Engineering Science 13

Mechanics of Deformable
Bodies I
Lectures 5, 6, and 7
Stresses and Deformations From Axial Loading
29, 31 August 2017
05 September 2017
 ST
1 LONG EXAM
Regular Schedule: 6:15 - 8:15 PM
Late Exam: 7-9PM
Those who have conflicts please post a comment on the exam thread in
our group
1. Name
2. Course
3. Conflicting subject
4. Time of conflict
5. Venue of conflict
6. Faculty of the conflicting subject
7. Email of the faculty in item 6.
STRESSES AND DEFORMATION
FROM AXIAL LOADING
✓ Saint-Venant’s Principle
✓ Axial Elastic Deformation Formula
✓ Temperature Effects, Thermal Stress
✓ Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded
Members
 𝑃
AXIAL LOADING 𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴

𝐺 𝐺
δ
P
𝜎
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑃
δ 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃
ε= 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝐿 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
AXIAL LOADING
𝑃
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐴
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑒

HOW VALID
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑒

IS THIS
L

APPROACH?
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐺 𝐺
δ
P 𝜎
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑃 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔
δ 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛
𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝑃
ε= 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝐿 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
Concentrated loads result
in large stresses in the
vicinity of the load
application point.

Both stress and strain

distributions begin to
become uniform at a
relatively short distance from
b = width of cross section the load application points.

Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed independent of the mode of load
application EXCEPT in the immediate vicinity of load application points.
DEFORMATIONS ARISING FROM AXIAL LOADS

Goal:
Determine an expression for δ

Assumptions :
Linear elastic behavior
Neglect the localized deformations. From Saint-
Venant’s principle, these occur within small regions,
DEFORMATIONS ARISING FROM AXIAL
LOADS P1
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑑δ
σ = ϵ=
𝐴(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 x
dx
σ = 𝐸ϵ P(x)
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑑δ dδ L
=𝐸 P(x) dx
𝐴(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿
𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 -varying cross
න𝑑δ =න section A(x)
𝐴(𝑥)𝐸
0 0 -Total length L
P2
DEFORMATIONS ARISING FROM AXIAL
LOADS
General equation:

where:
δ = deformation of one point of a bar
relative to another point
L = original length of the bar
P(x) = internal force at the section,
located a distance x from one end
A(x) = cross-sectional area of the bar,
expressed as a function of x
E = modulus of elasticity of the material
DEFORMATIONS ARISING FROM AXIAL
LOADS
Simplified equations:
a. for prismatic members that experience constant
internal force throughout its length

b. for members subjected to different (not varying)

external loads or different cross-sectional area on
each segment
DEFORMATIONS ARISING FROM AXIAL
LOADS: SIGN CONVENTION

Positive if tension and

elongation
Negative if compression
and contraction

BE CONSISTENT WITH
YOUR ASSUMPTIONS!
EXAMPLE: DEFORMATIONS UNDER AXIAL LOADING

The composite A-36 steel

bar shown is made form
two segments, AB and BD
having cross-sectional
areas of AAB= 600 mm2
and ABD = 1200 mm2.
Determine the vertical
displacement of end A
relative to C, and the
displacement of B relative
to C. E = 200 GPa
AC: + 0.734mm
BC: +0.109mm
EXAMPLE: DEFORMATIONS UNDER AXIAL LOADING
Rigid beam AB rests on the two
short posts shown in the figure. AC
is made of steel and has a diameter
of 20 mm, and BD is made of
aluminum and has a diameter of 40
mm. Determine the displacement of
point F on AB if a vertical load of 90
kN is applied over this point. What is
the tilting angle of beam AB?

Est = 200 GPa

Eal = 70 GPa
SYSTEM OF AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
1. Determine the
internal forces in
each bar
2. “unlock” the bars
by removing the
pin at B B”’
3. visualize the B””
deformation in
each element due B”
to the respective
internal forces
4. reintroduce joint /
pin, visualize rigid
body rotation 16
EXAMPLE: DEFORMATIONS UNDER AXIAL LOADING

For the system shown, the

cross-sectional area for
members AB and BC are
1200 mm2 and 900 mm2,
respectively. Determine the
horizontal and vertical
displacement of point B.
Assume E = 125 GPa for
both bars.
STRESSES AND DEFORMATION
FROM AXIAL LOADING
✓ Saint-Venant’s Principle
✓ Axial Elastic Deformation Formula
✓ Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded
Members
✓ Temperature Effects, Thermal Stress
 ST
1 LONG EXAM
Regular Schedule: 6:15 - 8:15 PM
Late Exam: 7-9PM
Those who have conflicts please post a comment on the exam thread in
our group
1. Name
2. Course
3. Conflicting subject
4. Time of conflict
5. Venue of conflict
6. Faculty of the conflicting subject
7. Email of the faculty in item 6.
QUIZ
The assembly
shown consists of
rigid bar ABC, rods
(1) and (3), post
(2). E = 18 GPa for
(1), (3), and post
(2). Determine the
vertical deflection
of D relative to its
initial position after
the 30-kN load is
applied
Ans: 29mm
STATIC INDETERMINACY
Free-Body Diagram

Number of Unknowns = 2 (PA and PB)

Number of Equilibrium Equations = 2 (σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎, σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎)
No. of Unknowns = No. of Equilibrium Equations
Therefore, STATICALLY DETERMINATE
STATIC INDETERMINACY
Free-Body Diagram

Number of Unknowns = 3 (PA, PB, and PC)

Number of Equilibrium Equations = 2 (σ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎, σ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎)
No. of Unknowns > No. of Equilibrium Equations
Therefore, STATICALLY INDETERMINATE by 1o
 HOW TO SOLVE STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS?

INTRODUCE ADDITIONAL
EQUATIONS

COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS
equations that specifies the
conditions for displacement δ𝑎/𝑏 = 0
GENERAL PROCEDURE: SOLVING
INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS
1.EQUILIBRIUM: Set up equilibrium equations
2.INTERNAL-FORCE-TEMPERATURE-DEFORMATION
𝑃𝐿
RELATIONSHIPS; δ =
𝐴𝐸
3.GEOMETRY OF DEFORMATION: relate axial
deformations of members
4.COMPATIBILITY EQUATION: substitute equations in 2
to 3
5.SOLVE: solve 1 and 4 simultaneously
ILLUSTRATION A 1.5-m-long rigid beam ABC is
supported by three axial members. A
concentrated load is applied under B.
Axial members (1) connected at A and
C are identical aluminum alloy (70GPa)
with A1 = 550 mm2 and L1 = 2m.
Member (2) is steel (200GPa) bar with
A2 = 900mm2 and L2=2m. All
members are pin connected.
If all three bars are initially unstressed,
determine
A. The normal stresses in the
aluminum and steel bars
B. The deflection of the rigid beam
after the application of the 220-kN
load
ILLUSTRATION

Ans: σ1=59.9MPa; σ2=171.2MPa;ν=1.712mm

GENERAL PROCEDURE: SOLVING
INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS
1.EQUILIBRIUM: Set up equilibrium equations
2.INTERNAL-FORCE-TEMPERATURE-DEFORMATION
𝑃𝐿
RELATIONSHIPS; δ =
𝐴𝐸
3.GEOMETRY OF DEFORMATION: relate axial
deformations of members
4.COMPATIBILITY EQUATION: substitute equations in 2
to 3
5.SOLVE: solve 1 and 4 simultaneously
THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE
1. COAXIAL OR PARALLEL AXIAL MEMBERS

𝛿(1) = 𝛿(2)

𝛿(2) = 𝑔𝑎𝑝 + 𝛿(1)

FORM MAY CHANGE
DEPENDING ON THE SETUP
THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE
2. AXIAL MEMBERS CONNECTED END-TO-END IN SERIES

𝛿(1) + 𝛿(2) = 0 𝛿(1) + 𝛿(2) = 𝑔𝑎𝑝

THREE GENERAL CATEGORIES OF STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURE
3. AXIAL MEMBERS CONNECTED TO A ROTATING RIGID
ELEMENT

Case 2: not all non-rigid

Similar Triangles: members contracts
Case 1: all non-rigid
members contracts
Relate deflections
(v) to deformations
PROBLEM 8(bonus problem)
corrections
The structure shown is subjected to a
concentrated force P as shown and an 500.20 mm
increase in temperature of 100 ° C. The
material and section properties are
provided in Table below. The steel and
bronze rods are fixed at one end while the
aluminum bar and the other end of the steel
bar is attached to a rigid plate. The
aluminum and bronze bar is separated by a
0.25 mm 0.20 mm gap. Determine the
maximum allowable force P such that the
allowable stresses will not be exceeded.
 EXAMPLE

(1) (2)
A 3600 2000
(mm2)
E 200 70
A steel pipe (1) is attached to an aluminum pipe (2) at flange B. (Gpa)

Both steel pipe (1) and aluminum pipe (2) are attached to rigid L(mm) 1800 1400
supports at A and C, respectively. Member (1) has a cross- σall(M
pa)
160 120
sectional area of A1=3600mm2, and E1=200GPa, and an allowable
normal stress of 160 MPa. Member (2) has A2=2000mm2 and
E2=70GPa, and an allowable normal stress of 120 MPa.
Determine the max load P that can be applied to flange B without
exceeding the allowable stresses.
1. Equilibrium and FBD ASSUMPTION ASSUMPTION
𝑃 𝑃 COMPRESSION (sense TENSION (sense is
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 − − = 0 is TOWARDS the free AWAY FROM the free
2 2 𝑭𝟏
body); 𝑭𝟐 body);
Eq’n 1 Drawn ON THE SAME Drawn ON THE SAME
3 unknowns, 1 equation available SIDE as the cut portion SIDE as the cut portion
from equilibrium equations,
degree of indeterminacy: 2
2. Force- (𝑭𝟏 )(𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎) (𝑭𝟐 )(𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎) (1) (2)
Deformation 𝜹𝟏 = − 𝜹 𝟐 = + A
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) 3600 2000
Relationships (mm2)

3. Geometry of Due to the fixed supports, E 200 70

deformations overall deformations is zero 𝜹𝟏 + 𝜹𝟐 = 𝟎 (Gpa)
L(mm) 1800 1400
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟒 𝑭𝟐 Eq’n 2
4. Compatibility 𝑭𝟏 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝟐 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟎 σall(M 160 120
equation: substitute 2 − + =𝟎 𝟏 pa)
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑭𝟏 Eq’n 3
to 3 𝟒

Plug-in Eq’n 2 to Eq’n1 to eliminate F1, and use σall,2 = 120MPa

5. Solve the
equations(taking note of 4𝐹2 + 𝐹2 − 𝑃 = 0 𝑃 = 1200000𝑁
other information, and 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
5𝐹2 − 𝑃 = 0 𝜎 = 𝑷 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒌𝑵 +𝐚𝐧𝐬, 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
what’s being asked) 𝐴
(1st candidate)
5(120)(2000) − 𝑃 = 0
 Plug-in Eq’n 3 to Eq’n1 to eliminate F2
5. Solve the and use σall,1 = 160MPa
equations(taking note of
other information, and 0.25𝐹1 + 𝐹1 − 𝑃 = 0 𝑃 = 720000𝑁
what’s being asked)
1.25𝐹2 − 𝑃 = 0 𝑷 = 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝒌𝑵 +𝐚𝐧𝐬, 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 (2nd candidate)
𝜎= (1) (2)
𝐴
A 3600 2000
1.25(160)(3600) − 𝑃 = 0 (mm2)
E 200 70
(Gpa)
FROM σall,1 = 160MPa: P1=720kN L(mm) 1800 1400
FROM σall,2 = 160MPa: P2=1200kN σall(M 160 120
pa)

In order for both the allowable stresses not to

be exceeded, the maximum P (or the
allowable P) should be the smaller value

Pmax=720kN
EXAMPLE (1)
A (in2) 1.25
(2)
2
Rigid bar ABCD is supported by a pin E (ksi) 15000 10000
connection at A and by two axial bars
(1) and (2). Bar (1) is a 30-in-long L(in) 30 40
bonze [E = 15000 ksi] bar with a cross- P = 27 kips
2
sectional area of 1.25in . Bar (2) is a
40-in-long aluminum alloy [ E = 10000
ksi] bar with a cross-sectional area of
2.00 in2. Both bars are unstressed
before the load P is applied. If a
concentrated load of P = 27 kips is
applied to the rigid bar at D,
determine:
A. The normal stresses in bars (1) and
(2)
B. The deflection of the rigid bar at
point D
1. Equilibrium and FBD
(1) (2)
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹1 36 + 𝐹2 36 + 48 − (27)(36 + 48 + 14) = 0
A (in2) 1.25 2 ASSUMPTION
𝐹1 36 + 𝐹2 84 − 2646 = 0 Eq’n 1
TENSION (sense is
2 unknowns, 1 equation available E (ksi) 15000 10000 AWAY FROM the free
from equilibrium equations, L(in) 30 40 body);
degree of indeterminacy: 1 Drawn ON THE SAME
P = 27 kips SIDE as the cut portion
2. Force-Deformation Relationships
(𝑭𝟏 )(𝟑𝟎) (𝑭𝟐 )(𝟒𝟎)
𝜹𝟏 = − 𝜹𝟐 = + 𝑭𝟐
𝟏. 𝟐𝟓(𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)
3. Geometry of deformations: Similar triangles,
relating deflection
and deformation ASSUMPTION
Deformation = deformed-initial 𝑭𝟏 COMPRESSION (sense
𝑳𝒐,𝟐 𝜹𝟏 = 𝑳′𝟏 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟏 is TOWARDS the free
𝑳′𝟐 𝜹𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟏 − 𝒗𝑩 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟏 body);
Drawn ON THE SAME
𝒗𝑩 𝜹𝟏 = −𝑣𝐵 ↔ 𝑣𝐵 = −𝛿1 SIDE as the cut portion
𝒗𝒄 𝒗𝑫
𝜹𝟐 = 𝑳′𝟐 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟐
𝑳′𝟏 𝑳𝒐,𝟏
𝜹𝟐 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐 + 𝒗𝒄 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟐
𝜹𝟐 = +𝑣𝑐
1. Equilibrium and FBD 3. Geometry of deformations(cont.)
෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 𝐹1 36 + 𝐹2 36 + 48 − (27)(36 + 48 + 14) = 0 𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝐷
= =
𝐹1 36 + 𝐹2 84 − 2646 = 0 Eq’n 1 36 84 98
2 unknowns, 1 equation available 4. Compatibility equation: substitute 2 to 3
from equilibrium equations, 𝑭 𝟑𝟎 (𝑭 )(𝟒𝟎)
degree of indeterminacy: 1 −𝛿1 𝛿2 𝑣𝐷 − −𝟏.𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐
𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝑣𝐷
= = = = Eq’n 2
36 84 98 36 84 98
2. Force-Deformation Relationships 15
(𝑭𝟏 )(𝟑𝟎) (𝑭𝟐 )(𝟒𝟎) 𝐹1 = 𝐹2 Eq’n 3
28 𝑭𝟐
𝜹𝟏 = − 𝜹𝟐 = +
𝟏. 𝟐𝟓(𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎) 𝟐(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)
3. Geometry of deformations: Similar triangles,
relating deflection
and deformation
Deformation = deformed-initial 𝑭𝟏 +𝐚𝐧𝐬, 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
𝑳𝒐,𝟐 𝜹𝟏 = 𝑳′𝟏 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟏
𝑳′𝟐
5. Solve the equations 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
𝜹𝟏 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟏 − 𝒗𝑩 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟏 𝐹1 36 + 𝐹2 84 − 2646 = 0 𝐹1 = 13.72𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠(𝐶)
𝒗𝑩 𝜹𝟏 = −𝑣𝐵 ↔ 𝑣𝐵 = −𝛿1 𝐹1 = 15Τ28 𝐹2 𝐹2 = 25.62𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠(𝑇)
𝒗𝒄 𝒗𝑫
Stresses: Deflection of D:
𝜹𝟐 = 𝑳′𝟐 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟐
𝑳′𝟏 𝑳𝒐,𝟏 𝜎1 = 13.72/1.25 = 10.98𝑘𝑠𝑖(𝐶) From Eq’n 2
𝜹𝟐 = 𝑳𝒐,𝟐 + 𝒗𝒄 − 𝑳𝒐,𝟐
𝜎2 = 25.62/2 = 12.81𝑘𝑠𝑖(𝑇) 𝑣𝐷 =0.0598in
𝜹𝟐 = +𝑣𝑐
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
Change in temperature
causes changes in
material’s dimensions
DEFORMATION DUE TO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE
The deformation of a member due to change
in temperature can be calculated using: Thermal Strain

 t  L(T )  t   (T )
δt = deformation due to change in
temperature, sign depends on ΔT
α = linear coefficient of thermal expansion. [ in
1/˚C or 1/˚K ]
L = original length of the member
ΔT = change in temperature of the member
THERMAL STRESS

free to deform constrained

deforms, does not

Wall prevents
induce thermal
stress
deformation;
This restriction
induces thermal
stress
44
EXAMPLE: TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
The system shown (AB is steel and BC is aluminum) is subjected to a
temperature change of +30C and a 120 kN downward force acting on
point B. Determine the final position of pin B. Ans:

WHAT YOU NEED

1. INTERNAL FORCES
2. DEFORMED SHAPE
AB B 3. DEFORMATIONS (PL/AE+αLΔT)
4. FINAL POSITION OF B FROM
BC GEOMTERIC RELATIONSHIP

120kN
EXAMPLE: TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
The system shown (AB is steel and BC is aluminum) is subjected to a
temperature change of +30C and a 120 kN downward force acting on
point B. Determine the final position of pin B. Ans:
[Recall] DEFORMED SHAPE OF THE SYSTEM: (1)sketch the axial deformation of each
member; (2)draw perpendicular lines in (1); (3) the intersection is the new location
of the connection) X
B 𝛿𝐴𝐵 B
𝛿𝐶𝐵 𝛿𝐴𝐵
𝛿𝐶𝐵

B’ Y

B’
GENERAL PROCEDURE: SOLVING
INDETERMINATE PROBLEMS
1.EQUILIBRIUM: Set up equilibrium equations
2.INTERNAL-FORCE-TEMPERATURE-DEFORMATION
𝑃𝐿
RELATIONSHIPS; δ = 𝛿𝑃 + 𝛿𝑇 = + α𝐿Δ𝑇
𝐴𝐸
3.GEOMETRY OF DEFORMATION: relate axial
deformations of members
4.COMPATIBILITY EQUATION: substitute equations in 2
to 3
5.SOLVE: solve 1 and 4 simultaneously
EXAMPLE

An aluminum rod (1) [E = 70 GPa; α = 22.5x10-6/oC] and a brass rod

(2) [E = 105 GPa; α = 18x10-6/oC] are connected to rigid supports as
shown. The cross-sectional area of rods (1) and (2) are 2000mm2 and
3000mm2, respectively. The temperature of the structure will increase.
A. Determine the temperature increase that will close the initial 1-mm
gap between the two axial members.
B. Compute the normal stress in each rod if the total temperature
increase is +60 oC
 (1) (2)
A (mm2) 2000 3000
E (Gpa) 70 105
L(mm) 900 600
α (/oC) 22.5x10-6 18x10-6

A. Determine the temperature increase that will close the initial 1-mm gap between the two axial
members.
𝛿1,𝑇 + 𝛿2,𝑇 = 1𝑚𝑚
𝛼1 𝐿1 ∆𝑇 + 𝛼2 𝐿2 ∆𝑇 = 1𝑚𝑚
(22.5𝑥10−6 / 𝑜 𝐶)(900𝑚𝑚) (∆𝑇) + (18𝑥10−6 /𝑜 𝐶)(600𝑚𝑚)(∆𝑇) = 1𝑚𝑚 ∆𝑇 = 32.21𝑜 𝐶
 (1) (2)
A (mm2) 2000 3000
E (Gpa) 70 105
L(mm) 900 600
α (/oC) 22.5x10-6 18x10-6

B. Compute the normal stress in each rod if the total temperature increase is +60 oC
Since 60o C > 32.21𝑜 𝐶, the gap closes and the rods will push against each other, inducing thermal stress.

1. Equilibrium and FBD

σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 0 Eq’n 1
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐

2 unknowns, 1 equation available

from equilibrium equations,
degree of indeterminacy: 1
 (1) (2)
A (mm2) 2000 3000
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 E (Gpa) 70 105
L(mm) 900 600
α (/oC) 22.5x10-6 18x10-6
1. Equilibrium and FBD σ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 0 Eq’n 1
2. Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships 4. Compatibility equation: substitute 2 to 3
(𝐹1 )(900) (𝐹1 )(900)
𝛿1,𝑃 =− 𝛿1,𝑇 = +(22.5𝑥10−6 )(900) (60) [− + 22.5𝑥10−6 900 60 ] +
2000(70000)
2000(70000)
(𝐹2 )(600)
(𝐹2 )(600) 𝛿2,𝑇 = +(18𝑥10−6 )(600) (60) [− + (18𝑥10−6 )(600) (60)] = 1𝑚𝑚
3000(105000)
𝛿2,𝑃 =−
3000(105000) Eq’n 2
𝛿1 𝑜𝑟 2 = 𝛿1𝑜𝑟 2,𝑇 +𝛿1 𝑜𝑟,𝑃 5. Solve the equations
Solving Eq’n 1 and Eq’n 2 simultaneously
3. Geometry of deformations
𝐹1 = 𝐹2 = 103.56𝑘𝑁(𝐶) +𝐚𝐧𝐬, 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭
(𝛿1,𝑇 +𝛿1,𝑃 ) + (𝛿2,𝑇 +𝛿2,𝑃 ) = 1𝑚𝑚 Applying σ = P/A
𝜎1 = 51.78𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐶) 𝜎2 = 34.52𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐶)
EXAMPLE 𝑭𝟏

A 6-kN load is applied to a

structure, as shown. Member
BCDF is a rigid plate. If the
temperature increases by 20
degrees Celsius, compute the 𝑭𝟐
normal stresses and
deformations of members (1)
and (2) 1. Equilibrium and FBD
σ 𝑀𝑐 = 𝐹1 100 + 𝐹2 300 − 6000(350) = 0 Eq’n 1
(1) (2)
2 unknowns, 1 equation available
A (mm2) 310 620 from equilibrium equations,
E (Gpa) 200 70 degree of indeterminacy: 1
L(mm) 500 400
2. Force-Temperature-Deformation Relationships
(𝐹1 )(500)
α (/oC) 11.9x10-6 22.5x10-6 𝛿1,𝑃 =+ 𝛿1,𝑇 = +(11.9𝑥10−6 )(500) (20)
310(200000)
(𝐹2 )(400)
𝛿2,𝑃 = − 𝛿2,𝑇 = +(22.5𝑥10−6 )(400) (20)
620(70000)
 EXAMPLE
3. Geometry of deformations : Similar triangles, 𝑭𝟏
relating deflection
Deformation = deformed-initial and deformation
𝜹𝟏 = 𝑳′𝟏 − 𝑳𝟏 𝜹𝟐 = 𝑳′𝟐 − 𝑳𝟐
𝜹𝟏 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝒗𝑩 − 𝑳𝟏 𝜹𝟐 = 𝑳𝟐 − 𝒗𝑫 − 𝑳𝟐
𝜹𝟏 = +𝑣𝐵 𝜹𝟐 = −𝑣𝐷 ↔ 𝑣𝐷 = −𝛿2
𝑭𝟐
𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝐷
= Eq’n 2
100 300

4. Compatibility equation: substitute 2 to 3

Total deformation = due to applied force + due to temp (1) (2)
this is what we have from earlier: A (mm2) 310 620
(𝐹1 )(500)
𝛿1 = + + (11.9𝑥10−6 )(500) (20) E (Gpa) 200 70
310(200000)
L(mm) 500 400
(𝐹 )(400)
𝛿2 = − 2 + (22.5𝑥10−6 )(400) (20)
620(70000) α (/oC) 11.9x10-6 22.5x10-6
 EXAMPLE
3. Geometry of deformations 𝑭𝟏
𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝐷
𝜹𝟏 = +𝑣𝐵 𝜹𝟐 = −𝑣𝐷 ↔ 𝑣𝐷 = −𝛿2 =
100 300
4. Compatibility equation: substitute 2 to 3
Substituting 𝛿1 and 𝛿2 ,
(𝐹1 )(500) 𝑭𝟐
+ (11.9𝑥10−6 )(500) (20)
310(200000)
100
𝐹2 400 Eq’n 2
− − + 22.5𝑥10−6 400 20 (1) (2)
620 70000
= A (mm2)
300 310 620
𝐹1 100 + 𝐹2 300 − 6000(350) = 0 Eq’n 1 E (Gpa) 200 70
5. Solve the equations L(mm) 500 400
𝐹1 = −17.33𝑘𝑁 𝐹1 𝐚𝐧𝐬 − , 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 α (/oC) 11.9x10-6 22.5x10-6
𝐹2 = +16.49𝑘𝑁 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭‼‼!
𝐹1 = 17.33𝑘𝑁(C)
So, correct force are:
𝐹2 = 12.78𝑘𝑁(𝐶)
 EXAMPLE
3. Geometry of deformations 𝑭𝟏
𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝐷
𝜹𝟏 = +𝑣𝐵 𝜹𝟐 = −𝑣𝐷 ↔ 𝑣𝐷 = −𝛿2 =
100 300
4. Compatibility equation: substitute 2 to 3
5. Solve the equations
𝐹1 = 17.33𝑘𝑁(C) Applying σ = P/A 𝑭𝟐
𝐹2 = 12.78𝑘𝑁(𝐶) 𝜎1 = 55.90𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐶) 𝜎2 = 20.61𝑀𝑃𝑎(𝐶)

Deformations:
Contrary to our(1)initial assumption
(2) member 1
(−17328.8)(500) contracts instead of elongates - the rigid bar
𝛿1 = + 11.9𝑥10−6 500 20 = −0.021𝑚𝑚 A (mm2) 310 620
310(200000) rotates counterclockwise. Nonetheless, both
ofE them
(Gpa) are in 200
compression. 70
Member (1) contracts by 0.021mm
This is explained
L(mm) by the effect400
500 of temperature
(12776.3)(400)
𝛿2 = − + 22.5𝑥10−6 400 20 = +0.062 For this case, the member under
620(70000) α (/oC) 11.9x10-6 22.5x10-6
compression didn’t not necessarily mean that
Member (2) elongates by 0.062mm the member contracted
HOMEWORK:
ASSUME BOTH ARE IN
COMPRESSION
The pin-connected structure shown in the
figure consists of a rigid bar ABCD and
two axial members. The bars are
unstressed when the structure is
assembled. After a concentrated load of P
= 36 kN is applied and the temperature is
decreased by 50°C, determine: (1) (2)
A (mm2) 400 400
1.the normal stresses in bars (1) and (2). E (Gpa) 200 70
2.the deflection of point D on the rigid L(mm) 900 900
bar. α (/oC) 11.7x10-6 22.5x10-6
PREPARE FOR ANOTHER
QUIZ NEXT MEETING!
References
• Beer, F.P. et al. (2006). Mechanics of materials. 6th Ed. SI.
McGraw-Hill
• Hibbeler, R.C. (2000). Mechanics of materials. 4th Ed. Prentice
Hall
• Longalong, R.E. ES 13 Lecture Notes