CCNA Exp4 - Chapter02 - PPP

Chapter 2 – PPP
CCNA Exploration 4.0
1
Introduction
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Serial Point-to-Point Links

Introducing Serial Communications
• Computers make use of relatively short parallel connections between

interior components, but use a serial bus to convert signals for most
external communications.

• In a parallel connection, it is wrong to assume that the 8 bits leaving the sender
at the same time arrive at the receiver at the same time. Rather, some of the
bits get there later than others. This is known as clock skew.

• Parallel wires are physically bundled in a parallel cable, and signals can imprint
themselves on each other. The possibility of crosstalk across the wires
requires more processing, especially at higher frequencies.

• Serial Communication Standards

– All long-haul communications and most computer networks use serial connections,
because the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel connections
impractical.
– The most significant advantage is simpler wiring. Also, serial cables can be longer
than parallel cables, because there is much less interaction (crosstalk) among the
conductors in the cable.


TDM
• Time Division Multiplexing

– Bell Laboratories invented time-division multiplexing (TDM) to maximize
the amount of voice traffic carried over a medium.
– TDM divides the bandwidth of a single link into separate channels or time
slots.
– TDM transmits two or more channels over the same link by allocating a
different time interval (time slot) for the transmission of each channel.
TDM
• Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM)

– STDM uses a variable time slot length allowing channels to compete for
any free slot space. It employs a buffer memory that temporarily stores the
data during periods of peak traffic.
– STDM does not waste high-speed line time with inactive channels using
this scheme.

TDM Examples

TDM Examples

Demarcation Point

DTE-DCE
• The CPE, which is generally a router, is the DTE. The DTE could also
be a terminal, computer, printer, or fax machine if they connect directly
to the service provider network.
• The DCE, commonly a modem or CSU/DSU, is the device used to
convert the user data from the DTE into a form acceptable to the WAN
service provider transmission link. This signal is received at the remote
DCE, which decodes the signal back into a sequence of bits. The
remote DCE then signals this sequence to the remote DTE.

Cable Standards
• The DTE/DCE interface for a particular standard defines the following

specifications:
– Mechanical/physical - Number of pins and connector type
– Electrical - Defines voltage levels for 0 and 1
– Functional - Specifies the functions that are performed by assigning
meanings to each of the signaling lines in the interface
– Procedural - Specifies the sequence of events for transmitting data

Cable Standards

Cable Standards

Parallel to Serial Conversion
• Your PC also has a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) chip

on the motherboard. Since the data in your PC flows along parallel circuits, the
UART chip converts the groups of bits in parallel to a serial stream of bits.
• To work faster, a UART chip has buffers so it can cache data coming from the
system bus while it processes data going out the serial port.
• The UART is the DTE agent of your PC and communicates with the modem or
other serial device, which, in accordance with the RS-232C standard, has a
complementary interface called the DCE interface.
HDLC Encapsulation
• HDLC - The default encapsulation type on point-to-point connections,

dedicated links, and circuit-switched connections when the link uses
two Cisco devices. HDLC is now the basis for synchronous PPP used
by many servers to connect to a WAN, most commonly the Internet.

HDLC Encapsulation

Configuring HDLC Encapsulation
• Cisco HDLC is the default encapsulation method used by Cisco

devices on synchronous serial lines.
• You use Cisco HDLC as a point-to-point protocol on leased lines
between two Cisco devices. If you are connecting to a non-Cisco
device, use synchronous PPP.

Troubleshooting a Serial Interface
• You can identify any of the following five possible problem states in the interface status
line:
1. Serial x is down, line protocol is down
2. Serial x is up, line protocol is down
3. Serial x is up, line protocol is up (looped)
4. Serial x is up, line protocol is down (disabled)
5. Serial x is administratively down, line protocol is down

• The command syntax varies, depending on the platform. Cisco 7000

series routers use a cBus controller card for connecting serial links.
With these routers, use the show controllers cbus command.




• Activity 2.1.7.3




PPP Concepts

Introducing PPP
• What is PPP?
– Cisco HDLC is the default serial
encapsulation method when you
connect two Cisco routers.
– When you need to connect to a
non-Cisco router, you should use
PPP encapsulation.
– PPP establishes a direct
connection using serial cables,
phone lines, trunk lines, cellular
telephones, specialized radio links,
or fiber-optic links.
– There are many features not
available in HDLC:
• The link quality management PPP contains 3 main components:
feature monitors the quality of
the link. If too many errors are
detected, PPP takes the link 1. HDLC protocol for encapsulating
down. datagrams over point-to-point links.
• PPP supports PAP and CHAP 2. Extensible Link Control Protocol
authentication. This feature is (LCP) to establish, configure, and test
explained and practiced in a the data link connection.
later section. 3. Family of Network Control Protocols
(NCPs) for establishing and
configuring different network layer
protocols.
PPP Layered Architecture
• At the physical layer, you can configure PPP on a range of interfaces,

including:
– Asynchronous serial
– Synchronous serial
– HSSI
– ISDN

PPP Architecture - Link Control Protocol Layer
• The LCP provides automatic configuration of the interfaces at each end, including:
– Handling varying limits on packet size
– Detecting common misconfiguration errors
– Terminating the link
– Determining when a link is functioning properly or when it is failing
• PPP also uses the LCP to agree automatically on encapsulation formats (authentication,
compression, error detection) as soon as the link is established.

PPP Architecture - Network Control Protocol Layer

PPP Frame Structure

Establishing a PPP Session
• Phase 1: Link establishment and configuration negotiation

• Phase 2: Link quality determination (optional)
• Phase 3: Network layer protocol configuration negotiation
Extra: PPP Session Establishment (Detail)
1. Link establishment - (LCPs)

2. Authentication - Optional (LCPs)
3. Link quality determination - Optional (LCPs)
4. Network layer protocol configuration (NCPs)
5. Link termination (LCPs)

Establishing a Link with LCP
• LCP operation uses three classes of LCP frames to accomplish the work of each of the
LCP phases:
– Link-establishment frames establish and configure a link (Configure-Request,
Configure-Ack, Configure-Nak, and Configure-Reject)
– Link-maintenance frames manage and debug a link (Code-Reject, Protocol-Reject,
Echo-Request, Echo-Reply, and Discard-Request)
– Link-termination frames terminate a link (Terminate-Request and Terminate-Ack)
Establishing a Link with LCP

LCP Packet

LCP Packet

PPP Configuration Options
• PPP can be configured to support various functions including:

1. Authentication using either PAP or CHAP
2. Compression using either Stacker or Predictor
3. Multilink which combines two or more channels to increase the
WAN bandwidth

NCP Explained

NCP Explained

NCP Explained

NCP Explained

Configuring PPP

• PPP may include the following LCP options:

– Authentication
– Compression
– Error Detection
– Multilink
– PPP Callback
PPP Configuration Commands

PPP Configuration Commands
• Example 1: Enabling PPP on an Interface

– R3#configure terminal
– R3(config)#interface serial 0/0
– R3(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
• Example 2: Compression
– R3(config-if)#compress [predictor | stac]
• Example 3: Link Quality Monitoring
– R3(config-if)#ppp quality 80
• Example 4: Load Balancing Across Links
– Router(config)#interface serial 0/0
– Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
– Router(config-if)#ppp multilink

Extra: More Information on Compression
Cisco supports these types of compression:

 Predictor-Determines whether the data is already compressed. If
so, the data is just sent-no time is wasted trying to compress
already compressed data.
 Stacker-A Lempel-Ziv (LZ)-based compression algorithm looks at
the data, and sends each data type only once with information
about where the type occurs within the data stream. The receiving
side uses this information to reassemble the data stream.
 MPPC-This protocol (RFC 2118) allows Cisco routers to exchange
compressed data with Microsoft clients. MPPC uses an LZ-based
compression algorithm.
 TCP header compression-This type of compression is used to
compress the TCP headers.

Extra: More Information on Compression
Important notes on compression:

– The highest compression ratio is usually reached with highly compressible
text files.
– Already compressed files such as JPEG graphics or MPEG files, or files
that were compressed with software such as PKZIP or StuffIt, are only
compressed 1:1, or even less.
– Trying to compress already compressed data can take longer than
transferring the data without compression.
– Compressing data can cause performance degradation because it is
software, not hardware compression.
– Compression can be CPU or memory intensive.
– Predictor is more memory intensive and less CPU intensive, whereas
Stacker and MPPC are more CPU intensive and less memory intensive.
Memory intensive means that an extra memory allowance is required.

Extra: Enable Link Quality Monitoring (LQM)
• Link Quality Monitoring (LQM) is available on all serial interfaces running

PPP. LQM will monitor the link quality, and if the quality drops below a
configured percentage, the router shuts down the link.
• The percentages are calculated for both the incoming and outgoing
directions.
– The outgoing quality is calculated by comparing the total number of
packets and bytes sent with the total number of packets and bytes
received by the destination node.
– The incoming quality is calculated by comparing the total number of
packets and bytes received with the total number of packets and
bytes sent by the destination peer.
• When LQM is enabled, Link Quality Reports (LQRs) are sent, in place of
keepalives, every keepalive period. All incoming keepalives are
responded to properly. If LQM is not configured, keepalives are sent
every keepalive period and all incoming LQRs are responded to with an
LQR.
• LQR is specified in RFC 1989, PPP Link Quality Monitoring, by William
A. Simpson of Computer Systems Consulting Services.

Verifying a Serial PPP Encapsulation Configuration

Troubleshooting PPP Encapsulation




Configuring PPP
with Authentication

PPP Authentication Protocols
• The authentication phase of a PPP session is optional. If used, you can

authenticate the peer after the LCP establishes the link and choose the
authentication protocol. If it is used, authentication takes place before
the network layer protocol configuration phase begins.
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)
• Initiating CHAP
• Responding CHAP
•
• Completing CHAP

PPP Encapsulation and Authentication Process

Configuring PPP with Authentication

Example: Configuring PAP
DTE 172.25.3.0/24 DCE

.2/S0 Serial .1/S0
hostname SantaCruz hostname HQ
username HQ password HQpass username SantaCruz password SantaCruzpass
interface Serial0 interface Serial0

ip address 172.25.3.2 255.255.255.0 ip address 172.25.3.1 255.255.255.0
encapsulation ppp encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication pap ppp authentication pap
ppp pap sent-username SantaCruz ppp pap sent-username HQ
password SantaCruzpass password HQpass
Notes:
- sent-username and password must match remote username and password.
- Passwords are case-sensitive, but usernames are not.
- Hostnames are not involved.
Extra: One-way PAP authentication
(config)# hostname RA
(config)# interface serial 0
encapsulation ppp
ppp pap sent-username RA-X password CISCO-X
(config)# hostname RB
(config)# username RA-X password CISCO-X
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication pap

Extra: Two-way PAP authentication
(config)# username RB-X password CISCO-B
encapsulation ppp
ppp pap sent-username RA-X password CISCO-A
(config)# username RA-X password CISCO-A
encapsulation ppp
ppp pap sent-username RB-X password CISCO-B
Example: Configuring CHAP
DTE 172.25.3.0/24 DCE

.2/S0 Serial .1/S0
username HQ password boardwalk username SantaCruz password boardwalk
ppp chap hostname SantaCruz (optional) ppp chap hostname HQ (optional)

ppp authentication chap ppp authentication chap
Notes:
- Hostnames are involved unless the ppp chap hostname command is used, and
must match remote router’s username command (not case-sensitive).
- Passwords are case-sensitive and must match
Extra: One-way CHAP authentication
(config)# hostname RA-X

(config)# username RB password CISCO
encapsulation ppp
OR
encapsulation ppp
ppp chap hostname RA-X
ppp chap password CISCO
(config)# username RA-X password CISCO
encapsulation ppp
ppp authentication chap
Troubleshooting a PPP Configuration with Authentication
• In the last line, the code = 4 means a failure has occurred. Other code values are as
follows:
– 1 = Challenge
– 2 = Response
– 3 = Success
– 4 = Failure

Extra: Configuring PPP Multilink (MLP)
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0

Router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
Router(config-if)#ppp multilink
• In some environments, it may be necessary to bundle multiple serial

links to act as single link with aggregated bandwidth.
• Multilink PPP provides load balancing over the router interfaces that
PPP uses.

Extra: Configuring PPP Multilink
multilink Virtual-Template 1 multilink Virtual-Template 1
interface loopback 0 interface loopback 0

interface Virtual-Template1 interface Virtual-Template1

ip unnumbered loopback0 ip unnumbered loopback0
ppp multilink ppp multilink
no ip address no ip address
Extra: Configuring PPP Multilink
(config)# interface Multilink 1

ip address 1.2.3.4 255.255.255.0
ppp multilink
(config)# interface Serial 0/0
no ip address
encapsulation ppp
ppp multilink
ppp multilink group 1
(config)# interface Serial 0/1
no ip address
encapsulation ppp
ppp multilink
ppp multilink group 1

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Chapter 2 – PPP

CCNA Exploration 4.0

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• Computers make use of relatively short parallel connections between

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• Serial Communication Standards

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• Time Division Multiplexing

• Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM)

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• The DTE/DCE interface for a particular standard defines the following

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• Your PC also has a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) chip

• HDLC - The default encapsulation type on point-to-point connections,

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• Cisco HDLC is the default encapsulation method used by Cisco

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• The command syntax varies, depending on the platform. Cisco 7000

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• At the physical layer, you can configure PPP on a range of interfaces,

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• Phase 1: Link establishment and configuration negotiation

1. Link establishment - (LCPs)

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• PPP can be configured to support various functions including:

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• PPP may include the following LCP options:

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• Example 1: Enabling PPP on an Interface

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Cisco supports these types of compression:

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