UNIT 9 DIRECT AND BENDING STRESSES

Structure
Introduction
Objectives
Axial Load and Bending Moment
Eccentrically Loaded Sections
9.3.1 Load Acting Eccentric to One Axis
9.3.2 Load Acting Eccentric to Both Axes
9.3.3 Neutral Axis
Condition for No Tension in the Section
Y .4.1 Middle Third Rule
9.4.2 Core or Kernel of a Section
Stress Distribution for Different Eccentrically Loaded Sections
9.5.1 Circular Section
9.5.2 Hollow Section
w struct~alsections
walls and hllars
9.6.1 Wind Forces on Walls and Pillars
9.6.2 Wind Forces on Chimneys
S~lnmary
Answers to SAQs

9.1 INTRODUCTION
Often we come across members carrying longitudinal thrust or pull as in the case of a pillar
or a tie-rod. Somnetimes, these members are also subjected to bending stresses in addition to
the direct stresses. In this mlit, we shall study the effect of these stresses on the cross-section
of the members and also, the stress-distribution across the cross-section. We conclude with
the application as this theory to real situations such as walls and pillars subjected to wind
forces.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
calculate the stresses for different eccentrically loaded cross section,
explain the Middle Third Rule for no tension condition,
analyse the effect of wind forces and their stress distribution pattern on
masonry walls, pillars and tall chimneys, and
design sections for members carrying direct compressive force and bending
stresses.

9.2 AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING MOMENT

Figure 9.1 shows an isometric view of a rectangular section loaded with an axial load ' P ',
applied along ils vertical axis through the centroid of the horizontal section. We say such a
member is subjected to uniform compressive stress or direct compressive stress of
magnitude PIA. where 'A' is the area of the horizontal cross section.
If the p i n t of application of load P is displaced by a small distance 'e' from this axis, as
shown in Figure 9.1 (b), the distribtion of stress in the member is considerably affected.
(Here, 'e' is called the eccentricity of loading.)
Figure 9.1 (c) shows the elevation of the member as viewed from the face ABCD. Due to the
eccentric load P, the member is distorted or bent, as shown in Figure 9.1 (d). The left half
portion 'md sri lhe side AD will be in tension and the right half and so the side BC will be in
compression, thereby making the central axis of the member as neutral axis. Consequently,
with the eccentric load, the member is subjected to direct stress accompanied by the bending
srress.
Forccs and Stresses
in Beams

(a) (b) (.cb (dl

Flpm 9.1

9.3 ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SECTIONS

9.3.1 Load Acting Eccentric to One Axis
In order to study the effect of eccentric load more closely, let us consider a short axial
member, loaded with load P, placed at a distance 'e' from the centroidal vertical axis
through the centroid of the section, as shown in Figure 9.2 (a).
Along the vertical axis, introduce two equal and opposite forces, each equal to load
P. Their introduction obviously makes no difference to the loading of the member, as
they cancel out each other. However, if the upward force Pis considered along with
the downward eccentric load P, they being equal and opposite parallel forces, acting
at a distance e from each other. form a clockwise couple of magnitude P x e, the
effect of which is to produce bending stress in the member. The remaining central
downward force P, produces a direct compressive stress fo, of magnitude PIA as
usual. Hence, we can conclude that an eccentric load produces direct compressive
stress as well as the bending stress.
The bending couple P x e will cause longitudinal tensile and compressive stresses.
The fibre stress due to bending&, at any distance 'y' from the neutral axis is given by,
M Pxexy
fb = c X Y = (tensile or compressive)
I*
Hence, the total stress at any section is given by,
f = fo fb *
P+ -
-- A- Pxexy
Iu

1,
[where P x e = M & - = Z, ( the section mochrlus)]
Y
The ext;kme fibre stresses are given by,

fm,
= f,+fb = - + - and
A ,2

Iff, is greater than fb, the stress throughout the section will be of the same sign. If
however,f, is less thanf b , the stress will change sign, being partly tensile and partly
compressive across the section. Thus, there can be three possible stress distributions
as shown in Figure 9.3 (a), (b) and (c). You can observe from Figure 9.3 (c), that
when f, =fb, fm = 2fo and fmin.= 0.
 Direct and Bending
Stmses

9.3.2 Load Acting Eccentric to Both Axes

If the axial load P is placed eccentric to both x-axis and y-axis as shown in Figure 9.4, then
the system can be assumed to consist of (i) a direct compressive force P acting at the
centroid, (ii) a couple P x e, about the x-axis and (iii) a couple P x e, about the y-axis. As
seen for the case of load acting eccentric to one axis, the stress at any point can be written as

The maximum or minimum fibre stress will occur at the comer point A, B, C or D in
Figure 9.4 for the symmetrical section.
h
ForecsmdShPrsa 93.3 Neutral Axis
m&mr
If you refer to Figure 9.1 (d), the side Ad will be in tensiqn while the side BC will be in
compression. The fibres along the side AD elongates, while the fibres along the side BC
shortens. Also there exists one fibre in between these two faces which neither have
extension nor compression. This layer is called the neutral layer. The line of intersption of
neutral layer with the plane of cross-section of the member is
members subjected to bending only, the neutral axis passes
section. At the neutral axis, the stress will be zero.

9.4 CONDITION FOR NO TENSION IN THE SECTION

-

9.4.1 Middle Third Rule

- -
.
In Figure 9.3 (b), f, c f , and therefore, stress changes sign, being partly tensile and partly
compressive across the section. In masonry and concrete structures, the development of
tensile stress in the section is not desirable, as they are weak in tension. This limits the.
eccentricity e to a certain value which will be investigated now for different sections.
In order that the stress may not change sign from compressive to tensile, we have -

P Ped
-2-
A 2,4k2

where, k = radius of gyration of the section with regard to N.A. and d is the depth of the
section.
Thus, for no tension in the section, the eccentricity must not exceed -
2P
d'
Let us now take a rectangular section and find out the limiting value of e.
For a rectangular section of width b and depth d,
1
I=-bd and A=bd
12

Substitutingin Eq. (9.9,we get

The value of eccentricity can be on either side of the geometrical axis. Thus, the stress will
be of the same sign throughout the section if the load line is within the middle third of the
section.
In the case of rectangular section, the maximum intensities of extreme stresses are given by

9.4.2 Core or Kernel of a Section

If the line of action of the stress is on neither of the centre lines of the section, the bending is
unsymmetrical. However, there is certain area within which the line of action of the force P
must cut the cross-section if the stress is not to become tensile. This area we call it as 'core'
or 'kernel' of the section. Let us calculate this for a rectangular section.
Rectangular Section Direct Dnd Bm*
s-ta
Let the point of application of the load P have the co-ordinates (5 y), with reference to the
axes shown in Figure 9.5 (a) in which x is positive when measured to the right of 0 and y is
positive when measured upwards.

he stress at any point having co-ordinates (i

Y').
will be.

At D, d = - $ and y' =
b
--
2
and, therefore,f will be -urn Tbus, at D, we have,

The vaIue off reaches zero when

Thus, the deviation of the load line is governed by the straight line of Eq. (9.9), whose
intercepts on the axes iue respectively b/6 and d/6.This is aue for the load line in the first
quadrant. Similar limits will apply in other quadrants and the stress will be wholly
compressive throughout the section, if the line of action of P fall within the rhombus pqrs
IFigure 9.5 (b)], the diagonals of which are of length dl3 and W3 respectively. This rhombus
is called the core of the rectangular section.

9.5 STRESS DISTRIBUTION FOR DIFFERENT

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED SECTIONS
9.5.1 Circular Section
2k2
We have swn that for no tension, e S -
d
?or a solid circular section,
Folws n a d S h 8 t a
in Beam

Thus, in order that tension is not to be developed, the load line must fall within middle
fourth of the section. The core in this case is a circle with the same centre and diameter d/4
as shown in Figure 9.6.
9.5.2 Hollow Section
For a hollow circular section,having external diameter D and internal dianieter d,
7E
I = -(@-&; and A = :(@-do)
64

(T)
\ 1

The m e for a hollow Mulu section is thus, a concentric circle Of diameter .

I

9.53 Structural Sections

Eq.(9.8) can be rewritten in the form,

wbere, k, and k,, are radii of gyration of the area ofsection about tbe axes d x and y
respectively.
For zero stressat the point, we must have

b and f = -
For an I-section, the four corners dill be the limiting points, wbere x' = - d
2 2'
ÿ en&, we have,

Eq. (9.13) is the equation of the bounding line which limits the deviation of load from the
cenmid for no change in the sign of the stress, for I-section. ?be equations to the three other
bounding lines will be similar, thus fonning a rhombus having the principal axes of
1-section as diagonals, as shown in Figure 9.7.
Example 9.1
A cast iron column of 200 mm diameter &es a vertical load of 400 IrN, at a
distance of 40 rnm from the centre. Determine the r&ximumand minimum stress
developed in the section, along the diameter passing through the point of loading.

(b) Stm88 dimtribulon along the diagond

Figure98

Solution
Vertical load, P = 400 kN = 400 x lo3N
Diameter of the section, = D = 200 rnm
Area bf the section,A = (2001~= 3 1416 mm2
4

D h a stress,f, = ;
i= 31416
lo' - 12.732 N l n ~ n ~

Eccentricity, e = 40 mm
Bending moment, M = P x e = (400 x lo3) 40 = 16 x lo6 N mm

Section modulus. z = !@ - = 785.4 x I@ p.n3

32 - 32
Pe
Bending stress,& = f - = f l6'''
z 785.4 x lo3 = f 2 0 . 3 ~ ~ ~ l m m ~
:. Resultant stress at the edge, B = f, +fj, = 12.732 + 20.372
= 33.104 N/mmZ (compressive)
:. Resultant stress at the edge, A = f, -f, = 12.732 - 20.372
= - 7.640 ~ 1 m . d (tensile)
The stress distribution along the diameter is as shown in Figure 9.8 (b).
Fotcm nad Strrrra Example 9.2
in BMU
A short hollow cylindrical column carries a compressive farce of 400 IGN. The
extemal diameter of the column is 200 mm and the internal diameter is 120 mm. Frnd
the maximum prmissible eccentricity of the load, if the allowable stresses are 60
' compression and 25 ~ l m r n in
~ l m m in ' tension.
Solution
External diameter, D = 200 mm
Internal diameter. d = 120 mm

Applied load, P = 400 kN = 4 x 10'N

Direct stress f
'"-A
-- = 2.01~104
ld = 19.9 N / m 2 (compressive)

Let the eccentricity of the load = e mm.

'

Bending moment, M = P x e = (4 x lo5x e) N-rnrn

e o nu u s , z= 64
(P- t-t+x (5)

Bending stress, fb = * 2M

= f 0.585 x e
Resultant stress at extreme fibres = f, + fb = 19.90 f 0.585 e
.. Maximum compressive stress = (19.90 + 0.585 e) (i)
Minimum compressive stress = (19.90 - 0.585 e)
or Maximum tensile stress = (0.585 e - 19.90) (ii)
US, (19.90 + 0.585 e) 5 60 N / d (allowable compressive stress)
.. e I 68.55 mm (iii)
-
(0.585 e 19.90) 5 25 N l d (allowable tenSile stress)
.. e I8.72 mm (iv)
From these two conditions, the allowable maximum eccentricity = 8.72 mm from Ihe
centre of the section.
Ex+mple 9 3
A beam of rectangular section of 80 mm to 120 mm carries a uniformly distributed
load of 40 kNlm over a span of 2 m and an axial compressive force of 10 kN.
Calculate (i) maximum fibre stress, (ii) fibre stress at a point 0.50 m from the left end
of tbe beam and 40 mm below the neutral axis.

L eomm J
Rpre 9.9 (a) :Leading EPpre 9.9 (b) :Cross seetSoo
Soluthn '

Bending moment, M = -
WXCI - -- 20kNrn= 2 0 x l d ~ m m
8 - 8
1
Section modulus, Z = - x 80 x (120)' = 1.92 x ld mm3
6
1
M o e t of inertia. I = -
12
x (80) (120)~= 11.52 x lo6mm4
Axia1load.P = lOkN = 1 0 x l d N

Direct stress& = -A = (80x 120) = l S 0 4 ~ b 2

Bending stress,fb =
'z = 20x106 = * 1 0 4 . 1 6 ~ / m m ~
1.92xld
.= Maxi~munfibre stress = 1.04 + 104.16 = 105.20 N/& (compressive)
:. Bending Moment at 0.50 m from left end,

= -15LNm
= 15 x lb N mm (sagging)
:. Bending stress at 40 mm below the neutral axis,
M
= -i-,
- 15 x 1$
x (- 40)
(11.52 x lo6)
= - 52.08 N / d (tensile)
:. Resultant fibre stress = 1.04 - 52.08
= - 5 1.04 N/& (tensile)
Example 9.4
A rectangular plate 10 mm thick with a hole of 50 mm di'ameter drilled on it is as
shown in Figure 9.10. It is subjected to an axial pull of 45 kN. Determine the gteatest
and the least intensities of stress at the critical cross section of the plate.

-re 9.10

Solution
Area of section at the weakest point, A = (10 x 10)+ (40 x 10)= 500 mil2.
 To locate the centroidal axes, taking moments about AB,

Thus,y, = 100- 65 = 35 mm
Moment of Inertia about xx axis,

= 50.42 x 104 mm4

Axial load, P = 45 W = 45 x ld N (tensile)

Direct stress,f, = - - 45 = 90 N/-~ (tensile)

A - 500
Eccentricity, e = 65 - 50 = 15 mm
lixe
Bending stress along edge AB = -X Y l
1,

= - 87 N/mm2 (tensile)

Bending stress along edgeCD =

[
45 x 10'x 15
50.42x,1 ) (35)

= 46.8Nfmd (compressive)
Maximum stress along edge AB = - (90+ 87)
= - 177 N/m& (tensile)
Minimum stress along edge CD = - 90 + 46.8
.= - 43.2NhnmZ (tensile)
Example 9.5
A short hollow pier 1.6 m x 1.6m outsides and 1.0m x 1.0 m hersides supports a
vertical load of 2000 kN at a point ldcated on a diagonal 0.5 m from the vertical axis
of the pier. Calculate the normal stresses at the 4 comers of the section of the pier,
neglecting its self weight.

Solutlon
Figure 9.11 shows the section of Ule pier. At P,the loah of 2000 kN is applied on the
pier.
- 1.d = 1.56m2
Area of cross section, A = 1.6~ I
 Section modulus, Z, =,,,Z, =
12
x (&) = 0.5785 m3

Eccentricity about XX axis = Eccentricity about h'axis

= 0.50 sin 45'
= 0.353 m
Bending ~ornentabout XXd&s = Bending Moment about W axis '

= (2000 x 0.353)
= 706 kNm
i= 1.56
Direct stress,f, = ; 2000 - 1282.05 kN/m2 (compessivef
Bending stress about XX axis = Bending stress about W axis

P M, M,
:. Resultant stresses at comers,f = - f -f -
A Z . Z ,
Stress at corner A = 1282.05 + 1220.4 + 1220.4
= 3722.85 kN/m2 (compressive)
Stress at comer B = 1282.05 - 1220.4 + 1220.4
= 1282.05 kN/m2 (compressive)
Stress at corner C = 1282.05 - 1220.4 - 1220.4
= - 1158.75 kN/m2 (tensile)
Stress at cornerD = 1282.05 + 1220.4 - 1220.4
= 1282.05 kN/m2 (compressive)

S+aQ 2
If the above member is subjected to a conlpressive load of 100 kN asling at a point
40 mi away from its c.g., x ~ along
d a Giagtmal, what wrll the rrzstlltatal stresses :.!
she kncrr ccrne:s of the top face of the column 9
Forcg and Stresses
b Beams
A rzctangular plate 20 mm thick, containing a square hole of 20 mm side as shown irr
Figure 9.12 is subjected to an axial pull of 30 kN. Determinae the greatest and least
tensile stresses at the critical section of the plate.

SAQ 5
'l'he cn?cs scctlon of a short colurnln is S ~ I ~ W in
I I Figure 9.13 A vertical load W kN
act&at the ymint P
(a) Deterrnilie th:; value of W if th:: maximum stress set u p m 'he cross sectlon I S
not to exceed '7.5; s/mniZ.
(b) Draw the stPess distribution diagram along the edge AD.

L- .---------4
80-

Figure 9.13

A shorl hollow cylindrical cast raoll coierrnn hav~ngoutside iliameter 300 lrim and
iilside iiiarneter 200 nun was cast in a factory. 011 illspection iT was fwrbd that the
bore is eccentric in sucll a way thlt the thickness varies f r o m 30 rmn at one end to
70 rrml at the other. Ca!culaletthe extreme intensities s f stress induced in the section,
if colulnn carries a load of 800 kN along the axis of the bore.
Example 9.6
A rolled steel I-section, flanges 150 mm wide and 25 mm thick, web 200 mm long
and 10 mm thick (Figure 9.14) is used to carry an axial load of 800 kN.The load line
is eccentric, 50 mm above XX and 30 mm to the left of yy. Find the maximum and
minimum stress intensities induced in the section.

Solution
Area of cross section, A = 2 x (150 x 25) + (200 x 10)

Moment of inertia about XX axis,

Moment of Inertia about YY axis,

Eccentricity, ex = 50mm
e,, = -30 mm
Vertical l a d , W=800kN
P 800~10~
Direct stress at any point, fo = ;
i=
9500

Maximum bending compressive stress will occur at edge 4 of the section in

Figure 9.14.
P x ex
fi)4=(axy)+[
Pxe
L x x ]
= 186.4 N/mm2
Maximum bending tensile stress will occur at edge 2 at the secion.
 1

Forces andStrpSgQS Resultant stress in the section would he as follows :

in Bcsms
Maximum at corner 4 = 84.2 + 186.4 = 270.6 N/mmz
Minimum at corner 5 = 84.2 - 186.4 = - 102.2 N/mm2 (tensile)
Example 9.7
A short piece of ISA (200 x 100 x 15) angle carries a compressive load, the line of
action of which coincides with the intersection of the middle lanes of the legs. If
P.
the maximum compressive swess is not to exceed 112 N/mm ,what is the safe axial
load P ? Given A = 4278 mm2, r, = 64 mm, r, = 26.4 mm.

I'
-, I
I
I

I
I
I
I
1
I

Solution
Area of cross section, A = 4278 mm2
Eccentricity of load with respect to xx axis = (71.8 - 7.5) = 64.3mm
Ekcentii&ty of load with respect to yy axis = 22.2 - 7.5 = 14.7 mm
M
+ MP x +
Maximum compressive stress at any section =
A ,* I*
xx

Here r, = 64 mm and r, = 26.4 mm

SAQ 7
A short piem of ISLC 250 channel (Figure 9.16) carries a coinpressive load, thc Iinr
of action d which passes through the centroid of the web. If the allowable maxlmuni
compressive stress is 112 b4/mma2, calculate the safe axial lod.
(Given ; A = 3565 mm2,r, = 28.9 m,1 = 6.1 mrn)
 Direct and Bending
Stresses

SAQ 8
A bar of T-section as shown in Figure c17 is elsbjeCted to a longitudinal pull P
applied at a point on the yy axis but not at the centroid of the section. Determine the
magnitude of P and the position of its line of action if the stresses across the section
vary from 10 N / m 2 compression at the top to 120 N/mm2 tension at the bottom.

9.6 WALLS AND PILLARS

9.6.1 Wind Forces on Walls and Pillars
Many a times masonry walls and chimney shafts are subjected to srrong wind pressures. The
weight of the walls or the chimney produces compressive stress in the base while the wind
press- introduces bending moment producing tensile and compressive stresses in the base.
Figure 9.18 shows a masonry wall of height Hand rectangular section B x D. The horizontal
wind.pressure of intensity 'p' is acting on the face of width B.
Forcea so8 Btmsea Let the unit weight of the material of the structure = y
m Bema
Self weight of the structure W = y (BDH)
Area of cross section at the base = B x D
Compressive stress due to self weight of the structure on its base,

Total wind force on the vertical face = P = p x BH

Distance of centre of gravity of the wind force from the base = H

Bending moment, M-= -

PH
2
=px
BH~

Section rrlodulus, Z = BD=

-
6

Bendingstress,f, = f
M BP
= f px-x-
6 ' H2
= f 3px-
2 BD~ D=

N.A.

Due to Bending Moment (BM);there will be maximum tensile stress along edge 'ad' and
maximum compressive stress along edge 'bc' of the base.
H~
Resultant stresses,f = fo - 3p - along edge ad
02
f = fo
H~ along edge bc.
+ 3p -
02
9.6.2 Wind Forces on Chimneys
Having seen the stress distribution for a wall subjected to wind forces, let us consider the
effect of wind forces on tall chimneys.
Figure 9.19 shows a cylindrical chimney of height H, external diameters D,internal
diameter d, subjected to horizontal wind pressure p as shown.
If y is tiie unit wkight of the masonry structure, direct stress due to the weight of the
structure on its base f, = yH.

wind
n
prrarurr= 8R-LIPnsin 0
,P

(a) Elevation @) Cmss-ccctim

Consider a small strip of width R 60, subtending an angle &at the centre and making an
angle 0 with the axis ac of the section.
6P = wind force reaching the small strip
= pxR68xHcos0
= pHR60cos8
Component of the force normal to the strip,
6P, = 6Pcos0 I
= pHRcos0x60xcos0
=~ H R C ~ S ~ ~ M
Horizontal component of 6Pn = 6P, = GP,, cos 8
= p~~ cos3 0 60
Another horizontal component of 6Pn= 6P2 = GP, sin 0.
While summing up, this component gets cancelled when we consider a strip in the other
quadrant as shown in Figure 9.19, while the components of P,, cos 0 are added up:
.: Total force in the direction X-X = 26Pn cos 0

Integrating over the whole exposed surface, from 0 = '

0 to 90°,
'M
TOWwind force P = 2p H R cos3 0 d0
0
2
= pDHx- = kxpDH
3
where,
k = coefficient of wind resistance, and
DH = projected area of the curved surface.
PH
BM due to wind force, A4 = -
2
Forcea and Stresses
n(04-d4)
in Beams Section Modulus, Z =
32 D
M
Bending stress,fb = f -
z
Once you calculate ?he bending stress, the extreme fibre stresses can be obtained by
summing up with the direct stress due to self weight.
Example 9.8
A 10 m high masonry chimney wall of rectangular section 4 m x 1.5 m is subjected
to a horizontal wind pressure of 1500 ~ / onmthe~4 m side. Find the maxi'mum and
minimum stress intensities induced on the base. Take unit weight of masonry as
22 kN/m3.
Solutlon
Breadth, B = 4 m; Height, H = 10 m; and Depth, D = 1.5 m
Cross sectional area at the base, A = 4 x 1.5 = 6 m2
Self weight of the wall, W = ~ B D H
= 2 2 x ( 4 x 1 . 5 ~ 1 0 )= 1320kN
1320 - 220 kN/rn2
Direct compressive stress at the base,f, = - = -
A 6
Wind pressure, p = 1.5 kN/m2
Wind force on the vertical face of side 4 m, P = p x B x H
= 1 . 5 ~ 4 ~=
1 060kN
H
Distance of centre of gravity of P from base, = - = 5 m.
2
*
Bending Moment, M = -
2
= 60 x 5 = 300 kNm

B# 4 ~ 1 . 5 ~
Section modulus, Z = - - -- - 1.5 m3
6 6
M
Bending stress due to bending moment, = fb = + -
z

Maximum stress induced, = 220 + 200 = 420 kN/m2 (compressive)

Minimum stress induced, = 220 - 200 = 20 kN/m2 (compressive)
Example 9.9
A masonry chimney 20 m high of uniform circular section, 5 m external diameter and
3 m internal diameter has to withstand a horizontal wind pressure of intensity
2 kN/m2 of the projected area. Find the maximum and minimum stress intensities at
the base. Take unit weight of masonry as 21 kBJ/m3.
Solution
Height of the chimney, H = 20 m
External diameter, D = 5 m
Internal diameter, d = 3 m
Unit weight of masonry, y = 21 kN/m3
Direct compressive stress due to self weight on the base of the chimney,

Wind pressure, p = 2 kN/m2

Projected area, A = DH = 5 x 20 = 100 m2
Wind force, P = pA = 2 x 100 = 200 kN
 Direct and Bending
Distance of centre of gravity of the wind force from base, Stresses

Bending Moment, M = PH
2
= 200 x 10 = 2000 kN m

(04-$1
Section inodulus, Z = -
32
x
D

M 2000
Bending stress,fb = f - = k -
Z 10.68

Maximum stress induced = 420 + 187.266 = 607.266 kN/m2

Minimum stress induced = 420 - 187.266 = 232.734 kN/m2

'fie section of a masonry pier is a hollow rectangle, external dimensions 4 m x 1.2 m

and inteml dimensions 2.4 m x 0.6 m. A horizontal thrust of 30 kN is exerted at the
top of the pier in the vertical plane bisecting the length 4 m. The height of the pier is
5 m and unit weight of masonry is 22.5 k ~ / mCalculate
~. the maximurn and
~niniruurnintensities of stress at the base.

,\cylindrical chimney of a hollow circular section, 2 m external diameter and 1 m

ll~ternaldiameter is 25 m high. Given that the horizontal intensity of wind pressure is
i k ~ l r ndetermine
~, the extreme intensities of stress at the base. Take coefficient of
wind resistance as 0.6 and unit weight of masonry = 22.8 k ~ / m ~ .

A taperh~gchimney of hollow circular section is 45 m high. Its external diameters at

the base is 3.6 m and at the top it is 2.4 m. It is subjected to wind pressure of
2.2 k ~ / r n 'of the projected area. Calculate the overturning mornent at the base. If the
weight of the chimney is 6000 kN and the internal diameter at the base is 1.2 m,
determine the maximum and minimum stress intensities at the base.

Let us conclude the unit by summarising what we have covered in it. In this unit we have
- defined neutral axis,
- introduced the effect of axial force and bending moment on different sections,
 - obtained the core or kernel of different sections,
- calculated the stress distribution on different cross-sections due to axial force
and bending moment, and
- obtained stress distribution on walls and pillars due to wind forces.

9.8 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
6.67N/mmz(compression) and 1.67N/mm2(compression).
SAQ 2
Eccentricity :ex = 33.28 mm,e, = 22.18mm; and
Stresses : 1.67N/mmz,3.88 N / d ,1.67N / m d and - 0.552 N/mmz
SAQ 3

SAQ 4
38.806 N/mmz(grearedt) and 9.181 N h d (least).
SAQ 5
(a) W = 237.2kN.
(b) Stress variations : at A = 17.4N h m Z and at B = 75 N M .
SAQ 6
Centre of gravity from one end, x = 133.8 rnm.
Eccentricity, e = 36.2 mand,I = 296.65 x lo6mm4.
Maximum stress = (20.36+ 16.23) = 36.59 N/* (compressive).
Minimum stress = (20.36- 13.05) = 7.31N/rnrn2(compressive)
SAQ 7
225 kN.
SAQ 8
Form two equations involving P and e for extreme fibre stresses at top
and bottom
P = 43.210 kN, and e = 28.46 mm.
SAQ 9
-
Maximum : 281.42kN/rnmz and Minimum : 56.42kN/mZ.
SAQ 10
1079.3kN/mZand 60.70kN/mz(compressive).
SAQ 11
Moment :6237kN m
Stresses : 2051.7kN/m2(compressive) and 705.5 kN/rn2(tensile).