f i n i t e region when the surface

temperatur« i s harmonic (case 7 . 1 . 1 6 , source: Ref. 7, p. 99, Fig. 4 - 1 9 ) .
F-47
o
o
PIG. 7.4. Function f Qt-tf )/(t -t )] (case 7.1.22, source: Ref. 4, p. 84,
c f
Fig. 4.15).
FIG. 7.5. Temperature distribution across a heated strip of width 2a on the

surface of a semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.24, source: Ref. 9, p. 265,
Fig. 33).
F-48
1.4 1.6
FIG. 7.6. Temperature response of semi-infinite s o l i d (x >_ 0) with surface

n
temperature t suddenly increasing as power function of time, t = t^ + b t ,
s s
(case 7 . 1 . 9 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-66, Fig. 39).
1 1
Semi-infinite solid
q = const
0
2.4
F°:
FIG. 7 . 7 . Temperature response, temperature gradient, and heating rate i n a

semi-infinite s o l i d after exposure to a constant surface heat flux q n
(case 7.15, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3 - 8 1 , Fig. 49).
F-49
Semi-infinite solid
= < / D
"o W
FIG. 7 . 8 . Temperature response of a semi-infinite s o l i d after sudden exposure

to a l i n e a r l y increasing surface heat flux for a duration D, Q = D q / 2 , m a x
qg = q m a x x/t) (case 7 . 1 . 1 4 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-82, Pig. 50).
Fo* ,x /2v^r
2 2
FIG. 7 . 9 . Temperature response of an i n f i n i t e conductivity plate and semi-

i n f i n i t e s o l i d composite with a constant heat f l u x a t x^ = 0 (case 7 . 1 . 3 0 ,
source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-84, Fig. 51).
F-50
0.6
Vy/V-
[
0.5
-S. 0.4 x
= q
b" e*
2
0.3 - \
r** i^
^ 0.2
—V2-
0.1 = - 1 / 4 -
Opaque—*\
1 1 , 1 ,
0.4 0.8 1.2 20
Fot -*
FIG. 7.10. Temperature distributions in
a s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d with exponential
heating (case 7 . 2 . 9 , source: Ref. 19,
pp. 3-85, Fig. 52).
FIG. 8 . 1 . Temperatures i n a slab with a l i n e a r i n i t i a l temperature

distribution (case 8 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 9 , p . 97, Fig. 1 0 ) .
F-51
1.0 I I
O.ffP^
I
0.04 ->
0.8
O10 «
0.6-
~ 0.4 ^0.40
Cv^
— VV^ —
1.0
I I
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X
FIG. 8.2. Temperatures in a slab with a parabolic initial temperature

distribution (case 8.1.4, source: Ref. 9, p. 98, Fig. 10).
f 0.6 -
FIG. 8.3. Temperatures in the infinite plate with a constant intial

temperature and steady surface temperature (case 8.1.6, source: Roc. 9,
p. 101, Fig. 11).
F-52
1.000
0.100 -
0.010 -
0.001
0 1 2 3 4 10 20 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 300 500 700
Fo
FIG. 8.4a. Midplane temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 2S, and convectively cooled,
(case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 12, p. 227 and source: Ref. 5, p. 83, Fig. 4-7).
0.0001 0.0005 0.0010 0.0050 0.0100 0.0500 0.1000 0.50001.000
Fo
FIG. 8.4b. Surface temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 21 and
correction boundary (case 8.1.7.2, source: Ref. 74 p. 226, Fig. 6.6c).
0.0001 0.0005 0.0010 0.0050 0.0100 0.05000.1000 0.50001.0000

Fo
FIG. 8.4c. Surface temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 2% and

convection boundary (case 8.1.7.2, source: Ref. 74, p. 226, Fig. 6.6d).
F-54
100.0
FIG. 8.4d. Temperature as a function of midplane temperature for an infinite

plate of thickness 2l and convectively cooled (case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 5,
p. 86, Fig. 4-10).
5 4
10" 10~
FIG. 8.4e. Relative heat loss from an infinite plate of thickness 21 and
convectively cooled (case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 5, p. 90, Fig. 4-14 and
Ref. 13).
F-55
FIG. 8.5. The function F(a) (case 8.1.12, source: Ref. 1. p. 301, Fig. 14-3).
FIG. 8.6a. Variation of amplitude of the steady oscillation of temperature in

an infinite plate caused by harmonic surface temperature (case 8.1.13,
source: Ref. 9, p. 106, Fig. 13).
F-56
-600
-500-
-400
•o -300-
FIG. 8.6b. Variation in phase of the steady o s c i l l a t i o n of temperature i n an

i n f i n i t e plate caused by harmonic surface temperature (case 8 . 1 . 1 3 , source:
Sef. 9, p. 107, Fig. 14).
F-57
I I I 1
Fo=joo
/0.3 1.4 "I I
0.3 ma.2- I I
0 1 5
i»7 -
JS/iO.1 1.2 / -
om
0.2 J///J -
J////J QJa
J/////l* 003
XA
1.0 — -
o ff////fl
u.
I
o 0.1 V///SM/J 01
° ' =o 0.8 —
CJ
'—
0.6 -
o 0.5 jfll&Zi &££>'
0 1.0 _
0.4 — / -
"a
i
Ul
CD
-0.1 0.2 -
1 I I I I I i i
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Fo
PIG. 8.7. Temperature distribution in an infinite plate with no heat flow at x = 0 and constant heat flux
q at x = S, (case 8.1.18, source: Ref. 9, p. 113, Fig. 15).
0
FIG. 8.8. Temperatures in an infinite plate with constant internal heating q'
and surface temperature tj (case 8.2.1, source: Ref. 9, p. 131, Fig. 20).
FIG. 8.9. Quasi-steady state temperature of an infinite conductivity plate

with a harmonic fluid temperature (case 8.1.49, source: Ref. 19, Fig. 17b,
p. 3-31).
F-59
FIG. 8.10. Plate temperature response
for prescribed heat inputs (case 8.2.15,
source: Ref. 19, p. 3-35, Fig. 18).
F-60
(c#tjj/pC6)
FIG. 8 . 1 1 . Temperature response of thin generating p l a t e suddenly exposed t o
constant heat input with surface reradiation: (a) heating, (b) cooling
(case 8 . 2 . 1 6 , source: Ref. 19, p. 3-36, Fig. 1 9 ) .
F-61
FIG. 8.12. Maximum temperature of thin insulated plate suddenly exposed to
circular heat pulse with surface reradiations (case 8.1.50, source: Ref. 19,
p. 3-38, Fig. 20).
1.00
0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20

Fo
(a)
FIG. 8.13. Temperature response of an infinite plate with uniform internal
heating, & = half thickness (case 8.2.6, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-43, Fig. 24),
F-62
0.1 0.2 0.3
Ka.max-V^f-V
FIG. 8.14a. Insulation weight for substructure protection to t in

2m a x
heating duration D, W^ = Pi&x <

c a s e
8.1.51, sources Ref. 19 p. 5-48,
Fig. 27).
F-63
* 0.4-
0.5 1 5 10 20
Fo
i
(a)
M = n + (n + 1)/Bi 1 n= p C 5 /p C 5
2 2 2 1 1 1 B^ ' h S , / ^
1.0r
10 20
Fo,
(b)
FIG. 8.14b. Temperature response of thick p l a t e (0 £ x <_ 6 ) convectively
1
heated a t t = 0 and i n perfect contact at i t s rear face x = 6 with a

t h i n p l a t e (0 <. x £ 6 ) insulated at x = 6 :
2 2 2 (a) x / 5 = 0.
(b) X . / 6 . = 1 (case 8 . 1 . 5 1 , source: Ref. 19, p . 3-46, Fig. 2 6 ) .
F-64
50 100 50 100
0.02 Heating: t / t = 1/4

Q s
x/5 = 1
I
50 100 0.5 1 50 100
Fo (dl
FIG. 8.15. Temperature response of thick plate (0 <_ x <_ 6) with insulated rear face x = 6 after sudden
exposure to uniform radiative environment t at x = 0: (a) heating, t[j/t = 0, x/6 = 0 , (b) heating,
g s
= x fi = 1 (c
t n A s °' / ' > heating, t / t = 1/4, x/6 = 1, (d) heating, t / t = 1/4, x/6 = 1 (case
0 a 0 s
8.1.52, source; Ref. 19, pp. 3-50, Fig. 29).

t.„ = t,
50 100 500
0.5 1 50 100 500

(f) Fo
FIG. 8.15 (Cont.). Temperature response of thick plate (0 £ x £ 6) with insulated rear face x = 6 after
sudden exposure to uniform radiative environment t at x = 0: (e) heating, tg/t = 1/2, x/6 = 0, (f)
s s
heating, t / t = 1/2, x/6 = 1, (g) cooling, t /t = 6, x/6 = 0, (h) cooling, t /t = 6, x/ = 1.

0 s 0 s 0 s
500
500
FIG. 8.15 (Cont.). Temperature response of thick plate (0 <_ x £ 6) with

insulated rear face x = 6 after sudden exposure to uniform radiative
environment t- at x = 0: (k) cooling, t / t = 2, x/6 = 0, (1) cooling,
0 s
t /t = 2, x/6 = 1.
0 s
F-67
500
500
FIG. 8.15 (Cont.). Temperature response of thick plate (0 <_ x <_ 6) with
insulated rear face x = 5 after sudden exposure to uniform radiative
environment t at x = 0: (i) cooling, t / t = 4, x/6 = 0 , (j) cooling,
s 0 s
t / t = 4, x/S = 1.
0 s
F-68
FIG. 8.16. Temperature response of thick plate (0 £ x £ 6) with surface
temperature t„ at x = 0, increasing linearly with time and rear face x = 6
insulated or exposed to uniform convective environment tg (case 8 . 1 . 8 ,
source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-60, Fig. 3 3 ) .
FIG. 8.17. Surface temperature response of a plate of thickness 2ft exposed to

a steady heat flux qg on both s i d e s for a time duration D (case 8 . 1 . 1 8 ,
source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-67, Fig. 4 0 ) .
F-69
a 0
50 100
(a)
J?
50 100
Fo
(b)
FIG. 8.18. Temperature response of a plate with steady heating qg at x = 9.
and convection boundary at x = 0 to to (a) x/H = 1, (b) x/H = 0 (case 8.1.17,
source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-69, Fig. 41).
F-70
2
QD/2JIS
(a)
to
O
&
1 I I 1 1 1
Thick plate aDIlnb —< 2
x/8 = 1
3 - 0.1—v
0 . 6 ^ \
_^ — -=— —
4
0 - - x \ îwir •2§5ô.i
0.3 - \ N % o / / 0 0 8
2 -- 0.2-\\\i ^ ^ / 0 . 0 6 -
O.16-M0 (b)
/ am
0.14-Tyigav 'ss ]/'
/O^/0.04
o.i2-*/2s2S3i0
— Thin plate-'~~~~^4425<2&Zs ^r ^r
* V > ^ ^0.03
^55«P>0 -^^^"C" 0.025
C^^r-o.02
L*^ —•r^ZJ—nnu
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
27T7-/D
FIG. 8.19. Temperature response of an infinite plate exposed to a circular

2
heat pulse cfogjj sin (ITT/D) at x = 0 and insulated at x = 6 (a) x/6 = 0 ,
(b) x/6 = 1 (case 8.1.54, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-70, Fig. 42).
F-71
FIG. 8.20. Temperature response of an infinite porous plate after sudden
exposure to a constant heat flux at x = 0 and cooled by steady flow through
plate from x = 6 of a fluid initially at t (a) x/6 = 0 , (b) x/6 = 1 (case
Q
8.1.55, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-74, Fig. 44).
F-72
FIG. 8.21. Temperature response of an infinite plate with a constant heat flux
q at ^ = 0, in contact with a plate at x-± = 6± and insulated on exposed
0
c a s e
surface of second plate x = 6o (
2 8.1.56, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-76,
Fig. 45).
F-73
9 5
A
1 1
W 1 i > i i ' ' 1 '
- 1 x = 6
1 Two-layer plate
= 4
(kj/k^Vo^/aij / 0.2
-\ Vs 1/4^
"^
0.4
\ XT? '12
— 2
""^>i
^_—1- - 0.6
— ——* 4°°~~"
/ 4 1/2 __^
- K,-0* - 0.8
0
r. t 1
t i l l
2 3
J i
4
i
-—o—
1 .
5 6
, 1 ,
7
-
8
1.0
W> Fo,
FIG. 8.21. (continued).
F-74
FIG. 8.22. Temperature response of an infinite plate exposed to a constant heat
flux q " at xi = 0 and in perfect contact at xx = &i with a plate of thickness
62 insulated at x = 6 (case 8.1.57, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-78, Fig. 46).
2 2
F-75
T
Two-layer plate
2
, m a x sin (*r/D).k —o 2
t t
eqb- O = 5 F 2 +
1%,ax °'/ (" Dk,
n = p C 5 /p C,S =0.1
2 2 2 1 1
Fo\/2ir = a,D/27rS2
FIG. 8.23. Temperature response of an infinite plate exposed to a circular heat

1
pulse at x = 0 and in perfect contact with an infinite conductivity plate of
thickness 6 (case 8.1.58, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-78, Fig. 47).
2
F-76
1000
I I I I i
Two-layer plate
P C fi /p C S = 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
100 —
-
-0,0/2*5*
o
T 10
b
t <>
1 -,
0.1
0.01
0
W// / 2 4 6
27rr/D -»
8
/ 1
10 12
1000
Two-layer plate
P C 8 / P i C 6 = 10 a, D/2TT62
2 2 2 1 1
100
0.01
FIG. 8 . 2 3 . (continued),
F-77
I I
43"
0.001 0.005 0.01
FIG. 8.24. Temperature response of an i n f i n i t e p l a t e surface having steady

temperature and convection boundaries (case 8 . 1 . 2 5 . 2 , source: Ref. 74, p. 240,
Fig. 6 . 1 2 ) .
FIG. 8 . 2 5 . Temperature of a f l a t plate having a ramp surface temperature

equal to t s = t j + bt (case 8 . 1 . 3 3 , source: Ref. 74, p. 305, Fig. 7 . 1 ) .
F-78
2Fo
1 + 2/Bi
2Fo
1 + 2/Bi
FIG. 8.26. Transient surface temperature of a slab convectively coupled to a

linearly changing environment temperature equal to t = t^ + be (case 8 . 1 . 3 3 ,
f
source: Ref. 89).
F-79
ha
i
CD
0.001
FIG. 9.1a. Axis temperature for an infinite cylinder of radius r Q (case 9.1.3, source: Ref. 5, p. 84,
Fig. 4-8 and Ref. 12).
FIG. 9.1b. Temperature as a function of axis temperature in an i n f i n i t e
cylinder of radius r (case 9 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 5, p. 87 and Ref. 12).
Q
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 a o o o *-
lO 5
0.5
5 ^ 5 5 ^ 5 5 5 ^-y 4< * *
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
FIG. 9.1c. Dimensionless heat loss Q / Q Q of an infinite cylinder of radius

r with time (case 9.1.3, source: Ref. 5, p. 90, Fig. 4-15 and Ref. 13).
0
F-81
0.11 I . I i I . I ' I • M 0.0011 I I I
0 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.2 3 4 5
mBi{Foj
FIG. 9 . I d . Center temperatures for p l a t e s , cylinders, and spheres for small

values of h (case 9 . 1 . 3 , 8.1.7 and 1 0 . 1 . , source: Ref. 5, p. 89, Fig. 4-13
and Ref. 1 2 ) , £ i s half thickness of radius.
FIG. 9 . 2 . Temperature distribution in an i n f i n i t e cylinder with i n i t i a l

temperature fcj and steady surface temperature tg (case 9 . 1 . 1 , source:
Ref. 9, p . 200, Fig. 24).
F-82
FIG. 9.3. Temperature in an infinite cylinder with constant heat flux at the
surface (case 9.1.8, source: Ref. 9, p. 203, Pig. 25).
F-83
T = S(X) T = S(X,)S(X ) 2 T = S(X )S(X )S(X ) 1 2 3
tw'
Semi-infinite solid Quarter-infinite solid Eighth-infinite solid
T = P(Fo) T = P(Fo)S(X) T = P(Fo)S(X,)S(X ) 2
Infinite plate Semi-infinite plate Quarter-infinite plate

T = P(F )P(Fo )
0l 2 T=P(Fo,)P(Fo )S(X)
2 T = P(Fo )P(Fo )P(Fo )1 2 3
^ ^ ^ \S 2S,
, * 2 i !
U-V
+ 'yA->
«3
-25, •25,
Infinite rectangular bar Semi-infinite rectangular bar Rectangular parallelepiped
T = C(F ) 0l T = C(Fo )S(X)1

T = C(F )P(Fo ) 0l 2
x
i-.
-2r, -2r,
Infinite cylinder Semi-infinite cylinder Short cylinder

2
Fo = at/6? = ar/r,
1
S = semi-infinite solid
P = plate X| = x / 2 / a T = Fo*
i v
C = cylinder t
T = (t-t )/(t - w' w 0
FIG. 9.4a. Product solutions for internal and c e n t r a l temperatures i n s o l i d s

with step change i n surface temperature. S(X) given i n Fig. 7 . 2 , P(Fo) given
i n F i g . 8 . 4 , C(Fo) given i n F i g . 9.1 (case 7 . 1 . 1 9 , 7 . 1 . 2 0 , 8 . 1 . 2 2 , 9 . 1 . 1 6 , and
9 . 1 . 1 7 , source: Ref. 74, pp. 3 - 6 5 , Fig. 38).
F-84
0.01
0.001
Fo, arlh\
FIG. 9.4.b. Central temperatures in an infinite plate, an infinite rod, an

infinite cylinder, a cube, a sphere, and a finite cylinder of length equal to
its diameter, with all surfaces at temperature tg (case 7.1.29, 7.1.20,
9.1.16, 9.1.17, and 8.1.22, source: Ref. 2, p. 248, Fig. 10-8).
FIG. 9.5. Temperature distribution in an infinite cylinder with steady

internal heating and a surface temperature tg (case 9.2.1, source: Ref. 9,
p. 205, Fig. 26). F_ 8 5
100.0
"a
i
CO
0.4 0.8 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

£ore£
FIG. 9.6a. (case 9 . 2 . 4 , source: Ref. 3, FIG. 9.6b. (case 9 . 2 . 4 , source: Ref. 3,
p . 356, Fig. 7 - 5 ) . p. 364, Fig. 7 - 8 ) .
0.1 1 10 50
«/(X-1)
FIG. 9.6c. (case 9 . 2 . 1 , source: Ref. 3, p. 365, Fig. 7-9),
F-87
0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500 1.000 5.000 10.000
Fo, QT/TQ
FIG. 9.7a. Temperature response of a hollow cylinder with a steady inside

surface temperature equal to the initial temperature, t^ (case 9.1.10,
source: Re£. 74, p. 156, Fig. 4.24).
0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500 1.000 5.000 10.000

Fo, UT/TQ
FIG. 9.7b. Temperature response of a hollow cylinder wit,, a steady outside

surface equal to the i n i t i a l temperature, t± (case 9.1.10, source: Ref. 74,
p. 157, Fig. 4.25).
F-86
i 1 1 r
FIG. 9 . 8 . Temperature of an i n f i n i t e cylinder having a ramp surface

temperature equal to t = t i + br (case 9 . 1 . 2 , source: Ref. 74, p. 312,
s
Fig. 7 . 3 ) .
4Fo
1 + 2/Bi
4Fo
1 + 2/Bi
FIG. 9.9. Transient surface temperature of a cylinder convectively coupled to

a linearly changing environment temperature equal to tf = t^ + br (case 9 . 1 . 6 ,
source: Ref. 8 9 ) .
F-89
100 - I — I — I I I 11 I 1—I—I I I I I I 1—I—I I I 11
•1-
I
Fo
FIG. 9.10. Central temperature of an infinite cylinder with uniform internal

heating and convection boundary (case 9 . 2 . 2 , source: Ref. 90).
F-90
1.0
0.8
^ffC^:
0.6
i
0.4
0.2
,300'
0 | |0.400
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.004 0.010 0.100
(1-R)
FIG. 10.1. Temperature distribution in a sphere of radius r with initial temperature t^ and surface
0
temperature t (case 10.1.1, source: Ref. 74, p. 127, Figs. 4.15 and 4.16).
0
1.000
•3" 3. 0.050
I
•3
I
ID
0.010
0.005
0.003
0.001
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 70.0110.0 170.0 250.0
Fo
PIG. 10.2a. Center temperature of a conveotively cooled sphere (case 10.1.2, source: Ref. 5, p. 85,
Fig. 4-9 and source: Ref. 12).
10 nr
0.02 0.1 0.5 2.00 5.00 20.00 100.00

1/Bi
FIG. 10.2b. Temperature as a function of center temperature of a convectively

cooled sphere (case 1 0 . 1 . 2 , source: Ref. 5, p. 88, Fig. 4-12, and Ref. 1 2 ) .
5
ala° °- ~
3 4
10 10* 10 10
2
Bi Fo
FIG. 10.2c. Dimensionless heat l o s s Q/QQ of a convectively cooled sphere

(case 1 0 . 1 . 2 , source: Ref. 5, p. 91, Fig. 4-16, and Ref. 13).
F-93
FIG. 10.3. Temperature of an infinite conductivity medium surrounding a
spherical solid (case 10.1.13, source: Ref. 9, p. 241, Fig. 30).
o
u.
m
"2- -0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Fo
FIG. 10.4. Temperature in a sphere caused by a steady surface heat flux (case
10.1.15, source: Ref. 9, p. 242, Fig. 3 1 ) .
F-94
0-2 0-6 1 -0
R
FIG. 10.5. Temperature distribution i n a sphere with steady internal heating

(case 1 0 . 2 . 1 , source: Ref. 9, p. 244, Fig. 32).
F-95
10.00
0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000

Fo .
FIG. 10.6. Temperature response of solid sphere (0 £ r £ rtf cooling by radiation to a sink temperature of
0°R: (a) r/r = 0, (b) r/rj^ = 1/2, (c) r/r = 1 (case 10.1.20, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-57, Fig. 30).
x x
T-T 0.6-
T
T - i
w
0.02 0.06 0.10 0.40 0.80

OCT
Fo,—
I*
FIG. 10.7a. Transient temperature distribution at the center point (x = y
= z = 0) for various prolate spheroids (case 10.1.21, source: Ref. 72, Fig. 1),
1.0 1 1 i-;tPs
Cylinder,
T-T, 0.6
T T
w- i
0.01 0.04 0.08 0.20 0.601.00
FIG. 10.7b. Transient temperature distribution at the f o c a l point (x = y = 0,

z = L2) for various prolate s o l i d s (case 10.1.21, source: Ref. 72, Fig. 2 ) .
F-97
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.8 - ^0.80 ^
Q
y^\^ -^^^-<^^
0.6
b-
JQ 0.4
0.2
-[////^*
t, - t, + bT
n n \i4y\ i i i i t i l l
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Fo
FIG. 10.8. Temperature of a sphere having a ramp surface temperature equal to
t = t + br (case 10.1.4, source: Ref. 74, p. 310, Fig. 7 . 2 ) .
s A
0.5
I I
= 0.4
0.15 -
y—Bi = 100
Bi = » ^ s - " - 0.3
v < l ^ B i = 10 ~~
«o 0.10
Bi= 10 - ^ N
/
^-Bi = 1 Bi=i—*/** S / v >X -_ 0.2
^*—Bi = 0 Bi=0^
0.05 -- ffl\
\v\- 0.1
R=1
I 1
6Fo
1 + 2/Bi
FIG. 10.9. Transient surface temperature of a sphere convectively coupled to a

linearly changing environment temperature equal to tf = t± + br (case 10.1.11,
source: Ref. 8 9 ) .
F-98
100.0 T 1 I I I II
1/Bi :
10.0
CMQ
1000.0
FIG. 10.10. Central temperature of a sphere with uniform internal heating and
convection boundary (case 10.2.9, source: Ref. 90).
2 ' 3
(h2/p7k)(t
• >f- ' " ' I ' m -t)r
s
m
FIG. 11.1. Solidification depth in semi-infinite liquid for which solidified

phase has negligible thermal capacity and is exposed to convective environments
t at free surface x = 0 and t at interface x = w (case 11.1.10, source:
a 0
Ref. 19, pp. 3-88, Fig. 54).
F-99
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.50 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
2
(b /pck)r->-
100
s
0.05 -
0.01
0.005 0.01 5 10 50 100
50 100 500 1000
(h?/pck)r
FIG. 1 1 . 2 . Temperature response and s o l i d i f i c a t i o n depth in semi-infinite

l i q u i d i n i t i a l l y at t,„ (a) surface temperature for convective cooling q = bt„
at x = 0, (b) s o l i d i f i c a t i o n depth (case 11.1.11, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-89,
Fig. 5 5 ) .
F-100
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
2
{b t%/pck)r
5 10 50 100
50 100 500 1000
FIG. 11.3. Temperature response and solidification depth in semi-infinite

liquid initially at t,„ with radiative cooling q = bt$ at x = 0 (a) surface
temperature at x = 0, (b) solidification depth (case 11.1.12, source: Ref. 19,
pp. 3-90, Fig. 55).
F-101
1.0
T—r
0.8
0.6
b/Zv^"
* 0.4
Semi-infinite solid
0.2 t = const
w
I L
0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 1
Fo:
x1
• ? 0.6 -
0.01 0.05
F°x2
PIG. 1 1 . 4 . Temperature response of decomposing semi-infinite s o l i d after sudden

change i n surface temperature from t to t„: (a) 0 _< x £ H, (b) x < SL
0
(case 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 , source: Bef. 19, pp. 3-91, Fig. 5 6 ) .
F-102
(b)
-ww
Semi-infinite solid
r
{h/pH)(t -t )V ^7a"=1
a d
10
w«w
Semi-infinite solid
(h/pH)(t -t )Vyd"=2
a d
0.01
0.1 0.5 1 10
r/r d - 1
FIG. 11.5. Ablation depth of s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d (x >_ 0) after sudden

exposure to oonvective environment t_(> t ) : (a) (h/pH) ( t - t )
d a a
?d/<» = 1/2, (b) (h/pH) ( t - ta) Szpa = 1, (c) (h/pH) ( t - t )

a a d
/Ta/Ot = 2 (case 1 1 . 1 . 1 4 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-94, Fig. 5 8 ) .

F-103
10 i—rm—i I i ' i ii 1—r—n—i I i i i ii 1—m—i i I I i
Semi-infinite solid
q" = const
•a
5 10
50 100
Wr )-1
d
FIG. 1 1 . 6 . Ablation depth of semi-infinite s o l i d (x >^ 0) after sudden

exposure t o constant surface heat input q" [case 1 1 . 1 . 1 5 , source: Ref. 19,
:
pp. 3-96, F i g . 59)i -: v - - - —
F-104
TABLE 1.1. Mean and maximum temperature excesses and their ratio for
electrical coils of rectangular and circular cross sections, 8 = t - t,
J
m mean I
8„ = t - t„ (case 1.2.8, source: Ref. 3, p. 220, Table 1 0 - 3 ) .
0 max 0
Cross S e c t i o n , Rectangular Circular,

b/a GO
10 5 2.5 1.5 1 r = 2a//iF
(2k/q'"a )9 2
m 0.66 0.625 0.58 0.28 0.32
(2k/q "a )eI 2
Q 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.64
6 9 0.66 0.625 0.58 0.52 0.485 0.475 0.50
* " n/ 0
TABLE 1.2a. Values of (t - t ) / ( t . - t . ) on the

surface y = 0 of a semi-infinite strip
(case 1.1.29, source: Ref. 15, Table 2 ) .
x/w hw/k hw/k hw/k hw/k hw/k

= 100 = 10 = 1 = 0.10 = 0.01
0.05 0.889 0.448 0.094 0.011 0.001

0.10 0.931 0.594 0.146 0.018 0.002
0.20 0.964 0.725 0.212 0.027 0.003
0.30 0.973 0,781 0.250 0.032 0.003
0.40 0.977 0.807 0.270 0.035 0.004
0.50 0.978 0.814 0.277 0.036 0.004
TABLE 1.2b. Heat transfer rates through the surface y = 0 of a semi-infinite

s t r i p (case 1 . 1 . 2 9 , source: Ref. 15, Table 1) 9 = (t - t ).
hw/k
1000 200 100 20 10 1.0 0.1 0.01 0.001
Q/ke 8.603 6.827 5.984 3.971 3.107 0.792 0.097 0.01 0.001
% Error 1 . 8 0.5 0.3 0.08 0.C5 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
P-105
TABLE 1 . 3 . Conductance data for heat flow normal to wall cuts in an i n f i n i t e
plate (case 1.1.37, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-124). These groups of data are for
the four kinds of wall e l a t e s shown in case 1.1.37.
(a) K/K (b) K/K

uncut uncut
c/a b/a = 1/2 1/4 1/8 c/a b/a = 1/2 1/4 1/8
4 0.902 0.760 0.646 3/2 0.747 0.520 0.381

2 0.818 0.618 0.480 3/4 0.575 0.315 0.217
1 0.704 0.465 0.339 1/2 0.430 0.209 0.146
1/2 0.610 0.363 0.235 1/3 0.296 0.113 0.080
1/4 0.564 0.303 0.182
(c) K/K (d) K/K

uncut 'uncut
c/a d/a b/a = 1/2 1/4 1/8 c/a d/a b/a = 1/4 1/8 1/16
1/8 0.822 0.634 0.478 0.402 0.507

3/8 0.767 0.546 0.374 0.469 0.362
3 3/2
5/8 0.721 0.480 0.311 0.502 0.310
Ui/8 0.599 0.339 0.190 0.866 0.479
1/16 0.740 0.486 0.342 1.010 0.338

3/16 0.698 0.430 0.284 1.083 0.254
3/2
5/16 0.661 0.390 0.242
1/2 1/2 0.329 0.213 0.141
12/16 0.570 0.299 0.164
0 0.627 0.403 0.270

1/2 1/16 0.561 0.312 0.186
3/16 0.527 0.276 0.152
F-106
TABLE.2.1 Values of A. for a triangular cooling array of cylinders (case 2.2.18, source:
Ref. 64, Table 2 ) .
B/l Q
>1 [•/'•) ;-h &
3 A
4 *5 A
6
A
7
2
4.0 -5.05072(10~ ) -8.089K10" ) 4
-1.262(10" ) 5
-1.97<10" ) 7
-3.08(10~ ) 9
-4.8(10" ) n
-7(10" ) 13
2 -4
2.0 -5.04988 dO" ) -8.0542(10 ) -1.217(10" ) 5
-1.64(lO ) -7
-1.33(10" ) 9
2.8(10" ) U
2(10" ) 12
2
1.5 -5.02447(10~ ) -6.9920(10" ) 4
-1.374(10" ) 6
8.34(10~ ) 7
5.23(10~ ) 7
2.4-(10" ) 9
8(10 ) - 1 1
4
1.3 -4.90792(10~ ) 2
-2.1203(10* ) 6.354(10" ) 5
5.42(10"^) 2.99(10~ ) 7
1.3(10" ) 8
4(10" ) 10
4
1.2 -4.69398(10~ ) 2
6.7812(10" ) l.W " ) 4
1.31(10 ) -5
6.27(10~ ) 7
1.7(10 ;) T 8
-K10" ) 1 0
5
1.175 -4.60073 (10" ) 2
1.0619(10" ) 3
2.2!i. :i.0~ ) 4
+1.56(10~ ) 6.32(10" ) 7
9.8(10*7 ) 10
-2(10" ) 9
2
1.15 -4.48345(10~ ) 1.5384(10~ ) 3
2.736(10" ) 4
1.76(10-9) 4.2K10" ) 7
-5 (10" ) 8
-7(10~ ) 9
1.10 -4.15694(10" ) 2
2.8029(10~ ) 3
3.782(10" ) 4
1.08(10"9) -2.40(10" ) 6
-5 (10" ) 7
-5(10" ) 9
1.05 -3.68059(10 ) -2
4.3358(10 ~ ) 3
I
6
3.169(10~ ) 4
5.67(lO ) -5 S
-1.51(10~ ) -1,7(10T ) -9(10" ) 8
TABLE; 2 . 2 . Values of 6. for a square cooling array of cylinders (case 2 . 2 . 1 9 , source: Kef. 64, Table i ) .
3
«,
s / E
o «1 i:i 6
3 «4 h 8
6 7
X 6 -0
4.0 -1.25382 (10" ) -1.0583(10" ) 2
-6.120(10" ) 4
-3.898(10 ) _5
-2.42(10" ) -1.5(10" ) 7
-8
(10 -)
9
do" )
6
2.0 -1.25098 (10" ) 1
-1.0428(10" ) 2
-5.713(10" ) 4
-3.177(10" ) 5
-1.39{10~ ) -2 (10 ) -8
3
6
1.5 -1.22597(10" ) 1
-9.060!(10~ ) 3
-2.08 (10~ ) 4
3.33 ( 1 0 ) -5
8.1 (10~ ) 1 (10 ) -6
1 (10" ) 7
7
1.3 -1.17022 (10" ) 1
-5.995 (10" ) 3
6.13 (10~ ) 4
1.83 -4
(10 ) 3.1 (10~ ) 5
4 (10 ) -6
4 do" )
5 6 7
1.2
- 1
-1.10421 (10 ) -2.387 (10" ) 3
1.566(10" ) 3
3.50 -4
(10 ) 5.3 (10~ ) 6 (10" ) 5 (10~ )
5
1.15 -1.05352 (10" ) 1
3.172 (10" ) 4
2.233(10" ) 3
4.44 (10" ) 4
5.8 (10~ ) 4.3(10" ) 6
1 dO" ) 8
5 6
1.1 -9.3721 (10" ) 2
3.6596(10 ) -3
2.91K10" ) 3
4.655(10" ) 4
2.44(10~ ) -1.K10" ) 5
- 5 . 3(10~ )
_3 4
1.05 -9.0358 (10~ ) 2
7.310 (10 i 3.210(10~ ) 3
2.06 (10" ) 4
-1.20(10" ) -5.8(10" ) 5
- 1 . 6 dO" ) 5
TABLE 8.1. Values of (t - t,)/(t - t.) for an infinitely wide plate
1 s proportionally
whose surface temperature increases x to time, t = t. + br
proportionally
(case 8 . 1 . 8 , source: Ref. 1, p. 268, Table 13.5),
Fo
X 0.08 0.16 0.20 0.32 0.40 0.80 1.60 2.00 4.00
0 0.004 0.045 0.074 0.170 0.231 0.464 0.694 0.752 0.875

0.33 0.030 0.104 0.142 0.245 0.305 0.522 0.728 0.779 0.889
0.5 0.082 0.194 0.238 0.346 0.402 0.594 0.770 0.814 0.906
0.66 0.214 0.353 0.398 0.498 0.545 0.698 0.830 0.862 0.930
0.8 0.418 0.548 0.586 0.664 0.699 0.802 0.889 0.911 0.955
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
TABLE 8.2. Values of the function £ (case 8 . 1 . 1 2 , source: Ref. 1,

p. 299).
X
a 0 1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 1
0 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.5 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.99 1
1.0 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.81 0.85 0.91 1
1.5 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.52 0.58 0.68 0.83 1
2.0 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.36 0.45 0.58 0.77 1
4.0 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.22 0.37 0.64 1
8.0 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.36 1
a> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F-108
TABLE 9 . 1 . Values of (t - t . ) / ( t - t.)
1
s i
for an i n f i n i t e l y long cylinder whose
surface increases proportionally to time
(t - t . = CT) (case 9 . 1 . 2 , source:
Ref. 1, p. 269).
R Fo
0.08 0.16 0.32 0.80
0 0.016 0.123 0.354 0.691

0.33 0.054 0.191 0.420 0.725
0.5 0.122 0.287 0.505 0.768
0.66 0.268 G.443 0.628 0.828
0.8 0.470 0.621 0.755 0.888
1 1 1 1 1
TABLE 1 0 . 1 . Temperatures for a sphere whose

surface temperature increases proportionally to
time ( t Q = t . + bx) (case 1 0 . 1 . 4 , source:
Ref. 1, p. 269, Table 13-7).
R Fo
0.016 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.80
0 0.00 0.054 0.219 0.506 0.792

0.33 0.00 0.090 0.290 0.560 0.725
0.) 0.00 0.162 0.385 0.626 0.844
0.66 0.02 0.312 0.529 0.722 0.884
0.8 0.14 0.516 0.686 0.819 0.925
1 1 1 1 1 1
F-109
F-llO
SECTION 13. MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
13.1. The Error Function and Related Functions.
e r f x
< > =yf f exp(-z ) dz
n 2n+1
_2_ Y (-l) (x)
f O C S n , a 1 1 V a l u e S f X
V? ^ {2nil)nl ' °
f o t
. 2
1 _ S2E» ( - » ) / l - k _ + L..3__l_.3_ \ large
3 2 5 3 7 U e S
* I* 2x 2 x 2 x " 7 ' of! fx
erf(O) = 0 , erf (<») = 1
erf (-x) = - erf (x)
erfc(x) = 1 - erf (x)
i erfc(x) = -f * / i" •'erfc(z)dz , n = 1, 2,
i erfc(x) = erfc(x)
1 2
i e r f c ( x ) =.y=exp{-x ) - x erfc(x)
2
i e r f c ( x ) = j [erfc(x) - 2x i e r f c ( x ) ]
n n - 2 n _ 1
2n i e r f c ( x ) = i e r f c ( x ) - 2x i erfc(x)
2
êrf(x) =êxp(-x )
d _, , 4x , 2 .
— erf (x) = - r s exp(-x }
2
dx
13-1
r* M M « N M m
13.2. Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions.
e = 2.71828 . . .
exp(u) = e
u u
e - e"
sinh (u) = 5 , sinh (0) = 0 , sinh (<») = <*•
u u
cosh (u) = - — s - S - , cosh (0) = 1 , cosh (») = <*>
2 u
e -l
tanh (u) = — , tanh (0) = 0 , tanh (<») = 1
Z U
e + 1
13-3
TABLE 13.2. Exponential functions (source: Re:?. 2, pp. 367-9).
u
e~
0.00 1.000 1.000 0.60 1.822 0.549 1.20 3.320 0.301

0.02 1.020 0.980 0.62 1.859 0.538 1.22 3.387 0.295
0.04 1.041 0.961 0.64 1.896 0.527 1.24 3.456 0.289
0.06 1.062 0.942 0.66 1.935 0.517 1.26 3.525 0.284
0.08 1.083 0.923 0.68 1.974 0.507 1.28 3.597 0.278
0.10 1.105 0.905 0.70 2.014 0.497 1.30 3.669 0.272

0.12 1.128 0.887 0.72 2.054 0.487 1.32 3.743 0.267
0.14 1.150 0.869 0.74 2.096 0.477 1.34 3.819 0.262
0.16 1.174 0.852 0.76 2.138 0.468 1.36 3.896 0.257
0.18 1.197 0.835 0.78 2.182 0.458 1.38 3.975 0.252
0.20 1.221 0.819 0.80 2.226 0.449 1.40 4.055 0.247

0.22 1.246 0.802 0.82 2.270 0.440 1.42 4.137 0.242
0.24 1.271 0.787 0.84 2.316 0.432 1.44 4.221 0.237
0.26 1.297 0.771 0.86 2.363 0.423 1.46 4.306 2.232
0.28 1.323 0.756 0.88 2.411 0.415 1.48 4.393 0.228
0.30 1.350 0.741 0.90 2.460 0.407 1.50 4.482 0.223

0.32 1.377 0.726 0.92 2.509 0.398 1.52 4.572 0.219
0.34 1.405 0.712 0.94 2.560 0.391 1.54 4.665 0.214
0.36 1.433 0.698 0.96 2.612 0.383 1.56 4.759 0.210
0.38 1.462 0.684 0.98 2.664 0.375 1.58 4.855 0.206
0.40 1.492 0.670 1.00 2.718 0.368 1.60 4.953 0.202

0.42 1.522 0.657 1.02 2.773 0.361 1.62 5.053 0.198
0.44 1.553 0.644 1.04 2.829 0.353 1.64 5.155 0.194
0.46 1.584 0.631 1.06 2.886 0.346 1.66 5.259 0.190
0.48 1.616 0.619 1.08 2.945 0.340 1.68 5.366 0.186
0.50 1.649 0.606 1.10 3.004 0.333 1.70 5.474 0.183

0.52 1.682 0.594 1.12 3.065 0.326 1.72 5.584 0.179
0.54 1.716 0.583 1.14 3.127 0.320 1.74 5.697 0.176
0.56 1.751 0.571 1.16 3.190 0.313 1.76 5.812 0.172
0.58 1.786 0.560 1.18 3.254 0.307 1.78 5.930 0.169
13-4
TABLE 1 3 . 2 . (Continued).
u
u e e" u
u e u
e~ u
u e u
e" u
1.80 6.050 0.165 2.40 11.023 0.091 3.00 20.08 0.050

1.82 6.172 0.162 2.42 11.246 0.089 3.10 22.20 0.045
1.84 6.296 0.159 2.44 11.473 0.087 3.20 24.53 0.041
1.86 6.424 0.156 2.46 11.705 0.085 3.30 27.11 0.037
1.88 6.554 0.153 2.48 11.941 0.084 3.40 29.96 0.033
1.90 6.686 0.150 2.50 12.18 0.082 3.50 33.11 0.030

1.92 6.821 0.147 2.52 12.43 0.080 3.60 36.60 0.027
1.94 6.959 0.144 2.54 12.68 0.079 3.70 40.45 0.025
1.96 7.099 0.141 2.56 12.94 0.077 3.80 44.70 0.022
1.98 7.243 0.138 2.58 13.20 0.076 3.90 49.40 0.020
2.00 7.389 0.135 2.60 13.46 0.074 4.00 54.60 0.018

2.02 7.538 0.133 2.62 13.74 0.073 4.20 66.69 0.015
2.04 7.691 0.130 2.64 14.01 0.071 4.40 81.45 0.012
2.06 7.846 0.127 2.66 14.30 0.070 4.60 99.48 0.010
2.08 8.004 0.125 2.68 14.58 0.069 4.80 121.51 0.008
2.10 8.166 0.122 2.70 14.88 0.067 5.00 148.4 0.007

2.12 8.331 0.120 2.72 15.18 0.066 5.20 181.3 0.006
2.14 8.499 0.118 2.74 15.49 0.065 5.40 221.4 0.004
2.16 8.671 0.115 2.76 15.80 0.063 5.60 270.4 0.004
2.18 8.846 0.113 2.78 16.12 0.062 5.80 330.3 0.003
2.20 9.025 0.111 2.80 16.44 0.061 6.00 403.4 0.002

2.22 9.207 0.109 2.82 16.78 0.060 6.50 665.1 0.002
2.24 9.393 0.106 2.84 17.12 0.058 7.00 1096.6 0.001
2.26 9.583 0.104 2.86 17.46 0.057 7.50 1808.0 0.001
2.28 9.777 0.102 2.88 17.81 0.056 8.00 2981.0 0.000
2.30 9.974 0.100 2.90 18.17 0.055 8.50 4914.8 0.000

2.32 10.176 0.098 2.92 18.54 0.054 9.00 8103.1 0.000
2.34 10.381 0.096 2.94 18.92 0.053 9.50 13360 0.000
2.36 10.591 0.094 2.96 19.30 G.052 10.00 22026 0.000
2.38 10.805 0.093 2.98 19.69 0.051
13-5
13.3. The Gamma Function.
CO
X _ 1 u
T(x) = / u e" du, x > 0
•'o
x x
r W » x e~ M li + - i - + - i - - -122 571_ "I
V x 1 2 X 2 3 4
L 288X 5184X 2488320x ""J '
for large positive values of x

T(x + 1) = xT(x)
TABLE 13.3. The gamma function (source: Ref. 17, p. 136).
X T(x) X T(x) X TW X T(x) x T(x)
1.01 0.99 433 1.21 0.91 558 1.41 0.88 676 1.61 0.89 468 1.81 0.93 408
1.02 0.98 884 1.22 0.91 311 1.42 0.88 636 1.62 0.89 592 1.82 0.93 685
1.03 0.98 355 1.23 0.91 075 1.43 0.88 604 1.63 0.89 724 1.83 0.93 969
1.04 0.97 844 1.24 0.90 852 1.44 0.88 581 1.64 0.89 864 1.84 0.94 261
1.05 0.97 350 1.25 0.90 640 1.45 0.88 566 1.65 0.90 012 1.85 0.94 561
1.06 0.97 874 1.26 0.90 440 1.46 0.88 560 1.66 0.90 167 1.86 0.94 869
1.07 0.96 415 1.27 0.90 250 1.47 0.88 563 1.67 0.90 330 1.87 0.95 184
1.08 0.95 973 1.28 0.90 072 1.48 0.88 575 1.68 0.90 500 1.88 0.95 507
1.C9 0.95 546 1.29 0.89 904 1.49 0.88 595 1.69 0.90 678 1.89 0.95 838
1.10 0.95 135 1.30 0.89 747 1.50 U.C9 623 1.70 0.90 864 1.90 0.96 177
1.11 0.94 740 1.31 0.89 600 1.51 0.88 659 1.71 0.91 057 1.91 0.96 523
1.12 0.94 359 1.32 0.89 464 1.52 0.88 704 1.72 Q.91 258 1.92 0.96 877
1.13 0.93 993 1.33 0.89 338 1.53 0.88 757 1.73 0.91 467 1.93 0.97 240
1.14 0.93 642 1.34 0.89 222 1.54 0.88 818 1.74 0.91 683 1.94 0.97 610
1.15 0.93 304 1.35 0.89 115 1.55 0.88 887 1.75 0.91 906 1.95 0.97 988
1.16 0.92 980 1.36 0.89 018 1.56 0.38 964 1.76 0.92 137 1.96 0.98 374
1.17 0.92 670 1.37 0.88 931 1.57 0.89 049 1.77 0.92 376 1.97 0.98 768
1.18 0.92 373 1.38 0.88 854 1.58 0.89 142 1.78 0.92 623 1.98 0.99 171
1.19 0.92 089 1.39 0.88 785 1.59 0.89 243 1.79 0.92 877 1.99 0.99 581
1.20 0.91 817 1.40 0.88 726 1.60 0.89 352 1.80 0.93 138 2.00 1.00 000
13-6
the p o s i t i v e sign used i f -TT/2 < arg u < 3ir/2 and the negative sign used i f
-31T/2 < arg u < n / 2 .
I (u) - I (u)
v i \—u =
n' ' 2 s i n (nil)
For n any p o s i t i v e integer:
n + 1 + J C (u/2) n+2j
K (u) = ( - l )
n | iln (u/2) + y | I ( u ) n ¥~ J
JMn+j)!
j=0
n+j j -n+2j
:
X " X"ra 1 + m
i j=02 ™ (u/2) C - 3 - Ul
,m=l m=l
where for j=0, \ m =0

m=l
For large values of u:
2 ,2 ,.2 .2, ,, 2 ,2,

u (4n n ( 4 n 3
Kn (u, = Jh e" { i + ^rt^
H8u
+ " - f - * o( - )l
U
2!(8u)'
£ - J (u) = J (u) - £ J (u) = £ J (u) - J (u)

du n n-l u n u n n+1
U ) ( U ) U ) = U ) u)
h V ' Vl "5V l! V " Vl<
4 - I (u) = I , (u) - - I (u) = I _,, (u) + - I (u) l

du n* n-l u n* ' n+1* ' u n '
%- K (u) = -a (u) - £ K (u) = £ K (u) - K (u)

du n n-l u n u n n+1
13-7
13.4. Bessel Functions.
>li..«,n*M is ceal and u may be complex

U )
V Z jinn + j + 1)
3=0
J (u) = (-1) J (u) , if n is an integer

n ~n
J (u) cos (nwi - J_ (u)

n n
Y (u) = — :
n sin (nTf)
n+2j
,Y (u) - 2 U n (u/2) + y) Jû) - J
n ^ ^ " f >",
3=0
3+n 3 n-1
1 1
I "- * I "-
.m=l m=l
Y
3=0
(u/2)" n+2j
(n - j - 1) 1
where y = 0.5772... is Euler's constant, and n is any positive integer
!v > u
{in (u/2) + Y}J (u) + (u/2) " f
Q
2 1 +
j) "^ ^L
(21)'
( " 7 * l )(3!)'^
x (uu))
V
. yL jir(n
wr" n+2j
+ j + 1)
3=0
For large values of u:
( 32) !
v •^ -<-1* - ^ • < - • - ;;|, ;f - * • (»- )l
( 2!(8u) j
1
$ - exp [-u ± (n + J) iri] j 1 + 0 ( i f ) ) ,
V2TTU
13-8
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 1 . Zeco and first-order Bessel functions of the f i r s t kind
(source: Ref 2, pp. 369-71).
u J (u)
0 Jj/U) u J (u)
0 •^(u)
0.0 1.0000 0.0000 3.0 -0.2600 0.3391

0.1 0.9975 0.0499 3.1 -0.2921 0.3009
0.2 0.9900 0.0995 3.2 -0.3202 0.2613
0.3 0.9776 0.1483 3.3 -0.3443 0.2207
0.4 0.9604 0.1960 3.4 -0.3643 0.1792
0.5 0.9385 0.2423 3.5 -0.3801 0.1374

0.6 0.9120 0.2867 3.6 -0.3918 0.0955
0.7 0.8812 0.3290 3.7 -0.3992 0.0538
0.8 0.8463 0.3688 3.8 -0.4026 0.0128
0.9 0.8075 0.4059 3.9 -0.4018 -0.0272
1.0 0.7652 0.4400 4.0 -0.3971 -0.0660

1.1 0.7196 0.4709 4.1 -0.3887 -0.1033
1.2 0.6711 0.4983 4.2 -0.3766 -0.1386
1.3 0.6201 0.5220 4.1 -0.3610 -0.1719
1.4 0.5669 0.5419 4.4 -0.3423 -0.2028
1.5 0.5118 0.5579 4.5 -0.3205 -0.2311

1.6 0.4554 0.5699 4.6 -0.2961 -0.2566
1.7 0.3980 0.5778 4.7 -0.2693 -0.2791
1.8 0.3400 0.5815 4.8 -0.2404 -0.2985
1.9 0.2818 0.5812 4.9 -0.2097 -0.3147
2.0 0.2239 0.5767 5.0 -0.1776 -0.3276

2.1 0.1666 0.5683 5.1 -0.1443 -0.3371
2.2 0.1104 0.5560 5.2 -0.1103 -0.3432
2.3 0.0555 0.5399 5.3 -0.0758 -0.3460
2.4 0.0025 0.5202 5.4 -0.0412 -0.3453
2.5 -0.0484 0.4971 5.5 -0.0068 -0.3414

2.6 -0.0968 0.4708 5.6 0.0270 -0.3343
2.7 -0.1424 0.4416 5.7 0.0599 -0.3241
2.8 -0.1850 0.4097 5.8 0.0917 -0.3110
2.9 -0.2243 0.3754 5.9 0.1220 -0.2951
13-9
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 1 . (Continued.)
u J (u)
0
J (u)
x
u J (u)
0 J (u)
L
6.0 0.1506 -0.2767 9.0 -0.0903 0.2453

6.1 0.1773 -0.2559 9.1 -0.1142 0.2324
6.2 0.2017 -0.2329 9.2 -0.1368 0.2174
6.3 0.2238 -0.2081 9.3 -0.1577 0.2004
6.4 0.2433 -0.1816 9.4 -0.1768 0.1816
6.5 0.2601 -0.1538 9.5 -0.1939 0.1613

6.6 0.2740 -0.1250 9.6 -0.2090 0.1395
6.7 0.2851 -0.0953 9.7 -0.2218 0.1166
6.8 0.2931 -0.0652 9.8 -0.2323 0.0928
6.9 0.2981 -0.0349 9.9 -0.2403 0.0684
7.0 0.3001 -0.0047 10.0 -0.2459 0.0435

7.1 0.2991 0.0252 1C.1 -0.2490 0.0184
7.2 0.2951 0.0543 10.2 -0.2496 -0.0066
7.3 0.2882 0.0826 10.3 -0.2477 -0.0313
7.4 0.2786 0.1096 10.4 -0.2434 -0.0555
7.5 0.2663 0.1352 10.5 -0.2366 -0.0788

7,6 0.2516 0.1592 10.6 -0.2276 -0.1012
7.7 0.2346 0.1813 10.7 -0.2164 -0.1224
7.8 0.2154 0.2014 10.8 -0.2032 -0.1422
7.9 0.1944 0.2192 10.9 -0.1881 -0.1604
8.0 0.1716 0.2346 11.0 -0.1712 -0.1768

8.1 0.1475 0.2476 11.1 -0.1528 -0.1913
8.2 0.1222 0.2580 11.2 -0.1330 -0.2028
8.3 0.0960 0.2657 11.3 -0.1121 -0.2143
8.4 0.0692 0.2708 11.4 -0.0902 -0.2224
8.5 0.C419 0.2731 11.5 -0.0677 -0.2284

8.6 0.0146 0.2728 11.6 -0.0446 -0.2320
8.7 -0.0125 0.26S7 11.7 -0.0213 -0.2333
8.8 -0.0392 0.2641 11.8 0.0020 -0.2323
8.9 -0.0652 0.2559 11.9 0.0250 -0.2290
13-10
TABLE 13.4.1. (Continued.)
_u J (u)
Q Jû) u J (u)
Q Jû)
12.0 0.0477 -0.2234 13.6 0.2101 0.0590

12.1 0.0697 -0.2158 13.7 0.2032 0.0791
12.2 0.0908 -0.2060 13.8 0.1943 0.0984
12.3 0.1108 -0.1943 13.9 0.1836 0.1165
12.4 0.1296 -0.1807 14.0 0.1711 0.1334
12.5 0.1469 -0.1655 14.1 0.1570 0.1488

12.6 0.1626 -0.1487 14.2 0.1414 0.1626
12.7 0.1766 -0.1307 14.3 0.1245 0.1747
12.8 0.1887 -0.1114 14.4 0.1065 0.1850
12.9 0.1988 -0.0912 14.5 0.0875 0.1934
13.0 0.2069 -0.0703 14.6 0.0679 0.1998

13.1 0.2129 -0.0488 14.7 0.0476 0.2043
13.2 0.2167 -0.0271 14.8 0.0271 0.2066
13.3 0.2183 -0.0052 14.9 0.0064 0.2069
13.4 0.2177 0.0166 15.0 0.0142 0.2051
13.5 0.2150 0.0380
13-11
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 2 . Zero and first-order Bessel functions of the second kind (source:
Ref. 2 p . 371-3).
u
V u ) ^(u) u v> ^(u)
0.0 ^00 -CO 3.0 0.3768 0.3247

0.1 -1.5342 -6.4590 3.1 0.3431 0.3496
0.2 -1.0811 -3.3238 3.2 0.3070 0.3707
0.3 0.8073 -2.2931 3,3 0.2691 0.3878
0.4 -0.6060 -1.7809 3.4 0.2296 0.4010
0.5 -0.4445 -1.4715 3.5 0.1890 0.4102

0.6 -0.3085 -1.2604 3.6 0.1477 0.4154
0.7 -0.1907 -0.1032 3.7 0.1061 0.4167
0.8 -0.0868 -0.9781 3.8 0.0645 0.4141
0.9 0.0056 -0.8731 3.9 0.0234 0.4078
1.0 0.0883 -0.7812 4.0 -0.0169 0.3979

1.1 0.1622 -0.6981 4.1 -0.0561 0.3846
1.2 0.2281 -0.6211 4.2 -0.0938 0.3680
1.3 0.2865 -0.5485 4.3 -0.1296 0.3484
1.4 0.3379 -0.4791 4.4 -0.1633 0.3260
1.5 0.3824 -0.4123 4.5 -0.1947 0.3010

1.6 0.4204 -0.3476 4.6 -0.2235 0.2737
1.7 0.4520 -0.2847 4.7 -0.2494 0.2445
1.8 0.4774 -0.2237 4.8 -0.2723 0.2136
1.9 0.4968 -0.1644 4.9 -0.2921 0.1812
2.0 0.5104 -0.1070 5.0 -0.3085 0.1479

2.1 0.5183 -0.0517 5.1 -0.3216 0.1137
2.2 0.5208 0.0015 5.2 -0.3312 0.0792
2.3 0.5181 0.0523 5.3 -0.3374 0.0445
2.4 0.5104 0.1005 5.4 -0.3402 0.0101
2.5 0.4981 0.1459 5.5 -0.3395 -0.0238

2.6 0.4813 0.1884 5.6 -0.3354 -0.0568
2.7 0.4605 0.2276 5.7 -0.3282 -0.0887
2.8 0.4359 0.2635 5.8 -0.3177 -0.1192

2.9 0.4079 0.2959 5.9 -0.3044 -0.1481
13-12
TABIS 1 3 . 4 . 2 . (Continued.)
u V> u Vj/u) u * (u)

0 ^(u)
6 i6 -0.2882 -0J1750" 9-0 0li499 0.1043
6.1 -0>2694 -0.1998 9.1 0>2383 0.1275
6.2 -0:2433 -0.2223 9.2 0.2245 0.1491
6.3 -0;2251 -0.2422 9.3 0.2086 0.1691
6.4 -0.2000 -0.2596 9.4 0.1907 0.1871
6.5 -0.1732 -0.2741 9.5 0.1712 0.2032

6.6 -0.1452 -0.2857 9.6 0.1502 0.2171
6.7 -0.1162 -0.2945 9.7 0.1279 0.2287
6.8 -0.0864 -0.3002 9.8 0.1045 0.2379
6.9 -0.0562 -0.3029 9.9 0.0804 0.2447
7.0 -0.0260 -0.3027 10.0 0.0557 0.2490

7.1 0.0042 -0.2995 10.1 C.0307 0.2508
7.2 0.0338 -0.2934 10.2 0.0056 0.2502
7.3 0.0628 -0.2846 10.3 -0.0193 0.2471
7.4 0.0907 -0.2731 10.4 -0.0437 0.2416
7.5 0.1173 -0.2591 10.5 -0.0675 0.2337

7.6 0.1424 -0.2428 10.6 -0.0904 0.2236
7.7 0.1658 -0.2243 10.7 -0.1122 0.2114
7.8 0.1872 -0.2039 10.8 -0.1326 0.1973
7.9 0.2065 -0.1817 10.9 -0.1516 0.1813
8.0 0.2235 -0.1581 11.0 -0.1688 0.1637

8.1 0.2381 -0.1332 11.1 -0.1843 0.1446
8.2 0.2501 -0.1072 11.2 -0.1977 0.1243
873 0.2595 -0.0806 11.3 -0.2091 0.1029
8.4 0.2662 -0.0535 11.4 -0.2183 0.0807
8.5 0.2702 -0.0262 11.5 -0.2252 0.0579
8.6 0.2715 0.0011 11.6 -0.2299 0.0348
8.7 0.2700 0.0280 11.7 -0.2322 0.0114
8.8 0.2659 0.0544 11.8 -0.2322 -0.0118
8.9 0.2592 0.0799 11.9 -0.2298 -0.0347
13-13
TABLE 13.4.2. (Continued.)
_u Y (u)
0 Y (u)
1 _u r (u)
0 Y (u)
1
12.0 -0-2252 -0.0571 13.5 Q.0301 -0.2140

12.1 -0.2184 -0.0787 13.6 0.0512 -0*2084
12.2 -0.2095 -0.0994 13.7 0.0717 -0.2007
12.3 -0.1986 -0.1190 13.8 0.0913 -0.1912
12.4 -0.1858 -0.1371 13.9 0.1099 -0.1798
12.5 -0.1712 -0.1538 14.0 0.1272 -0.1666

12.6 -0.1551 -0.1689 14.1 0.1431 -0.1520
12.7 -0.1375 -0.1821 14.2 0.1575 -0.1359
12.8 -0.1187 -0.1935 14.3 0.1703 -0.1186
12.9 -0.0989 -0.2028 14.4 0.1812 -0.1003
13.0 -0.0782 -0.2101 14.5 0.1903 -0.0810

13.1 -0.0569 -0.2152 14.6 0.1974 -0.0612
13.2 -0.0352 -0.2182 14.7 0.2025 -0.0408
13.3 -0.0134 -0.2190 14.8 0.2056 -0.0202
13.4 0.0085 -0.2176 14.9 0.2066 0.0005
13-14
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 3 . Zero and f i r s t order modified Bessel functions of the f i r s t kind
(source: Ref. 2, p. 373-4).
u I (u)
0 IjÛ) u I (u)
0 Iû)
0.0 1.0000 0.0000 3.0 4.881 3.953

0.1 1.0025 0.0501 3.1 5.294 4.326
0.2 1.0100 0.1005 3.2 5.747 4.734
0.3 1.0226 0.1517 3.3 6.243 5.181
0.4 1.0404 0.2040 3.4 6.785 5.670
0.5 1.0635 0.2579 3.5 7.378 6.206

0.6 1.0920 0.3137 3.6 8.028 6.793
0.7 1.1263 0.3719 3.7 8.739 7.436
0.8 1.1665 0.4329 3.8 9.517 8.140
0.9 1.2130 0.4971 3.9 10.369 8.913
1.0 1.2661 0.5652 4.0 11.30 9.76

1.1 1.3262 0.6375 4.1 12.32 10.69
1.2 1.3937 0.7147 4.2 13.44 11.71
1.3 1.4693 0.7973 4.3 14.67 12.82
1.4 1.5534 0.8861 4.4 16.01 14.05
1.5 1.6467 0.9817 4.5 17.48 15.39

1.6 1.7500 1.0848 4.6 19.09 16.86
1.7 0.8640 1.1963 4.7 20.86 18.48
1.8 1.9806 1.3172 4.8 22.79 20.25
1.9 2.1277 1.4482 4.9 24.91 22.20
2.0 2.280 1.591 5.0 27.24 24.34

2.1 2.446 1.746 5.1 29.79 26.68
2.2 2.629 1.914 5.2 32.58 29.25
2.3 2.830 2.098 5.3 35.65 32.08
2.4 3.049 2.298 5.4 39.01 35.18
2.5 3.290 2.517 5.5 42.70 38.59

2.6 3.553 2.755 5.6 46.74 42.33
2.7 3.842 3.016 5.7 51.17 46.44
2.8 4.157 3.301 5.8 56.04 50.95
2.9 4.503 3.613 5.9 61.38 55.90
13-15
TftBLE 13.4.4. Zero and f i r s t order modified Bessel functions of the second kind
(source: Ref. 2, p. 374-5).
0.0 m oo 2.0 0.072 0.089

0.1 1.545 6.270 2.1 0.064 0.078
0.2 1.116 3.040 2.2 0.057 0.069
0.3 0.874 1.946 2.3 0.050 0.060
0.4 0.710 1.391 2.4 0.045 0.053
0.5 0.588 1.054 2.5 0.040 0.047

0.6 0.495 0.829 2.6 0.035 0.042
0.7 0.420 0.669 2.7 0.031 0.037
0.8 0.360 0.549 2.8 0.028 0.032
0.9 0.310 0.456 2.9 0.025 0.029
1.0 0.268 0.383 3.0 0.022 0.026

1.1 0.233 0.324 3.1 0.020 0.023
1.2 0.203 0.277 3.2 0.018 0.020
1.3 0.177 0.237 3.3 0.016 0.018
1.4 0.155 0.204 3.4 0.014 0.016
1.5 0.136 0.177 3.5 0.012 0.014

1.6 0.120 0.153 3.6 0.011 0.013
1.7 0.105 0.133 3.7 0.010 0.011
1.8 0.093 0.116 3.8 0.009 0.010
1.9 0.082 0.102 3.9 0.008 0.009
13-16
13.5. Legendre Polynomials
The Legendre polynomial of degree n, of the first kind:
„ , , . ,,n/2 l . 3 • 5 •»« (n - 1) r. n(n + 1) 2

U ) = ( 1} 1 u
V - 2 • 4 • 6 ..• n L " 2,
+ n<n - 2 n J 1 , * 3) ^ M M + ...."] , „ , „, = 2 6
, n 1 ) / 2 X 3 5 n 2 3
PV (a)
' = (-1)
' " l
2 • 4* • '6 •••
•" (n
" - 1)
TuL- < - ^ C31* > u u u
+ (n-lM»-3)M2 n 4) 5 ...."J M t u + fn . 3f 5f 7 , u|<1
2
P (u) = 1, P (u) = u, P (u) = (3u - l)/2 ,
Q x 2
3 4 2
P,(u) = (5u - 3u)/2 P.(u) = (35u - 30u + 3)/8 ,
3 4 r
5 3
P (u) = (63u - 70u + 15u)/8, |u|<l
5
The Legendre polynomial of degree n, of the second kind:
n . , , ,.(n+l)/2 2 » 4 * 6 " » (n - 1) f, 1
n(n + 1) 2 u
Q C ) = (-D
n 1 »3 •5 — n L 27"^
^ n(n - 2) (n + 1) (n + 3) 4 ^ T , , c
1 u
+- "-Jj—" u + ••••_] , n = 3, 5, 7, ...,
Q (u) =» (• x..n/2
,_,xn/2 2'4* ' 6 •" n r _ (n - 1)
l)(n
( + 2) 3
"n ' 1 • 3 • 5 ••• (n - 1) L 31 u
+ ( n-l n-3Mn,2 n M M + 4) 5 . . . . - |u + t n s 2 > 4 t 6
13-17
Q (") H
0
^n(î).|u|<l
Q (u) = Q (u) Pû) - 1,

x Q
Q (u) = Q„(u) P (u) - 3u/2

2 2
2
Q (u) = Q (u) P (u) - 5u /2 + j,
3 0 3
3 2
Q (u) = Q (u) P (u) - 35u /8 + 55u /24 ,
4 Q 4
Q (u) =Q (u, P (u, - I f l L r - i L p ^ u , . ^ i L , ^

n 0 n -
13-18
TABLE 13.5. The first five Legendre polynomials of the first kind (source:
Ref. 2, p . 375-7).
u Pj/U) P (u)
2 P (u)
3
v»> P (u)
5
0.00 0.0000 -0.5000 0.0000 0.3750 0.0000

0.01 0.0100 -0.4998 -0.0150 0.3746 0.0187
0.02 0.0200 -0.4994 -0.0300 0.3735 0.0374
0.03 0.0300 -0.4986 -0.0449 0.3716 0.0560
0.04 0.0400 -0.4976 -0.0598 0.3690 0.0744
0.05 0.0500 -0.4962 -0.0747 0.3657 0.0927

0.06 0.0600 -0.4946 -0.0895 0.3616 0.1106
0.07 0.0700 -0.4926 -0.1041 0.3567 0.1283
0.08 O.OSOO -0.4904 -0.1187 0.3512 0.1455
0.09 0.0900 -0.4878 -0.1332 0.3449 0.1624
0.10 0.1000 -0.4850 -0.1475 0.3379 0.1788

0.11 0.1100 -0.4818 -0.1617 0.3303 0.1947
0.12 0.1200 -0.4784 -0.1757 0.3219 0.2101
0.13 0.1300 -0.4746 -0.1895 0.3129 0.2248
0.14 0.1400 -0,4906 -0.2031 0.3032 0.2389
0.15 0.1500 -0.4662 -0.2166 0.2928 0.2523

0.16 0.1600 -0.4616 -0.2*98 0.2819 0.2650
0.17 0.1700 -0.4566 -0.2427 0.2703 0.2769
0.18 0.1800 -0.4514 -0.2554 0.2581 0.2880
0.19 0.1900 -0.4458 -0.2679 0.2453 0.2982
0.20 0.2000 -0.4400 -0.2800 0.2320 0.3075

0.21 0.2100 -0.4338 -0.2918 0.2181 0.3159
0.22 0.2300 -0.4274 -0.3034 0.2037 0.3234
0.23 0.2300 -0.4206 -0.3146 0.1889 0.3299
0.24 0.2400 -0.4136 -0.3254 0.1735 0.3353
0.25 0.2500 -0.4062 -0.3359 0.1577 0.3397

0.26 (1.2600 -0.3986 -0.3461 0.1415 0.3431
0.27 0.2700 -0.3906 -0.3558 0.1249 0.3453
0.28 0.2800 -0.3824 -0.3651 0.1079 0.3465
0.29 0.2900 -0.3738 -0.3740 0.0906 0.3465
13-19
TABLE 13.5. (Continued.)
u p
x (u) P (u)
2
P (u)
3 P (u)
4
P (u)
5
0.30 0.3000 -0.3650 -0.3825 0.0729 0.3454

0.31 0.3100 -0.3558 -0.3905 0.0550 0.3431
0.32 0.3200 -0.3464 -0.3981 0.0369 0.3397
0.33 0.3300 -0.3366 -0.4052 0.0185 0.3351
0.34 0.3400 -0.3266 -0.4117 0.0000 0.3294
0.35 0.3500 -0.3162 -0.4178 -0.0187 0.3225

0.36 0.3600 -0.3056 -0.4234 -0.0375 0.3144
0.37 0.3700 -0.2946 -0.4284 -0.0564 0.3051
0.38 0.3800 -0.2834 -0.4328 -0.0753 0.2948
0.39 0.3900 -0.2718 -0.4367 -0.0942 0.2833
0.40 0.4000 -0.2600 -0.4400 -0.1130 0.2706

0.41 0.4100 -0.2478 -0.4427 -0.1317 0.2569
0.42 0.4200 -0.2354 -0.4448 -0.1504 0.2421
0.43 0.4300 -0.2226 -0.4462 -0.1688 0.2263
0.44 0.4400 -0.2096 -0.4470 -0.1870 0.2095
0.45 0.4500 -0.1962 -0.4472 -0.2050 0.1917

0.46 0.4600 -0.1826 -0.4467 -0.2226 0.1730
0.47 0.4700 -0.1686 -0.4454 -0.2399 0.1534
0.48 0.4800 -0.1544 -0.4435 -0.2568 0.1330
0.49 0.4900 -0.1398 -0.4409 -0.2732 0.1118
0.50 0.5000 -0.1250 -0.4375 -0.2891 0.0898

0.51 0.5100 -0.1098 -0.4334 -0.3044 0.0673
0.52 0.5200 -0.0944 -0.4285 -0.3191 0.0441
0.53 0.5300 -0.0786 -0.4228 -0.3332 0.0204
0.54 0.5400 -0.0626 -0.4163 -0.3465 -0.0037
0.55 0.5500 -0.0462 -0.4091 -0.3590 -0.0282

0.56 0.5600 -0.0296 -0.4010 -0.3707 -0.0529
0.57 0.5700 -0.0126 -0.3920 -0.3815 -0.0779
0.58 0.5800 0.0046 -0.3822 -0.3914 -0.1028
0.59 0.5900 0.0222 -0.3716 -0.4002 -0.1278
20
TABLE 1 3 . 5 . (Continued.)
u P (u)
x
P (u)
2 P,(u) P (u)
4
P (u)
5
0.60 0.6000 0.0400 -0.3600 -0.4080 -0.1526

0.61 0.6100 0.0582 -0.3475 -0.4146 -0.1772
0.62 0.6200 0.0766 -0.3342 -0.4200 -0.2014
0.63 0.6300 0.0954 -0.3199 -0.4242 -0.2251
0.64 0.6400 0.1144 -0.3046 -0.4270 -0.2482
0.65 0.6500 0.1338 -0.2884 -0.4284 -0.2705

0.66 0.6600 0.1534 -0.2713 -0.4284 -0.2919
0.67 0.6700 0.1734 -0.2531 -0.4268 -0.3122
0.68 0.6800 0.1936 -0.2339 -0.4236 -0.3313
0.69 0.6900 0.2142 -0.2137 -0.4187 -0.3490
0.70 0.7000 0.2350 -0.1925 -0.4121 -0.3652

0.71 0.7100 0.2562 -0.1702 -0.4036 -0.3796
0.72 0.7200 0.2776 -0.1469 -0.3933 -0.3922
0.73 0.7300 0.2994 -0.1225 -0.3810 -0.4026
0.74 0.7400 0.3214 -0.0969 -0.3666 -0.4107
0.75 0.7500 0.3438 -0.0703 -0.3501 -0.4164

0.76 0.7600 0.3664 -0.0426 -0.3314 -0.4193
0.77 0.7700 0.3894 -0.0137 -0.3104 -0.4193
0.78 0.7800 0.4126 0.0164 -0.2871 -0.4162
0.79 0.7900 0.4362 0.0476 -0.2613 -0.4097
0.80 0.8000 0.4600 0.0800 -0.2330 -0.3995

0.81 0.8100 0.4842 0.1136 -0.2021 -0.3855
0.82 0.8200 0.5086 0.1484 -0.1685 -0.3674
0.83 0.8300 0.5334 0.1845 -0.1321 -0.3449
0.84 0.8400 0.5584 0.2213 -0.0928 -0.3177
0.85 0.8500 0.5838 0.2603 -0.0506 -0.2857

0.86 0.8600 0.6094 0.3001 -0.0053 -0.2484
0.87 0.8700 0.6354 0.3413 0.0431 -0.2056
0.88 0.8800 0.6616 C.3837 0.0947 -0.1570
0.89 0.8900 0.6882 0.4274 0.1496 -0.1023
13-21
u P (u)
x
P (u)
2 P (u)
3 P (u)
4 P (u)
5
0.90 0.9000 0.7150 0.4725 0.2079 -0.0411

0.91 0.9100 0.7422 0.5189 0.2698 0.0268
0.92 0.9200 0.7696 0.5667 0.3352 0.1017
0.93 0.9300 0.7974 0.6159 0.4044 0.1842
0.94 0.9400 0.8254 0.6665 0.4773 0.2744
0.95 0.9500 0.8538 0.7184 0.5541 0.3727

0.96 0.9600 0.8824 0.7718 0.6349 0.4796
0.97 0.97C0 0.9114 0.8267 0.7198 0.5954
0.98 0.9800 0.9406 0.8830 0.8089 0.7204
0.99 0.9900 0.9702 0.9407 0.9022 0.8552
1.00 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
13-22
13.6. Sine, Cosine, and Exponential Integrals.
Sine integral: Si(x) ,= / SAM. d u ,

J.0
S i {<*•) = TT/2
00 x
r C 0 S U
r
Cosine integral: Ci(x) = - I J ) du =8, n(yx) - I *
"x •'o
Jin y = 0.577215... (Euler's constant)

CD
Exponential integral: Ei(x) = - I/ ——

S j - du, <0, » > x > 0
x
Logarithmic integral: S,i(x)

U(x) = // . " = Ei(An x)
0
x
£ i ( e ) = Ei(x)
For small values of x:
Si(x) = x ,
U(x) = -x/Zn(l/x)
2
Ci(x) a Ei(-x) a i l ( x ) = Jln(l/yx) = y + S,n(x) - x + {X /A) +
For large values of x:
Si(x) = ir/2 - cos (x)/x
Ci(x) = s i n (x)/x
Ei(x) = (e*/x) (1 + l l / x + 2 l / x + 3!/x + • • • ) , | x | » 1
13-23
TABLE 1 3 . 6 . Values of the s i n e , c o s i n e , logarithmic, and exponential i n t e g r a l s ,
(source: Ref. 18, p. 6-9.)
Si(x) Ci(x) Ei(x) Ei (-x)
0.00 +0.000000 -CO —00
0.01 +0.010000 -4.0280 -4.0179 -4.0379

0.02 +0.019999 -3.3349 -3.3147 -3.3547
0.03 +0.029998 -2.9296 -2.8991 -2.9591
0.04 +0.039996 -2.6421 -2.6013 -2.6813
0.05 +0.04999 -2.4191 -2.3679 -2.4679

0.06 +0.05999 -2.2371 -2.1753 -2.2953
0.07 +0.06998 -2.0833 -2.0108 -2.1508
0.08 +0.07997 -1.9501 -1.8669 -2.0269
0.09 +0.08996 -1.8328 -1.7387 -1.9187
0.10 +0.09994 -1.7279 -1.6228 -1.8229

0.11 +0.10993 -1.6331 -1.5170 -1.7371
0.12 +0.11990 -1.5466 -1.4193 -1.6595
0.13 +0.12988 -1.4672 -1.3287 -1.5889
0.14 +0.13985 -1.3938 -1.2438 -1.5241
0.15 +0.14981 -1.3255 -1.1641 -1.4645

0.16 +0.15977 -1.2618 -1.0887 -1.4092
0.17 +0.16973 -1.2020 -1.0172 -1.3578
0.18 +0.1797 -1.1457 -0.9491 -1.3098
0.19 +0.1896 -1.0925 -0.8841 -1.2649
G.20 +0.1996 -1.0422 -0.8218 -1.2227

0.21 +0.2095 -0.9944 -0.7619 -1.1829
0.22 +0.2194 -0.9490 -0.7042 -1.1454
0.23 +0.2293 -0.9057 -0.5485 -1.1099
0.24 +0.2392 -0.8643 -0.5947 -1.0762
0.25 +0.2491 -0.8247 -0.5425 -1.0443

0.26 +0.2590 -0.7867 -0.4919 -1.0139
0.27 +0.2689 -0.7503 -0.4427 -0.9849
0.28 +0.2788 0.7153 -0.3949 -0.9573
0.29 +0.2886 -0.6816 -0.3482 -0.9309
13-24
X Si(x) Ci(x) Ei(x) Ei (-x)
0.30 +0.2985 -0.6492 -0.3027 -0.9057

0.31 +0.3083 -0.6179 -0.2582 -0.8815
0.32 +0.3182 -0.5877 -0.2147 -0.8583
0.33 +0.3280 -0.5585 -0.17210 -0.8361
0.34 +0.3378 -0.5304 -0.13036 -0.8147
0.35 +0.3476 -0.5031 -0.08943 -0.7942

0.36 +0.3574 -0.4767 -0.04926 -0.7745
0.37 +0.3672 -0.4511 -0.00979 -0.7554
0.38 +0.3770 -0.4263 +0.02901 -0.7371
0.39 +0.3867 -0.4022 +0.06718 -0.7194
0.40 +0.3965 -0.3788 +0.10477 -0.7024

0.41 +0.4062 -0.3561 +0.14179 -0.6859
0.42 +0.4159 -0.3341 +0.17828 -0.6700
0.43 +0.4256 -0.3126 +0.2143 -0.6546
0.44 +0.4353 -0.2918 +0.2498 -0.6397
0.45 +0.4450 -0.2715 +0.2849 -0.6253

0.46 +0.4546 -0.2517 +0.3195 -0.«U4
0.47 +0.4643 -0.2325 +0.3537 -0.5979
0.48 +0.4739 -0.2138 +0.3876 -0.5848
0.49 +0.4835 -0.1956 +0.4211 -0.5721
0.50 +0.4931 -0.17778 +0.4542 -0.5598

0.51 +0.5027 -0.16045 +0.4870 -0.5478
0.52 +0.5123 -0.14355 +0.5195 -0.5362
0.53 +0.5218 -0.12707 +0.5517 -0.5250
0.54 +0.5313 -0.11099 +0.5836 -0.5140
0.55 +0.5408 -0.09530 +0.6153 -0.5034

0.56 +0.5503 -0.07999 +0.6467 -0.4930
0.57 +0.5598 -0.06504 +0.6778 -0.4830
0.58 +0.5693 -0.05044 +0.7087 -0.4732
0.59 +0.5787 -0.03619 +0.7394 -0.4636
13-25
Si(x) Ci(x) Ei(x) Ei(-x)
0.60 +0.5881 -0.02227 +0.7699 -0.4544

0.61 +0.5975 -0.008675 +0.8002 -0.4454
0.62 +0.6069 +0.004606 +0.8302 -0.4366
0.63 +0.6163 +0.01758 +0.8601 -0.4280
0.64 +0.6256 +0.03026 +0.8898 -0.4197
0.65 +0.6349 +0.04265 +0.9194 -0.4115

0.66 +0.6442 +0.05476 +0.9488 -0.4036
0.67 +0.6535 +0.06659 +0.9780 -0.3959
0.68 +0.6628 +0.07816 +1.0071 -0.3883
0.69 +0.6720 +0.08946 +1.0361 -0.3810
0.70 +0.6812 +0.10051 +1.0649 -0.3738

0.71 +0.6904 +0.11132 +1.0936 -0.3668
0.72 +0.6996 +0.12188 +1.1222 -0.3599
0.73 +0.7087 +0.13220 +1.1507 -0.3532
0.74 +0.7179 +0.14230 +1.1791 -0.3467
0.75 +0.7270 +0.15216 +1.2073 -0.3403

0.76 +0.7360 +0.16181 +1.2355 -0.3341
0.77 +0.7451 +0.17124 +1.2636 -0.3280
0.78 +0.7541 +0.1805 +1.2916 -0.3221
0.79 +0.7631 +0.1895 +1.3195 -0.3163
0.80 +0.7721 +0.1983 +1.3474 -0.3106

0.81 +0.7811 +0.2069 +1.3752 -0.3050
0.82 +0.7900 +0.2153 +1.4029 -0.2996
0.83 +0.7989 +0.2235 +1.4306 -0.2943
0.84 +0.8078 +0.2316 +1.4582 -0.2891
0.85 +0.8166 +0.2394 +1.4857 -0.2840

0.86 +0.8254 +0.2471 +1.5132 -0.2790
0.87 +0.8342 +0.2546 +1.5407 -0.2742
0.88 +0.8430 +0.2619 +1.5681 -0.2694
0.89 +0.8518 +0.2691 +1.5955 -0.2647
13-26
x Si ix) Ci(x) Ei(x) Ei(-x)
0.90 +0.8605 +0:2761 +1.6228 -0.2602

0.91 +0:8692 +0.2829 +1.6501 -0.2557
0.92 +0.8778 +0.2896 +1.6774 -0.2513
0.93 +0.8865 +0.2961 +1.7047 -0.2470
0.94 +0.8951 +0.3024 +1.7319 -0.2429
0.95 +0.9036 +0.3086 +1.7591 -0.2387

0.96 +0.9122 +0.3147 +1.7864 -0.2347
0.97 +0.9207 +0.3206 +1.8136 -0.2308
0.98 +0.9292 +0.3263 +1.8407 -0.2269
0.99 +0.9377 +0.3319 +1.8679 -0.2231
1.00 +0.9461 +0.3374 +1.8951 -0.2194
1.0 +0.9461 +0.3374 +1.8951 -0.2194
1.1 +1.0287 +0.3849 +2.1674 -0.1860

1.2 +1.1080 +0.4205 +2.4421 -0.1584
1.3 +1.1840 +0.4457 +2.7214 -0.1355
1.4 +1.2562 +0.4620 +3.0072 -0.1162
1.5 +1.3247 +0.4704 +3.3013 -0.1000
1.6 +1.3892 +0.4717 +3.6053 -0.08631

1.7 +1.4496 +0.4670 +3.9210 -0.07465
1.8 +1.5058 +0.4568 +4.2499 -0.06471
1.9 +1.5578 +0.4419 +4.5937 -0.05620
2.0 +1.6054 +0.4230 +4.9542 -0.Q4890
2.1 +1.6487 +0.4005 +5.3332 -0.04261

2.2 +1.6876 +0.T751 +5.7326 -0;03719
2.3 +1.7222 +0.3472 +6.1544 -0.03250
2.4 +1.7525 +0.3173 +6.6007 -0.02844
2.5 +1.7785 +0.2859 +7.0738 -0.02491
2.6 +1.8004 +0.2533 +7.5761 -0.02185

2.7 +1.8182 +0.2201 +8.1103 -0.01918
2.8 +1.8321 +0.1865 +8.6793 -0.01686
2.9 +1.8422 +0.1529 +9.2860 -0.01482
3.0 +1.8487 +0.1196 +9.9338 -0.01304
13-27
x Si(x) Ci(x) Ei(x) Ei (-x)
3.1 +1.8517 +0.08699 +10.5263 -0.01149

3.2 +1.8514 +0.05526 +11.3673 -0.01013
3.3 +1.8481 +0:02468 +12vl610 2
-0.0 8939
3.4 +1.8419 +0.004518 +13.0121 2
-0.0 7890
3.5 +1.8331 -0.03213 +13.9254 2
-0.0 6970
3.6 +1.8219 -0.05797 +14.9063 2

-0.0 6160
3.7 +1.8086 -0.08190 +15.9606 2
-0.0 5448
3.8 +1.7934 -0.1038 +17.0948 2
-0.0 4820
3.9 +1.7765 -0.1235 +18.3157 2
-0.0 4267
4.0 +1.7582 -0.1410 +19.6309 2
-0.0 3779
4.1 +1.7387 -0.1562 +21.0485 2

-0.0 3349
4.2 +1.7184 -0.1690 +22.5774 2
-0.0 2969
4.3 +1.6973 -0.1795 +24.2274 2
-0.0 2633
4.4 +1.6758 -0.1877 +26.0090 2
-0.0 2336
4.5 +1.6541 -0.1935 +27.9337 2
-0.0 2073
4.6 +1.6325 -0.1970 +30.0141 2

-0.0 1841
4.7 +1.6110 -0.1984 +32.2639 2
-0.0 1635
4.8 +1.5900 -0.1976 +34.6979 2
-0.0 1453
4.9 +1.5696 -0.1948 +37.3325 2
-0.0 1291
5.0 +1.5499 -0.1900 +40.1853 2
-0.0 1148
6 +1.4247 -0.06806 +85.9898 3

-0.0 3601
7 +1.4546 +0.07670 +191.505 3
-0.0 1155
8 +1.5742 +0.1224 +440.380 4
-0.0 3767
9 +1.6650 +0.05535 +1037.88 4
-0.0 _1245
10 +1.6583 -0.04546 +2492.23 5
-0.0 4157
11 +1.5783 -0.08956 +6071.41 5

-0.0 1400
12 +1.5050 -0.04978 +14959.5 6
-0.0 4751
13 +1.4994 +0.02676 +37197.7 6
-0.0 1622
14 +1.5562 +0.06940 +93192.5 7
-0.0 5566
15 +1.6182 +0.04628 +234 956 7
-0.0 1918
13-28
x S i (x) C i (x) x Si(x) Ci(x)
20 +1.5482 +0.04442 140 +1.5722 +0.007011

25 +1.5315 -0.00685 150 +1.5662 -0.004800
30 +1.5668 -0.03303 160 +1.5769 +0.001409
35 +1.5969 -0.01148 170 +1.5653 +0.002010
40 +1.5870 +0.01902 180 +1.5741 -0.004432
45 +1.5587 +0.01863 190 +1.5704 +0.005250

50 +1.5516 -0.00563 200 +1.5684 -0.004378
55 +1.5707 -0.01817 300 +1.5709 -0.003332
60 +1.5867 -0.00481 400 +1.5721 -0.002124
65 +1.5792 +0.01285 500 +1.5726 -0.0009320
70 +1.5616 +0.01092 600 +1.5725 +0.0000764

75 +1.5586 -0.00533 700 +1.5720 +0.0007788
80 +1.5723 -0.01240 800 +1.5714 +0.001118
85 +1.5824 -0.001935 900 +1.5707 +0.001109
90 +1.5757 +0.009986 10 2
+1.5702 +0.000826
95 +1.5630 +0.007110 10 4
+1.5709 -0.0000306
100 +1.5622 -0.005149 10 5
+1.5708 +0.0000004
110 +1.5799 -0.000320 10 6
+1.5708 -0.0000004
120 +1.5640 +0.004781 10 7
+1.5708 +0.0
130 +1.5737 -0.007132 » 1/2TI 0.0
13-29
13-30
SECTION 14. ROOTS OF SOME CHARACTERISTIC EQUATIONS
TABLE 14.1. First six roots of X tan \ = C. (Source: Ref. 74, p. 217.)
c X
l X
2 X
3 X
4 X
5 \
0 0.0000 3.1416 6.2832 9.4248 12.5664 15.7080
0.001 0.0316 3.1419 6.2833 9.4249 12.5665 15.7080
0.002 0.0447 3.1422 6.2835 9.4250 12.5665 15.7081
0.004 0.0632 3.1429 6.2838 9.4252 12.5667 15.7082
0.006 0.0774 3.1435 6.2841 9.4254 12.5668 15.7083
0.008 0.0893 3.1441 6.2845 9.4256 12.5670 15.7085
0.01 0.0998 3.1448 6.2848 9.4258 12.5672 15.7086
0.02 0.1410 3.1479 6.2864 9.4269 12.5680 15.7092
0.04 0.1987 3.1543 6.2895 9.4290 12.5696 15.7105
0.06 0.2425 3.1606 6.2927 9.4311 12.5711 15.7118
0.08 0.2791 3.1668 6.2959 9.4333 12.5727 15.7131
0.1 0.0311 3.1731 6.2991 9.4354 12.5743 15.7143
0.2 0.4328 3.2039 6.3148 9.4459 12.5823 15.7207
0.3 0.5218 3.2341 6.3305 9.4565 12.5902 15.7270
0.4 0.5932 3.2636 6.3461 9.4670 12.5981 15.7334
0.5 0.6533 3.2923 6.3616 9.4775 12.6060 15.7397
0.6 0.7051 3.3204 6.3770 9.4879 12.6139 15.7460
0.7 0.7506 3.3477 6.3923 9.4983 12.6218 15.7524
0.8 0.7910 3.3744 6.4074 9.5087 12.6296 15.7587
0.9 0.8274 3.4003 6.4224 9.5190 12.6375 15.7650
1.0 0.8603 3.4256 6.4373 9,5293 12.6453 15.7713
1.5 0.9882 3.5422 6.5097 9.5801 12.6841 15.8026
2.0 1.0769 3.6436 6.5783 9.6296 12.7223 15.8336
3.0 1.1925 3.8088 6.7040 9.7240 12.7966 15.8945
4.0 1.2646 3.9352 6.8140 9.8119 12.8678 15.9536
5.0 1.3138 4.0336 6.9096 9.8928 12.9352 16.0107
6.0 1.3496 4.1116 6.9924 9.9667 12.9988 16.0654
7.0 1.3766 4.1746 7.0640 10.0339 13.0584 16.1177
8.0 1.3978 4.2264 7.1263 10.0949 13.1141 16.1675
9.0 1.4149 4.2694 7.1806 10.1502 13.1660 16.2147
10.0 1.4289 4.3058 7.2281 10.2003 13.2142 16.2594
14-1
15.0 1.4729 4.4255 7.3959 10.3898 13.4078 16.4474

20.0 1.4961 4.4915 7.4954 10.5117 13.5420 16.5864
30.0 1.5202 4.5615 7.6057 10.6543 13.7085 16.7691
40.0 1.5325 4.5979 7.6647 10.7334 13.8048 16.8794
50.0 1.5400 4.6202 7.7012 10.7832 13.8666 16.9519
60.0 1.5451 4.6353 7.7259 10.8172 13.9094 17.0026
80.0 1.5514 4.6543 7.7573 10.8606 13.9644 17.0686
100.0 1.5552 4.6658 7.7764 10.8871 13.9981 17.1093
OD 1.5708 4.7124 7.8540 10.9956 14.1372 17.2788
14-2
TABLE 1 4 . 2 . F i r s t five roots of 1 - \ cot \ = C. ( s o u r c e : Ref. 20 p . 442.)
c \ X
2 h X
4 X
5
0.000 0.0000 4.4934 7.7253 10.9041 14.0662
0.005 0.1224 4.4945 7.7259 10.9046 14.0666
0.010 0.1730 4.4956 7.7265 10.9050 14.0669
0.020 0.2445 4.4979 7.7278 10.9060 14.0676
0.030 0.2991 4.5001 7.7291 10.9069 14.0683
0.040 0.3450 4.5023 7.7304 10.9078 14.0690
0.050 0.3854 4.5045 7.7317 10.9087 14.0697
0.060 0.4217 4.5068 7.7330 10.9096 14.0705
0.070 0.4551 4.5090 7.7343 10.9105 14.0712
0.080 0.4860 4.5112 7.7356 10.9115 14.0719
0.090 0.5150 4.5134 7.7369 10.9124 14.0726
0.100 0.5423 4.5157 7.7382 10.9133 14.0733
0.200 0.7593 4.5379 7.7511 10.9225 14.0804
0.300 0.9208 4.5601 7.7641 10.9316 14.0875
0.400 1.0528 4.5822 7.7770 10.9408 14.0946
0.500 1.1656 4.6042 7.7899 10.9499 14.1017
0.600 1.2644 4.6261 7.8028 10.9591 14.1088
0.700 1.3525 4.6479 7.8156 10.9682 14.1159
0.800 1.4320 4.6696 7.8284 10.9774 14.1230
0.900 1.5044 4.6911 7.8412 10.9865 14.1301
1.000 1.5708 4.7124 7.8540 10.9956 14.1372
1.500 1.8366 4.8158 7.9171 11.0409 14.1724
2.000 2.0288 4.9132 7.9787 11.0856 14.2075
3.000 2.2889 5.0870 8.0962 11.1727 14.2764
4.000 2.4557 5.2329 8.2045 11.2560 14.3434
5.000 2.5704 5.3540 8.3029 11.3349 14.4080
6.000 2.6537 5.4544 8.3914 11.4086 14.4699
7.000 2.7165 5.5378 8.4703 11.4773 14.5288
8.000 2.7654 5.6078 8.5406 11.5408 14.5847
9.000 2.8044 5.6669 8.6031 11.5994 14.6374
1.0.000 2.8363 5.7172 8.6587 11.6532 14.6870
11.000 2.8628 5.7606 8.7083 11.7027 14.7335
16.000 2.9476 5.9080 8.8898 11.8959 14.9251
21.000 2.9930 5.9921 9.0019 12.0250 15.0625
14-3
c \ x 2
h h X
5
31.000 3.0406 6.0831 9.1294 12.1807 15.2380

41.000 3.0651 6.1311 9.1987 12.2688 15.3417
51.000 3.0801 6.1606 9.2420 12.3247 15.4090
1U1.000 3.1105 6.2211 9.3317 12.4426 15.5537
TABLE 1 4 . 3 . F i r s t f i v e r o o t s of J (X ) = 0 . (Source: Ref. 20, p . 443.)

in n
m X X_ X X X
1 2 3 4 5
0 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309
1 3.8317 7.0156 10.1735 13.3237 16.4706
2 5.1356 8.4172 11.6198 14.7960 17.9598
3 6.3802 9.7610 13.0152 16.2235 19.4094
4 7.5883 11.0647 14.3725 17.6160 20.8269
14-4
TABLE 14.4. First six roots of X J (X ) - CJ (X ) = 0.
ft (Source: Ref. 74.
n x n u n
p. 217)
c h X
2 X
3 \
0 0 3.8317 7.0156 10.1735 13.3237 16.4706
0.01 0.1412 3.8343 7.0170 10.1745 13.3244 16.4712
0.02 0.1995 3.8369 7.0184 10.1754 13.3252 16.4718
0.04 0.2814 3.8421 7.0213 10.1774 13.3267 16.4731
0.06 0.3438 3.8473 7.0241 10.1794 13.3282 16.4743
o.oe 0.3960 3.8525 7.0270 10.1813 13.3297 16.4755
0.1 0.4417 3.8577 7.0298 10.1833 13.3312 16.4767
0.15 0.5376 3.8706 7.0369 10.1882 13.3349 16.4797
0.2 0.6170 3.8835 7.0440 10.1931 13.3387 16.4828
0.3 0.7465 3.9091 7.0582 10.2029 13.3462 16.4888
0.4 0.8516 3.9344 7.0723 10.2127 13.3537 16.4949
0.5 0.9408 3.9594 7.0864 10.2225 13.3611 16.5010
0.6 1.0184 3.9841 7.1004 10.2322 13.3686 16.5070
0.7 1.0873 4.0085 7.1143 10.2419 13.3761 16.5131
0.8 1.1490 4.0325 7.1282 10.2516 13.3835 16.5191
0.9 1.2048 4.0562 7.1421 10.2613 13.3910 16.5251
1.0 1.2558 4.0795 7.1558 10.2710 13.3984 16.5312
1.5 1.4569 4.1902 7.2233 10.3188 13.4353 16.5612
2.0 1.5994 4.2910 7.2884 10.3658 13.4719 16.5910
3.0 1.7887 4.4634 7.4103 10.4566 13.5434 16.6499
4.0 1.9081 4.6018 7.5201 10.5423 13.6125 16.7073
5.0 1.9898 4.7131 7.6177 10.6223 13.6786 16.7630
6.0 2.0490 4.8033 7.7039 10.6964 13.7414 16.8168
7.0 2.0937 4.8772 7.7797 10.7646 13.8008 16.8684
8.0 2.1286 4.9384 7.8464 10.8271 13.8566 16.9179
9.0 2.1566 4.9897 7.9051 10.8842 13.9090 16.9650
10.0 2.1795 5.0332 7.9569 10.9363 13.9580 17.0099
15.0 2.2509 5.1773 8.1422 11.1367 14.1576 17.2008
20.0 2.2880 5.2568 8.2534 11.2677 14.2983 17.3442
30.0 2.3261 5.3410 8.3771 11.4221 14.4748 17.5348
40.0 2.3455 5.3846 8.4432 11.5081 14.5774 17.6506
50.0 2.3572 5.4112 8.4840 11.5621 14.6433 17.7272
60.0 2.3651 5.4291 8.5116 11.5990 14.6889 17.7807
80.0 2.3750 5.4516 8.5466 11.6461 14.7475 17.8502
100.0 2.3809 5.4652 8.5678 11.6747 14.7834 17.8931
00 2.4048 5.5201 8.6537 11.7915 14.9309 18.0711
14-5
TABLE 14.5. First five roots of J (X )Y (CX ) = Y ( X ) J ( C X ) .
0 n 0 n Q n 0 n (Source:
Sef. 9, p. 493.)
_h \ ^5_
1.2 15.7014 31.4126 47.1217 62.8302 78.5385
1.5 6.2702 12.5598 18.8451 25.1294 31.4133
2.0 3.1230 6.2734 9.4182 12.5614 15.7040
2.5 2.0732 4.1773 6.2754 8.3717 10.4672
3.0 1.5485 3.1291 4.7038 6.2767 7.8487
3.5 1.2339 2.5002 3.7608 5.0196 6.2776
4.0 1.0244 2.0809 3.1322 4.1816 5.2301
14-6
TABLE 14.6. F i r s t s i x roots of tan(X > = -X /C.
n (Source: Hef. 74, p. 322.)
c \ X
2 X
3 X
4 X
5 \
0 1.5708 4.7124 7.8540 10.9956 14.1372 17.2788
0.1 1.6320 4.^335 7.8667 11.0047 14.1443 17.2845
0.2 1.6887 4.7544 7.8794 11.0137 14.1513 17.2903
0.3 1.7414 4.7751 7.8920 11.0228 14.1584 17.2961
0.4 1.7906 4.7956 7.9046 11.0318 14.1654 17.3019
0.5 1.8366 4.8158 7.9171 11.0409 14.1724 17.3076
0.6 1.8798 4.8358 7.9295 11.0498 14.1795 17.3134
0.7 1.9203 4.8556 7.9419 11.0588 14.1865 17.3192
0.8 1.9586 4.8751 7.9542 11.0677 14.1935 17.3249
0.9 1.9947 4.8943 7.9665 11.0767 14.2005 17.3306
1.0 2.0288 4.9132 719787 11.0856 14.2075 17.3364
1.5 2.1746 c
.0037 8.0385 11.1296 14.2421 17.3649
2.0 2.2889 5.0870 8.0962 11.1727 14.2764 17.3932
3.0 2.4557 5.2329 8.2045 11.2560 14.3434 17.4490
4.0 2.5704 5.3540 8.3029 11.3349 14.4080 17.5034
5.0 2.6537 5.4544 8.3914 11.4086 14.4699 17.5562
6.0 2.7165 5.5378 8.4703 11.4773 14.5288 17.6072
7.0 2.7654 5.6078 8.5406 11.5408 14.5847 17.6562
8.0 2.8044 5.6669 8.6031 11.5994 14.6374 17.7032
9.0 2.8363 5.7172 8.6587 11.6532 14.6870 17.7481
10.0 2.8628 5.7606 8.7083 11.7027 14.7335 17.7908
15.0 2.9476 5.9080 8.8898 11.8959 14.9251 17.9742
20.0 2.9930 5.9921 9.0019 12.0250 15.0625 18.1136
30.0 3.0406 6.0831 9.1294 12.1807 15.2380 18.3018
40.0 3.0651 6.1311 9.1986 12.2688 15.3417 18.4180
50.0 3.0801 6.1606 9.2420 12.3247 15.4090 18.4953
60.0 3.0901 6.1805 9.2715 12.3632 15.4559 18.5497
80.0 3.1028 6.2058 9.3089 12,4124 15.5164 18.6209
100.0 3.1105 6.2211 9.3317 12.4426 15.5537 18.6650
00 3.1416 6.2832 9.4248 12.5664 15.7080 18.8496
14-7
-1
\4-i
SECTION 15. CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS.
15.1. Mathematical- Constants.
e = 2i7182818.
Hn 10 = 2.3025851.
•n = 3.1415926.
Y = 0.5772156. (Euler's constant)
15.2. Physical Constants.
Standard acceleration
of gravity g Q = 9.80665 m/s
2
= 32.1742 f t / s
Joule's constant = 1 . 0 N»m/J

= 778.16 fflbf/Btu
Stefan-Boltzmann
1 2 2 4
constant a = 1.355 x 1 0 " cal/s'cm -K
1 2 2 4
= 1712 x 1 0 ~ Btn/hr'ft -R
8 2 4
= 5.673 x 10" W/ra 'K
Universal gas
constant R = 8.3143 J/mol«K
= 0.08205 &*atm/mol*K
= 1 . 9 8 5 9 Btu/lbm'mol'R
= 1545.33 ft*lbf/lhm*mol*R
4
= 6.41 x 10~ J/kg-mol-K
15-1
15.3. Conversion Factors.
TABLE 15.1. Conversion factors for length.
ym A in. ft yd
1 m 1 100 10 6
10 1 0
39.37 3.280 1.0936
1 cm 0.01 1 10 4
10 8
0.3937 0.0328 0.0109
lUm io- 6
10" 4
1 10 4
0.3937 x 1 0 - 4
0.0328 x 1 0 " 4
0.0109 x 1 0 " 4
1 A ID" 10
10" 8
io- 4
1 0.3937 x 1 0 - 8
0.0328 x 1 0 ~ 4
0.0109 x 1 0 - 8
1 in. 0.0254 2.540 25.4 x 10 4

2.540 x 1 0 8
1 0.0833 0.0277
1 ft 0.3048 30.48 30.48 x 1 0 4
30.43 x 1 0 8
12 1 0.3333
1 yd 0.9144 91.440 91.440 x 1 0 4
91.440 x 1 0 6
36 3 1
Ul
I
to
TABLE 15.2. Conversion factors for area.
2 . 2
cm m in. ft 2
y« 2
- 4
1 cm 2
1 lO" 4
0.1550 1.07639 1.1960 x 1 0
1 m = 10 4
1 1550 10.7639 1.1960
- 4
1 in. = 2
6.4516 6.4516 x 1 0 " 4
1 6.9444 7.7160 x 1 0
1ft 2
= 929.034 929.034 x 1 0 - 4
144 1 0.11111
1 yd 2
= 8361.307 8361.307 x 1 0 " 4
1296 9 1
TABLE 15.3. Conversion factors for volume.
3
can in. 3
ft ml liter ;gal
-6
1 cm 3
= 1 610.23 x 10~ 4
35.3145 x 1 0 - 4
999.972 x 1 0 - 3
999.972 x 10" 264.170 x 1 0 ~ 6
1 in. 3
= 16.3872 ;i 5.7870 x 1 0 - 4
16.3867 16.3867 x 10"-3 432.9"00 x 1 0 " 5
1ft 3
= 283.170 x 10 2
1728 1 28.3162 x 1 0 3
28.3162 7.4805
1 ml = 1.000028 610.251 x 1 0 - 4
353.15 1 x 1 0 - 7
1 0.001 264.178 x 1 0 ~ 6
1 liter = 1000.028 61.0251 353.154 x 10" 4

1000 1 264.178 x 1 0 ~ 3
1 gal = 3785.434 231 133.680 x 1 0 - 3

3785.329 3.785329 1
TABLE 15.4. Conversion factors for mass.
lb slugs g kg ton
1 lb =1 0.03108 453.59 0.45359 0.0005

1 slug = 32.174 1 1.4594 x 1 0 4
14.594 0.016087
1 g = 2.2046 x 10'-3 6.8521 x 10~ 5
1 io- 3
1.1023 x l o - 6
3 3
1 kg = 2.2046 6.8521 x 10~ 10 1 1.1023 x l o - 3
1 ton = 2000 62.162 9.0718 x 1 0 5

907.18 1
TABLB 1 5 . 5 . Conversion factors for density.
3
lhm/ft slug/in. lbm/ii i. lbm/gal g/cm
3
1 lbm/ft = 1 0.03108 5.787 x 1 0 - 4
0.13386 0.01602
3
1 slug/ft = 32.174 1 0.01862 4.3010 0.51543
3
1 lbni/in. = 1728 53.706 1 231 27.680
3
1 lbm/gal = 7.4805 0.2325 4.329 x 10~ 1 0.11983
1 g/cra 3
= 62.428 1.9403 0.03613 8.345 1
15-4
TABLE 1 5 . 6 . Conversion factors for pressure.
2
lbf/in. 2
dyne/cm kgf/cm 2
in. H(j nun Hg in. H O atm bar
1 lbf/in. = 1 2
689.473 0.07031 2.0360 51.715 27.71 0.06805 0.06895
2
x 10
2
1 dyne/cm = 145.0383 1 101.972 295.299 750.062 4.0188 986.923 lO" 6
-7 -7 -4 -9
X 10 ' x io" 8
x 10 - 6
x 10 *
x 10 '
1 kgf/cm 2
= 14.2234 980.665 1 28.959 735.559 394.0918 967.841 980.665
3 3 3
x 10 x 10 x 10"
1 in. Hg = 0.4912 338.64 0.03453 1 25.40 13.608 0.03342 0.03386
15-
2
x 10
Ul 1 ram Hg = 0.01934 1333.223 1.3595 0.03937 1 0.5358 1.315 1.333
-3 3
x XQ x 10~ x 10
1 in. H o 2 = 0.03609 24.883 2.537 0.0735 1.8665 1 2.458 2.488
3
x 10 2
x 10" 3
x 10" x 10 - 3
1 atra = 14.6960 101.325 1.03323 29.9212 760 460.80 1 1.01325

4
x 10
1 bar = 14.5038 10 6
1.01972 29.5299 750.0617 401.969 986.923 1
„ -.n-3
TABLE 15.7. Conversion factors for energy.
fflbf abs joule int joule cal I.T. cal
1 fflbf 1 1.35582 1.355597 0.32405 0.32384

1 abs joule = 0.73756 1 0.999835 0.23885 0.238849
1 i n t joule = 0.737682 1.000165 1 0.239045 0.238889
1 cal 3.08596 4.18401 4.1833 1 0.99934
1 I.T. cal = 3.08799 4.18676 4.18605 1.000657 1
1 Btu 778.16 1055.045 1054.866 252.161 251.996
3
1 i n t kWhr = 265.567 x LO 4
360.0612 x 1 0 4
360.000 x 1 0 4
860.565 x 1 0 3
860.000 x 1 0
3
1 hp«hr = 198.0000 x 1 0 4
268.4525 x 1 0 4
268.082 x 1 0 4
641.615 x 1 0 3
641.194 x 1 0
1 liter'atm = 74.7354 101.3278 101.3111 24.2179 24.2020
Btu i n t kW hr hp'hr liter*atm
1 fflbf 128.5083 x 10 -5 376.553 x 10-9 505.051 x 10 -9 133.8054 x 10"

6 -9 986.896 x 1 0 - 5
1 abs joule 947.827 x 10~ 277.731 x 10~ 9
372.505 x 10
3
1 int joule 0.947988 x 10" 2.777778 x 10" 3.7256 x lo" 7
9.87058 x 10~
5 H
1 cal 396.572 x 10~ 116.2028 x 10" 155.8566 x lo" 412.918 x 1 0
S -8 413.189 x i o H
1 I.T. c a l 396.832 x 10~ 116.2791 x lo" 155.9590 x 10
1 Btu 1 293.018 x 1 0 - 6
293.010 x 10" 10.4122
2
1 int kWhr 3412.76 1 1.3412 255.343 x 1 0
2
1 hp'hr 2544.46 0.74558 1 264.935 x 1 0
-7 1
1 liter'atm 0.09604 281.718 x 10 377.452 x 10"
Table 15.8. Conversion factors for specific energy.
abs joule/h cal/g r.T. cal/gm Btu/lb fflb£/lbm i n t . kW hr/g hp hr/lb ftV
abs joule/g . 1 0.2390 0.2388 0.4299 334.53 2.777 x 10" 7

1.690 x ltf* 10763
cal/g = 4.184 1 0.9993 1.7988 1399.75 1.162 x 1 0 - 6
7.069 x 10 4.504 x 10 4
l.T. cal/g - 4.186 1.0007 1 1.8 1400.69 1.163 x 1 0 - 6

7.074 x 10 4.506 x 10 4
Btu/lb = 2.326 0.5559 0.5556 1 776.16 6.460 x 10~ 7

3.930 .< 10** 25,037
fflbf/lbra = 2.989 x 10~
6
3
7.144 x 10"* 7.139 X 10~ 4
1 285 x 10~
3
1 8.302 X l O - 1 0
5.051 x l o " 7
32.174
i n t . kWhr/g - 3.610 x 10 860,565 860,000 1 548 x 10
6
1.2046 x 10 9
1 608.4 3.876 x 1 0 1 0
hp'tar/lb 5919 1414.5 1413.6 2545 1.9B0 X 1 0 6

0.001644 1 6.370 x 1 0 7
ftW - S.291 X 10~ S

2.220 x 10" 5
2.219 X 10" 5
3 994 x 10"
5
0.03108 2.580 x 1 0 " 11
1.567 x i o " 8
1
Table 15.9. Conversion factors for specific energy per degree.
abs j o u l e / g » K Cal/g«K I .T. c a l / g •K Btu/lb'R W"s/kg*K
abs joule/g*K = 1 0.2390 0.2388 0.2388 10 3
cal/g*K » 4.184 1 0.9993 0.9993 4184

I . T . cal/g*K = 4.186 1.0007 1 1 4186
btu/lb'H = 4.186 1.0007 1 1 4186
-4 -4
Ws/kg«K = lO" 3
2.390 x l o ' 2 388 x 10" 2.388 x 1 0 - 4
1
Table 15.10. Conversion factors for thermal conductivity.
2
,
cal/s cm-°C B t u / h r - f f °P Btu/h r . f t . ' "F/in. W/ m-°C
1 eal/s'cnr C 1 241.9 2903 0.04.183
n II
- 4
1 Btu/hr'ft- F 4.13 x 1 0 - 3
1 12 1.73 x i o
- 6
2
1 Btu/hr'ft - F/in. 3.45 x 1 0 - 4
0.0833 1 1.44 x 1 0
n
1 W/m C 23.89 5780 69350 1
II
ui xaoie J.:>.XJ.. tonvecsii

co
2
2
ft /hr stokes 2
m /hr m /s
- 5
2
ft /hr = 1 0.25806 0.092903 2.58 x 1 0
4
stokes = 3.885 1 0.36 io-
2
m /nr = 10.764 2.778 1 1.778 x 1 0 ~ 4
m /s = 38,750 10 4
3600 1
TABLE 15.12. Conversion factors for heat flux.
Btu W kcal cal

2
2 . 2 2
ft «hr m s«cm
hr«m
5
Btu/ft 'hr 2
= 1 3.154 x 10" 8
2.173 7.536 x 1 0 ~
7
2
W/ra = 3.170 x 1 0 1 8.600 x 1 0 7
2389
2 8
kcal/hr-m = 0.3687 1.163 x i o " 1 36000

2 8 - 5
13277 4.1868 x 10~ 2.778 x 1 0 1
cal/s*cm =
TABLE 15.13. Conversion factors for heat transfer coefficient.
Btu W kcal cal

2
hr«ft «°F m «°C2 2 o„ 2
hr'ra «°C
s*cm • C
8 4
Btu/hr-ft «°F 2
= 1 5.678 x 10" 1.356 x 1 0 " 4.883
2 7
W/m '°C 1.761 x 1 0 1 2391 8.600 x 1 0 7
4
cal/sec-cm -°C = 7376 4.186 x 10" 1 36000
5
kcal/hr-m -°C 2
= 0.2049 1.163 x 10" 8
2.778 x 10" 1
15-9
Is-10
SECTION 16. CONVECTION COEFFICIENTS
16.1. Forced Flow in Smooth Tubes.
16.1.1 Fully Developed Laminar Flow (Source: Ref. 21):
— = 4.364 (constant heat rate)
— = 3.658 (constant surface temp)
16.1.2 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow (Source: Ref. 21):
~ = 6.3 + 0.003 (Re Pr), Pr < 0.1 (constant heat rate)
— = 4.8 + 0.C03 (Re Pr), Pr < 0.1 (constant surface temp)
6 8
jp = 0.022 Pr°' Re°" , 0.5 < Pr < 1.0 (constant heat rate)
— = 0.021 Pr ' Re , 0.5 < Pr < 1.0 (constant surface temp)
5 9
jp = 0.0155 Pr°" Re°" , 1.0 < Pr < 20
f 3 0 9
= 0.011 Pr°- Re - , Pr < 20
Pr - Prandtl number, Re = Reynolds number
16.2. Forced Flow Between Smooth Infinite Parallel Plates.
16.2.1. Fully developed laminar flow (Source: Ref. 21):
hs
— = 4.118 (constant heat rate on both sides)
hs
— = 2.693 (constant heat rate on one side, other side insulated)
16-1
hs
— = 3.77 (constant surface temperature on both sides)
— = 2.43 (constant surface temperature on one side, other side insulated)
s = spacing of plates
16.3. Forced Flow Parallel to Smooth Semi-Infinite Flat Plates Laminar Flow.
16.3.1. Laminar flow:
— = 0.332 P r 1 / 3
Re x
1 / 2
[l - ' X /X)
t 0
3 / 4
]~ 1 / 3
, (constant surface
temperature)(Source: Ref.7)
X = unheated starting length
X = distance from leading edge
5 1 / 3 1 / 2 3 / 4 1 / 3
I = 0.453 P r Re x [l - ( X / X )
Q ]~ , (constant heat rate)
(Source: Ref. 21)
16.3.2. Turbulent flow (Source: Ref. 21):
6 0 8 9 / L 0 1 / 9
| * = 0.0295 P r ° ' R e - x [ l - (X /X) - Q ]~ , (constant surface
temperature)
hx = 0.0307 Pr0.6 Re 0.8 [_T1 - (X /X) 9/10~l-l/9

J , (constant heat rate)
k
16.4. Fully Developed Flow in Smooth Tube Annuli.
16.4.1. Laminar flow (Source: Sef. 21):
h ( d d Nu..
i o- i> 11
9
k
1 -
«W t
d d Nu
V o - i> oo
k
1 - (q./q )9*
n
i! ô o
(Subscripts i and o refer to inner and outer surfaces, q is surface heat flux,
Nu., and Nu _ are inner and outer surface Nusselt numbers when only one
11 OO
surface is heated and 6 is an influence coefficient given in Table 16.1.)
16-2
TABLE 1 6 . 1 . Tube-annulus solutions for constant heat rate i n f u l l y developed
laminary flow and temperature p r o f i l e s .
_ —
r.r Nu.. Nu 9. ®
i o 11 oo l o
0
CO 4.364 CD
0
8.499 4.883 0.905 0.1041
0.2
6.583 4.979 0.603 0.1823
0.4
5.912 5.099 0.473 0.2455
0.6
5.580 5.240 0.401 0.299
0.8
5.385 5.385 0.346 0.346
1.0
16.4.2. Turbulent flow (Source: Ref. 22):
8 4 4 5 4
7 (d - d.) - 0.023 Re°" Pr°" (d / d . ) ° ' , R e A j 1 0 , & d = d - A.
k o i Ad o l Ad o l
16.5. Forced Flow Normal to Circular Cylinders.
16.5.1. Local Coefficients (Source: Ref. 22):
0 4 5 3
" - 1 . " Pr * H^- [ l - ( 6 / 9 0 ) ] , 0 < 9 < 80°
6 = cylinder angle from stagnation point
16.5.2. Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 7 ) :
3 1
J * = 0.43 + C Re™ P r ° -
K a
TABLE 1 6 . 2 .
R e
d C m
1-4,000 0.533 0.500
4,000-40,000 0.193 0.618
40,000-400,000 0.0265 0.805
16-3
16.6. Forced Flow Normal to Spheres.
16.6.1. Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 7):
6 0 , 3 3
r ^ = 0.37 R e ° ' Pr , 20 < Re^, < 150,000
k d a
6 0 3 3
^K = 2 + 0.37 Re°" P ar ' , Re,,
d < 20
16-7. Free Convection on Vertical Plates and Cylinders.
16.7.1. Local Coefficients (Source: Ref. 7 ) :
1/2 1 / 4 1 / 4 4
jp = 0.508 (Pr) (0.952 + P r ) ~ (Gr ) x , GrPr < 1 0
5 7 / 5 2 / 3 2 / 5 2 / 5 4
jj = 0.0295 ( P r ) [l + 0.494 ( P r ) ]" (Gr) , GrPr > 1 0
16.8. Free Convection on Horizontal Cylinders.
16.8.1. Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 2 3 ) :
1
f = C (Gr Pr, d
TABLE 16.3.
Gr p d r C m
5
0-10~ 0.40 0
5 _:L
IO~ -IO 0.97 1/16
-1 4
10 -10~ 1.14 1/7
4 9
10 -10 0.53 1/4
9 12
10 -10 0.13 1/3
16-4
16.9. Free Convection From Horizontal Square Plates.
16.9.1. Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 23):
m
• ^ = C (Gr P r ) , L = plate dimension
K L
TABLE 16.4.
Condition Gr pr
it
Upper surface heated or
5 7
lower surface cooled 10 - 2 x 1 0 0.54 1/4
Lower surface heated or
5 1 0
upper surface cooled 3 x 10 - 3 x 1 0 0.27 1/4
Upper surface heated or
7 1 0
lower surface cooled 2 x 10 - 3 x 1 0 0.14 1.3
16.10. Free Convection from Spheres.
16.10.1. Average Coefficients (Source: (Ref. 5):
— = 2 + 0.43 (Gr. P r ) 1 / , 4
f 10° < Gr. Pr < 1 0 5
K a a
16.11. Free Convection in Enclosed Spaces.
16.11.1. Enclosed Vertical Air Spaces (Source: Ref. 1)i
r 1 Gr s < 2,000
1 / 4 1 / 9
0.18 (Gr ) (s/L) f 2,000 < Gr < 20,000
s s
1 / 3 1 / 9 7
I 0.065(Gr ) (s/L) , 20,000 < Gr < 10
s s
16-5
k e = effective thermal conductivity
s = width of air space
L = length of air space
16.11.2. Enclosed Horizontal Air Spaces (Source: Ref. 1):
1 / 4 4 5
0.195 (Gr ) , 1 0 < Gr < 4 x 10
5 S
1 / 3 5
0.068 (Gr ) , 4 x 1 0 < Gr
s s
16.12. Film Condensation.
16.12.1. Vertical Plates—Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 5)i
1/3
-1/3
1.47 Re^ , Re. < 1800
P (P
a a - P )g
v
1/3
4
p g
= 0.007 Rejj°' , Re fc > 1800
<V A " < V
Re. = (4hAt )/i„ u„
v H
X, vw £v &
At = temp difference between saturated vapor and wall
in = heat of evaporation
Po,ko,po = viscosity, thermal conductivity and density of liquid
at saturation vapor temp
16.12.2. Horizontal Tubes—Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 5):
1/4
^ = 0.725
16-6
16.13. Fool Boiling,
1 / 2
_^p_^_i . r^f™ i (source: Re£ . X9,
At = temp difference between wall and saturated vapor

c. ,u ,Pn,Prj, = specific heat, viscosity, density and Prandtl
t
number at saturated liquid temperature

a - surface tension at liquid vapor interface
i„ = heat of evaporation
C _ = surface coefficient (see Table 16.5)
TABLE 16.5. Values of C and n (source: Ref. 19).
Surface-fluid combination C n
sf
Water-nickel 0.006 1.0
Water-platinum 0.013 1.0
Water-copper 0.013 1.0
Water-brass 0.006 1.0
CCl.-copper 0.013 1.7
Benzene-chromium 0.101 1.7
ii-Pent ane- chromi urn 0.015 1.7
Ethyl alcohol-chromium 0.0027 1.7
Isopropyl alcohol-copper 0.0025 1.7
35% K CO -copper 0.0054 1.7
50% K C0 -copper
3 0.0027 1.7
n-Butyl alcohol-copper 0.0030 1.7
16-7
•'•i.
Ib-S
SECTION 17. CONTACT COEFFICIENTS
An empirical correlation developed by Shevts and Dyban (Ref. 24) gives

estimated thermal contact coefficients for many common ferrous and non-ferrous
metals in contact, including dissimilar metals.
0,8
hr/k = (IT/4) [l + 8 5 ( P / S ) ]
k = thermal conductivity of the gas phase
P = contact pressure
r = height of a micro-element of roughness plus the height of the wave
for one surface
S = permissible rupture stress
A theoretical approximation of contact coefficients developed by French

and Rohsenow (Ref. 25) can be found by using Fig. 17.1 and the following
properties:
C = constriction number, P/M

P = contact pressure
M = Meyer hardness of the softer contact material
1
B = gap number = 0.335 C™
0 , 1 3 7
m = 0.315 (VATT)
A = interface area (one side)
I = effective gap thickness, 3.56(4. + i. ) if (S, + J, ) < 280
uin. (smooth contacts), or 0.46 (JL + t, ) > 280 uin. (rough
contacts)
£..,£., - mean (or rms) depths of surface roughness
k. = equivalent conductivity of interstitial fluid, for liquids use
k f = k evaluated at t = (t + t,)/2, for gases:
k
k
K
= 2
f
1 + 8 y (v/v) (a + a L 2 -3 j- a )/Pr(y + 1 ) ^ + a
2 2
3
4CTAG E t 2
+ £ + E E E
1 2 " 1 2
17-1
k_ = fluid conductivity at zero contact pressure
Pr = Prandtl number
V = mean molecular velocity
Y = ratio of specific heats
v = kinematic viscosity evaluated at t
a = accommodation coefficient
e = surface emissivity
o = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
K = conductivity number, I: (k + k )/2k k
k. = conductivity of first solid evaluated at
k_ = conductivity of second solid evaluated at

fc = fc + (k fc + k f c ) / ( k + k } / 2
[ 2 l l 2 2 l 2 J
Some thermal contact data assembled by P. J. Schneider from various sources

(Ref. 19) is given in Fig. 17.2. Also, some additional data from Ref. 26
showing the effects of machining processes and surface matching is given in
Fig. 17.3.
17-2
TABLE 17.1. Interface conditions for contact data given in Fig. 17.2.
RMS surface Mean contact

Curve Material pair finish (Uin.)' Gap material temp (°P)
-4
1 aluminum (2024-T3) 48-65 vacuum (10 mm Hg) 110
—4
2 aluminum (2024-T3) 8-18 vacuum (10 mm Hg) no
—4
3 aluminum (2024-T3 6-8 (not flat) vacuum (10 mm Hg) 110
4 aluminum (75S-T6) 120 air 200
5 aluminum (75S-T6) 65 air 200
6 aluminum (7SS-T6) 10 air 200
7 aluminum (2024-T3) 6-8 (not flat) lead foil (0.008 in.) no
8 aluminum (75S-T6) 120 brass foil (0.001 in.) 200
—4
-J
1
9 stainless (304) 42-60 vacuum (10 mm Hg) 85
W —4
10 stainless (304) 10-15 vacuum (10 mm Hg) 85
11 stainless (416) 100 air 200
12 stainless (416) 100 brass foil (0.001 in.) 200
13 magnesium (AZ-31B) 50-60i (oxidized) vacuum (10 mm Hg) 85
14 magnesium (AZ-31B) 8-16 (oxidized) —4 85
vacuum (10 mm Hg)
15 copper (OFHC) 7-9 vacuum (10~ mm Hg) 115
16 stainless/aluminum 30-65 air 200
17 iron/aluminum - air 80
18 tungsten/graphi te - air 270
TABU! 17.2. Interface conditions for contact data given in Fig. 17.3.
Roughness
RMS (uin.) Fluid
Block in Temp
Curve Material Finish 1 2 Gap (°F) Condition
a Cold rolled steel Shaped 10CQ-1000 Air 200 Parallel cuts, rusted
b Cold rolled steel Shaped 1000-1000 Air 200 Parallel cuts, clean
c Cold rolled steel Shaped 1000-1000 Air 200 Perpendicular cuts, clean
d Cold rolled steel Milled 125-125 Air 200 Parallel cuts, rusted
e Cold rolled steel Milled 125-125 Air 200 Parallel cuts, clean
f Cold rolled steel Shaped 63-63 Air 200 Perpendicular cuts, clean
g Cold rolled steel Shaped 63-63 Air 200 Parallel cuts, clean
h Cold rolled steel Lapped 4-4 Air 200 Clean
i 416 Stainless Ground 100-100 Air 200
J 416 Stainless Ground 100-100 Air 400
k 416 Stainless Ground 30-30 Air 200
1 416 Stainless Ground 30-30 Air 400
m Stainless Milled 195-195 Air Clean
1
* Sexier 1
5X10"
FIG. 1 7 . 1 . Thermal contact c o e f f i c i e n t from theory (source: Ref. 2 5 ) .
17-5
20 />'V ~p2/3
h i
J ' I i i i il i i ' I i i 11 I I I I 11.

10
5 10 50 100 200 500 1000
2
p - lb/in.
FIG. 1 7 . 2 . Thermal contact coefficient data (source: Ref. 19),
17-6
0.016
0.014
Parallel
cuts
0.012
0.010 r-
0.008
Perpendicular
cuts
0.006 -
c
o
c o
o
0.004
0.002
0 100 200 300 400 500

2
Contact pressure — lb/in.
FIG. 17.3. Thermal contact c o e f f i c i e n t for bare s t e e l surfaces, (source:

Ref. 26, s e c t i o n G502.5, p. 5 ) .
17-7
ft-%
Tlarmal prgpattlea of M 1 K M « M t i ' . i
"I - » '
J
Uq/ifi . io" MAa-u - 10 " m/««ii « in l»Vn .o to« 30 90 ioo ion 4os too Mo IOOO uoo
JUiBlnm Fata 1.70 O.U 1.4 1.01 115. 117. 13.) 3.0 2.4 1.4 1.1 7.1
1034 (4.51 Ca, l , S t KQI 3.TT O.M 1.1 0.9* 0.01 0.11 0.40 0.(1 1.0 1.4
901* ( 4 . U Hg. 0.51 Mol 3.15 0.10 1.1 0.91 0,00 0.17 0.40 D.*J 0.11
tot* ii.i\ * ? , o.*» %%\ 3.70 O.M 3.1 0.1) O.M 1.7 3.1 3.1 3.0
•arUIuMi rare 1.15 1.14 3.0 0.9) II.0 14.0 40.0 9.9 3.01 1.41 1.1* 1.07 D.19 0.7)
avail*i Puta 7.1* 4.54 ».H 1.) t.O 3.3 1.4. 1.1 0.(7 0.11 0.T1 3.45 0.(1
Copp»ti tan l.M 0.34 4.0 IK. 105. 13.3 4.1 I.I 3.1 1.1 l.T l.f 1.*
CCMMcelal tuans* ( t « *"1 I.H 0.41 I.I 0.90 O.IB 0.43 0.11 1-3
I l l i c i t MM* (3St 1st 1.47 0.41 1.1 0.19 0.51 0.14 1.1 1.5
•ml bin ( l i t i n , 0.1* 5tii I.U 0.31 0.75 0.33 D.ll 1.01
Sanaa l U n t (31* «". 15» Nil 1.59 0.40 0.35 D.D7 O.011 0.OT 0.15 0.17 0.30
C*tonlc*«l (10t Ml. 3t la) i.li 0.30 1.5 0.44 0.11 0.30 0.11 D.ll
conatantan (404 Mil l.fD 0.43 0.21 O.Df 0.01 0.15 0.17 0.19
Mmiaanln 1131 Rn, n Ml 1.11 0.40 0.13 0.07 O.015 0.011 3.012 0.11 0.17 0.1B
Soldi Fora H-12 O.U 1.3 1.17 34.3 19.0 4.3 3.5 ].] 1.1 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.C
Irani run 7.n 0-43 o.ao T.l 13.0 l.T 1.) O.M 0.(1 0.51 a.U 0.11 0.30
Mcauaht two. i < a . » c> i.n O.tt O.ID 0.17 0.51 0.11 0.)1
Stay caat Iron (3.01 C, O.tt 311 7.15 D.42 0.31 0.10 9.31 0.34 0.11 0.33 0.30
SAI 10H ataal (D.ll C, 0.3* Mnl 7.U 0.47 0.44 a.u D.DI 0.33 0.14 0.43
AMI U4D ataal 11.M HI. 0.TI CrJ 7.H 0.44 0.3* 0.10 0.34 D.ll 0.11 0.11 O.J*
tflckal atsal IM Ml, O.tt Hnj 7.H 0.44 0.29 o.oa 0.10 0.34 0.)) 0.14 0.13
Invar (3U VI, SI Co) • .00 0.4C O.I4 a.00 0.13 0.14 0.11 0,73
SAI 4130 i t H l (11 Cr, 0.51 Hn> 7, I t 0.44 0.41 o.u 0.0( 0.1C 0.1T 0.37
M i l M4 auLalaa* (1)» Ci. 1M HI) 7.W 0.30 0.15 0.001 0.031 D.Of 0.04 0.13 0.17 0.2a 0.33 0.31 0.1>
MSI H i atalnlasa ,U» Cr, U t Mil 0.00 0.44 0.14 0.001 D.031 O.M 0.09 9.13 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.3) 0.35
ludi Part 11.34 0.13 0.11 1.71 0.51 0.44 0.40 0.37 0.14 O.lt
Soldat IK* lb. 101 SB) 10.30 0.37
Soldar ISO* Pn> SOI So) I.H 0.11 0.44 0.3*
Lit bloat nra 0.53 1.17 0.77 0.37 f.l 7.2 3.) 1.1 0.(1 0.71
•UoaaaiBBi fun 1.74 1.00 1.9. 0.10 11.7 11.1 >.» 1.7 1.* V.5 1.5 1.5
(ft U. It 11) 1.14 1.00 O.70 0.10 0.50 0.(3 O.U
(131 AI, » Si) 1.11 o.»i i
O.St 0.11 0.10 0.44 O.fl
Moljbdanuai Pur a ID. 33 0.39 1.4 0.5* 1.45 3.77 1.0 l.( 1.4 1.1 1.) 1.1 1.1 l.D
•Ickali Fata 4.10 0.49 0.91 (.0 l.i ).4 l.t 1.1 D.IO 0.44 0.(7 0.T3 D.T(
OmanlcUl I4.H Alt 1.2* 0.94 0.19 0.04
Nonal (301 Cu, L41 Fa) 1.14 0.4) 0.23 0.0} 0.04 0.14 0.17 0.30
Inoootl X-TS0 l i l t Cr, I t Fa) 4.51 a.M n.ia ti.OJ 0.010 0.035 0.0(5 0.045 O.10 0.1) 0.17 0.21 0.35 0.2*
MlduoM (10« Cr) 1.40 0.45 0.11 0.0) 0.14 0-i.J O.U 0.35 0.31
NlcUca* V (241 Fa, 1** Cr] O.U 0.44 0.10 0.01 O.U 0.15 0.11 0.33 O.K
Mfobluai Poia 1.97 0.37 0.94 3.3 3.1 0.71 0.51 0.51 0.19 0.11 0.41 0.44 0.4*
PlltltaU Plica 31.45 0.13 0.71 U.) 4.1 1.1 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.71 0.74 0.71 0.13
Plateoliau Fota 1*.I4 0.19 0.(7 0.3] O.U 0.41 0.10
ttarlaai Fata 31.04 0.14 0.41 0.1* 14.0 1.4 O.M 0.40 0.51 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.41 0.4(
IllVMt FBI* 10.41 0.34 4.3 1.71 1(1. II. 7.0 4.5 4.1 4.3 4.1 .1 1.7 1.1
Starling CT.lt Cm 10. Jl 1.5
•atactic ( l i t Cu] 10.04 1.3

Tim Fur. 7.10 0.33 0.a"7 0.41 9.15 6.73 D.tt
Soldu (401 Fbi 1.44 0.11 0.91 0.13 0.94 0.93
Mttaldu Fun li.l 0.14 0.91 0.3S O.S1 o.st 0.10 0.9) 0.9) 0.(0 9.41
YnngitFnt Iu» M.J 0.11 I.t 0.73 3.4 2.0 1.* 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1
Tltanliai Fu» 4.IL 0.90 0.33 0.10 O.U 0.39 0.39 0.1) 0.30 0.21 0.33
A-U0 ft (SI Al, 3-S» tat 4.41 0.91 0.075 0.0} 0.0*1 O.U 0.14
Oranlnai Fata IF.07 0.13 O.ll 0.13 0.22 0.35 o.ia O.M a.M 0.44 0.4*
Ilnei Puta 7.U O.lf 1.2 0.43
18-1
TABLE I B . 2 . Thermal p c o p e r t i e s o£ m i s c e l l a n e o u s s o l i d s ( s o u r c e i ReEs. 35 t o 3B).
P c o p e r t i e s a t 300 K Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y fk), (W/m'K) x 10
3
(kg/m ) (m /s) x 10 10 K 400 600 BOO 1000 1200
Ceramics) ( F o l y c r y s t a l U n e , 99.5%
purity,96% solid)
3.B4 0.79 36.0 0.12 550, 260. 160. 100. 80.
BeO 2.97 1.00 272.0 0.92 4240. 1960. 1110. 700. 470.
HgO 3.21 0.92 4B.0 0.16 750. 350. 220. 140. 90.
SiO (high p u r i t y fused) 2.21 0.75 1.4 0.008 11. 15. 18. 22. 29.
Th0 2
9.58 0.23 13.0 0,06 1B0. 100. 70. 50. 40.
Tio 2
3.91 Q.71 6.0 0.03 100. 70. 50. 40. 30.
zca 5.2B 0.46 1.6 0.007 17. IB. 19. 19.

2
Glassesi
Boco&Uicate (Pycex) 2.21 0.71 1.1 0.007
Soda l i m e (75% S i 0 ) 2 2.52 0.66 0.9 0.005 8. 11.
Vitreous s i l i c a (1001 S i c y 2.21 1.00 1.4 0.006 11. 15.
Z i n c ccown (65% Si(> ) 2 2.60 0.67 1.1 0.006 9. 13.
00
I Insulations: (Foe high temps.)
to 2.70 G.B3 5.2 0.02
Alumina, f u s e d (90% M ^ )
Asbestos p a p e r ( l a m i n a t e d ) 0.35 D.B4 0.046 0.002 0.73
Diatomaceoi-a e a r t h
s i l i c a (powder) 0.79 l.U 1.3
F i r e b r i c k (50% SiO ,
37% A 1 0 J2 3
0.B1 0.92 0.34 0.005 5.2 6.6 8.4 10.
Magnesite (S5% MgO) 0.19 1.13 0.050 0.002 0.C1
Micro q u a r t z f i b e r (Hlanket) 0.05 0.84 0.036 0.005 0.48 0.89 1.3 1.7
Rockwool (loose)' 0.16 0.046 0.66 1.0 1.3
Ziroonia (grain) 1.81 0.90 0.18 0.002 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.8 3.5
Insulations: (Foe lew temps.)

Expanded g l a s s (Foaaglas) 0.17 0.062 0.31 0.51
Fiberglass (board) 0.18 0.040 0.12 0.24
Fiberglass (blanket] 0.05 0.038
S i l i c a aerogel (powder) 0.08 0.022 0,17
P o l y s t y r e n e foam (labnabs) 0.08 0.038 0.12 0.24
Polystyrene foaa ( I D -
atmabs) 0,08 0.017 0,12
TABI£ I B . 2 . (Continued.)
2
P r o p e r t i e s at 300 II Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y ( k ) , <W/m*K) x 1 0 "
P. c. k. a.
Material 3
(kg/a ) x 10" 3
(J/kg'R) x 1 0 _ U
K/m'K 3
| n / s ) * 10* 10 K 20 50 100 200 400 GOO BOO 1000 1200
Plasticac
A c r y l i c , PMKA ( P l e x i g l a s ) 1.18 1.4G 0.16 0.001 0.6 0.7 1.2
Nylon 6 1.16 1.59 0.25 0.001 0.3 0.9
Polyvinyl chloride (rigid) 1.40 1.00 0.15 0.001 1.5 1.6 1.5
T e f l o n , PTPB 2.16 1.05 0.40 0.002 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.S 4.5 5.5
Polyethylene, high denaity D.95 2.30 0.E0 0.002
Rocks:
Granite 2.60 0.79 3.4 0.017 30. 24.
Harble 2.50 0.88 1.8 O.00B 17. 11.
Sandstone 2.20 0.92 5.3 0.026 44. 30.
Shale 2. GO 0.71 1.8 0.010 15. 14.
Hoods: ( a c r o s s g r a i n , oven dry)

Salaa 0.16 0.059
Douglaa £ l r 0.46 2.72 0.11 0.001
I-"
Oak, red 0.67 2.38 0.17 0.001
f
W Pine, vhlte 0.40 2 . B0 0.10 O.0D1
Redwood 0.42 2.90 0.11 0.001
Miscellaneous:
Carbon black (powder) 0.19 0.84 0.021 0.001
Carbon (petroleum coke) 2.10 0.84 1.9 0.011 21. 25. 2B. 30.
Graphite (*TJ|
(H t o g r a i n s ) * 1.73 0.B4 129.0 0.89 5. 25. 170. 580. 1200. USD. 950. 770. 640.
( 1 to grains) 1.73 0.B4 98.0 0.67 4. 19. 130. 420. B60. 900. 730. 590. 490.
Graphite (cytolytic)
(n t o g r a i n s ) 2.20 0.84 2000.0 10.8 810. 4200. 23000. 50000. 32000. 14600. 9300. 6800. 5300.
( 1 t o graina) 2.20 0.84 9.0 0.05 270. 1100. 1000. 390. 150. 70. 40. 30. 20.
Concrete 2.20 0.67 l.B 0.012
Hlca 1.96 0.88 0.43 0.002
Rubber (hard) 1.19 1.88 0.16 0.001
Gypaun board 0.82 0.11

Sand (dry) 1.52 0.80 0.33 0.003
TABIiE 1 8 . 3 . Thermal p r o p e r t i e s of some metals a t 10 K above t h e i r melting
point (source: Refs. 35 and 3 8 ) .
mp. k, PF c. Y
Metal K W/m'k kg/m 3
kJ/kg -k kJ/kg
Aluminum 933.2 91 2390 1.09 395.4

Copper 1356. 167 7940 0.49 205.
Iron 1810. 41 7020 0.82 281.6
Lead 600.6 16 10700 0.21 24.7
Lithium 453.7 43 520 4.25 663.2
Mercury 234.3 7 13650 1.34 11.3
Potassium 336.8 54 820 0.84 61.5
Sodium 371.0 87 930 1.34 114.6
NaK (eutectic) 262. 13 850 1.00 —
Tin 505.1 31 6980 0.23 60.2
Zinc 692.7 50 6640 0.50 102.1
18-4
TABLE 18.4. Room temperature total emissivities (source: Ref. 3 7 ) .
Silver (highly polished) 0.02 Brass (polished) 0.60

Platinum (highly polished) 0.05 Oxidized copper 0.60
Zinc (highly polished) 0.05 Oxidized steel 0.70
Aluminum (highly polished) 0.08 Bronze paint 0.80
Monel metal (polished) 0.09 Black gloss paint 0.90
Nickel (polished) 0.12 White lacquer 0.95
Copper (polished) 0.15 White vitreous enamel 0.95
Stellite (polished) 0.18 Asbestos paper 0.95
Cast iron (polished) 0.25 Green paint 0.95
Monel metal (oxidized) 0.43 Gray paint 0.95
Aluminum paint 0.55 Lamp black 0.95
18-5
TABLE 18.5. Total emissivities of miscellaneous materials (source; Ref. 3 7 ) .
Temp, Emis- Temp, Emis-

Material °c sivity Material °C sivity
Alloys Iron, rusted 25 0.65

20Ni-25Cr-55Fe, oxidized 200 0.90 wrought, d u l l 25 0.94
500 0.97 oxidized 350 0.94
60Nl-12Cr-2BFe, oxidized 270 0.69 Lead, unoxidized 100 0.05
560 0.82 oxidized 200 0.63
B0Ni-20Ct, oxidized 100 0.87 Mercury, unoxidized 25 0.10
600 0.87 100 0.12
1300 0.S9 Molybdenum, unoxidized 1000 0.13
Aluminum, unoxidized 25 0.022 1500 0.19
100 0.028 2000 0.24
500 0.60 Monel m e t a l , o x i d i z e d 200 0.43
oxidized 200 0.11 600 0.43
600 0.19 N i c k e l , unoxidized 25 0.045
Bismuth, unoxidized 25 0.048 100 0.06
100 0.061 500 0.12
B r a s s , oxidized 200 0.61 1000 0.19
600 0.59 oxidized 200 0.37
unoxidized 25 0.035 1200 0.85
100 0.035 Platinum, unoxidized 25 0.037
Carbon, unoxidized 25 0.81 100 0.047
100 D.81 500 0.096
500 0.81 1000 0.152
Chromium, unoxidized 100 0.08 1500 0.191
C o b a l t , unoxidized 500 0.13 S i l i c a brick 1000 0.80
1000 0.23 1100 0.B5
Columbian, unoxidized 1500 0.19 S i l v e r , unoxidized 100 0.02
2000 0.24 500 0.035
Copper, unoxidized 100 0.02 S t e e l , unoxidized 100 0.08
liquid 0.15 liquid 0.28
oxidized 200 0.6 oxidized 25 o.eo
1000 0.6 200 0.79
calorized 100 0.26 600 0.79
500 0.26 S t e e l p l a t e , rough 40 0.94
c a l o r i z e d , oxidized 200 0.18 400 0.97
600 0.19 c a l o r i z e d , oxidized 200 0.52
P i c e brick 1000 0,75 600 0*5?
Gold, unoxidized 100 0.02 Tantalum, unoxidized 1500 0.21
500 0.03 2000 0.26
Gold enamel 100 0.37 Tin, unoxidized 25 0.043
I r o n , unoxidized 100 0.05 100 0.05
oxidized 100 0.74 Tungsten, unoxidized 25 0.024
500 0.84 100 0.032
1200 0.89 500 0.071
c a s t / unoxidized 100 0.21 1000 0.15
liquid 0.29 1500 0.23
c a s t , oxidized 200 0.64 2000 0.28
600 0.78 Zinc, unoxidized 300 0.05
c a s t , strongly oxidized 40 0.95
250 0.95
18-6
TABLE 1 8 . 6 . Electrical r e s i s t i v i t y of sane canon metals (source: Ref. 37).
Resistivity, Temp. Specific Melting

(ifl'cm coefficient gravity, point.
Metal 20°c 20°C g/cm °c
Advance. See constantan
Aluminum 2.824 0.0039 2.70 659
Antimony 41.7 .0036 6.6 630
Arsenic 33.3 .0042 5.73 —
Bismuth 120 .004 9.8 271
Brass 7 .002 8.6 900
Cadmium 7.6 .0038 8.6 321
Calido. see nichrome
Climax 87 .0007 8.1 1250
Cobalt 9.8 .0033 8.71 1480
Constantan 49 .00001 8.9 1190
Copper: annealed 1.7241 .00393 8.89 1083
hard-drawn 1.771 .00382 8.89 —
Eureka. See constantan
Excello 92 .00016 8.9 1500
Gas carbon 5000 -.0005 — 3500
German silver, 18% Ni 33 .0004 8.4 1100
Gold 2.44 .0034 19.3 1063
Ideal. See constantan
Iron, 99.98* pure 10 .005 7.8 1530
Lead 22 .0039 11.4 327
Magnesium 4.6 .004 1.74 651
Manganin 44 .00001 8.4 910
Mercury 95.783 .00089 13.546 -38.9
Molybdenum, drawn 5.7 .004 9.0 2500
Monel metal 42 .0020 8.9 1300
Nichrome 100 .0004 8.2 1500
Nickel 7.8 .006 8.9 1452
Palladium 11 .0033 12.2 1550
Phosphor bronze 7.8 .0018 8.9 750
Platinum 10 .003 21.4 1755
Silver 1.59 .0038 10.5 960
Steel, E . B. B. 10.4 .005 7.7 1510
Steel, B. B. 11.9 .004 7.7 1510
Steel, Siemens-Martin IB .003 7.7 1510
Steel, manganese 70 .001 7.5 1260
Tantalum 15.5 .0031 16.6 2850
Therlo 8
47 .00001 8.2 —
Tin 11.5 .0042 7.3 232
Tungsten, drawn 5.6 .0045 19 3400
Zinc 5.8 .0037 7.1 419
"Trade mark.
18-7
XABI£ 18.7. Thermal conductivity integrals of miscellaneous materials (source: Hef. 76).
A 7- -2
0 = 7 Ik.) r k = J k d t , W/m x 10
C a p p e r 8 3 t e e l
TeffPr Hi-purity A 1 u Bl i n u m Stain Znconel Soft G l a s s a n d p l a s t i c s H a t e r i a l
K O.F.E i . e . annealed Brass (Pb) 2024-T4 6063-T5 SHE 1020 less (annealed) solder Jlass nylon perspex Constantan Ag s o l d e r
- 3
6 G. 1 166 0.053 0.060 0.,850 0.088 0.0063 0.0133 0.425 2.. 1 1 x 1 0 - 3
0..32 x 1 0 1.18 x 10" 3
0.024 0.059
8 14. 5 382 0.129 0.197 2. 05 0.231 0.0159 0.0348 1.05 4..43 0..B0 2.38 0.066 0.14B
10 2 5 . .2 636 0.229 0.347 3..60 0.431 0.0293 0.0653 1.03 6,. 8 1 1,. 4 8 3.59 0.128 0.26S
15 6 1 . .4 1270 0.594 0.872 9.,00 1.17 0.0816 0.1B2 4.IB 13 . 1 4,,10 6.69 0.375 0.6B8
JO 110 1790 1.12 1.60 16. ,5 2.22 0.163 0.356 6.86 20., 0 0 .23 10.1 0.753 1.25
25 160 2160 1.81 2.51 25. ,8 3.52 0.277 0.592 9.66 27.,9 13. .9 14.4 1.24 1.92
30 22 B 2410 2.65 3.61 36. .5 5.02 0.424 0.B82 12.5 36, ,8 20. ,8 19.6 1.81 2.67
35 285 25BD 3.63 4.91 46. 8 6.74 0.607 1.22 15.3 47. ,1 2 9 . ,0 25.9 2.44 3.52
40 338 2700 4.76 6.41 62. .0 8.67 0.824 1.60 18.1 58. .6 38. .5 33.0 3.12 4.47
50 426 2060 7.36 9.91 89. ,5 13.1 1.35 2.47 23.4 84. .6 60. .4 49.5 4.57 6.62
60 496 2960 10.4 14.1 117 1B.1 1.98 3.45 28.5 115 85. 9 68.3 6.12 9.12
70 554 3030 13.9 IB.9 143 23.6 2.70 4.52 33.6 151 113 BB.5 7.75 12.0
16 5B6 3070 16.2 22.0 158 27.1 3.17 5.19 36.7 175 131 101. 8.75 13.°
90 606 3090 17.7 24.2 167 29.5 3.49 5.66 38. B 194 142 110. 9.43 15.2
90 654 3140 22.0 30.1 190 35.5 4.36 6.85 44.1 240 173 132. 11.1 18.7
100 700 3180 26.5 36.3 211 41.7 5.28 8.06 49.4 292 204 155. 12.8 22.6
120 788 3270 36.5 50.1 253 54.5 7.26 10.6 60.3 40B 269 200. 16.2 31.1
140 874 3360 47.8 65.4 293 67.5 9.39 13.1 71.4 542 336 247. 19.7 40.6
160 956 3440 60.3 82.1 333 80.5 11.7 15.7 82.6 694 405 294. 23.2 51.0
180 1040 3520 ' 73.8 100 373 93.5 14.1 18.3 93.8 050 475 342. 26.9 62.2
200 1120 3600 BB.3 119 413 107 16.6 21.0 105 1030 545 390. 30.6 74.0
290 1320 3800 128 171 513 139 23.4 28.0 133 1500 720 510. 40.6 105
300 1520 4000 172 229 613 172 30.6 35.4 162 1990 895 630. 51.6 138
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2. P. J. Schneider, Conduction Heat Transfer (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1955).
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4. S. S. Kutateladze and V. M. Borishanskii, A Concise Encyclopedia of Heat
Transfer (Pergamon, New York, 1966).
5. J. P. Holman, Heat Transfer (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963).
6. R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena
(Wiley, New York, 1960).
7. E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake Jr., Heat and Mass Transfer (McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1959).
8. K. A. Gardner, "Efficiency of Extended Surfaces," Trans. ASME 67, 621-631
(1945).
9. H. S. Carslaw and J. C. Yaeger, Conduction of Heat In Solids, 2nd Ed.
(Oxford Press, London, 1959).
10. D. Q. Kern and A. D. Kraus, Extended Surface Heat Transfer (McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1972).
11. E. M. Sparrow and S. H. Lin, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer T_, 951-952
(1964).
12. M. P. Heisler, "Temperature Charts for Induction and Constant Temperature
Heating," Trans. ASME 69, 227-236 (1947).
13. H. Grober, S. Erk, and U. Grigull, Fundamentals of Heat Transfer
(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961).
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R-6 . U.S. Government Printing Office: 1980/10-798-002/5513

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/f^

Conduction heat transfer solutions

.:'•• •:•.•! i s UHUMITEE

This text is a collection of solutions to a variety of heat conduction

Bi Bi = Biot modulus = hi/k

exp = Exponential function

Energy i n t h e form o f h e a t has been used by man e v e r s i n c e he began

where g^ i s the heat flow i n the x-direction per unit area as i l l u s t r a t e d i n

there the constant k i s c a l l e d thermal conductivity. (The minus sign must be

Chis expression becomes Eg. (2) when Ax diminishes to zero.

The heat flux q i s presumed to have both magnitude and d i r e c t i o n . Thus,

q = -k (i3t/3x + j3t/3y + k3t/3z) (6)

In anisotropic continua the direction of the heat flux vector i s not

To compute heat flow by Fourier's law, a thermal conductivity value i s

' Diatomaceous earth

FIG. 2. Thermal conductivity of some selected solids.

Solutions to heat conduction problems are usually found by some mathe­

x+Ax *y ~ ^ + A y z ~ °z+Az ' (10)

FIG. 3. Coordinate systems for heat conduction equations: (a) rectangular,

and k , k , and k are d i r e c t i o n a l c o n d u c t i v i t i e s .

where t is the mean temperature of the element, p is the material density,

QUI = q tii AyA

For the limits Ax, Ay, Az -»• 0, we obtain

Using Eg. (14) as a general differential equation, we can derive the

2.1 Rectangular Coordinate System

For isotropic heterogeneous media

D c 3t = 3_/ 3t\ 3_/ i t \ ^ i _ / 3t\ +

For isotropic homogeneous media this becomes

When q'" = 0 , Eq. (16) becomes Fourier's equation.

FIG. 4. Coordinate system for a nonisotropic medium.

where k_ and k are directional thermal conductivities, and 3 is the angle

2.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System

Rectangular coordinates can be transformed into cylindrical coordinates

t _ » (& + i & i_ i*t . aft\ 3^1 (20)

A transformation from rectangular t o spherical coordinates can be accom­

The d i f f e r e n t i a l equation for nonisotropic materials with aligned

3. SPECIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Some defining equations can have implied assumptions and boundary

3.1 Combined Conduction-Convection

Thin materials having r e l a t i v e l y high thermal conductivity have very

I F ('fc-Vfc(»|*)*fc ( * £ ) • » . & •«•••-. •

Solutions to heat conduction problems require statements of conditions.

Unsteady-state problems must have an initial condition defined. Mostly,

4.2 Surface Conditions

The most commonly employed surface conditions i n heat conduction problems

4.2.1 Convection boundary

Conduction and convection heat transfer r a t e s on a surface are equated t o

where t_ is the temperature of the convection fluid, and x. is the boundary

Fluid Condition h, W/nT-K

Air Free convection on v e r t i c a l plates 10

where t can be given as

4.2.2 Surface temperature

Of all boundary conditions, this is probably the simplest in a

Fourier's law defines the flux on a boundary by

An adiabatic surface can be defined by either setting q in Eq. (32) or h in

4.2.4 Thermal radiation

Heat transfer from an opaque surface by radiation can be expressed as

a*\vT 4(x , T) - T*J

where a is the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation constant, J*" is the combined

Two contacting s o l i d s , either similar of dissimilar, w i l l almost always

where q i s the steady heat flux corresponding to a f i c t i t i o u s interface

4.3.2 Phase change

Other interface conditions include those caused by endothermic reactions

Solutions to heat conduction problems are usually found by some mathe

A transformation from rectangular t o spherical coordinates can be accom

I F ('fc-Vfc(»|)fc ( * £ ) • » . & •«•••-. •

a\vT 4(x , T) - TJ