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(VERSION 5.20)
NAVIGATIONAL BRIDGE
ANNOTATION
This Manual is intended for use by the trainee of the navigational simulator
“Navi-Trainer Professional 5000” (NTPro 5000).
NTPro 5000 enables simulator training and certification of watch officers, chief
officers, captains and pilots serving on commercial and fishing ships with the gross
tonnage of 500 tons and more in compliance with requirements of IMO STCW 78/95
Convention and Model Courses 7.01 (Master and Chief Mate), 7.03 (Officer in
Charge of a Navigational Watch).
In addition simulator can be used for training the officers as per Model Courses:
1.07 (Radar Navigation, Radar Plotting and Use of ARPA), 1.08 (Radar, ARPA,
Bridge Teamwork and Search and Rescue), 1.22 (Ship Simulator and Bridge
Teamwork), 1.27 (Operational Use of Electronic Chart Display and Information
Systems (ECDIS)) and 1.34 (Automatic Identification Systems).
Model Course 6.09 for training the Instructors (Training Course for Instructors) can
be also performed using NTPRO 5000.
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
Chapter 5 To highlight sections of a document
GENERAL INFORMATION
Simulator Status
“Navi-Trainer Professional 5000” simulator has “Certificate of Type Approval
of equipment” from the Federal Service for Supervision of Transport of Russia’s
Ministry of Transport as a simulator, that can be used for training of navigators
in accordance with the programs: “Radar Observation and Plotting”, “Use of ARPA”,
“Radar Observation and Plotting & Use of ARPA”, “Use of ECDIS”, “Ship Handling
and Manoeuvring”, “Navigation and Watchkeeping”, “Training of VTS Operators”.
NTPro 5000 simulator has Statement of Compliance with Class A Standard
for Certification of Maritime Simulators No. 2.14, October 2007, based on
requirements of the STCW Convention, Regulation I/12, issued by DNV.
In additional Navi-Trainer Professional 5000 simulator has a Certificate
of Conformance, issued by the Shipping Register of Ukraine.
Preamble 5
Brief Outline of the Simulator Complex
Preamble 7
Brief Outline of the Trainee Capabilities
The simulator uses the following ready-to-use databases which are permanently
extended and updated:
– use the binoculars, log, magnetic and gyro compasses, Doppler log,
echosounder and wind indicator;
– use the radionavigation vessel positioning systems;
– command the tugboat operation and putting out of mooring lines;
– when GMDSS program module is available in the simulator, hold radio exchange
with other vessels and coastal stations, organise rescue operations.
3. After completing the voyage, the trainee can familiarise him/herself with
the results using the recorded log file in the instructor’ analyser and get
a printout of these results.
Preamble 9
General Notes and Warnings
Courseware
TRANSAS, as manufacturer of “NAVI-TRAINER” marine navigational simulators,
offers the user the following features:
Notice
Information in this document is subject to change in order to improve reliability,
design, or function without prior notification.
– MANOEUVRING BOOKLETS;
Preamble 11
CHAPTER 1
Conning Display
The chapter describes the Conning Display containing
navigational instruments and devices, ship controls, mooring
display and alarm system.
Listed below are the panels available at “Signals” level with the appropriate call
buttons specified:
• Help in using the panel for giving distress signals (“Help” button);
• Panel for giving distress signals (“Distress Signals” button);
• SAR Direction Finder (“SAR DF” button).
All the panels listed above can be switched to in any order with a trainee’s pointing
device (mouse).
Note: “Run” and “Stop” buttons do not appear unless the display is run
with AllowAssign = 1 parameter.
It is possible to adjust the illumination brightness of all the panels to suit the
illumination level in the visualization gaming area. To do this, use “Light” button.
“Dimmer” button allows the brightness of instrument indicators to be adjusted.
These two buttons are arranged in the right-hand part of panel call buttons.
It is modified depending on the vessel type. If the ship has a single engine, the engine
telegraph will have a single handle. If the ship has two engines, the engine telegraph will
have two handles (as shown in the drawing). To work with one of the engines, use
the mouse (tracker ball) to move the appropriate engine telegraph handle. To work
with both engines (portside and starboard) simultaneously, move the mouse
in the space between the handles.
Over the telegraph, there is an engine readiness indicator (“Engine Ready”)
which shows that it is ready for operation. For a more accurate setting of the engine
telegraph handles, use the buttons with arrows and digital displays arranged over
the engine telegraph.
The engine operation is shown by the digital displays of the propeller shaft (shafts)
rate of revolutions – “RPM” and the propeller (propellers) pitch angle – “Pitch”
(not for all the ships) as well as the analog “Start Air” gauge.
To the top of the buttons with arrows and digital displays, there is the indicator
of the clinometer.
Under the controls of the rudder there are two scales with the ship thruster control
handles: for the “Bow Thruster” and for the “Stern Thruster”.
The availability of one or two scales, or their absence, is determined by the number
of thrusters for the given ship type. Control of the thruster is by moving the handle
in the required direction (to the left or to the right) by using the mouse
(drag-and-drop mode). Thruster displays show their power as the per cent
of the maximum power, and the direction of the ship’s bow or thruster turn.
• “Auto” – in this mode the autopilot is turned on (see Autopilot Control Panel,
Navigational Instruments Panel section), is steering the ship along that course
which was set at the time of switching on; when the autopilot is operating, a green
light indicator is turned on to the right of the button;
• “FollowUp” – follow up mode (helm is used);
• “NonFollowUp” – non-follow up mode (tiller is used).
Note: For models of ships fitted out with the Dynamic Positioning System (DPS),
the panel has “DP System” button which, if pressed, makes the ship control
impossible other than from the station where Navis IVCS 2000 software
is installed.
• Default view;
• Advanced view – to switch the viewing point.
• Gyro compass card azimuth disk with the following shown within it:
– relative wind vector (blue);
– relative current vector (green);
– binoculars turn-on button.
Binocular Control
When the button is pressed, the buttons for switching the binocular control
modes are displayed above the gyrocompass card:
Note: The change of the binocular focal length and switching on the black-and-
white night vision mode is not performed if the Seagull 5000 visualization
is used in the simulator.
To change the view direction during the work with the binocular, follow the steps
described above in paragraph Change of the View Direction.
• red buttons – to move the view point to different position along the port side;
• orange buttons – to move the view point to different position along the diametric
plane of the ship, including the navigational bridge;
• green buttons – to move the view point to different position along the starboard.
To change the viewing direction, you can either press at once the required button
on the diagram or press the “Next” button for selecting, one by one, all the available
viewing directions. After the final selection of the direction, press the “Done” button
in order to return to the compass card (Default view mode).
Rear Mode
In the Rear Mode, the Conning Display simulates the workplace on a bridge
with aft view.
To switch the Rear mode on, press the “Rear mode” button.
In a while, the “Rear mode” button is highlighted in red, the “Select view points”
buttons, the ship controls and the indicators of some devices are reversed.
To switch the Rear mode off and go back to the Advanced view mode, press the
“Rear mode” button again.
Note: A view of the “Man. Info” page (availability and arrangement of displays
and buttons) depends on the ship type.
The following engine and steering gear operation, analogous gauges, may be
arranged on the page:
• “RPM” – rate of revolutions;
• “Pitch” – pitch angle;
• “Rudder Angle” – rudder blade angle.
Note: For ships with two rudders in the asynchronous operation mode, you can
switch the display readings. To display the state of the starboard rudder use
the “SB” button, for the portside rudder use the “PS” button.
• “RateOfTurn, °/min” – ship’s rate of turn.
During the vessel’s turn, the pointer of “RateOfTurn, °/min” gauge may
“tremble”. In this case, in order to steady the reading, use “F” (filter) button under
it. The button has three positions, and the number of the current position is shown
on the digital display to the right of the button.
In the centre of the panel for the control of the viewing direction, there is a gyrocompass
card if the “Gyro” button is pressed. It can be replaced with the magnetic compass
card if the “Magnetic” button is pressed. Above the gyro compass card, there are
buttons with arrows which are used for changing the view direction on the screen
“to the left” and “to the right”.
Between the gauges, in the bottom part of the panel, there are buttons of three
steering gear pumps: two principal pumps (“Pump 1” and “Pump 2”) and a “Standby”.
When the pumps are turned on, the buttons are lighted. Round light indicators over
the buttons are turned on when the respective pump is under operation. In the process
of the exercise, the trainee can disable one of the pumps, the rudder’s rate of turn
will then decrease.
The ship’s main engine controls include the analog gauge of the engine start air –
“Start Air, bar”; “Emergency Run” and “Emergency Stop” which are used in case
of engine faults set by the Instructor during the exercise, as well as “Emergency
Program” and “Combinator” buttons (not for all the vessels).
“Emergency Run” button disables the automatic engine safety system cancelling
Slow Down mode (drop of the engine load) when the engine operation parameters
grow beyond the admissible limits. A lengthy engine operation with “Emergency
Run” button depressed may cause its break down (Shut Down).
“Emergency Stop” button allows the engine to be stopped instantaneously by cutting
off the fuel supply to the engine cylinders.
“Emergency Program” button is used for cancelling normal maneuvering program.
“Combinator” button is used exclusively on the vessels whose remote control
systems feature this function.
The trainee can obtain information on what has happened to the engine by referring
to “Alarms” page (see Alarms Panel section in this chapter).
Particulars
Turning Circles
• tabs for selecting a graphic picture of the turning circle on the deep water
(“Deep water”) and on the shallows water (“Shallow water”);
• tabs for selecting the ship’s initial speed in a manoeuvre (in knots);
• ship tracks graph;
• table of time for the selected tracks with rudder angles of ± 15, ± 35 degrees.
Emergency Manoeuvres
• tabs for selecting the initial speed in emergency manoeuvres (in knots);
• graphic presentation of manoeuvres:
– dead ahead, full astern;
– aport (astarboard), full astern;
– aport (astarboard).
• table of time for the turning circles with rudder angles of ±15, ±35 degrees.
Stopping Tracks
Magnetic Deviation
The “Magnetic Deviation” page provides a table with magnetic deviation values
from 0° to 350°.
Sensors
• X – “minus” from ship centre to stern, “plus” from ship centre to bow;
• Y – “minus” from ship centre to portside, “plus” from ship centre to starboard;
• Z – “minus” down from ship waterline, “plus” upwards from ship waterline.
Operating Modes
FU/NFU Control Operation
With this mode of operation, the rudder angle is preselected or adjusted by means
of a handwheel or a tiller. In case of FU control, the rudder is caused to automatically
take this position. In case of NFU control, the rudder moves in the preselected direction
as long as the tiller is being actuated. Checking the instantaneous rudder angle is to be
made in this case by observing the rudder position indicator.
With any type of hand control, autopilot makes the set course – indicated
on the operator unit – follow up the instantaneous actual course.
Thus, a rapid change between hand control and automatic control is possible,
as the set-course adjustment required for autopilot equipment of former generation,
is no longer necessary.
Course Control Operation (Autopilot)
With changing over from hand control to automatic control, the operating mode
“Course control” is activated. The instantaneous ship’s course is retained in the set
course window of the operator unit. The ship guided by the course controller
continues moving in its previous direction.
Adjusting the set course is required only when the course is intended to be changed.
On the operator unit, selection can be made between the course references
of magnetic compass and gyro compass.
In addition to this, an alarm threshold for the off-course and course monitor alarm
and a limit value for rudder limitation can be entered.
Control Elements
The operator unit has the following control and indication functions:
Indications
• Heading. Digital 4-digit LED actual course indicator (gyro or
magnetic compass reference);
For example, a display with four marks alight indicates that the vessel has deviated
from the course by 3–4 degrees to starboard. The two right-hand marks flash in
the event of set course deviations of greater than +10 degrees. The same applies
analogously to deviations to the portside. If the vessel is within ±1 degree
of the set course, two marks in the centre of the difference display light up.
Value Inputs
If an input function has been selected with “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection
pushbutton, e.g. “Rudder Limitation” (the panel is illuminated), turn the rotary knob to
alter the displayed value.
As Auto mode is switched to, the ship course is set on the autopilot panel as the set
course. This is why the ship does not change its previous direction. “Autop. ON”
indicator lights up on the control panel. Information on the input of data, commands
and change of parameters (like the set course) will be provided below.
The flashing arrow next to the rotary knob requests the operator to alter the selected
value. After the value has been altered, the flashing status indication “Set” requests
the operator to press “Set” pushbutton.
The new value is adopted when “Set” pushbutton is pressed. The “Set Course” panel
lights up, the arrow is extinguished, and the set course again appears in the display.
Input can be aborted at all times by pressing “Set Course” pushbutton, thus switching
over to set course input. Again, parameter input is aborted if the operator does not
enter any values for 15 seconds. The unit assumes idle state, i.e. the arrows are not
lighted up.
Entering/Checking the Values for “Yawing”
“Yawing” parameter permits the sensitivity of the course controller to be adjusted.
The “Yawing” setting must be performed dependent on weather conditions. In bad
weather, higher values are to be selected in order that unnecessary rudder orders
might be avoided. In calm weather, low values are to be selected:
• Press “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection pushbuttons until “Yawing” function
panel lights up. The words “Set Course” are extinguished. The display panel
indicates the current value;
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel
(possible values: 1 to 6). “Set” status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the autopilot when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
Entering/Checking the Values for “Rudder”
The proportional gain of the course controller is set with the “Rudder” value.
The higher the “Rudder” value, the larger the rudder angle during a course change.
Too high “Rudder” values result in overshooting of the vessel. In case of too low
values, the vessel turns in to the new course too slowly:
• Press either of “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection pushbutton until “Rudder”
function panel lights up. The words “Set Course” are extinguished. The display
panel indicates the current value;
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel
(possible values: 1 to 9). “Set” status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the system when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
Entering/Checking the Values for “Counter Rudder”
The differential component of the course controller is set with “Counter Rudder”
value. The higher the “Counter Rudder” value, the greater the counteraction during
a course change. Too low “Counter Rudder” values result in overshooting of the vessel.
In case of too high values, the vessel turns in to the new course too slowly:
• Press the selection pushbutton “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” until the “Count. Rud.”
function panel lights up. The words “Set Course” are extinguished. The display
panel indicates the current value;
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel
(possible values are from 0 to 9), set status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the system when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
• Press “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection pushbutton until “Speed” function
panel lights up:
– By means of an “L” (log) before the number, the display panel indicates
the current value supplied by the log;
– The words “Set Course” disappear.
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel and “H”
(hand = manual) appears in front of the set value. “Set” status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the system when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
If it is again intended to use, the speed signal supplied by the log:
• Press “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection pushbutton until “Speed” function
panel lights up. The words “Set Course” disappear. The display panel indicates
the last manually set value with an “H” in front of it;
• With the rotary knob, set the value of 0.0 in the display panel and then turn
to the left slightly beyond 0.0 until “LOG” appears in the display panel;
• The LOG pre-selection is entered by pressing “Set” the pushbutton. The input
is adopted by the system.
Entering/Checking the Value for “Radius”
The ship turn radius in cables is set with “Radius” parameter. The turn radius should
be set as appropriate to the ship type (see the pilot card) and its initial speed:
• Press the selection pushbutton “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” until the “Radius”
function panel lights up. The words “Set Course” are extinguished. The display
panel indicates the current value;
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel
(possible values are from 0.2 to 50). Set status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the system when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
• Press “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection pushbutton until “Rud. Lim.” function
panel lights up. The words “Set Course” are extinguished. The display panel
indicates the current value;
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel
(possible values are from 5 to max). “Set” status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the system when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
Entering/Checking the Values for “Off Course”
The course control error threshold is set with “Off Course” value.
The deviation between the set course and actual course is monitored in this way.
If “Off Course” value is exceeded in course control mode (status indication “Autop. ON”
lighted), “Off Course” alarm is triggered off:
• Press “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection pushbutton until “Off Course” function
panel lights up. The words “Set Course” are extinguished. The display panel
indicates the current value;
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel
(possible values are from 5 to 30). “Set” status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the system when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
Entering/Checking the Value for “Rate of Turn”
The rate of turn for a course changing manoeuvre is set with “R.o.T.” value.
The rudder limitation remains effective irrespective of the R.o.T. value:
• Press “Arrow Up” or “Arrow Dn” selection pushbutton until “R.o.T.” function
panel lights up. The words “Set Course” are extinguished. The display panel
indicates the current value;
• Turn the rotary knob until the desired value appears in the display panel
(possible values are from 5 to max deg./min). “Set” status indication flashes;
• The new value is adopted by the system when “Set” pushbutton is pressed.
The old value remains stored in the system if the pushbutton is not pressed.
The system returns to idle state after 15 seconds.
ATTENTION!
In case of course changes with adjusted rate of turn and in conjunction with the adjusted
rudder limitation, the following is to be taken into consideration.
If – due to rudder limitation – the adjusted rate of turn is not reached, the rudder
limitation is to be extended only step by step (steps ≤ 5 deg.), as otherwise – because of
the integral component of the controller – the rate of turn could be considerably
exceeded.
Command Inputs
The mode selector pushbuttons alter the autopilot’s operating state. The assigned
status display (LED) indicates the operating state with continuous light. When it flashes,
it requests the operator to carry out an operator action.
Autopilot ON
Autopilot is turned on by pressing “Auto” button on the steering gear control panel.
“Autop. ON” indicator lights up on the control panel.
If other ship controls are selected, “Autop. ON” indicator goes out.
Magnetic Compass/Gyro Compass
It is possible to switch over between the magnetic compass course reference and
gyro compass for autopilot by means of “Magn./Gyro” mode selector pushbutton.
The activated course reference is indicated by “Magn.” or “Gyro” status display,
and the corresponding actual course is indicated in the display.
The heading display indicates:
• “Magn.” for the magnetic compass course;
• “Gyro” for the gyro compass course.
In the event of deviations between the magnetic and gyro compass course,
the difference is automatically added to the previous set course by the system
after switch-over, so that the followed course remains unchanged. It is thus possible
to safely switch between “Gyro” and “Magn”. With the operating mode of track
control, the set course correction may result in different indications between set
course and navigation receiver indication. Pay attention to that when changing over.
Course Control
Course control is the normal operating mode of an autopilot. “Course Control”
mode is always activated first when the ship’s steering is changed over from Manual
to Autopilot.
If the operator subsequently switches over to track control, you have possibility
to restore the course control – press “Course Control” pushbutton: “Course Control”
mode is activated.
Track Control
The mode is designed for the control of the own ship’s motion along the route.
The route is set by the WP coordinates which are transmitted to the autopilot from
the ECDIS. This route can be created by the trainees themselves or taken from
an exercise prepared by the Instructor.
The mode ensures:
1. Vessel’s start on the set route after “Track Control” button is pressed.
2. Offset of the vessel’s lateral deviation from a straight route segment. In the presence
of some disturbances from the wind, current, and sea, the autopilot ensures
an average zero XTE provided its control coefficients are correctly adjusted
and the vessel is controllable at very big disturbances.
3. Automatic smooth turn in to the next straight route segment with the minimum
re-adjustment and with the set limit for the maximum rudder angle.
The mode can be turned on if the following conditions are fulfilled simultaneously:
• the vessel’s lateral deviation from the current route segment is not more than
0.3 n mile;
• deviation in course at the given segment is not more than 30°.
If these conditions are fulfilled, the closest route segment is determined
automatically and the vessel is steering to this segment. If these conditions
are not fulfilled, there is an alarm indicating that the mode cannot be turned on.
After the vessel passes the last WP of the route, the autopilot automatically switches
to the Course Control mode, an alarm notifying the navigator about this fact.
The procedure to transmit the route to the autopilot is as follows:
1. After the exercise loading, the ECDIS obtains the route from the Instructor
workstation with default “Trainer” name. You can unload this route and route
plan (in ROUTE menu) at any time in the course of an exercise.
2. Switch to GRAPHIC EDITOR in the same menu and plot a new route, using the double
right mouse button click to complete it.
3. Save this new route under any name (not more than 8 characters)
in ROUTE\SAVE menu.
4. To activate the new route, press the “Monitor” button.
5. Press “Use Plotter route” button on “Nav. Aids” panel. The new route will appear
on the Instructor display, on the radars (if you switch on WP function), on the GPS
receiver.
6. If your autopilot was run in Track Control mode before: switch on Course Control
mode and Track Control mode again to load a new route into Autopilot.
After this procedure, the route loaded in the ECDIS, will be automatically transmitted
to the Autopilot, and all you will have to do is press its control button: “Track Control”
at the required moment of time.
Note: If the ECDIS is not included in the bridge configuration, the Instructor’s route
WP’s are always automatically transmitted to the autopilot; in this case,
no adjustments are required.
Rate-of-Turn/Radius Control
The selected mode determines how the automatic turn will be made.
If “R.o.T./Radius” button’s top green indicator is lighted, the autopilot will turn
in to a new course at a rate of turn not exceeding that set by “R.o.T” parameter.
A press on “R.o.T./Radius” button lights up the bottom green indicator, and the
autopilot will turn the ship in to a new course with a radius equal to the value, set
by “Radius” parameter.
Alarms
Off-course Alarm
Cause:
1. The off-course error is larger than the limit set. This alarm is not issued in case
of direct course setting or immediately after a deliberate course change.
2. The magnetic course has changed compared to the set course
(course monitor alarm).
3. Autopilot is defective.
Signaling:
• The LED in the “Off Course” field blinks+audible signal (continuous sound);
• The LED of the “Test/Reset” key blinks.
Measure:
• Canceling the audible signal by pressing the “Test/Reset” key. The two LED’s
change over from blinking to permanent light;
• Check or increase limit;
• Change over to manual control in case of operation error (Autopilot defective).
Speed Alarm
Cause:
1. Speed alarm is given in case the actual ship’s speed within a period of 10 sec
varies by > 7.2 knots (corresponding to > 4 log pulses), (e.g. by log errors or
defective electronics).
2. Speed alarm is given when the ship’s speed is reduced too much for performing
autopilot operation.
Signaling:
• The LED in the “Speed” field blinks+audible signal (continuous sound);
• The LED of the “Test/Reset” key blinks.
Measure:
• Canceling the audible signal by pressing “Test/Reset” key;
• Blinking of both LED’s changes to continuous light.
In case 1: Change over to manual speed input.
ATTENTION!
The actual speed value is to be checked as a matter of principle. If this value falls
below 5 knots, change over to hand control immediately!
Controls
Command Keys
• “Control” – key for selecting the autopilot operating mode:
– Heading Control;
– COG Control;
– Track Control.
• “Track Mode” – key for selecting the mode steering the ship
on the route:
– “Route” – control of motion along the route implemented
in the autopilot;
– “Tracking” – control of motion along the route from an external
Track Control device (Navi-Sailor).
• “Turn Mode” – key for presetting of the course change manoeuvre:
– By definite radius value (“Radius”);
– By definite rate of turn limit value (“R.O.T.”).
• “Program Mode” – key for switching the autopilot to the mode
of programmable input of the course and radius (rate of turn);
• “Dodge” – key for switching the autopilot to the mode of instant input
of the course and radius (rate of turn).
• “Rudder Limit” – key for setting the rudder angle limits; used
for selecting the parameter input mode (manual, automatic);
• “Off Course Limit” – key for setting the limit of the current course
deviation from the set course;
Displays
• “Heading\COG” – 4-digit display of the actual course from the gyro or magnetic
compass (Heading mode), or shows the course over the ground from the GPS
(COG mode);
• Off-course display – LED strip for showing the difference between the actual course
and the set course. E.g., if the vessel deviates from the set course to starboard,
the luminous beam also moves in the starboard direction;
• “Set Course” – 4-digit display which shows set course. There are two indicators:
“Off Course” alarm (red), “On Limit” (green);
• “Radius\Rudder” – 3-digit display which shows the turn radius (n mile) if the
“Radius” turn control mode is selected, or shows the rudder angle (degrees)
if the “Rudder Limit” parameter is selected;
• “Speed\R.O.T.” – 3-digit display which shows the speed value (knots) if the
Speed parameter is selected, or shows the rate-of-turn value (degrees/min)
if the “R.O.T.” turn control mode is selected;
Autopilot On
The autopilot is turned on by pressing the “Auto” button on the steering gear control
panel in the Conning Display’s common part.
As the Auto mode is switched to, the ship course is set on the autopilot panel
as the set course. This is why the ship does not change its previous direction.
Operating Modes
When selecting an operating mode, use the keys in the right-hand part of the
autopilot panel. The operation of the assigned mode is indicated by the backlighting
of this key indicator.
To select the mode, use the “Control” key (the “Track” indicator is backlighted).
There are two control modes: Route and Tracking.
By default, the Route mode is set (to the left of the “Track Mode” key, the “Route”
indicator lights up).
Route mode
In this mode, the autopilot receives the ship route in the form of successive
waypoints (WP) from an external device: GPS/Instructor Station/ECDIS.
The route is proceeded by in accordance with the autopilot’s internal algorithm.
Tracking mode
In this operation mode, the autopilot receives commands from an external Transas
INS system.
To switch from the Tracking mode to the Route mode, press the “Track Mode” key.
Radius/Rate-of-Turn Control
The selected mode determines how the automatic turn with the maintaining
of the constant turn radius or rate of turn will be made.
The mode is selected by pressing the “Turn Mode” key.
2. Move the joystick to the right (“STBD”) or to the left (“PORT”) to alter the ship course.
The new course will be shown on the “Set Course” display.
3. Move the joystick forward (to increase the value) or backwards
(to reduce the value) for changing the radius/rate of turn value.
The new value of the turn radius/rate of turn will be shown on the
“Radius”/“R.O.T.” display.
4. Press the “Enter” key.
The autopilot will receive new data.
Note: If the “Enter” key has not been pressed for 10 s, or the instant input mode is
selected, the autopilot memory saves the latest data on the course and
radius (rate of turn). It can be displayed for editing after the subsequent
activation of the programmable input mode.
Parameter Management
Keys for editing the autopilot parameters are in the left-hand part of the panel.
The active parameter key is marked with green lighting. The lighting is turned off by
pressing the “Enter” key or after 10 s.
Some keys have additional indicators (to the right). To select the necessary
indicator, press successively the relevant key. The active indicator has yellow
lighting. With the indicator flickering, it is necessary to confirm the parameter
value by pressing the “Enter” key or enter a new value by using the joystick.
The selected parameter value is shown on the “Setting” display.
Alarm Acknowledgement
As an alarm is generated, an acoustic signal is sounded, and an appropriate
key or indicator starts flickering on the autopilot panel, whereas the “Alarm Ack”
key is backlighted with red and starts flickering.
To acknowledge an alarm, press the “Alarm Ack” key. As this is done, the acoustic
signal is muted, and the keys flickering stops.
There are some indicators and control buttons in the top right-hand side. They are
(from the top to the bottom):
The Echo Sounder has two major modes: Actual and Replay.
To establish “Replay” mode, press “<<Replay>>” button. Press the left side of this button
(marked with <<) to shift the depth scale to the left, and the right side of the button
(marked with >>) to shift it to the right. All frame indicators’ readouts (date, time
and depth) will display the values, current for the selected position of the depth scale.
Gyro Panel
The Gyro panel (“Gyro”) consists of a window with a course recorder chart.
On its right is a window for the input of the vessel’s speed and latitude.
There is also a window with the value of the gyro velocity correction.
The automatic calculations of the gyro velocity correction require the vessel’s
speed and vessel’s position latitude. To this end “Speed”, “Latitude” windows
and double-arrow buttons are used. If a log and GPS receiver are used, the
required values will be entered automatically as demonstrated by the lighted
green “Auto” buttons.
The gyro failure set by the user, is indicated by the lighted red lamp on
“Failure” button. This alarm can be disabled by pressing “Failure” button.
The log control panel (“Log”) shows the ship’s longitudinal and transverse velocities
on the bow and on the stern relative to the bottom (the “BT” button) or only the ship’s
longitudinal speed through the water (the “WT” button) in metres per second
(the “m/s” button) or in knots (the “knots” button).
When an exercise is being completed, the “Total Distance” is counted from zero.
“Distance to WP”, whereby an alert is generated, can be entered by
pressing buttons marked with double arrows (“<<” and “>>”).
The alert is generated for notifying the trainee about passing the distance he/she
has set before. To acknowledging an alert, press “Ack” button.
Turn On
To turn on the SSAS power supply, set the three-position switch on the control/junction
box in “ON” or “TEST” position. The system responds by switching to the operating
status, the process taking two minutes during which the light indicator on the imitator
of INMARSAT D+ terminal is reflecting various internal checks and adjustments
of the communication channel.
Standby Mode
In the Standby mode, the three-position switch on the control/junction box is required
to be in “ON” position. At this stage, the security alert buttons are not activated.
ECO Panel
The “Eco” panel is designed for monitoring of ecological parameters of environment.
Note: The “Eco” panel is accessible for a limited number of ships.
The panel contains the indicators, displaying graphically changes of the values of
the following ecological parameters:
Ship’s signals control panel (“Nav. Signals”) allows the trainee to turn on/off the
lights, flash signals, and search light, to set daytime shapes on the vessel, to give
sound signals appropriate to the simulated situation, to release the lifebuoy with
a signal light.
If the exercise includes towing operations, buttons for turning on the “Towing masthead”
lights can be added in the top part of the panel.
When sailing in the inland waters, to turn on navigational lights on the river/sea
ships 1–8, use the “River Special” panel.
To the right, there are four buttons for turning on passing side indicating signals
on the river ships:
Note: The “red cone with the vertex down” shape is used in the carriage
of dangerous cargoes on the inland waterways.
To turn on/off a search light, press “Search Light” button under “Flash” button.
By using arrow buttons you can set the searchlight beam incline angle. The beam
direction can be selected on the azimuth circle.
“At anchor” and “Aground” buttons are designed for giving gong or bell signals when
at the anchor or aground vessel.
To stop automatic sound, press “No Auto Sound” button.
“Gong”, “Tyfon”, “Bell” “R. Bell” (repeatable bell) buttons are used to give signals
manually, during exercise.
For some ship models (e.g. Life boat) it is possible to turn on the siren by pressing
one of four buttons “1”, “2”, “3”, “4”. To turn off the siren, press the “Off” button.
Release Lifebuoy
In the right bottom part of the panel, there are buttons for
dropping a lifebuoy with a signal light (“Release Lifebuoy”) from
the portside (“Port” button) and starboard (“Starboard” button).
The left-hand part of the panel contains flags and pennants as well as page switch
buttons:
• alphabet flags;
• numeric pennants;
Note: For some models of naval ships in the simulator it is possible to give NATO
signals in addition to the ICS signals; they can be hoisted on six halyards
(three on each side). To enable giving NATO signals, the “Flags” panel has
a “NATO Navy” button. A press on this button opens up a panel containing
pages with NATO flags. To switch back to the mode of giving ICS signals,
press the “International Code of Signals” button.
The central panel part contains seven “baskets” for the preparation of a signal
and two buttons:
• separating halyard;
Note: It should be noted that not other signal can be raised on a halyard before
the already hoisted signal is lowered.
“Morse” page is intended for giving Morse code sound or light signals.
“Morse” page has an azimuth circle for setting the relative bearing and controls
for giving a signal, first formed in the central part of the panel:
ALARMS PANEL
The “Alarms” panel contains the following pages:
• “General Alarms” – general alarm signals;
• “Engine Alarms” – engine malfunction alarms;
• “Steering Alarms” – steering gear malfunction alarms.
• “Fire Alarms” – fire alarms.
On each page, there is an alarm signal control panel (“Panel Control”) which contains:
General Alarms
The “General Alarms” page contains:
• Set of alarm indicators (alarm indicators are displayed on the screen, only
if have been set by the Instructor in the alarm.xml setup file, or by use
of “Procedural alarms” panel):
• Slow Down.
• Shut Down.
• Start Fail.
Slow Down
The safety system makes the diesel load drop by reducing the pre-set rate of revolutions
in case of an FPP (fixed pitch propeller), and if it is a diesel with CPP (controllable pitch
propeller) – by reducing the propeller pitch (for four-cycle diesels) and by reducing the
propeller pitch and pre-set RPM (for two-cycle diesels). An alarm can be set off some
time (e.g. 30 seconds) before the safety system’s actuation. The safety system’s
operation is disabled by means of “Emergency Run” button.
The safety system automatically reduces the diesel load in the following situations:
“OverLoad” – the diesel overload. It reduces the propeller pitch (for CPP)
until the diesel power is lower than the limit power for the given RPM.
For FPP only an alarm is available. More than one hour operation with
100–110% diesel overload, or more than 110% overload may cause
the diesel breakage.
“Oil Mist” – oil mist in the crankcase. Drop of the diesel load. If the alarm
stops, the load can be increased. The continuing operation may cause
the diesel breakdown (explosion in the crankcase), especially without
load reduction with “Emergency Run” button pressed.
“Cool. P Low” – low pressure of cooling water at the diesel outlet. Drop of
the diesel load. Short-time (5–10 min) diesel operation is possible at a slow
speed. Then “Cool. T High” alarm goes off (see above). If both alarms
stop, the load can be gradually increased.
Shut Down
The safety system shuts down the diesel by stopping the fuel supply. An alarm can
be set off some time (e.g. 10 sec) before the safety system’s actuation. The operation
of the safety system is disabled by means of “Emergency Run” button.
The safety system automatically shuts down the diesel in the following situations:
“Lub. Oil P Low” – low pressure of the lubricating oil. Diesel stop.
If the alarm dies away (the fault is corrected), the diesel can be run.
Continuing operation with “Emergency Run” button pressed causes
the diesel breakage in 2–3 minutes.
Start Fail
An alarm activates on the diesel’s start failure or locking. The alarm actuation occurs
simultaneously with the lock-system actuation, i.e. on an attempted start
in a prohibited situation.
The start is impossible; the alarm is actuated in the following cases.
“Turn Gear” – the turn gear is not disabled. The Model’s response
is that the start is impossible.
“Too Long Start” – the start is protracted. When the start duration is
longer than the pre-set time (appr. 10 sec), the attempt is considered
to have failed. The system is switched to “STOP” position and the start
attempt is repeated. After three failed attempts, the system is locked.
In order to unlock the system, press “Reset” or set the throttle to “STOP”
position. The Model’s response is that the air consumption for the start
increases, the start air pressure drops faster.
“Start Air P Low” – the pressure of start air is low. In this case, three
more diesel starts are provided (for the reversible diesel). The Model’s
response is that the start air receivers are not replenished.
“System Error” – control system breakdown. Control from the local console
should be switched to the Model’s response. The diesel stops responding
to the diesel commands and continues the operation set before the control
system breakdown. To effect the diesel emergency stop, use “Emergency
Stop” button. After this the diesel can only be started from the local control
console, or after the fault has been eliminated.
• Rudder jamming – mechanic rudder jamming. The result is that the rudder blade
becomes immobile;
• Pump failure – failure of one of the pumps (No 1, No 2 or reserve). The result
is a lower rudder-over speed (e.g. with the operation of two pumps – No 1 and
No 2, the rudder-over speed will drop to half its value if pump No 1 fails; if pump
No 2 also fails, there will be no rudder-over).
Steering Alarms
The “Steering Alarms” page contains alarm indicators of the steering gear faults:
Fire Alarms
The “Fire Alarms” page contains the “Fire Alarms” and “Fire Control” groups.
The “Fire Alarms” group contains fire alarm indicators which are highlighted and
start blinking in case of fire detection in certain zones of a vessel. After the alarm
signal is acknowledged (by means of the “Alarm Ackn” button), the alarm indicators
stop blinking and get highlighted only.
The “Fire Control” group contains the buttons for controlling the fire system:
• “Fire pump sea chest” – seawater intake through the sea chest for power supply
of the emergency fire pump;
• “Engine room vent” – switching on/off of engine room ventilation;
• “Fire pump deck valve” – control of the deck drain valve.
“ME Responsibility” group contains a switch for passing control from the Bridge
to the local ERS post (and back). Control is passed by the coordinated switching
to the appropriate position (“Bridge Control” or “ECR Control”). The indicator
of the corresponding post is flickering until switches on both posts are placed
in the same position.
“ME & Remote Control System” group contains indicators of the main engine faults
and the remote automatic control (RAC) system power indicator (Remote Control
indicator). Emergency indicators have the following meanings:
“ME Safety System” group contains emergency warning indicators of the engine
safety system. “Safety Reset” button in intended for resetting safety system alerts.
Power indicator points at power ON in the safety system. Emergency indicators
have the following meanings:
• “ME Overspeed” – warning about the maximum shaft RPM being exceeded;
• “ME Slow Down” – warning about the load being reduced by the safety system;
• “ME Shut Down” – warning about the diesel operation being stopped
by the safety system.
“Steering System” group contains emergency indicators of the steering system.
Emergency indicators have the following meanings:
• “EMCY Run” – to turn off the engine automatic safety system overruling Slow
Down mode (reducing the engine load) when the engine operating parameters
exceed the permissible limits;
• “EMCY Stop” – to instantly stop the engine by cutting fuel supply to the cylinders;
• “ME Slow Down” – to indicate load being reduced by the safety system;
• “ME Shut Down” – to indicate the diesel operation being stopped by the safety
system.
“ME Control” group contains “Manoeuvring Program” button. When the manoeuvring
program is on, engine rpm changeover occurs according to an accelerated program.
“Steering Responsibility” group contains the following indicators:
“Emergency Pitch Control” group contains buttons for the emergency control
of the propeller pitch from the bridge:
• “EMCY Ctrl On/Off” button is intended for turning on/off emergency control
of the propeller pitch from the bridge;
• “Ahead”, “Astern” buttons are intended for the control of the propeller pitch from
the bridge. The propeller pitch changes if an appropriate button is pressed and
held depressed;
• “ER Local Control” indicator indicates CPP control from the local ERS post.
“CPP” group contains the following indicators:
The picture on the chart moves relative to the own ship silhouette.
At the left of a chart there are eight buttons for the chart adjustment
(from the top to the bottom):
• adjustment of the chart palette (4 modes);
• increasing of the chart scale (arrows from the centre);
• reduction of the chart scale (arrows to the centre);
• 4 buttons for moving the chart image (arrows: to the left, to the right, up, down);
• trend.
A press on “Trend” button turns on the mode of predicting the ship motion 6 minutes
ahead for the current control parameters. This mode software takes into account
the currently effective environmental ship drift factors. Calculation results are
updated every second, which allows the trainee to promptly correct his/her helm,
thruster, and engine telegraph orders when maneuvering in restricted conditions.
In the ship motion prediction mode, 13 own ship contours are drawn on
the electronic chart. The first of them (uncolored) shows the own ship’s current
position, the other 12 (filled with dark grey) show the ship’s future positions with
a 30 seconds step. As “Trend” button is disabled, these 12 colour filled contours
disappear from the chart.
The controls of the anchors, tow/mooring lines, balloon fenders or automatic tugs
are implemented from the left-hand part of the panel.
To switch between the anchors, lines, balloon fenders and target tugs control
panels, use “Bow/Stern Anchor”, “Lines”, “Fenders” and “Tugs” buttons respectively.
The button of the panels displayed on the screen is lighted.
• “Set length” – a list box for setting the anchor chain length in shackles
(each shackles is 27.43 m);
• Digital indicators of anchor parameters:
– “Chain length” – the length of the anchor chain, in shackles;
– “Strain” – chain tension, in tons;
– “Angle” – direction of chain relative to the bow, in deg;
– “Speed” – chain speed, in m/s.
• The buttons for anchor winches control.
Set the required length of the anchor chain in compliance with good seamanship
requirements. To do this, use arrow buttons and watch the “Set length” scale.
To drop the anchor, use the following buttons:
After the anchor lies on the ground, the chain continues to be paid out at a slower
rate due to friction.
A mark (touch point) will appear on the picture of the anchor line, indicating that
the anchor chain has reached the ground. The line from the anchor to the touch
point shows the part of the anchor chain lying on the ground; from the touch point
to the ship – the sagging part of the anchor chain:
The chain will continue to be paid out until its length reaches the set value, whereupon
the automatic anchor chain stop is actuated, and the “Hold” indicator button lights up.
Anchorage
When anchorage, the anchor chain with a considerable slackening up has a damping
effect on the dynamic load on the anchor, as the momentum of the vessel’s bow
is used up for lifting the centre of the chain’s mass when it is tightened up.
With the choppy wind changing its direction and irregular sea, the vessel starts
complex undamped oscillations accompanied by jerks.
You can reduce the force of these jerks by paying out the anchor cable with “Drop”,
“Pay Out”, “Walk Out” buttons.
In case of dangerous increase of the vessel’s turning diameter at the anchor,
you can use “Up” button to heave short.
• the towing chart displaying the own ship and surrounding objects contour,
and buttons for the chart adjustment;
• the table which displays the following information:
– “Point” – number of the point on the own ship where the line is sent from;
– “Object” – name of the object where the line is sent to or from;
– “State” – current status of the line;
– “Length” – length of the sent line (in units designated by the Instructor);
– “Force” – line pull force.
• the buttons for tow/mooring winch control;
• the drop-down list for line material selection.
• Steel;
• Aramid;
• Dyneema;
• Nylon;
• Polyester;
• Polypropylene.
Note: The line material can be selected only if the line is not send.
Operation Result
Position the cursor in the line fastening
point on the own ship or target ship
contour
Press the left mouse button The line fastening point will be marked as “FIRST”
In the drop-down list, left-click to select
the cable material
Press the left mouse button The line fastening point will be marked as “FIRST”
Operation Result
Position the cursor in the line fastening
point on another ship’s contour
Press the left mouse button This line fastening point will be marked as “SECOND”
Press the “Runout” button The line will be sent from the “FIRST” point to the “SECOND”
point:
If no line fastening point was selected on another ship before the “Runout” button
is pressed, the line will be hanging down (not accepted) waiting for the fastening
command. To accept the line, use the following procedure:
Operation Result
Position the cursor on the unfastened
line
Press the left mouse button The line will be highlighted in orange
Operation Result
Position the cursor in the line fastening The line fastening point will be marked as “SECOND”:
point on another ship and press the left
mouse button
• To veer the line (without using the winch), press the “Veer” button;
The top left part of the control panel contains the following information in the tabular form:
• “Point” – number of the point where the fender is sent from;
• “Object” – name and number of the balloon fender;
• “State” – fender’s current state (Onboard, Outboard).
Fenders can be controlled on the portside and on the starboard. To do this, press
the “Port” or “Starboard” button respectively. As this is done, the table will display
information on all the mooring points on the ship’s portside or starboard.
To drop a fender overboard you should first select it in the table, or on the chart
select the necessary mooring point on the ship contour (except for stern and bow
mooring points).
Then press the “Outboard” button. On the mooring chart, the fender
was dropped from, will be encircled:
The “Tugs” panel is divided into two parts; the left-hand part displays a table with list
of target tugboats assigned in the exercise and tugboat control buttons, whilst
the right-hand part shows the exercise chart itself, with objects plotted on it.
The table specifies the following data for each available tugboat:
• Follow;
• Escort;
• Attach;
• Push;
• Pull.
Depending on performed operation, the tug contour on the chart changes its color
according to the following table.
Status/Operation Color
Going to carry out operation Green
Carrying out an operation Violet
Free Black
Selected as an object Orange
Tug Reservation
The tugboat can be switched over the automatic mode by “Request” command.
The following procedure must be used to switch a tug target to automatic mode
and to reserve it for operation with own ship:
Operation Result
Select the required free tug in tugboat list The button “Request” became active
Press “Request” button The tug will be reserved for work with own ship.
The selected tug is marked by “SELECT” label on the
chart.
The engaged tugs are marked by “auto” label on the
chart:
The tugboats engaged by one ship cannot be reserved by another ship unless
it is released by “Letgo” command.
Follow to Point
In this mode, the tug follows to absolute geographic point specified by the Trainee,
avoiding mobile and static obstacles at maximum available speed (12.5 knots),
and lies in the drift at point of destination.
The following procedure must be used to initiate the “follow to point” mode:
Operation Result
Select the reserved tug in tugboat list
Position the cursor on destination point The destination point will be marked on chart by label
on the chart outside the ship contour “POSITION”, the button “Follow” became active:
and click the left mouse button
Press “Follow” button Having received the command, the tugboat will start
proceeding to the set point at the maximum speed
Note: The tugboat will be not able to get to the work point unless the ship
is proceeding at a speed greater than the tugboat’s maximum speed.
Escort
In this mode, the tugboat follows the ship at some escort position specified by Trainee.
Tug moves to escort position avoiding mobile and static obstacles at maximum available
speed. At destination point, the tug will have the same speed and the same heading as
escorted vessel.
The following procedure must be used to initiate the Escort mode:
Operation Result
Select the reserved tug in tugboat list
Position the cursor on destination point on The destination point will be marked on chart by label
the chart outside the ship contour and click “POSITION”, the button “Escort” became active
the left mouse button
Press “Escort” button Having received the command, the tugboat will start
proceeding to the set point at the maximum speed
Note: The tugboat will be not able to get to the work point unless the ship
is proceeding at a speed greater than the tugboat’s maximum speed.
Line Fastening
The line can be fastened by two alternative ways: by giving “Attach” command
or by setting line manually (on the “Lines” panel).
To fasten line by giving “Attach” command, use the following procedure:
Operation Result
Select the reserved tug in tugboat list
Position the cursor on the ship contour The mouse cursor will assume the shape of “round square”:
on one of the fastening points
Click the left mouse button The fastening point will be marked by label “ATTACH”:
Note: At the “Attach” command, the tug moves close to fastening point and
sets the short line either from bow (reverse tractor and conventional tugs) or
stern winch (tractor tug).
While the tug is fastened on short line (by sending “Attach” command), the direction
and level of thrust can be altered by “Thrust” lever. The “Push” and “Pull” commands
can be applied to fastened tug to initiate “pushing” or “pulling” operation.
Note: The line is released automatically if the push or pull tug position is given
on the ship’s hull side, opposite to fastening point.
To unfasten the tug, either any different command must be given, or the line
released by drag-and-drop procedure.
The second alternative is to set the line manually (from one point to another by
common drag-and-drop procedure). In this case, the tug may be anyhow far from
fastening point. To set line manually, use the following procedure:
Operation Result
Switch the tugboat into the escort mode The tug will go to the operation point
(“Escort” command) and select the
escorting position close to fastening point
Press “Lines” button on the “Moor” page The “Lines” panel will appear on the screen
Position the cursor on the tugboat towing The mouse cursor will assume the shape of “round square”
point (bow or stern)
Click the left mouse button The fastening point will be marked by label “FIRST”
Position the cursor on the fastening point The mouse cursor will assume the shape of “round square”
on ship contour
Click the left mouse button The fastening point will be marked by label “SECOND”:
Note: After the tugboat made fast, the commands “Push” or “Pull” (on the “Tugs”
panel) can be used to initiate pushing or pulling operations.
Push
In this mode, the tugboat pushes the ship to given point with given thrust.
The force direction is limited by the tugboat’s position relative to the pushed ship hull
and can’t exceed ±85 degrees from the perpendicular to the ship hull in pushing.
When “Push” command is given, the following parameters are set: push position, thrust
level, and direction. Thrust level is specified in percents to maximum bollard pull.
The tug proceeds to position at maximum speed avoiding mobile and static obstacles.
At destination point, the tug lies on specified thrust heading and begin pushing.
Note: All tractor tugs (Voith Schneider type) has pushing point at the stern. All reverse
tractor tugs (Z-drive tug) and conventional tugs have pushing point at bow.
The following procedure must be used to initiate the Push mode:
Operation Result
Select the reserved tug in tugboat list
Position the cursor on pushing point The mouse cursor will assume the shape of “square”:
on the ship contour
Click the left mouse button The pushing position will be marked by label “PUSH”:
Pull
In this mode, the tugboat made fast by tug’s stern towline at one of ship fastening point.
The tug can pull vessel on a towline of given length at any direction within +/-85 degrees
from the perpendicular to the ship hull in fastening point. The towing mode is initialized
by “Pull” command whereby the following parameters are set: fastening point to the ship,
towing position, thrust level and direction.
The following procedure must be used to switch the tugboat to the Pull mode:
Operation Result
Select the reserved tug in tugboat list
Position the cursor on the ship contour The mouse cursor will assume the shape of “round square”:
on one of the fastening points
Click the left mouse button The fastening point will be marked by label “ATTACH”
Position the cursor on pulling point The pulling position will be marked by label “POSITION”
on the chart outside the ship contour the button “Pull” became active
and click the left mouse button
Press “Pull” button Having received the command, the tugboat will start
proceeding to the pulling point at the maximum speed
Set thrust level and direction by “Thrust”
lever
Operation Result
On the “Tugs” panel, select the The button “Letgo” became active
required tug in tugboat list
Press “Letgo” button The tugboat will revert to the normal mode
The “Distress Signals” panel allows the trainee to choose and give the required
signal in the per direction and with a certain frequency.
The left-hand part of the panel contains signal type selection buttons:
For more accurate setting of the relative bearing, use “3”, “4” arrow indicators
and a digital indicator under the compass card.
You can use the controllers with arrow buttons below the compass card,
to set the following signal parameters:
The distress signal is given by pressing “Launch” button (in the right bottom corner
of the panel). When pressed, the button is highlighted.
Full automatic bearing of emergency signals in the monitoring and standby mode
guarantees additionally a permanent MOB (Man Over Board) surveillance and
the auto alert function.
Front View
Bearing Display
Bearing Operation
The display unit of the bearing system RT-500-M during the bearing operation
is the concentrically arranged TFT-display. All present bearing data, settings,
and status reports are displayed here.
Top left in the display the present main bearing frequency or, if operating in
the sea band, the present main bearing channel will be displayed. If a duplex
channel is selected, the reference position “Ship” for a maritime radio station
is indicated additionally, or “Coast” for a coastal radio station. The frequency band
related to the present main bearing frequency/channel is indicated too.
A signal, received on the selected operating frequency/channel, and its level
is indicated digitally in the range of 0…99% in the bearing display and as a bar graph.
The display is not calibrated and serves as a measure of signal strength in quality.
The bearing electronics will process data only, if their signal level is above the selected
squelch level (= noise suppression). Even without a received signal the bearing
system may display a certain signal level (= noise). In order not to bear these
environmental noise signals, the squelch level is to be set above the noise level.
The bearing system is determining about 280 bearing values per second. These bearing
values may vary significantly, depending on signal quality (that is it’s signal strength
and modulation). This range of spread is the narrower, the better the signal’s quality,
respectively wider if the signal’s quality is decreasing.
The processing electronics will average the bearing values over a certain time,
thus achieving a rather soothed display of the bearing value, additionally,
this averaging procedure still produces good bearing results if there’s a wide spread
of, e.g. ±45%. The relative as well as the digital bearing values will be put out by
the bearing system as averaged values.
The relative bearing value is depicted as an arrow and refers to the longitudinal axis
of the antenna. This corresponds, if mounted correctly, to the vessels longitudinal
axis respectively to the present heading. If compass information via NMEA interface
is available, the display will show the relative bearing value within a compass card
indicating the cardinal points. If no compass data are available, the relative bearing
value is shown in a 360°-display:
When pressing key “Repeat”, the last bearing value will be displayed once again.
Meaning Display
All audio exits are switched mute
An emergency signal has been detected. Source, signal frequency and time
since detection will be displayed.
The key “Clr” will deactivate the warning signal and the alarm relay exit.
After that, if receiving no more emergency signal for more than a minute,
the alarm flag will be cancelled automatically
The system will indicate a warning, if the operating parameters are close to the
tolerable limits, or if external signals are not available anymore. The system’s
basic functions are not affected yet, but preventive measures are recommended
Meaning Display
An error message will be displayed, if one or more operating parameters
are out of admitted limits, or if the electronics have recognized a malfunction.
In this case, the system is not working.
Key “Clr” deactivates the acoustic warning signal
Alarm Function
When receiving a signal (signal level above squelch level), it will be examined in
the background if it’s a modulated emergency signal. These emergency signals
(ELT = Emergency Locator Transmitter, PLB, MOB) are modulated with a typical,
repeating and distinct sweeping tone.
Once recognized as an emergency signal, alert will be released. A flashing alarm
flag indicates the signal’s frequency, its type and duration since first reception.
At the same time, a special internal warning tone informs you about the reception
of the emergency signal. The alert will last (even after end of signal) until
confirmation/deactivation by the flashing function key “Clr” (warning signal mute).
After that, if no emergency signal is beared for more than a minute on the
recognized scanning frequency, the alarm flag will be cancelled automatically.
Note: The alarm relay exit will be activated equally when recognizing
an emergency signal. Like the internal warning tone, the relay exit
can be deactivated by pressing key “Clr”. The alarm relay exit may be
used for an external siren, a MOB GPS function or similar.
Function “Repeat”
The function “Repeat” will show once again the last valid bearing value. Pressing
the function key “F5” (“Rep”) will show, flashing for 5 seconds, the last bearing value
with its corresponding digital signal level.
With an external compass activated (true/magnetic bearing), a vessel’s change
of heading will be considered automatically for the relative bearing.
CAUTION!
If no external compass activated (relative bearing), the indicated bearing value
corresponds to the vessel’s heading at the time of the bearing. A change of heading
in the meantime has to be considered.
Function “Clear”
The function “Clr” cancels the internal bearing value averaging store. The averaging
store enhances bearing accuracy and delivers a useful bearing display even with
bad received signals (e.g. distant transmitter, receiving gaps). The averaging
procedure causes a drag error, which might influence the bearing value, if changing
heading too quickly. In this case, the indicated bearing value will be lagging
a bit to the actual bearing value.
Pressing function key “F1” (“Clr”) after a distinct change of heading, the corrected
bearing value will be displayed immediately.
In connection with an alarm flag or an error message, the key “Clr” deactivates
the acoustic warning signal.
Monitoring/Scanning Operation
The bearing system RT-500-M is equipped with only one receiver, that means,
only one frequency can be received at a time. Signals on other specified
frequencies/channels cannot be beared at the same time. For simultaneous
surveillance of the traditional emergency frequencies (especially MOB = man over
board alert) and any other frequencies/channels there is the function monitoring
(scanning). Thus, the surveillance of up to four different frequencies (scanning
frequencies) within the specified frequency bands is possible.
The monitoring/scanning function activated, the bearing system switches alternating
from the main bearing frequency to the selected surveilling scanning frequencies.
The just active frequency is displayed enhanced in white color.
If a signal is received during scanning, the reading of the corresponding frequency
is red color and the bearing value is indicated. Even after the end of the signal,
this frequency/channel will be held for 10 sec (Hold-Time).
In order to interrupt the just active reception, press key “Esc” (the system is continuing
with next scanning frequency).
Active reception will be interrupted for a short moment after 30 seconds in order
to examine the other scanning frequencies (safety function). If this feature is not
desired, pressing key “Ok”, the active signal receiving frequency can be overtook
as the main frequency. Thus, interruptions are shortened considerably, for the main
frequency is scanned now with highest priority.
CAUTION!
For very weak signals, recognition of modulation may take a certain time. Releasing
an alarm can be delayed in this case.
Standby Operation
During standby operation, the bearing system is surveilling the traditional emergency
frequencies 121.5 MHz, 243 MHz and 406.025 MHz, and the display is dimmed.
These frequencies are preset in the system.
Pressing once again function key “F2” (“Decode”) decoding of the Cospas/Sarsat
signal will be started.
In this mode, the bearing operation and also the monitoring function will be
interrupted. In order not to suppress other emergency signals (MOB), the selected
decoding mode is limited to 75 sec (visible on progress bar). After that, the system
is returning to the previous operating mode.
A Cospas/Sarsat pulse will be broadcasted every 50 sec (±5 sec). While the waiting
period a pulse will be received if the transmitter is not out of range.
Once received a valid pulse, the function key “F1” (“Confirm”) starts flashing and
an acoustic warning tone is put out. By pressing key “F1” this message will be accepted.
The last received pulse can be displayed once again by pressing function key <F4>
(“Recall”).
The data content of a received pulse can be stored with the function key “Save”,
and displayed again with function key “Restore”.
Using keys the squelch level can be adapted and readjusted to the signal
level at any time.
Example: Cospas/Sarsat data:
Data content:
1. Frame:
– Sync. Ok (normal Cospas/Sarsat signal);
– SelfTest (Cospas/Sarsat signal in self test mode).
The 24 synchronizing bits have been received correctly.
2. Protocol:
– User (Test);
– Standard (Test);
– National (Test).
3. Complete Hex Message – complete data signal, coded in hexadecimal notation
(Bit 25...112) and, if available (Bit 113...144).
4. Country – country identification (numeric code).
5. Beacon Identification 15 Hex – Transmitter identification of a registered
transmitter (Fifteen Hexadecimal Character Beacon Identification).
6. GPS Position – GPS-position (latitude and longitude) if is contained in data
signal of transmitter.
Rarely used adjustments or adjustments which are only done once during
installation, will be done in the menu-setup.
Parameter setting is done generally by using the arrow keys, the number keys
or the software controlled function keys “F1” to “F5”.
New, changed parameters will be accepted with key “Ok” and be stored permanently
in the system for further operation (even after switching off and on of the device).
Key “Esc” will close the dialogue window without storing the changed parameters.
If no adjustments are made in an opened dialogue window for more than 10 minutes,
the system will close the window automatically and return into the bearing display mode.
While adjusting the bearing operation is still running in the background. If receiving
an alarm signal, a warning tone will sound and the last bearing value can be called
up with function “Repeat”.
Switching On/Off
Press key in order to switch on the device.
After a period of 10 seconds, the bearing display will appear. The system is working
with the previously selected adjustments.
Press key to switch off the system. All elements of the system and the green
operating light become extinct. The system is storing the last settings.
Setting Main Bearing Frequency/Channel
Selection of the main bearing frequency in the VHF and UHF airband and
the Cospas/Sarsat band is usually done by direct input of the desired frequency.
In the maritime radio band, the input of the channel number (with related frequency)
is usual. Both types of input are to your disposal. The system will accept only inputs
within the permitted frequency ranges.
Adjusting Main Bearing Frequency
Frequency can be put in with a step width of 25 kHz. The last two digits will be
rounded off by the system:
• Open dialogue window, using key “Channel/Freq”;
• Select with “F1” or “F2” (“Frequency”).
The frequency input field is activated. Additionally the display shows
a list of the permissible frequency ranges.
– moves cursor to the left for one digit in order to overwrite previous input.
• Industrial areas (e.g. near harbours) may be featuring higher noise levels
than offshore areas. Therefore it is important, to verify regularly the adjustment
of the squelch level of all active frequencies (main frequency, emergency
frequencies and monitoring frequencies) and, if necessary, to readjust in order
to achieve full sensitivity of the bearing system;
• When bearing emergency transmitters with very weak signals, it may be useful
to deactivate the squelch function on the corresponding frequency (see “Off”)
in order to take full advantage of the bearing system’s sensitivity. In this case check
permanently if bearing the transmitter and not bearing disturbing signals.
When verifying, a change of heading should cause a change of the bearing value.
• Function keys “F4” or “F5” (“All AutoAdjust”) are now activating the automatic
squelch level adjustment of all active frequencies;
• Store adjustment using key “Ok” and return to bearing display.
Adjusting Monitoring/Scanning Operation and ID-only Filtering
For monitoring operation, the emergency frequencies 121.500 MHz and
243.000 MHz are stored permanently in the system. For additional surveillance,
two more frequencies/channels can be stored in the specified frequency ranges.
Each monitoring frequency can be combined with the selective emergency
transmitter filtering function ID-only:
For each of the four frequency bands, an individual list may be provided. Stored
frequencies/channels may be provided with own designations and comments, their
sequence and position may be changed within the list, and they can be cancelled,
if necessary.
International valid emergency frequencies are already stored in the corresponding
frequency band. They are on first position within the frequency band lists and cannot
be moved or cancelled.
• Open dialogue window using key “Ok” in order to put in the frequency/channel;
• The new frequency/channel will be took over in the corresponding list and will
be displayed. Option “Edit” will allow to add a text to the frequency/channel.
Select option “Recall” if the frequency/channel is to be used as present
operating frequency/channel.
Menu (Setup)
All system settings, exceeding common operation of the bearing system (interface
settings, offset setting…) will be made in the “Menu Setup”. Antenna and power
supply connected to the DCU (Display Control Unit) and after switching on, the system
is ready to work with the default settings.
CAUTION!
Incorrect settings in the Menu setup may lead to considerable malfunctions of the
bearing system RT-500-M. Therefore, sensitive parameters concerning the bearing
operation are password protected against non authorized alterations. Alterations
of settings require password release are to be made only by instructed persons.
• Select option from list of possible settings using the arrow keys
, confirm the selection using key “Ok”.
Note: Option is active when “x” mark appears in the check box.
• Or put in desired value by using the numeric keys and confirm “Ok”.
Menu General
Menu Interface
Settings, concerning data interfaces and functions, can be made in menu “Interface”
(password protected).
NMEA Mode
In NMEA mode, the NMEA data output of the bearing system is selected:
An external compass may be connected to the system's NMEA interface. Set here
data format of connected compass.
No external compass connected, select menu item “No ext. Compass (Off)”.
CAUTION!
In this case, only one compass may be connected to the bearing system.
Menu System
Internal system settings (password protected).
CAUTION!
Faulty settings may lead to malfunctions of the system.
Address-ID
In menu item “Adress ID”, the internal device addressing can be set. Addresses from
0 to 99 are possible.
Antenna Unit
The system’s dipole antenna can only be mounted in vertical alignment.
The mounting flange is pointing to the ground for standard mounting. For hanging
mounting (flange on the top), select menu item “Mounted Upside Down” for correct
signal processing.
Audio Line Output
Adjust level of Audio Line output signal. The level is adjustable from 10 to 99%.
The Audio Line exit has a determined output level and is independent of the volume
adjustment.
Antenna Offset
The bearing antenna has to be mounted “North orientated”, the “North” resp. 0°
marker has to point parallel to the vessel’s longitudinal axis to the vessel’s bow.
If the antenna cannot be mounted (for different reasons) pointing exactly to the bow,
the deviation correction can be put in here. The offset is adjustable from 0 to 359°
(e.g. -15° = 345°).
PS Ram
An external compass connected, the bearing value determination is done by a special,
improved compensating procedure. For a compass of minor quality (e.g. heavy and
quick variations), it may be necessary to switch off the compass compensation.
Select “Compass Compens. Off”.
Monitoring
In the default setting “Off Blocked” it is not possible to deactivate the monitoring
operation. Thus, surveillance of the emergency frequencies cannot be switched off
by mistake. If the monitoring operation is to be switched off manually, the setting
“Off Blocked” has to be deactivated.
The bearing system’s monitoring/scanning function can now be switched on/off in
the corresponding dialogue window.
Menu Service
Internal settings and service dialogues (password protected).
Monitor
The Setup Menu item SERVICE\MONITOR is to be opened only for service
and maintenance operation.
Password
If the system has been unlocked by the default password during first installation,
create and change your personal password now. Only one password can be stored:
• Press function key “F4” and select option “Password Change”. A data input field
will open;
• Put in now your password by the means of the numeric keys or the editing fields.
The input is limited to 8 digits. The password may consist of any numbers and
signs, as well as special marks and space marks. A space mark at the beginning
of the password is not possible;
• Confirm your input using key “Ok”. The password is stored for further operation.
Unlocking Setup Settings
CAUTION!
Wrong or faulty settings in setup menus as “Interface”, “System” and “Service” may
lead to malfunctions. These settings are password protected.
In order to unlock the setup menu, press function key “F5” (“Enter Password”).
An input field for entering the password is opened:
• Enter password by the means of the numeric keys or the editing fields;
• Prior to first putting into operation, the bearing system is protected by a preset
password;
• The preset password is 123;
• Confirm input by using key “Ok”. Menu items as “Interface”, “System”, “Service”
can be edited now and changed if desired;
• After unlocking the system as described in Menu Service, you may create
and change your personal password.
CAS PANEL
If the final score value is below the passing score threshold (Passing Score),
the screen displays the word “Fail” in the red colour instead of “OK”.
Note: A detailed description of the trainee Competence Assessment System
provided in the document NAVI-TRAINER 5000 (V. 5.20).
INSTRUCTOR MANUAL, Chapter 8.
In the bottom part of the panel, there is a graph which shows prehistory
of the current ice pressure change within a certain time interval: 1 min, 30 min,
1 h, 2 h, 8 h, and 24 h.
To select the time interval, press the appropriate button to the right of the graph.
The limit value of the ice pressure sensor alarm is shown as a red line on
the indicators and on the prehistory graph. To change the alarm limit setting,
use the list box in the top right part of the panel.
The radar selection menu is displayed on the screen if the simulator has
“Selectable” option in the Configuration Editor. This option allows will set what types
of radar to be displayed in the menu (see NAVI-TRAINER 5000 (V. 5.20).
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND INSTALLATION MANUAL).
Before starting the radar, you can set its initial parameters. In the selection menu click
the right mouse button on the name of the selected radar – the screen will display
a dialogue window:
By using “X Band” and “S Band” tabs in the top part of the dialogue window,
you can select the transmitter type. If you check “Use as default Band” checkbox
with the left mouse button, the selected range will always be used by default.
Set the following parameters for the selected transmitter type:
Introduction
This section details the functions of the keys and controls on the BridgeMaster II-340
Radar Control Panel and explains their use. The radar menus tree is shown on fig. below:
Fig. 1
The operating instructions for BridgeMaster Radars depend on the options available
to the radar operator. The instructions begin with those operational features which
are applicable to all BridgeMaster Radars, and are followed by the additional
features applicable to Autotrack and ARPA options.
The most basic radar presentation available is the unstabilized Relative Motion
Display, referred to as Head-Up. Interfacing the radar with compass information
provides the operator with a North-Up or Course-Up stabilized presentation.
By the addition of Speed information, either estimated or via an external input,
a True Motion presentation is available to the operator.
• dedicated rotary controls for commonly used analogue functions such as Gain
and Sea Clutter, etc.;
• dedicated pushbutton keys for commonly used functions such as selecting
RANGE scale, VRM on/off, etc. If the pushbutton is black and white, the function
inscribed on the black background is performed by using a short press, that
on the white background – with a long press.
Note: In what follows, two-functional keys where available will be named after
the function which is being described.
• rotary DATA controls, mainly for controlling the VRM’s and EBL’s;
• a joystick for moving the cursor and menu pointer.
The method of presentation for the descriptions of the various keys is as follows:
Pushbutton Keys
“EBL/OFF” (see Fig. 2, areas 6, 12, 13). There are two EBL’s (Electronic
Bearing Lines). A numeric display of the positions of the EBL’s is given
together with a rectangular highlight indicating which EBL can be adjusted
via the “EBL/DATA” control.
A short press of the EBL key displays EBL 1 and its associated readout. A second
short press adds EBL 2 and its readout to the screen. Further short presses toggle
the highlight between EBL 1 and EBL 2. A long press of the “EBL” key removes
the displayed EBL’s.
EBL 1 and EBL 2 can be off-centred and used in the SHIFT mode relative to own
ship, set by the EBL 1 (2) OFFSET MENU. Use the joystick with the CENTRE/SHIFT
key held down to position the origin of EBL and then release the key. The EBL origin
will maintain its position relative to ownship. A press of the “CENTRE/SHIFT”
key with the menu displayed will re-centre EBL (see figure above).
“VRM/OFF” (see Fig. 2, areas 7, 12, 13). There are two VRM’s (Variable
Range Markers). A numeric display of the positions of the VRM’s is given
together with a rectangular highlight indicating which VRM can be
adjusted via the “VRM/DATA” control.
A short press of the “VRM” key displays VRM 1 and its associated readout.
A second short press adds VRM 2 and its readout to the screen. Further short
presses toggle the highlight between VRM 1 and VRM 2. A long press of the “VRM”
key removes the displayed VRM’s.
“PULSE/ST BY” (see Fig. 2, area 31). When in STANDBY, a short press
of the key will switch the radar to TRANSMIT. A long press while in
TRANSMIT, will switch the radar to STANDBY.
When the radar is in TRANSMIT mode, short presses on this key change the pulse
length. At ranges of more than 3 miles, medium and long pulses are available
(MP and LP). At ranges from 0.5 to 3 miles, there are short and medium pulses
(SP и MP). At ranges from 0.125 to 0.5 miles, only short pulses are available (SP).
“RANGE” (see Fig. 2, area 35). A press on the upper key will increment the
“RANGE”. The range display will increment to show the selected range.
A press on the lower key will decrement the “RANGE”. The range display
will decrement to show the selected range.
“RINGS” (see Fig. 2, areas 23, 34). Operating the key selects between
RANGE RINGS ON and OFF.
A long press of the key while C UP or N UP, will change the display
to unstabilized (H UP).
“TRAILS/PERM” (see Fig. 2, area 25). Short presses of the key will set
the trails to OFF, 30 SEC, or 1.5 MIN. A long press of the key will change
the trails to permanent (PERM).
The trails mode is determined by the display operating mode selected, i.e.
Relative Motion displays Relative Trails, True Motion displays True Trails.
“AUTO/ENH’CE” (see Fig. 2, areas 26, 27). Short presses of the key
select either manual Anti-Clutter or automatic Anti-Clutter. Long presses
of the key select Enhance ON or OFF.
A short press of the key centres the radar picture. With the key pressed and
held, the joystick can be used to set the cursor to the required off-centre position.
The picture may be off-centred by up to two thirds of the radius. When the key
is released, the picture will move to the new off-centre position.
When the EBL 1 (2) OFFSET MENU is displayed, the “CENTRE” key is used
to position the origin of EBL 1 (2).
“HM OFF” (see Fig. 2, area 5). The Heading Marker (HM) OFF key is
used to remove the heading marker. When the key is pressed and held,
the displayed marker is removed. When the key is released, the marker
is shown again.
“PLOT/SELECT” (see Fig. 2, area 18). A short press of the key produces
a PLOT at the position of the cursor, as set by the joystick. After 1 minute
target course, speed, CPA and TCPA is displayed. The target number and
related data display can be selected by a press and hold of the key and use
of the joystick.
Refer to the “CANCEL” key detail, for the procedure to cancel Plots.
“CANCEL” (see Fig. 2, areas 15, 18). To cancel a plot, use the joystick
to position the cursor over the target and press the key. A long press
of the key will cancel all plots, regardless of the cursor position.
If the display is in any of the menu modes or a data entry mode, pressing
the key will return the display to the next highest menu level.
“VECTOR/TIME” (see Fig. 2, area 17). A short press of the key changes
between true and relative vectors. The vector time can be changed by
a press and hold of the key and the use of either of the Data controls.
The status of the vectors is shown in the Vector Box.
If you select the alternative vector type to that of the display mode, i.e. Relative
Vectors with True Motion or vice versa, the vector type will revert automatically after
a 30 second time-out period. During the period when the vectors are different from
the motion mode, text in the Vector Box will be red in place of the usual green.
“SPEED” (see Fig. 2, areas 10, 18). A short press of the “SPEED” key will
display a menu of the available speed modes:
• NAV G. The mode ensures ground stabilisation from the GPS receiver data;
• LOG W (F/A and P/S). The mode ensures sea stabilization;
• LOG G (F/A and P/S). The mode ensures ground stabilisation from the Doppler
log data. The log shows Fore/Aft (F/A) and transverse speed (P/S).
“INDEX/CLEAR” (see Fig. 2, areas 18, 22). Four INDEX lines (in each
from 16 SETS) can be defined on all range. Initially all lines are undefined
but once set, they are saved for later recall and modification if required.
Index lines are available on RM and TM presentation modes.
A long press of the “INDEX/CLEAR” key removes all lines from the display.
A short press of the key displays INDEX menu which can be used for assigning,
editing, or deleting an index line.
LINE No – you are requested to enter line No 1. If you wish to change the line
number from 1 up to 4, press “#” key successively.
Go on to “EDIT LINE”, press “#” key. The bottom menu line will display the value
of the line’s transverse displacement in miles and the true line direction.
True direction is in C UP, N UP mode. Relative direction is in H UP mode.
By using “EBL/VRM DATA” rotating knobs and joystick, enter a new value and press
“#” button.
A small circle standing for a waypoint is drawn on the index line. When rotated,
the index line will be turning around this point.
Where it is necessary to enter more than 4 index lines, use SELECT SET menu item
where you should set the number of the desired setting (Set). As this is done,
the first 4 lines will disappear from the screen, and you can enter 4 new lines.
If it is necessary to return to the initially set index lines, use DISP SETS menu item.
This menu item displays the required number of index line settings, but only if
the same number is selected in SELECT SET menu item.
“DELETE LINE” deletes the line whose number is specified in the top menu line.
“G ZONE/CLEAR” (see Fig. 2, areas 2, 28, 29). There are two guard
zones which are adjustable in range and angular coverage.
A short press of the key selects which of the guard zones is adjustable. One or both
of the zones may be displayed. Follow the prompts to set up the start range and
the start/stop bearings of the zone. These are initially displayed with their default
settings which can then be adjusted over certain limits. The depth of the zones are
pre-determined and depend on the selected range scale at the time of definition.
Default settings are the following:
If you press “#” pushbutton, the left start bearing and range of this
G ZONE may now be rotated and moved using the joystick. Press “#”
to freeze new setting, and then the right bearing of the G ZONE may be
rotated using the joystick. When the right angle of the G ZONE is in
the required position, press “#”.
Active guard zone (GZ1 or GZ2) is displayed at the bottom left of the display.
“#” (see Fig. 2, area 19). The “#” key is used to select a menu option or
confirm a data entry.
“ALARM ACK”. A short press of the key acknowledges the highest priority
alarm. Only one alarm can be acknowledged at a time. The related alarm
message and status for the acknowledged alarm is updated.
“NIGHT/DAY”. Short presses of the key set the intensity of the display
to one of four levels (NIGHT levels). A long press of the key sets the
intensity of the display to the normal use DAY level. The lowest intensity
NIGHT level shows radar information in red colour.
“MENU” (see Fig. 2, areas 18, 19). The “MENU” key is used to display
the first of a series of menus referred to as the “MAIN” menu. A second
key press removes the “MAIN” menu from display.
The joystick is used to move the pointer on the menus. The “#” key is used to select
the option pointed to by the pointer, or to select options ON and OFF. The display
area under the menu gives information on using the option pointed to by the pointer.
Main Menu
• “SPEED” – see description above;
• “HEADING/COMPASS” – to set the compass course. Use the rotating
“EBL/VRM DATA” knobs and joystick to enter a new value, and press “#” button.
To exit from the menu, press “CANCEL” button;
• “EBL 1 OFFSET/CENTRED” – see description above;
• “EBL 2 OFFSET/CENTRED” – see description above;
• “ARPA” – to call the “ARPA” submenu:
– “DISPLAY ON/OFF” allows the operator to select whether all the symbols
and annotations for ARPA are displayed or removed from the display
(although ARPA still functions and generates alarms and target information);
– “NAME TARGET” – to enter/delete the name of the target (01, etc.).
The target name should contain up to 8 characters. After the input, the target
name is shown on the radar display;
– The “CPA LIM” (Closest Point of Approach Limit) and “TCPA LIM” (Time
to CPA Limit) can be set, which, if both are violated, will produce an alarm.
The default values of 2.0 n mile and 10.0 minute cannot be reduced.
CPA LIM can be set within 0.1 to 6 n mile, TCPA LIM – from 1 to 59 minutes;
– “SERIAL O/P” – to output Serial Output data on the named targets
to the external devices:
“SERIAL O/P ON/OFF” – to turn on/off the data output;
“TARGETS ALL/SEL” – to output data on all the named targets
or on the selected target;
“SEL TARGET 01” – to set a target for the selection (up to 5 targets).
The setting appears in the bottom menu line;
“DESELECT 01” – to cancel the selection of target (it disappears from
the bottom menu line).
– The “PAST POSN” option displays past position markers on the display.
These positions (4 markers) are True for True Motion presentation
and Relative for Relative Motion.
• “MORE >>>” – to call the second menu “MENU 2”.
MENU 2
• “INITIALIZATION” – to call the “INITIALIZATION” submenu:
– “SYSTEM SETUP”:
“BUZZER ON/OFF” – to turn on/off acoustic signals;
“AFC ON/OFF” – to turn on/off automatic receiver tuning (replaces
the function of TUNE knob on the control panel);
“MARKS CARRIED/FIX” – to set the marks moving together with
the ship or fixed, which should be referenced to the coordinates
(FIX is not implemented in the simulator).
• “TRIAL” – to call the “TRIAL MAN” menu:
– “RUNNING” – to set trial manoeuvre to ON or OFF;
– “CO” – trial course;
– “SPEED” – trial speed;
– “DELAY” – trial time delay;
– “TARGET” – number of the target which should be tracked;
– “CPA”, “TCPA” – tracked target CPA, TCPA.
A Trial Manoeuvre may be carried out in any stabilisation mode, or motion
mode, on the 0.75 to 24 n mile range scales inclusive.
To carry out a trial manoeuvre, set the trial course (“CO”), trial speed (“SPEED”),
time delay (“DELAY”), number of the target which should be tracked
(“TARGET”), and “CPA”, “TCPA” to this target in accordance with the conditions
of the trial manoeuvre, after which the manoeuvre is to be executed. The radar
screen displays the word “TRIAL”, the delay time counter (“DELAY”) starts
the countdown to 0 whereafter the trial manoeuvre is stopped automatically.
Note: Do not forget to adjust the vector length which should be longer
than the delay time.
Set trial manoeuvre to ON or OFF via the “RUNNING” option. During the trial
manoeuvre, parameters (“CO” and “SPEED”) may be changed to see the effect
on CPA and TCPA.
Guard Zones
Each guard zone can have up to ten acquired targets in itself at any time. Violation
symbols (red inverted triangle) are displayed, and the GZ1 or GZ2 ALARM is raised
whenever a new target enters the guard zone. When a target leaves a guard zone,
it becomes a manually acquired target, and thus allows another target to be
automatically acquired in the guard zone.
When the total number of targets being tracked in a zone exceeds ten, new guard
zone violations are shown as lines in the guard zone, and will not be tracked.
Tracking Sequence
The tracking sequence is the same for all targets:
1. On the first scan of the target, a broken white square is displayed over the target;
this symbol is called the initial tracking symbol. For a manual target, a solid
green square is also displayed; this symbol is called the tote target symbol
and means that information for this target is now shown in the menu box.
Initially only range and bearing information is displayed.
2. After 16 successful scans of the target, the initial tracking symbol is removed
and the vector (green line) for the target is displayed. The vector has a green
dot at the target end of the line. At this stage, the target is said to be
established, and the vector shows the approximate (trend) course and speed
of the target. The information shown in the menu box will now be completed
for that target (that is the target with the tote target symbol). After approximately
three minutes, full operational accuracies will be achieved on target vector and
information.
3. If an alarm condition arises for a tracked target, the target symbol is replaced
by a red alarm symbol which flashes until the “ALARM ACK” key is pressed.
The alarms and related symbols are shown below:
ALARM Symbol
CPA/TCPA ∆
GZ1 or GZ2 ALARM ∇
LOST TARGET ◊
Autodrop
As the name implies, tracked targets will be automatically deleted from the tracked
target list when certain conditions obtain.
Autodrop Rules:
1. No video information (lost target) is found for 15 scans (except for an echo
reference target).
Target Information
Full Target Information
When a target is being tracked, full target information is displayed in the menu box,
as shown below:
TARGET (14)
CPA 0.4 NM
RANGE 0.9 NM
T CO 309.2 DEG
ATTENTION!
The use of some navigation sensors for speed information may result in erratic
target information, owing to the random errors associated with the positional
information. This is particularly noticeable at low speeds.
ID TCPA CPA
MIN NM
05 2.5 0.4
12 3.1 0.3
02 15.0 1.1
- -- --.- --.-
- -- --.- --.-
1
– if previously allocated via Autotrack/ARPA menu.
Initially, the tote display is blank. To select targets for display, move the cursor over
selected targets and press the “DATA/SELECT” key. The selected target
identification numbers will be displayed against the target, and its information will be
shown in the tote. To delete a target from the tote, position the cursor over it and
press “DATA/SELECT”. This action does not cancel the target from the tracked
target list.
A long key press of the “DATA/SELECT” removes the target table from the screen,
and the operator can obtain data on any one selected target.
To show table of the targets again, place the cursor in a clear area and short press
“DATA/SELECT”.
Past Positions
The Past Positions of all targets can be displayed by selection via the ARPA Menu.
Past Positions are displayed as a series of dots on the 0.75 to 24 n mile range
scales inclusive: four dots at 3-minute time intervals.
The term Past Positions is used in accordance with IMO definitions. In some earlier
ARPA radars, the term History Dots was used for this function.
<P>
<Left>
<Right>
RC • Joystick.
Other keys
<G>
<R>
<S>
LC+<S> To increase sea clutter if manual A/C
is selected (see <U> key).
<T>
LC+<T> To increase tune clutter if manual A/C
is selected (see <U> key).
Getting Started
Standby Mode
The radar always appears in Standby mode.
In Standby mode, a number of functions are available which allow the display
to be set up for operation.
The following functions can be accessed from Standby mode:
Transmit Mode
After adjusting of the required functions in Standby mode, press “TRANSMIT” soft key.
The Dedicated Control Panel, which contains a number of additional push buttons
and rotary controls, can be fitted as an optional extra. The Simple Control Panel
is always fitted.
The Dedicated Control Panel provides individual tactile controls for specific functions.
These functions would normally be accessed and adjusted using the cursor control
and associated left/right keys of the Simple Control Panel. The controls available
are as follows:
Push Buttons: – “RANGE UP”, “RANGE DOWN”;
– “TM/RM”, “TRUE/REL VECTORS”;
– “CENTRE”, “ACK ALARM”.
Rotary Controls: – “GAIN”, “RAIN” (Clutter), “SEA” (Clutter);
– “EBL 1”, “VRM 1”, “PANEL” (Brightness).
Screen Cursor
As the screen cursor moves over a caption or item which can be accessed, its box is
highlighted (drawn in white), and two small boxes (representing the left and right keys)
appear next to the arrowhead cursor. One or both of these boxes is filled in white to
indicate which key(s) are active and available for selection (see example left on fig.).
Note: For reasons of clarity and to avoid conflicting information, the screen cursor
is shown without its associated left/right key boxes in the diagrams
throughout the rest of the manual.
If a caption box is not highlighted as the cursor passes over it, it indicates that
the caption or item inside the box cannot be accessed in the current mode.
Drop-down menu options are highlighted in yellow as the cursor passes over them.
If a particular option is not available, it will not be highlighted. Options, which can
never be selected because of the current radar configuration, are NOT shown.
If an adjustable parameter is selected, the cursor will disappear, and the parameter
is displayed in yellow (as a number or control bar). If an adjustment is not made
within 10 seconds, the parameter will be automatically deselected, and the cursor
will reappear.
Video Cursor
Whenever the video cursor is displayed, a dialog box giving a readout of the cursor’s
position within the video circle, replaces the usual function soft keys shown in
the bottom right-hand corner of the display. By default, this box gives cursor range
and bearing (from own ship), and cursor lat/long.
Note: Soft keys are small, boxed areas of the screen, usually containing a single
caption, which respond in much the same way as the dedicated function
keys of a computer keyboard.
In Transmit mode, the range and bearing of the cursor are relative to own ship’s
position. In Standby mode, the range and bearing are relative to the centre of
the video circle.
Note: If, when in Transmit mode, the own ship’s position is lost, or there
is a compass error, the lat/long readings are replaced by dashes.
Soft Keys and Fixed Menus
A series of functional soft keys are displayed in the bottom right-hand corner
of the display.
A left click on any one of these keys will reveal a fixed menu and a new set of soft
keys associated with that menu. The menu appears in the area immediately above
the soft keys.
A right click on some of the function soft keys will provide additional functionality.
Items from the menu are usually selected by a left click.
As editing is usually performed within the video circle, the following picture related
facilities are unavailable during editing:
Drop-Down Menus
Where there are a number of fixed selections for a particular parameter, for example,
“RANGE” in the top left-hand corner of the display, a left click will reveal a drop-down
menu of the alternatives available.
A drop-down menu is usually displayed in the vicinity of the screen cursor when
the selection is made. Once a menu is displayed, the cursor is restricted to the area
within the menu and selections are made with a left click. A right click will close
the menu without taking further action (i.e. “Cancel”).
Transmit
The normal operational mode. The antenna is rotating, and the transceiver
transmits, and receives radar pulses enabling a radar picture to be displayed.
Initialisation
The system initialisation mode. This is used to set up the system parameters during
installation.
The soft keys for selecting these modes of operation are located in the bottom
left-hand corner of the display.
To Select a Mode
1. Use the cursor control to position the screen cursor over the soft key for the mode
required (usually “TRANSMIT”).
2. Left click to select.
Basic Operation
Introduction
When “TRANSMIT” is selected from Standby, the system is switched to transmit.
Slave radars can only be set to transmit if the associated Master is already transmitting.
Most of the captions and soft keys associated with the TRANSMIT display are available
for selection, and are highlighted individually as the screen cursor moves over them.
Most of the basic radar functions are covered in this section.
When specific data is unavailable, the associated readout is replaced with dashes.
The current range scale and range ring selections are given in the top left-hand
corner of the display. The ranges are displayed in nautical miles.
To ensure the best detection of small targets amongst sea clutter, always select
the shortest range scale consistent with operational requirements.
Alternatively, a left click on the “RANGE” field will reveal a drop-down menu listing
the ranges available, with the current selection highlighted. Left click on the range
required, or right click to close the menu without further action.
The ship’s heading line is shown as a single line centred on own ship and drawn
to the edge of the video circle. In the Head-Up presentation mode, the line is always
drawn at 000.0°.
When own ship is off-centred, an additional indication of own ship’s heading
is shown by an asterisk and a short line drawn just inside the video circle.
Temporarily Hiding the Heading Line
The heading line can be removed temporarily, to view more clearly something which
is on, or close to, the line:
1. Position the screen cursor over the “HL” soft key.
2. Press and hold down the left key. The line, together with all of the synthetics
within the video circle, remains hidden as long as the key is held down.
3. Release the key to return the line and synthetics to the video circle.
2. Left click to place own ship at the centre of the video circle.
2. Right click to reveal a pop-up menu containing the “MAX VIEW” option.
3. Left click to select “MAX VIEW”, or right click to close the menu without further action.
When “Max View” is selected, the video display is off-centred by two thirds
of the range scale radius.
Transceiver Tuning
The transceiver tuning indicator is located in the bottom left-hand corner of the
display. The current level of tuning is indicated by the shaded bar behind the “TUNE”
caption. This bar indicates the level in percentage terms with 0% on the left, 100%
on the right. The tuning indicator is only displayed when the radar is in Transmit mode.
2. Left click to make the bar active. The bar will appear yellow.
3. Move the cursor control left or right to tune the receiver for best results.
4. Left click to set the level and de-activate the bar. The bar will return to its
dimmed shaded state.
Note: The yellow bar in this case is a tuning level indicator and is a “tell back”
(an indication only) from the receiver. The cursor control is used to tune the
receiver, not unlike tuning a radio for a particular station. However, there is no
direct correlation between the tuning control and the tuning indicator; increasing
the level of control does NOT necessarily result in a higher level of tuning.
Use the Anti-Clutter RAIN control to optimise suppression of rain clutter, i.e. balance
the detection of targets within the clutter region (under the rain) with detection of
those outside the clutter region. Always use the control with great care. Excessive
suppression can cause loss of small targets. It is often advantageous to use this
control to search for targets in the clutter region, returning the control to zero after
the search.
Using the Automatic Anti-Clutter Control
In open sea conditions, use AUTO to suppress rain and sea clutter. This normally
provides optimum detection by adapting the amount of clutter suppression applied
to the varying characteristics of clutter returns.
Pulses received from radar transponders are subject to slight degradation. However,
they are still easily recognisable by their signal strength.
Selecting Manual or Automatic Anti-Clutter Control
1. Position the screen cursor over the “MAN/AUTO” selection field.
2. Left click to make control bar active. The bar will appear yellow.
3. Move the cursor control left or right to move the bar to the level required.
4. Left click to set the level and de-activate the bar. The bar will return to its
dimmed shaded state.
WARNING!
Use the enhance control with caution. If used on short range scales, it will degrade
target discrimination.
1. Position the screen cursor over the Enhance (“ENH”) soft key.
2. Left click to toggle the Enhance control ON or OFF.
Brilliance Control
The “BRILL” soft key located in the bottom right-hand corner
of the display, is used to select day or night brilliance and to set
the level of display intensity for different components of the display.
Note: The display monitor has its own associated brilliance control which you may
need to adjust.
A right click on the “BRILL” soft key will reveal a drop-down menu listing the
“DAY/NIGHT” brilliance options available (1 day-time level and 3 night-time levels).
Left click on the setting required. To set the display intensity for different
components of the display, proceed as follows:
1. Position the screen cursor over the “BRILL” soft key.
2. Left click to reveal the “BRILLIANCE” menu.
The menu lists the various components of the display for which the brilliance can be
set independently.
The first line of the menu, under the heading, indicates the “DAY/NIGHT” brilliance
option to which the menu settings apply.
The settings are independently stored for each “DAY/NIGHT” brilliance option,
and are retained on switch-off.
Day/Night Selection
One of four different preset levels of display intensity can be selected (one day-time
level and three night-time levels):
1. Position the screen cursor over the first line in the menu (Night 1 in the example).
2. Left click to cycle through the settings available.
The display intensity will change with each click in a sequence of “NIGHT 1”,
“NIGHT 2”, “NIGHT 3”, “NIGHT 1”. See note below.
Alternatively, a right click will reveal a drop-down menu listing the settings available.
Left click on the setting required.
Note: This method of selection is normally used to switch between night-time settings;
the day-time setting can only be selected from the drop-down menu.
3. Move the cursor control left or right to move the bar to the level required.
4. Left click to de-activate the bar. The bar will return to its dimmed shaded state.
Returning to the Default Brilliance Settings
1. Position the screen cursor on the “DEFAULT BRILL” soft key.
2. Left click to return to the default (i.e. factory set) relative brilliance levels.
Note: If the brilliance controls are not providing adequate control of the display,
the monitor may need adjusting.
Panel Brilliance
The lighting brilliance of the Radar Control Panel is controlled by the BRILLIANCE
(“+” and “-”) soft keys:
Heading Display
The heading display is divided into three fields.
Heading Caption
The heading caption is always “HDG”.
Heading Readout
A readout of true heading is always displayed, unless compass alignment is being
prompted, or a compass error has occurred.
Compass Errors
A compass error will cause the heading readout to change from green to red and
a compass alarm will be raised. If a stabilized picture presentation is in use, and
the error is still present, then after 1 minute, the picture will revert to Head-UP.
Compass Alignment
For certain types of compass input, it will be necessary to align the heading readout
by manually entering the current heading after the radar display is switched-on.
The need for alignment is indicated by the heading readout flashing green.
To Align the Compass
1. Position the screen cursor over the heading readout.
2. Left click to access. Heading is displayed in yellow.
3. Move the cursor control left or right to change the heading. The heading should
be the ship’s head derived from another source.
4. Left click to accept the new heading.
Speed Display
This line shows own ship’s speed and is divided into three fields.
Speed Caption
The speed caption is:
• “STW” (Speed Through Water) when the selected speed is “water locked”, or
• “SOG” (Speed Over the Ground) if the speed is “ground locked”.
Note: The caption is also “SOG” if a water speed has been selected “BUT”
drift is being applied (see Applying Drift below).
Speed Readout
This data can only be changed by the user when the Manual speed mode
is selected (see Manual Speed Mode below).
Speed Mode
An abbreviation of the selected Speed Mode is displayed in this field. The Speed
Caption field is only active when the “ECHO REF” speed mode is selected
(see Echo Reference Speed Mode below).
Speed Mode Options
A left click on the speed mode will reveal a drop-down menu containing a list of
speed modes. The external speed sources available to the user are determined
during initialisation. Refer to table on next page.
Note: If no data exists, dashes are displayed. A menu option is displayed in red
if an alarm exists for that particular speed source.
Selecting a Speed Mode
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the required mode.
2. Left click to select.
“SET” and “DRIFT” can be applied in all speed modes except “ECHO REF”,
“NAV” or “LOG-G” (see Applying Drift below).
The table below gives a brief description of the various speed modes.
Speed Mode Speed Brief Description
Caption
Manual STW Allows you to enter a speed, normally in circumstances where no
speed data can be received from other external devices. The acceptable
input range is from 0 to 75 knots (see Manual Speed Mode)
ECHO Ref SOG Any tracked target can be selected as an echo reference. Once selected,
its velocity is assumed to be zero and own ship’s speed is calculated
on this assumption. The selected target is marked with an “R” symbol
in the video circle (see Echo Reference Speed Mode)
Navigation SOG Speed is derived from a Navigation Sensor. A Nav Speed alarm
Sensor (NAV) is raised if the input fails
Serial Log SOG Speed is derived from a Serial Log. Where the log is dual axis,
Ground Locked the fore/aft and port/starboard components of both ground and water
(LOG-G) data are displayed in the speed menu. The resultant velocity
Serial Log STW is displayed in the main speed readout for ground locked LOG,
Water Locked and the fore/aft component is only displayed for water locked LOG.
(LOG-W) Shown as a dashes (-) if off. A Log Error alarm is raised if the input fails
“R” is displayed adjacent to the reference target, and the target has its true vector
removed.
A prompt is displayed if no target is found.
Selecting a New Target as the Echo Reference
Applying Drift
A Set angle and Drift rate can be applied manually in all but the Echo Ref, Dual-axis
Serial Log (ground locked), and Nav Speed modes.
From within the drop-down menu:
1. Position the screen cursor over the “SET” or “DRIFT” caption.
2. A left click on either caption will reveal a drop-down numeric keypad. This keypad
includes a “CANCEL” option to replace the “SET” and “DRIFT” values with
dashes when not required, if you haven’t used the keypad before.
Drift Applied to Water Speeds
If a water speed has been selected, and a Set and Drift rate have been entered,
drift is applied to generate a ground speed and the speed caption changes to SOG.
The word “DRIFT” is also displayed in orange under the mode abbreviation in
the Speed Mode field.
Any previous values of Set or Drift are automatically cleared on selecting a ground
locked log speed, but it is possible to enter new values prior to selecting a water mode.
Note: If the selected speed input is a dual-axis log, the SOG is calculated using the
SET & DRIFT and both fore/aft and port/starboard components of the log input.
The Vector Mode and Trail Mode selection fields, located beneath the Heading
and Speed displays, are only available in Transmit mode.
Presentation Modes
Data from the compass can be processed to produce a correct “stabilized” display.
There are two types of stabilized display available, North-Up and Course-Up. Without
a compass input, the display is “unstabilized” and is shown with the ship’s heading
marker vertically upwards indicating straight ahead movement (Head-Up mode).
• H UP Head-UP;
• N UP North-UP;
• C UP Course-UP.
Note: If H UP is the currently selected mode, the first left click will select the N UP
mode. Subsequent left clicks will then toggle between the C UP and N UP
options only. This prevents the accidental selection of an unstabilized mode
while in a stabilized mode. To select the H UP mode, use the method
described below.
Or:
Course-UP Reset
When the C UP mode is in operation, if the ship alters course, a Course-Up reset
should be performed by reselecting the mode. This realigns the bearing scale
to bring the new course to the top of the video circle, i.e. it doesn’t happen
automatically as the ship changes course.
Motion Modes
The motion mode determines whether own ship moves across the radar picture or
remains at a selected point, and how the trails of moving targets are displayed.
• TM True Motion.
In Relative Motion – Relative Trails, own ship is displayed at a fixed point in the video
circle (normally the centre) and all target trails are shown relative to own ship’s
movement. This means that stationary targets will have trails if own ship is moving.
In Relative Motion – True Trails, own ship is displayed at a fixed point in the video
circle (normally the centre). Stationary targets don’t produce any trails.
In True Motion, own ship moves across the video circle. Stationary targets, therefore,
don’t produce any trails.
Vector Modes
Vectors are shown on the radar display to indicate the velocity (speed and direction)
of own ship and moving targets. The length of the vector indicates speed and its
bearing indicates direction.
This function is only available in Transmit mode and is not displayed in Standby.
The Vector selection box is divided into two fields as illustrated below. The currently
selected mode is displayed.
The vector mode determines whether the vectors represent the true velocity
of targets or their velocity relative to the own ship.
True Vectors All moving targets and the own ship have a vector representing
their movement (speed and direction) over the water/ground.
Relative Vectors If the own ship is moving, all targets, moving and stationary, have
a vector representing their movement (speed and direction)
relative to own ship. Own ship will not have a vector in this mode.
1. Position the screen cursor over the vector mode selection field.
2. Consecutive left clicks will toggle the mode between TRUE (T) and RELATIVE (R)
vectors.
Note: If the Vector Timeout has been selected (ARPA/LIMITS & SETTINGS menu),
then the vector mode will revert to the same as the motion mode after
30 seconds.
The optimum vector time will depend on the range scale in use.
Alternatively, a right click will reveal a drop-down numeric keypad from which
the vector time can be entered.
Extending the vector time lets you check on CPA’s of targets by projecting their
movements further into the future.
Trails Mode
Decaying video trails, showing the history of a target’s movements, can be displayed
in addition to the target vectors. The manner in which the trails are displayed
depends on the motion mode in use. In Relative Motion – Relative Trails (RM (R)),
the trails indicate the movement of the targets relative to own ship. In True Motion
and Relative Motion – True Trails (TM and RM (T)), the trails have own ship’s speed
applied and show movement over the ground if selected speed is ground locked,
or through the water if the speed is water locked.
The Trail function is only available in Transmit Mode and will not be displayed
in Standby.
When True Motion or Relative Motion – True Trails (TM or RM (T)) is selected,
the letter “T” (True Trails) is displayed at the LH side of the text in the Trails display
field, otherwise “R” (Relative Trails) is displayed, see below.
Trail Time
This parameter shows the length of the trails.
Selecting a Trails Mode
A left click reveals a drop-down menu containing the trail modes available. The currently
selected mode is highlighted. The options available for selection are as follows:
• “SHORT” – high rate of decay giving a short trail. Actual trail length will depend
on the range in use (see table below);
• “LONG” – low rate of decay giving a long trail. Actual trail length will depend
on the range in use (see table below);
• “PERM” – permanent trail which does not decay. When the trail length becomes
greater than 99 minutes, it is indicated as “PERM”;
• “OFF” – trails removed from display;
• “RESET” – keeps the currently selected mode and clears the video.
Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the required mode; left click
to select.
By pressing the right mouse button you can remove the target trails from the screen
at any time and then restore the trails with another right mouse button click.
The selection of LONG or SHORT alters the speed of decay of the trails and is
dependant on the range scale in use. In the table below, the times given indicate the
length of the trail as displayed on the screen. Trails default to SHORT after power up.
Range Scale (n mile) Short Time Long Time
0.125 10 sec 30 sec
0.25 10 sec 30 sec
0.5 15 sec 45 sec
0.75 15 sec 45 sec
1.5 30 sec 90 sec
3.0 30 sec 90 sec
6.0 and above 1 min 3 min
Warning Prompts
Presentation Mode Warnings
If an attempt is made to enter a stabilized presentation mode when the compass
is on alarm, the following prompt is displayed.
Two EBL’s (Electronic Bearing Lines) and two VRM’s (Variable Range Markers) are
available and can be displayed simultaneously in the video circle. They are available
in both Standby and Transmit modes.
“VRM 1” is always associated with “EBL 1” and “VRM 2” with “EBL 2”. Both VRM’s
and EBL’s default to “OFF”.
In Standby mode, ranges and bearings are measured relative to the centre of the
video circle rather than own ship. When switching between Standby and Transmit
modes, all EBL’s and VRM’s are turned OFF.
The range and bearing values (displayed to the right of the VRM and EBL caption
boxes) are only displayed when the associated VRM or EBL is ON.
If an EBL is turned ON while its associated VRM is turned OFF, then the EBL
is displayed as an ERBL (Electronic Range and Bearing Line).
Note: If the intersection of an EBL and its associated VRM is over a target,
a single key click is associated with that target. It is therefore essential
to keep the left key pressed when changing the VRM and EBL.
Options
EBL 2/VRM 2 can be either centered or off-centered (EBL 1/VRM 1 can only be
centered). When centered, EBL 2/VRM 2 are displayed with their origin at the
turning unit position. When off-centered there are two further options, dropped or
carried. When carried in a stabilized mode, the off-centered position is at a constant
true bearing and range from the turning unit. When carried in unstabilized mode,
the off-center position will be at a constant relative bearing and range. When
dropped they remain at a fixed position on the ground or on the water depending on
whether the speed in use is “speed over ground” or “speed through water”.
The default settings are Centered and Carried.
Note: The dropped option is not available in H-Up presentation mode.
Defaults
If the video circle is in a stabilized display mode, the bearing of EBL’s is true
(i.e., with respect to true north); if unstabilized, the bearing is relative to own ship’s
heading line. Switching between stabilized and unstabilized modes causes both
EBL’s to revert to their default values. They are also turned OFF if previously
set to ON.
The default bearing for EBL 1 is 5.0° and for EBL 2 is 355°. The default range
for VRM 1 is 2.5 n mile and for VRM 2 is 4.5 n mile.
Target Functions
Introduction
In Transmit mode, any target that appears on the radar display within 40 n mile can
be tracked. The method used is target acquisition and auto-tracking. Once a target
has been acquired, information relating to the target’s proximity to own ship and its
speed, and bearing is maintained until the target is “cancelled”.
Information on one or more tracked targets can be displayed in a target box
(see Target Data later in this section).
Acquiring a Target
1. Position the cursor over the target in the video circle.
2. Left click to acquire the target.
An initial tracking symbol [2] is displayed centred on the target’s estimated position.
After 16 good plots, this initial tracking symbol is replaced by the target vector
indicating the acquired target’s speed and direction [1] (see Vector Modes
in the paragraph Presentation, Motion, Vector & Trail Modes).
Compass Errors
If targets are being tracked, a compass error will cause affected target tote data
to change from green to red. The affected data being TBRG, CPA, TCPA, COG
(or CSE), SOG (or STW), BCR, and BCT. After 1 minute, all tracked targets will be
cancelled; autoacquisition zones, mapping facilities, the constant radius turn, and
plots will be switched off; and it will not be possible to use these facilities or select
a stabilized mode, until a valid compass heading is available. The system will reset
to the H-Up presentation mode.
Target Alarm Symbols
If an alarm is raised against a target currently in the video circle, an alarm symbol
is displayed. This symbol flashes until the alarm is acknowledged. The alarm symbol
then remains displayed as long as the alarm condition exists.
Even if the target is not currently displayed in the video circle, an alarm will still be
raised. An unacknowledged alarm always has a higher priority than an acknowledged
alarm. The following alarm symbols, listed in order of priority, are used:
Guard Zones
Two annular guard zones are available which are always displayed relative to own
ship’s head. Guard zones are active on all ranges in all motion and presentation
modes. When a target enters a guard zone, an alarm is raised.
If 100 infringements have been detected, “ZONES FULL” alarm is raised.
Target Data
The target box defaults to showing data for a single target.
The target, for which data is shown, can be selected by left clicking on an acquired
target in the video circle. The selected target [2] is identified in the video circle by
a small “[ ]” symbol centred on the plot origin.
Trial Manoeuvres
A trial manoeuvre can be carried out to see the effect of a proposed manoeuvre
of own ship:
1. Position the screen cursor over the “TRIAL” soft key.
Note: Own ship’s course and speed are used as the default settings in the “TRIAL
MANOEUVRE” menu.
Vector Time
Enter the proposed vector time:
1. Position the screen cursor over the vector time field in the “TRIAL MANOEUVRE”
menu.
2. Left click to access.
Note: “Vector type” (T or R VECTORS) and “vector time” may be changed at any
time before or during the manoeuvre.
While the trial manoeuvre is running and the Trial Manoeuvre menu is displayed,
the word “TRIAL” will appear at the bottom of the video circle. Once the delay has
elapsed, the word “TRIAL” is removed from the display, and the manoeuvre
is turned “OFF”.
Exit from TRIAL MANOEUVRE Menu
To exit from the “TRIAL MANOEUVRE” menu, click the right mouse button on
“TRIAL” soft key.
To acquire a UAIS target for tracking, position the cursor on the target mark
and click the left trackball/mouse button. The tracked UAIS target will be shown
as an acute-angled triangle with the relative bearing line.
If a UAIS target is on the turning circle, the tip of the heading line will show the turn
direction.
COG/SOG vector is shown as a dashed line originating from the centre of the triangle.
UAIS targets can be acquired automatically if they are within the guard zone or
if they are dangerous targets (by CPA\TCPA criterion). In this case, UAIS targets
are shown as red coloured marks flickering with a frequency of 1 Hz.
In the case of lost tracking (data stops arriving), after some time, the UAIS
will be displayed in the form of a blue coloured crossed triangle.
The triangle next to the target number will indicate availability of data from the UAIS
transponder. The target’s course and speed will be shown from the UAIS data.
To display additional UAIS information, position the cursor on the panel and click
the left trackball/mouse button. The screen will display additional UAIS information.
ARPA Functions
Introduction
As the radar is configured as an ARPA, a large range of additional target related
functions can be provided. Access to these functions is via the programmable
“ARPA” key.
Past position dots are available in all presentation and motion modes providing
the system has a working compass.
To turn the past position dots ON or OFF:
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the “PAST POSN” line.
2. Left click to toggle the display of past position dots “ON” or “OFF”. When the past
position dots are switched “ON”, the time interval between dots will be displayed
in the menu.
Target ID’s
This facility enables the operator to select whether target ID’s are displayed in
the video circle against the associated tracked targets.
To turn on the display of target identifiers:
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the “TARGET ID” line.
2. Left click to toggle through the options available, i.e. “OFF” – “NUMBER”.
or:
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the “TARGET ID” line.
2. Right click to reveal a drop-down menu.
3. Left click on the option to be displayed, or on “OFF” to turn the display off.
Vector Timeout
If the selected vector mode does not match the current motion mode, the vector
data is displayed in orange. If “VECTOR TIMEOUT” has been selected (ON) using
the procedure below, then the vector mode will revert to the same as the motion
mode after 30 seconds.
To turn vector timeout ON or OFF:
1. Within the “LIMITS & SETTING” menu, position the screen cursor over
the “VECTOR TIMEOUT” line.
NMEA Targets
The facility is provided to output data on tracked targets. The output data conforms
to the NMEA 0183 standard. Data is output on all tracked targets provided that
Track Table O/P has been selected under initialization:
1. Position the screen cursor on “NMEA TARGETS” line in “LIMITS & SETTING” menu.
2. Left mouse clicks switch between the display of data on all targets
(“ALL” or “MULTI TARGETS”).
or:
1. Position the screen cursor on “NMEA TARGETS” line in “LIMITS & SETTING” menu.
2. Click the right mouse button to display a drop-down menu on the screen.
3. Click the left mouse button either on “ALL” if you wish to obtain data on all
the tracked targets, or on “MULTI TARGET”.
Introduction
The Parallel Index Line (PI) facility allows either up to four or up to five index lines
to be displayed simultaneously. The lines span the entire video circle, irrespective
of the range scale in use, and are retained in the non-volatile memory. They are
available in all presentation and motion modes.
Note: The radar display has up to four index lines simultaneously if
@PIE 0x0000000(0) parameter is set for “Radar” task in the Configuration
Editor. If @PIE 0x0000000(1) parameter is set, up to five index lines
can be shown on the radar display (see NAVI-TRAINER 5000 (V. 5.20).
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION AND INSTALLATION MANUAL).
Index lines are available both in Transmit and Standby modes and are available
on range scales of 0.25 n mile (0.5 km) and above.
Each index line is defined by the range of its closest point to own ship, its bearing
and its line type. Bearings are true when in a stabilized presentation mode, but
relative to own ship’s head when in an unstabilized mode.
A defined line will be shown at its last position. If not yet defined, it will default
to the bearing of any other defined line. If it is the first line to be defined, it will be
shown as a horizontal line through the centre of the video circle.
Selecting the EDIT Mode
1. Position the screen cursor over one of programmable “LINE 1…LINE 4” keys
located under the “EDIT INDEX LINES” menu, thus selecting the line which
should be edited.
2. Left click to access. The menu will show the name of the line which is being
edited (e.g. “EDIT LINE 3”).
1. Within the video circle, position the video cursor over any point on the line other
than the pivot point.
2. Press and hold down the left key.
3. Rotate the line about the pivot point by dragging to the required bearing.
The bearing is automatically updated in the menu.
4. Release the left key.
Alternatively, a left click on the “BRG” line in the “EDIT INDEX LINES” menu will
allow adjustment using movement of the cursor control. A right click will reveal
a drop-down numeric keypad from where a new bearing can be entered.
1. Within the video circle, place the video cursor over the pivot point of the selected line.
2. Press and hold down the left key.
3. Drag the line to the required range from own ship. The range is automatically
updated in the menu.
Note: Range is the shortest distance from Own Ship to index line.
4. Release the left key.
Alternatively, a left click on the “RANGE” line in the “EDIT INDEX LINES” menu will
allow adjustment using movement of the cursor control. A right click will reveal
a drop-down numeric keypad from where a new range can be entered.
Removing a Line
1. Position the screen cursor over the “DELETE” caption in the “EDIT INDEX
LINES” menu.
2. Left click deletes the line specified in the menu.
Warning Prompt
If an attempt is made to edit or turn index lines “ON” when an invalid range is
selected, the following prompt is displayed.
System Menu
Introduction
Then programmable “SYSTEM” key opens the system menu where from BridgeMaster E
radar can be turned off, and another radar selection menu exited to (see the beginning
of section Radar Selection and Adjustment of its Initial Parameters).
In the current version, the system menu contains a single “EXIT” function. This function
closes BridgeMaster E radar screen and returns you to the selection menu of another
radar available in the simulator.
To exit from the system menu without turning the radar off, click the left mouse
button on “EXIT SYSTEM” line.
Tools
Introduction
The “TOOLS” soft key provides access to a number of on-screen tools which allow
the user to:
• Display a half or full circle “ROTATING CURSOR”;
• “Mark” up to 20 points of interest on screen.
Note: A left click on the “EXIT TOOLS” soft key will close the menu.
Rotating Cursor
A HALF circle or FULL circle rotating cursor can be displayed to provide a means
of parallel indexing. The rotating cursor consists of a single white line diameter
plus a number of equally spaced lines, which are perpendicular to the single line.
The spacing of the perpendicular lines corresponds to the range ring spacing
on all ranges. The rotating cursor is always centered on own ship.
The displayed cursor can be rotated by dragging (left click, hold and drag) the end
points of the lines which pass through the video circle centre. The end points are
marked with semi-circle.
To turn the rotating cursor ON or OFF:
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the “DISPLAY” line under
the “ROTATING CURSOR” heading.
Marks
Up to 20 position “marks” can be defined within the video circle. The marks are
available in all motion modes, presentation modes (except H-Up mode) and range
scales, and may be “dropped” or “carried”. When carried, the marks remain at
a fixed range and bearing from own ship. When dropped, they remain at a fixed
position on the ground or in the water (depending on the speed mode in use).
In the menu “MARKS: nn” line indicates the number of marks currently defined,
and the “MODE” line indicates whether “CARRY” or “DROP” is selected.
To turn marks ON or OFF:
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the “DISPLAY” line under
the “MARKS: nn” heading.
2. Left click to toggle marks ON or OFF.
Marks are displayed as small white crosses (x) with rings within the video circle.
To add marks:
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the “ADD” line.
2. Left click to select.
3. Position the cursor over the position to be marked.
4. Left click to mark.
If an attempt is made to add a mark when 20 marks are already defined, the following
prompt is displayed:
1. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the “DELETE” line.
2. Left click to select.
3. Position the cursor over the mark to be deleted.
4. Left click to delete.
WARNING!
This operation cannot be undone.
Note: All “marks” are cleared automatically if the “Drop” or “Carry” mode is altered,
or the presentation mode is changed between stabilized and unstabilized.
Navigation
Introduction
The display of waypoints, routes, and steering data is switched ON and OFF using
the navigation (NAV) soft key. This key also provides access to the “NAVIGATION”
menu and the editing facilities for:
• defining own ship’s position;
• switching route display “ON” and “OFF”.
Cursor Display
Within the “NAVIGATION” menu, the “CURSOR DISP” line relates to the cursor
data displayed when the cursor is within the video circle. The information can be
displayed in Lat/Lon or Range/Bearing format, or in both.
1. Position the screen cursor over the “CURSOR DISP” line in the “NAVIGATION”
menu.
2. Left click to toggle for “BOTH”, “LAT/LON” or “RANGE/BRG”.
Alternatively, a right click on the “CURSOR DISP” line will reveal a drop-down menu
listing the options available. Left click on the option required, or right click to close
the menu without further action.
Note: If H-Up mode is selected when route display is “ON”, the route display
is inhibited until a stabilized mode is selected.
Warning Prompts
If an attempt is made to turn the route display “ON” when the system is unstabilized,
outside of the allowed range scale or outside allowed latitudes, an appropriate
prompt is displayed.
Alarms
Introduction
Alarms are displayed at the right side of the video circle in the Alarms display box
which is present in both Standby and Transmit modes.
A list of alarms, together with a brief description and suggested remedial actions
for each alarm, is given at the end of the chapter.
Types of Alarm
There are three types of alarm:
• Those which will clear automatically when the condition that caused the alarm is
no longer present. For example, Bow Crossing CPA/TCPA and Position alarms;
• Those which will clear as soon as they are acknowledged even if the condition
that caused the alarm is still present. For example, AZ Entry alarms;
• Those which will clear only when the alarm has been acknowledged and
the condition that caused the alarm is no longer present. For example, Compass
and Position alarms.
Alarm Display
The Alarm display box provides an indication of the current alarm state and a means
of acknowledging alarms, should any occur. There are three alarm states:
• No Alarms;
• Unacknowledged Alarms;
• Acknowledged Alarms.
No Alarms
If there are no alarms, the caption “NO ALARMS” is displayed in green.
Unacknowledged Alarms
When an alarm condition is detected, that alarm flashes in red in the Alarm display
box. If more than one alarm condition exists, the alarm with the highest priority is
displayed. The alarm remains displayed until it is either acknowledged, automatically
cleared, or is replaced with an alarm of higher priority.
To Acknowledge an Alarm
Acknowledged Alarms
If there are acknowledged alarms but no unacknowledged (new) alarms, the caption
“ALARMS” is displayed in red and is steady.
Alarm Facilities
A right click on the Alarm display box reveals a drop-down list of up to six
acknowledged alarms, arranged in order of priority, and a drop-down alarm menu.
Note: When required, user a right click to exit and remove the list.
The menu offers independent option:
BUZZER – when this is switched-ON, a beep is sounded for each new alarm.
List of Alarms
The alarms, which are raised by the system and appear in the ALARM box at
the right-hand side of the display, are given in alphabetical order in the table below.
If more than one alarm exists, the alarm with the highest priority (the most important)
is displayed.
WARNING!
A SART will only respond to an X-Band (3 cm) radar. It will NOT be seen
on an S-BAND (10 cm) radar.
Introduction
A Search and Rescue Transponder (SART) may be triggered by any X-Band (3 cm)
radar within a range of approximately 8 n mile. Each radar pulse received causes
it to transmit a response which is swept repetitively across the complete radar
frequency band. When interrogated, it first sweeps rapidly (0.4 ms) through the
band before beginning a relatively slow sweep (7.5 ms) through the band back to
the starting frequency. This process is repeated for a total of twelve complete cycles.
At some point in the sweep, the SART frequency will match that of the interrogating
radar and be within the pass band of the radar receiver. If the SART is within range, the
frequency match during each of the 12 slow sweeps will produce a response on the
radar display, thus a line of 12 dots equally spaced by about 0.64 n mile will be
shown.
Radar Bandwidth
This is normally matched to the radar pulse length and is usually switched with
the range scale and the associated pulse length. Narrow bandwidths of 3–5 MHz
are used with long pulses on long range scales and wide bandwidths of 10–25 MHz
with short pulses on short ranges.
A radar bandwidth of less than 5 MHz will attenuate the SART signal slightly, so it
is preferable to use a medium bandwidth to ensure optimum detection of the SART,
Radar Transmission Pulse Length.
Video Gain
For maximum range SART detection, the normal gain setting for long range
detection should be used, i.e., with a light background noise speckle visible,
Video Processing Controls.
Overview
Simulator Bridge Master E Tactical radar is the modified Bridge Master E radar with
the added general and naval features:
• Mapping;
• Routes;
• Target association;
• Constant radius turn;
• Polygonal auto-acquisition zone capability;
• Freeze function;
• Red first strike;
• Helicopter approach sector;
• Advanced parallel index lines;
• Target intercept.
Note: This section describes additional features of the Bridge Master E radar.
Full description of the Bridge Master E radar is given in the previous section
of this chapter.
Maps
The Maps facility allows user defined maps and guard lines to be displayed within
the video circle.
Maps and guard lines can be displayed in either Standby or Transmit mode.
They can only be displayed in stabilized presentation modes (North-Up or Course-Up)
and only on range scales of 0.5 n mile and above.
They cannot be displayed at latitudes further north than 78°N or further south
than 78°S.
Maps are stored as files on a “memory card” and can be selected for display either
individually or as a folio. A folio is a collection of up to 10 maps. Up to 500 elements
of a map can be displayed at any one time. When a folio is selected for display,
the closest 500 elements to own ship are automatically selected from all the maps
in the folio. This enables maps for particular routes to be grouped together and
automatically displayed when own ship’s lat/long is appropriate.
Offsets
Guard Lines
Up to twenty guard lines, each defined by a start and end position, can be displayed.
When the guard lines are active, an alarm is raised when any of the lines are
crossed by own ship. Guard lines are displayed as thick red lines when active.
When a crossing alarm is raised, the guard line being crossed will flash until
the alarm is acknowledged.
Datums
Maps are always displayed and stored referenced to the W84 (WGS84) datum.
The soft keys, associated with the “MAPS” menu, enable maps, layers, folios
and guard lines to be created, edited, cleared and deleted.
A left click on the “EXIT MAPS” key will close the menu.
3. Position the screen cursor over the filename of the map or folio you wish to
recall. The file selected will be highlighted. Use the scroll facility if required.
Note: A right click will close the menu with no further action.
4. Left click to select.
All layers of the map or folio selected will be switched ON.
A selected map or folio will not be switched ON if certain parameter limits are
exceeded. A warning prompt will also be given if maps are missing from a selected
folio. The missing maps can be identified by left clicking on the “FOLIOS” soft key:
the missing maps are shown in red.
1. Position the screen cursor over the “MAPS” soft key in the bottom right corner
of the display.
2. Right click to toggle between maps “ON” and maps “OFF”.
Note: When “ON” is selected, only the map features which were previously turned
ON from within the “MAPS” menu are displayed.
3. Use the keypad to enter the Latitude and Longitude of the offset.
4. Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click to define the offset.
Note: If any layer is switched OFF, the “LAYERS” caption in the “MAPS” menu will
change from “ALL” to “USER”.
At least one layer must be selected ON at all times. If only one layer is switched ON,
the user is prevented from switching that layer OFF until at least one other layer
is switched ON first.
Deselecting Maps
A map or folio can be deselected using the “CLEAR” soft key.
To deselect a map or folio:
1. Position the screen cursor over the “CLEAR” soft key.
2. Left click to clear the map or folio currently selected in the “MAPS” menu.
The filename is dashed out and the “MAP DISPLAY” is forced OFF. Any map
offset that has been added is also cleared.
Note: A right click will close the menu with no further action.
3. Position the screen cursor over the filename of the map you wish to delete.
Use the scroll facility if required. The file selected will be highlighted in yellow.
4. Left click to delete. This will reveal a YES/NO dialog box. Left click on “YES” to delete
the map. The selected map is now completely deleted from the “memory card”.
Note: If the chosen filename already exists, the name is not accepted
and the message “This map is already in use” is displayed on
the temporary prompt line.
Note: The Lat/Long information displayed in the menu defaults to the most recent
values set in this mode.
7. Within the menu, left click on the “LAT” or “LON” line to reveal a drop-down
numeric keypad. Use the keypad to enter the Lat/Long of the selected map:
8. Position the screen cursor over the “ENTER” key. Left click to enter.
A left click on the “EXIT EDIT MAPS” soft key will close the “EDIT MAPS” menu
and re-display the “MAPS” menu.
Selecting an Edit Mode
1. Position the cursor over the “MODE” caption in the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
2. Left click to reveal a drop-down menu, containing a list of the edit modes
available:
3. Left click on the edit mode required. The mode selected will appear in
the “MODE” line of the “EDIT MAPS” menu:
– “ADD” – adding lines and symbols to a map;
– “DELETE” – deleting lines and symbols from a map;
– “MOVE” – moving lines and symbols on a map;
– “MODIFY” – modifying map symbols.
A detailed description of the edit modes provided in this section below.
Selecting a Map Layer
1. Position the cursor over the layer name caption in the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
2. Left click to reveal a drop-down menu, containing a list of the layers types
available:
3. Left click on the type of layer required. The layer selected will appear in the layer
name line of the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
Note: When in edit mode, all layers of a map will be displayed, when the edit
is finished, the “LAYERS SHOWN” line (in the “MAPS” menu) will stay
as “ALL” and not revert to “USER”.
Adding Lines and Symbols to a Map (Add Mode)
The Add mode of editing allows the user to add lines or symbols to the selected layer,
either from within the video circle or by lat/long entries in the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
Adding lines applies to layers which use lines. Adding symbols applies to layers
which use symbols.
Note: The maximum recommended number of elements stored in a map
(an element is a single line or symbol) is 1000. The map will take longer
to display if this number is exceeded.
Adding Lines in the Video Circle
1. Within the video circle, position the screen cursor at the start point of the line
required.
2. Left click to define the point.
3. Move the cursor to the next point.
Note: The above process can be repeated as often as required to add more lines.
Adding Lines by Entering a Lat/Lon
1. Position the screen cursor over the “LAT”/“LON” line in the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
2. Left click to reveal a drop-down numeric keypad:
3. Use the keypad to enter the Latitude and Longitude of the start position.
4. Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click to define the start
position.
5. Use the keypad to enter the Latitude and Longitude for the next position.
6. Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click to define that position.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 as often as required to build the required contour, or
select “NEW LINE” to end the current line and start a new one.
8. Left click on the “EXIT” caption to end the process and close the drop-down
keypad.
Note: The above process can be repeated as often as required to add more lines.
Adding Symbols via the Video Circle
1. Position the screen cursor over the “SYMBOL” line in the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
2. Left click to toggle through the symbol options available.
3. Alternatively, a right click will reveal a drop-down menu containing a range
of symbols in their respective colours.
4. Left click on the symbol required. The selected symbol will appear
in the “SYMBOL” line of the menu.
5. Within the video circle, position the cursor at the point where you want
the symbol placed.
6. Left click to place. The selected symbol will appear in the video circle.
Adding Symbols by Entering a Lat/Lon
1. Select a symbol as described in the previous procedure (steps 1–4).
2. Position the screen cursor over the “LAT”/“LON” line in the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
3. Left click to reveal the drop-down numeric keypad:
4. Use the keypad to enter the Latitude and Longitude of the position where you
want the symbol placed.
5. Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click to define the position.
6. Left click on the “EXIT” caption to end the process and close the drop-down
keypad.
1. Within the video circle, position the cursor over the symbol, or the point
on a line, you wish to move.
2. Press and hold down the left key.
3. Drag the selected point to its new position.
Saving a Map
To save a map that is being created or edited, to the “memory card”:
1. Position the screen cursor over the “SAVE” soft key under the “EDIT MAPS” menu.
The menu will be for the folio currently selected in the “MAPS” menu
(see Selecting Maps and Folios from a “Memory Card”). If a folio hasn’t been
selected, it will be untitled.
A left click on the “EXIT FOLIOS” soft key will close the “EDIT FOLIOS” menu
unless edits have been made which have not been saved. In which case, the user
is prompted to save their changes before exiting.
Once the new filename has been entered and accepted, the functions
of “ADD MAP”, “REMOVE MAP” and “SAVE” can be used.
Adding a Map to a Folio
1. Position the screen cursor over the “ADD MAP” soft key under
the “EDIT FOLIOS” menu.
2. Left click to reveal a “CARD A” menu containing a list of the maps available.
Note: At this point, a right click will close the “CARD A” menu and redisplay
the “EDIT FOLIOS” menu.
3. Within the “CARD A” menu, left click on the map to be included in the folio. After this
selection, the menu is closed leaving the cursor over the “ADD MAP” soft key.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all required maps have been added. A prompt will be
displayed when the folio is full (contains ten maps).
Note: A right click at this point will close the drop-down menu and re-display
the “EDIT FOLIOS” menu.
3. Within the drop-down menu, left click on the map to be removed from the folio.
After this selection, the menu is closed leaving the cursor over the “REMOVE
MAP” soft key.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all required maps have been removed.
Saving a Folio
A left click on the “SAVE” soft key allows the user to save a newly created folio
or an edited folio, to the “memory card”.
Note: If an attempt is made to exit from the “EDIT FOLIOS” menu when there are
unsaved edits, the user will be prompted, in the form of a dialog box, to save
the current edits before exiting.
Editing a Folio
1. Position the screen cursor over the “EDIT” soft key located under
the “EDIT FOLIOS” menu.
2. Left click to reveal a drop-down “CARD A” menu containing a list of folio filenames
(a further right click will remove the menu without taking further action):
3. Left click on the filename of the folio you wish to edit. The menu for the selected
folio will appear and the functions of “ADD MAP”, “REMOVE MAP” and “SAVE”
can now be used as described earlier.
Note: A folio that is currently in use cannot be edited.
The “NUMBER OF LINES” line in the menu indicates the number of guard lines
currently defined. A maximum of up to 20 guard lines can be defined.
A left click on the “EXIT GUARD LINES” soft key will close the menu and re-display
the “MAPS” menu. Guard lines are stored in non-volatile memory.
2. Left click to select. This will reveal an YES/NO dialog box. Left click on “YES”
to delete. This will delete all guard lines from the system.
List Lines
Viewing Guard Lines Using the List
1. Position the screen cursor over the “LIST LINES” caption in the “GUARD
LINES” menu.
2. Left click to reveal a drop-down list and “ADD” and “DELETE” soft keys.
4. A right click at any time the list is displayed, will close the list and return
the “GUARD LINES” menu.
Follow the instructions below to add lines or to delete lines from this list.
4. Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click.
5. Use the keypad to enter the Latitude and Longitude of the “end-of-line”:
6. Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click.
Note: While the list is displayed, lat/long information on up to a maximum
of 20 guard lines can be added.
7. Right click to close the list.
Deleting Guard Lines Using the List
1. Scroll the list if required, and left click on the details of the guard line to be
deleted. (A left click on any line in the list will highlight all lines associated with
the guard line.)
Warning Prompts
Warning prompts are displayed when conflicting conditions prevail.
If a selected Folio has some maps missing, the following prompt is displayed.
A left click on the “FOLIOS” soft key will reveal a list of the maps in the folio with
the missing maps displayed in red.
Guard Lines
If an attempt is made to turn the Guard Lines ON while a “NAV POSITION” alarm
exists, the following prompt is displayed and the guard line is NOT switched on.
Routes
The Route display is controlled from the “NAVIGATION” menu. Route data is
calculated internally from the internal route data or the route data received from
an external source.
Routes can be displayed on all ranges in stabilized modes and when own ships
latitude is between 78°N and 78°S.
In this version of the simulator, routes can be displayed with rhumb line (RHL) legs.
Rhumb lines are drawn as straight lines between waypoints.
Note: If H-Up mode is selected when route display is ON, the route display
is inhibited until a stabilized mode is selected.
Route Type
There is possibility to select three types of routes: internal, single leg and external.
Internal Route
This feature allows the user to define waypoints and routes directly on the radar
display, either by entering lat/long information or positioning the screen cursor.
These routes are stored as files on a “memory card”. Each route can have
128 entries. An entry consists of a waypoint name and the type of the next leg.
Routes are stored as files with the .RTE extension.
External Route
Route, exported to the radar from the trainee bridge. A detailed description
of the loading route is given in Chapter 3 in Loading the Own Ship Route section.
5. Within the menu, position the screen cursor over the required mode.
6. Left click to select.
Depending on the route type selection, the “ROUTE” soft key will produce two
different menus: “INTERNAL ROUTE” or “SINGLE LEG ROUTE”.
A left click on the “EXIT ROUTE” soft key will close the “INTERNAL ROUTE” menu
and redisplay the “NAVIGATION” menu.
Note: A right click will close the menu with no further action.
2. Position the screen cursor over the filename of the route you wish to recall.
The file selected will be highlighted.
3. Left key to select.
The “INTERNAL ROUTE” menu will now be shown with details of its filename
and the name and lat/long of the first waypoint in the route.
The route will also be displayed on the screen as a series of red circles joined by
dashed red lines.
3. Enter the filename under which the new route will be saved.
4. When the filename is as required, position the screen cursor over the “ENTER” key.
5. Left click to save. This will create the file on the “memory card” under the
chosen filename. The “EDIT ROUTES” menu is automatically displayed.
Note: If the chosen filename already exists, the name is not accepted, the message
“This route name is already in use” is displayed on the temporary prompt line.
Note: Before a route can be edited it must first be selected (see Selecting
an Internal Route from a “Memory Card”).
Note: The Lat/Long information displayed in the menu defaults to the most recent
values set in this mode.
3. Within the menu, left click on the “LAT” or “LON” line to reveal a drop-down
numeric keypad. Use the keypad to enter the Lat/Long of the selected route.
Additionally, a left click on the “SELECT BY CURSOR” line causes a + cursor to
appear at the centre of the video circle. To change the centre position, left click with
the cursor control at the appropriate position. The route will then be re-drawn.
Also a left click on the “SET TO ROUTE START” line will set the off-line centre
to be that of the first waypoint in the route and draw the route accordingly.
4. A left click on the “EXIT OFF-LINE CENTRE” key will return the system
to the “EDIT ROUTE” menu.
The route can now be edited using the procedure given below.
The single arrow keys enable you to step back or step on the information displayed
one waypoint at a time:
At the start of the route, only the “TO WAYPOINT” data is shown.
At the end of the route, only the “FROM WAYPOINT” data is shown.
4. Either:
– Position the cursor over the “Enter using cursor” line and left click;
– Use the cursor to select the new position and left click. The waypoint will
move to the new position and the screen data updated.
Or
Saving a Route
The “SAVE” soft key allows the user to save a route that is being created or edited
to the “memory card”:
1. Position the cursor over the “SAVE” soft key.
A left click on the “EXIT ROUTE” soft key will close the “SINGLE LEG ROUTE” menu
and redisplay the “NAVIGATION” menu.
3. Either:
– Position the cursor over the “Select from database” line;
– Left click to reveal a list of waypoint names from the Position Database
on the “memory card”:
– Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click to reveal an enter
position numeric keypad:
Position Database
The Position Database is used to store all internal and single leg route waypoint data.
The position database will be created when the first waypoint is stored on that card.
There is a separate store on each “memory card”.
The data that is initially shown is for the first waypoint on Card A. The “POSITION”
line shows how many waypoint definitions are stored in the database on the card.
Or
– Position the cursor over the “Enter using keypad” line;
– Left click to reveal a drop-down alpha-numeric keypad;
– Enter the waypoint name at the bottom;
– Position the cursor over the “ENTER” key and left click to reveal an enter
position numeric keypad:
The double arrow keys enable you to step on or step back ten waypoints at a time
in the database:
The double arrow and line keys enable you to go to the start or end of the database:
1. Position the cursor over the “ROUTE TRANSFER” line in the “NAVIGATION” menu.
2. Left click to reveal the ROUTE TRANSFER menu:
3. A left click on the “TRANSFER” line will toggle the input On and Off.
4. A left click on the “OVERWRITE” line will toggle this option On and Off.
5. A left click on the “EXIT TRANSFER” soft key will close the menu and end
the transfer.
The overwrite lines can only be changed when the transfer is Off.
Data will only be transferred while the menu is displayed and Transfer is set to On.
While data is being transferred, the following statistics will be available:
Warning Prompts
If an attempt is made to turn the route display ON when the system is unsterilized
in Standby mode, or outside allowed latitudes, an appropriate prompt is displayed.
Freeze Function
Freeze Frame
The Freeze Frame facility allows the video picture to be frozen, for example,
when ship is on radio silence. The freeze frame can be controlled only locally
by the operator via the “FREEZE” soft key (bottom left-hand corner of screen).
If local control is set to the frozen state, the video and trails are frozen on the screen
and are not updated again until local control is set to the unfrozen state.
The true motion origin is not updated during Freeze Frame. When leaving Freeze
Frame, there will be a picture clear if the picture was in Freeze Frame for more than
10 seconds.
Local-Operator Control
1. Position the screen cursor over the “FREEZE” soft key.
2. Left click to freeze frame. The caption inside the soft key will change
to “FROZEN (L)”.
3. The display can be unfrozen by a further left click on the soft key.
Warning Prompts
Whenever the display is Frozen, an attempt to select any of the functions listed
below, will result in the ‘In Freeze Frame’ prompt being displayed:
• Range scale;
• Presentation mode;
• Motion mode;
• Centre;
• Trails;
• Off-centre own ship.
2. Left click to select red first strike video presentation. The caption in the soft key
will change to “AIR”.
2. Left click to select standard video presentation (i.e., to remove red first strike).
The caption in the soft key will change to “NAV”.
3. A left click on the “RADIUS TURN” line will reveal the “RADIUS TURN” menu:
Note: The planned turn is displayed initially with default values applied.
Any adjustments made by the user are automatically limited to the maximum
rate of turn.
4. Within the menu, left clicks on the “DISPLAY” line will toggle the “radius turn”
display ON and OFF.
A left click on the “EXIT RADIUS TURN” soft key will close the menu.
Rates of Turn
Within the “RADIUS TURN” menu, the rate of turn (ROT) is calculated from the other
parameters unless the standard rate of turn is selected. When the maximum rate of
turn is reached, the following prompt is displayed.
2. Left click to toggle the standard rate of turn ON (“YES”) or OFF (“NO”).
“ZONE 1”, “ZONE 2” menu lines are used for turning annular zones On/Off.
“ZONE 3”, “ZONE 4” menu lines are used for turning polygonal zones On/Off.
“EDIT 1”, “EDIT 2” soft keys are used for editing annular zones (ZONE 1, 2).
“EDIT 3”, “EDIT 4” soft keys are used for editing polygonal zones (ZONE 3, 4).
A left click on the “EXIT ACQ ZONES” soft key will close the “AUTO ACQ ZONES”
menu.
7. Complete the polygon either by left clicking again on the start point, or by
defining ten points (when it will be closed automatically). The zone will be
switched-on automatically on completion.
Each time a zone is selected for editing it must be created from scratch and
the existing zone definition will be overwritten.
A left click on the “EXIT HELO SECTOR” soft key will close the menu.
Warning Prompts
A suitable prompt is displayed if either method of selecting a target fails to find
a tracked target.
Target Association
When a new AIS target is to be displayed, the system will check to associate it with
an existing autotrack target. First it checks the distance association and then the
speed. If it does associate then the characteristics and history of that target will be
transferred to the AIS target, and the autotrack target will be cancelled. The
association characteristics (distance and speed) are displayed in the “AIS” menu.
5. Position the screen cursor over the distance or speed parameter to be changed.
6. Left click to access.
7. Move the cursor control left or right to change the parameter.
8. Left click to accept.
Alternatively, a right click will reveal a drop-down numeric keypad from which
the parameter value can be entered.
Values can be set and stored between 0.01 and 1.0 n mile for distance, and between
0.1 and 10.0 kt for speed. The target has to meet both criteria to be associated.
A left click on the “EXIT AIS” soft key will close the “AIS” menu. A left click on
the “EXIT ARPA” soft key will close the “ARPA” menu.
AIS Target Totals
The “DISPLAYED” line will show the number of AIS targets that can be shown on
the screen. The total AIS targets line will show the number of different vessels from
which AIS messages are being received and filtered for display.
A left click on the “EXIT INDEX LINES” soft key will close the menu.
1. Within the “INDEX LINES” menu, position the screen cursor over the “GROUPS
LOADED” line.
2. Left click to reveal a list of the currently loaded groups:
2. Left click to add. The new line (at full video circle width) will be drawn in
magenta through own ship with its pivot point on own ship.
If the group already has its full quota of lines (five), the following prompt is displayed
and no new line is added.
Once a line has been added, it can be edited in any of the ways already explained
(a change of range and bearing, a change of line type and line clipping).
Note: Range is the shortest distance from Own Ship to index line.
4. Release the left key.
Alternatively, a left click on the “RANGE” line in the “INDEX LINES” menu will allow
adjustment using movement of the cursor control.
4. Left click to clip the line. The shortened line will be drawn in magenta, clipped
at the appropriate point.
5. If a second clipping point is required, position the video cursor at the point where
clipping is required.
6. Left click to clip the line. The line will now be drawn between the two clipping points.
7. If required, steps 3 to 6 can be repeated on all lines in the group.
8. A further left click on the “CLIP LINE” caption in the “INDEX LINES” menu will return
the caption to its original colour and return editing to the “edit by dragging” mode.
When in “edit by dragging” mode, index lines which have already been clipped can be
fine tuned by further editing as follows:
1. Within the video circle, position the video cursor over the clipped end
of the index line which is to be adjusted.
2. Press and hold down the left key.
3. Drag the end of the line (the clipped point) to the required position. The cursor
is constrained to the line’s bearing (the line can only be shortened or
lengthened), leaving the line’s range and bearing unchanged.
4. Release the left key.
Removing Clipping from a Selected Line
1. Position the screen cursor over the “REMOVE CLIPPING” caption in
the “INDEX LINES” menu.
2. Left click to access. The caption in the menu will be displayed in yellow.
3. Within the video circle, position the video cursor over the line to be unclipped.
4. Left click on any point along the line to remove clipping. The unclipped line will
retain its range and bearing, and will be drawn in magenta spanning the full
video circle.
5. If required, steps 3 and 4 can be repeated on all lines in the group.
6. A further left click on the “REMOVE CLIPPING” line in the “INDEX LINES”
menu will return the caption to its original colour and return editing to
the “edit by dragging mode”.
If conditions allow, and there are less than three groups already loaded, the edit
mode is entered and a new group of lines can be created using the edit procedures
already described (initially by using “ADD LINE”). A suitable prompt will be displayed
if three groups are already loaded. To create a new group, one of the groups already
loaded must first be unloaded.
Unloading a Group
1. Position the screen cursor over the “UNLOAD” soft key located under
the “INDEX LINES” menu.
2. Left click to reveal a list of the groups already loading. The list will include
the card and file name of the groups where appropriate. It will also list any
unsaved groups (groups which have been edited or created but not yet saved).
Saving a Group
The group currently selected as the group for editing, can be saved at any time
using the “SAVE” soft key:
1. Ensure the group to be saved is selected for editing. (Left click on the “EDIT”
soft key and select group from dialog box.)
2. Position the screen cursor over the “SAVE” soft key located under the “INDEX
LINES” menu.
3. Left click to reveal. The drop-down alpha-numeric keypad will be revealed from
where a file name can be entered:
Target Intercept
The Target Intercept facility allows the operator to plan and execute intercept
manoeuvres between one vessel and another. Interceptions can be from own ship
to any tracked target, from a tracked target to own ship, or from one tracked target
to another. The course to achieve the intercept is calculated and displayed on
the screen. Intercept vectors are displayed in the video circle to indicate where
the intercept will take place.
Target Intercept is available in all modes where tracking facilities are available.
Note: A right click on the “INTCEPT” key will temporarily suppress the display
of intercept vectors. The vectors are re-displayed by a second right click
on the “INTCEPT” key, or on entering the “TARGET INTERCEPT” menu.
A left click on the “EXIT TGT INTERCEPT” key will close the menu.
4. Left click to select. The menu will reflect the selection made.
Intercept Graphics
When the interceptor and interceptee have been selected, the intercept vectors
are calculated and displayed in the video circle, see example below.
Within the “TARGET INTERCEPT” menu the following parameters are calculated
automatically and are not selectable. The information is updated dynamically to follow
changes in the velocity of the interceptee.
For the Interceptor:
• COG FOR INT – Course Over Ground for intercept. This will be CSE when the
speed mode is water locked;
• TTG – The Time To Go to intercept;
• DTG – Distance To Go to intercept.
For the Interceptee:
• SOG – Speed Over Ground. This will be STW when the speed mode is water locked;
• T BRG – True Bearing from the Interceptor.
If the time to intercept (TTG) is greater than 199 minutes, or the range to intercept
(DTG) is greater than 80 n mile, it is assumed that the intercept is not possible and
the course and range data is dashed out in the menu. The intercept vectors are also
suppressed until conditions fall within the above limits.
Controls
The outward appearance and arrangement of the radar imitator controls are shown
in fig. below.
They are grouped in three sections:
• Principal controls located in the bottom part of the panel;
• Instrumentation unit located on the right of the panel top part;
• Section of ARPA functions and control menus located in the right bottom part
of the panel.
“x2 ZOOM” – to double the size of area between your ship and a location.
“RINGS” – show/hide range rings and adjust their brightness (range ring
interval: 0.025; 0.05; 0.1; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8; 12; 20 n mile).
“E, AUTO PLOT MENU” – to display the electronic plot menu (manual
plotting) or auto plot menu (option).
“AUTO PLOT” – to turn auto plotting on/off (the imitation of this function
in the simulator is not completed).
“TRIAL” – to execute trial manoeuvre (to display the trial manoeuvre menu).
• top left corner – information on the PPI adjustment and radar cursor position;
• middle of the top part – information on the vessel’s course and speed;
• top right corner – ARPA information;
• middle of the right-hand part – menus (displayed at the operator’s request);
• bottom right corner – information on the guard zone (GUARD ALARM),
afterglow trails (ECHO TRAILS), and variable range rings (VRM);
• middle of the bottom part – parameters adjusted from the menu (displayed at
the operator’s request);
• bottom left corner – information on PPI off centering (OFF CENTER) and EBL’s.
Head-Up Orientation
Head-Up displays own ship’s heading at the top of the display at all times. It is useful
for navigating in congested areas or narrow channels, since the display provides
a more immediate indication as to whether the largest lies to port or starboard.
A negative aspect of this orientation is the display is not stabilized against yaw
of the vessel; there may be some smearing of echoes.
Course-Up
Course-Up shows ship’s course at the top of the display. To start Course-Up, steer
vessel in direction desired and then select course-up. The heading mark is first fixed
at zero degrees and then moves with ship’s movement. Because the direction
desired is always at zero degrees, however, you can know if the vessel is off course.
The display is stabilized against yawing of the vessel, so there is no smearing
of echoes.
To change heading, steer vessel in direction desired and then press the
“CU, TM RESET” key.
North-Up
North-Up displays North at the top of the display, and the heading marker moves
with ship’s movement. Targets are painted at their measured distances in true
directions from own ship, appearing as if you are viewing a nautical chart. Since
targets do not move, the picture is stabilized against yawing of vessel. This
orientation is useful for long-range navigation, finding ship’s position, monitoring
ship’s movement, etc.
True Motion
True motion displays own ship and moving objects in their true motion.
Since the own ship mark also moves, it freezes when its position is 75%
of the range in use. If you want own ship to move continuously on the
display, you can automatically return the own ship mark to 50%
of the stern direction.
3. Press the same numeral key pressed in step 2 to select option. Current selection
appears in reverse video.
4. Press the <Enter> key to register option selected.
5. To change option of another item, repeat steps 2 to 4.
6. To finish, press menu key pressed at step 1.
Item Description
PULSEWIDTH Pulsewidth may be selected for the ranges between 0.5 and 24 n mile.
Two sets of pulsewidths (pulsewidth 1 and 2) are set during installation,
and you may select one here
Note: This setting is independent of the pulsewidth set for the function keys.
Item Description
ECHO STRETCH This setting is independent of the echo stretch set for the function keys
(OFF, 1, 2)
ECHO AVERAGE This setting is independent of the echo averaging set for the function keys
(OFF, 1, 2, 3)
ECHO COLOR YEL: Echoes appear in 16 gradations of yellow according to strength.
GRN: As above except in green.
COLOR: Echoes appear in red, yellow, or green in descending order
of strength
SHIP’S SPEED Set method of ship’s speed entry; speed log (LOG) or manual (MAN).
When manual is selected, “MAN=**.**KTS” appears on display
INDEX LINES See below for further details (NO.2 VRM or MAN)
RADAR To call RADAR menu
RADAR menu
[FUNCTIONS] To return to the previous menu
NO.1 EBL To set bearing reference for each EBL: true or relative
NO.2 EBL
NO.1 VRM To select unit of range measurement for each VRM: kilometres, nautical
miles, or statute miles
NO.2 VRM
TRAIL GRAD To display echo trail in single colour gradation (SGL), or display trails
in multiple gradations (MULT) to show by lighter gradation when trailing
time elapses
PULSEWIDTH 1 To set pulsewidth set No.1, set on “PULSEWIDTH 1” in the previous
menu, for the ranges between 0.75 and 24 n mile
PULSEWIDTH 2 To set pulsewidth set No.2, set on “PULSEWIDTH 2” in the FUNCTIONS
menu, for the ranges between 0.5 and 24 n mile
NEXT PAGE To display the next menu page
PREVIOUS PAGE To return to the previous menu page
CURSOR REF To display cursor bearing in relative or true bearing
GUARD ALARM To set alarm type. “IN” generates alarm when echoes enter the guard
zone, and “OUT” when echoes exit the guard zone
BEARING SCALE To show (ON)/hide (OFF) the bearing scale
VRM’s
How to Display and Erase the VRM’s
To display and erase the VRM’s:
1. Press the “VRM ON” key. The VRM and delineated range reading
will appear in the bottom right-hand corner.
2. Press the “VRM ON” key again. The second range reading delineated
with a frame, will appear in the right bottom corner of the display.
3. Each press of the “VRM ON” key now selects the VRM to measure range,
by operating the VRM rotary encoder. The rectangle cursor circumscribes
the active marker.
4. To erase a VRM, press the “VRM OFF” key. The inactive marker and its readout
are erased. Press the key again to erase remaining VRM.
EBL’s
How to Display and Erase the EBL’s
To display the EBL’s:
1. Press the “EBL ON” key. The EBL and delineated bearing reading
will appear in the bottom left-hand corner.
2. Press the “EBL ON” key again. The second bearing reading delineated
with a frame will appear in the left bottom corner of the display.
3. Each press of the “EBL ON” key now selects the EBL to measure bearing, by
operating the EBL rotary encoder. The rectangle cursor circumscribes the active
marker.
4. To erase an EBL, press the “EBL OFF” key. The inactive marker and its readout
are erased. Press the key again to erase remaining EBL.
Offset EBL
Predicting Other Target’s Course
Follow the procedure below to predict other target’s course:
3. Press the “EBL OFFSET” key. The EBL whose readout is circumscribed shifts
to the cursor intersection.
4. Press the “EBL OFFSET” key again to anchor the EBL.
5. Wait several minutes. Operate the EBL rotary encoder to bisect the target
with the EBL.
6. If the EBL passes through own ship’s position, the target may be on a collision
course with own ship.
1. Display No 1 or No 2 EBL.
2. Press the “EBL OFFSET” key. The EBL origin shifts to the cursor
intersection.
3. Operate the tracker ball to set the cursor on the target from which you want
to measure range and bearing.
4. Press the “EBL OFFSET” key to anchor the EBL.
Alarm Types
In Alarm
This alarm sounds when radar targets enter the guard zone. The target which
entered the zone blinks.
Out Alarm
This alarm sounds when radar targets exit the guard zone.
Selecting Alarm Type
You can select the alarm type to IN or OUT on “GUARD ALARM” in the “RADAR” menu.
Zoom
Turning On
To double the size of the area adjacent to a small island to the starboard side
of own ship:
1. Operate the tracker ball to set the cursor on the location you want to double
in size.
2. Press the “x2 ZOOM” key. The area between the cursor and own ship is
doubled. “ZOOM” appears at the bottom left-hand corner of the display.
Cancelling
Press the “x2 ZOOM” key.
Note: The zoom function is inoperative when the off-center function is turned on.
Index Lines
Introduction
You can display index lines parallel with the No 2 EBL. (The No 2 EBL must be
displayed beforehand.) They are useful for maintaining a constant distance between
own ship and a coastline or partner ship. You control the index lines with the EBL
rotary encoder. The distance between index lines can be adjusted by the No 2 VRM,
or by manual input.
1. Press the “INDEX LINES” key. The index lines appear on the display.
2. Operate the EBL rotary encoder to rotate the No 2 EBL
and the index lines.
Trailing Echoes
Introduction
You can display the trails of all echoes in afterglow to assess target movement.
The trails can be shown in single or multiple gradation.
Trailing Gradation
Target trails may be shown in single or multiple gradations. The multiple gradation
trail shows when trailing time has elapsed, by lighter gradation.
Procedure:
1. Press “RADAR MENU”, “7” and “7” to display the “FUNCTIONS” menu.
2. Press “6” to set “TRAIL GRAD” to “SGL” or “MULT”.
Erasing Trails
Press and hold down the “ECHO TRAILS” key (more than three seconds) until
all trails are erased. Trailing starts again.
Canceling Trailing
Press the “ECHO TRAILS” key.
Electronic Plotting
Introduction
You may manually acquire ten targets and show their data. For each target you
acquire, this radar plots its latest five positions, displays navigation data, and shows
speed and course by vector.
Navigation data are (from own ship):
• Range;
• Bearing;
• Course;
• Speed;
• CPA;
• TCPA.
The latest past four positions of acquired targets are shown on the display by dots.
The dots are erased one by one to make room for latest past position.
Sequence in Plotting
To acquire a target:
1. Operate the tracker ball to set the cursor on the target you want to acquire.
2. Press a plot mark key.
3. Press the “ACQ” key. The plot mark, associated with the plot mark key pressed
in step 2, appears at the cursor intersection.
4. More than 30 s after acquiring a target, its associated plot mark moves
to new location, and the previous position is marked by a dot.
Note: More than 30 s must elapse before a next position can be plotted.
5. To acquire another target, repeat steps 1 to 3.
Vector Display
After a target’s position is plotted more than twice, this radar automatically calculates
the target’s speed and course, displaying them by a vector at the latest position.
VECTOR TIME – the vector tip shows estimated position after the vector
time elapses. You can select vector time (from 1 to 10 min) by pressing
the “VECTOR TIME” key.
1. Operate the tracker ball to set the cursor on the plot mark you want
to erase.
2. Press the “CANCEL/-” key.
All
Press and hold down the “CANCEL/-” key (more than five seconds) until all acquired
targets disappear.
Marking a Waypoint
If there is a danger point (such as a reef) along ship’s course, for example, you can
use the origin mark to mark where you should change course to avoid the reef:
1. Using a nautical chart, measure the range, and bearing from the location
where to change course to a landmass (for example, cape).
2. Display an EBL and a VRM and then press the “EBL OFFSET” key.
3. Operate the rotary encoders to match VRM mark range and EBL bearing with
the range and bearing measured in step 1.
4. Operate the tracker ball to set the VRM mark on the cape.
5. Press the “ORIGIN MARK” key to inscribe the origin mark.
Introduction
The Nucleus Display facilities are all selected by three pushbuttons and a tracker
ball, which controls the movement of a screen cursor.
Day/Night Operation
The Background colour of the Display Screen and Radar Circle change to Black
when Night operation is selected. All other colours are darkened.
Functions
• Course-Up;
• Head-Up;
• Heading Line.
TX A X
Run TX X TX S
The selected radar information is displayed on the screen, and all functions are
available for selection.
Standby
To change the operational state of the system from Run to Standby, highlight
the TX box and press the left pushbutton.
The screen contains a set of instruction boxes as follows:
TX A X
StndBy TX X TX S
Go to Select Select
StndBy TX X TX S
After selecting “GO TO RUN” from the standby screen, the cursor is positioned
in the centre of the radar circle and the pushbutton selection boxes show:
Enter
Select
Plot
2. The pushbutton selection box for the 3 n mile range allows the standard
selection of medium pulse to be changed to either short or long pulse,
and displays:
Note: If SLAVE Radars are selected, the SP/MP/LP box reads SLAVE (no change
of Pulse Length is possible).
If the Pulse Length is not normal for the range selected, the SP/LP/MP
box is outlined in red, indicating that underride or override is in use.
If the Pulse Length is changed downwards, i.e. long to medium, the Trails
are automatically cleared.
Tuning
Function
Allows manual tuning of the Radar Receiver (MASTER Radars Only). The Tune
function is not available and is not shown on Slave displays and has only limited
effect on systems with Automatic Frequency Control.
Selection
To manually tune the RADAR, carry out the following:
1. Highlight the tune box.
2. To tune the RADAR, hold down any pushbutton, a red control bar
appears beneath the green tune bar showing the position of the control:
3. Move the tracker ball in the East/West axis to optimise the tuning, the red
control bar moves from side to side as the tuning is changed. The green tune
bar shows maximum when the radar is on tune. Release the pushbutton.
Note: To ensure that the AFC function in the Receiver operates correctly, the red
tune control bar indication is to be set to mid position. If the AFC has failed
to operate on manual tuning, selection is achieved by adjusting the tracker
ball east/west movement for optimum tune bar indication.
Boost
Function
Boost enhances radar signals by stretching the size of strong video signal returns
(in range). The facility may only be selected on the 6 n mile or greater range scales.
To reduce clutter enhancement, targets within 1.5 n mile of ownship are not
boosted.
Selection
To select the Boost function, carry out the following:
1. Highlight the “VIDEO NORM (BOOST)” box; the pop-down box reads “BOOST”.
2. Select by pressing any pushbutton.
Note: In excessive sea clutter or precipitation, Boost may reduce target visibility.
A combination of longer pulse length, adjusting SEA/RAIN and CORR 2
produces better target visibility.
• Rings.
Range rings may be displayed for each range selected, scaled according
to the range in use. Three rings are displayed on the 0.75 n mile range, five on
the 0.25 n mile and 0.5 n mile ranges, and six on the 1.5 to 96 n mile ranges.
Range Selection
To change the displayed range, listed below, carry out the following:
1. Highlight the “RANGE/RINGS” box; pop-down boxes are displayed beneath
the “RANGE/RINGS” box.
2. Press the pushbuttons, left for down and right for up, until the required range
is displayed in the “RANG/RINGS” box.
Note: The range is incremented in steps: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0
(normal default value), 12.0, 24, 48, and 96 n mile.
Range Scale Range Ring No of Rings
Separation
0.25 0.05 5
0.5 0.1 5
0.75 0.25 3
1.5 0.25 6
3.0 0.5 6
6.0 1.0 6
12.0 2.0 6
24.0 4.0 6
48.0 8.0 6
96.0 16.0 6
Rings Selection
To turn Rings ON/OFF (number displayed is dependent on range selected), carry
out the following:
Select “RANGE/RINGS” as above and then press the centre pushbutton
(the pushbutton acts as a switch, i.e. ON or OFF).
• Relative Motion;
• True Motion.
Presentation
• Head-Up;
• North-Up;
• Course-Up.
Note: In all modes and presentations, the Heading Line (HL) indicates the heading
of ownship.
Relative Motion
The display is in a Relative Motion mode with the PPI positioned in the centre of
the radar screen area, or to any offset position. All targets move relative to ownships
course and speed. Targets have relative past trails, but ownship has no trail.
If ownship changes course or yaws, target direction changes by the same angle.
Any target on a collision course is on a constant bearing with a decreasing range.
Targets appearing stationary are on a parallel course in the same direction
and travelling at the same speed as ownship.
True Motion
The display is in a True Motion mode with ownship positioned offcentre and moves
in a direction of the Heading Line (HL) at a true speed, nominally through the centre
of the display. All targets move on screen with true courses, speed and target trails.
Ownship course changes do not affect target directions, but the HL reflects the change
in course. Any targets on a collision course are on a constant bearing with
a decreasing range. As in Relative Motion, ownship may be moved by tracker ball
when Offset by using the tracker ball, selecting ownship, moving the cursor and
pressing button “OFFSET”.
Head-Up
This display always presents a Relative Motion PPI picture aligned so that the Ship’s
Head, as indicated by the HL, is 0 degrees on the bearing scale. When ownship
changes course, the PPI rotates by an equal, and opposite amount, to that of
the Ship’s Head.
While on a steady course, stationary targets move towards the lower part of the screen
at an equivalent rate to ownships speed. Targets that have the same course and
speed as HL ownship appear stationary. All other targets move with a speed
and direction determined by a resultant of own and ownships movement.
Note: Head-Up is not available in True Motion.
North-Up
North-Up is a compass stabilized presentation that may be selected in Relative
Motion, True Motion modes. The PPI picture is aligned so that north is always at the
top of the screen (000 degrees bearing scale). The HL indicates ownships’ heading.
In Relative Motion, a ownship is at a fixed position on the screen, centred or offcentred,
and target movements are relative to ownship’s course and speed. Targets on a parallel
course and at the same speed appear as stationary, while fixed targets produce trails,
which represent the reciprocal of own ships ground track.
Course-Up
Course-Up is a compass stabilized presentation, available in all modes, with the ship’s
heading aligned to 000 degrees on the bearing scale at the time that the mode is
selected. Subsequent alterations in course result in the HL deviating from 000 degrees,
but the picture does not rotate. The ship’s HL is course stabilized such that if
ownship yaws, targets maintain direction. The ship’s HL may be updated at any time
by further selecting Course-Up, whereby the picture realigns on the new heading.
North-Up/Course-Up/Head-Up Selection
To select North-Up, Course-Up or Head-Up, carry out the following:
1. Highlight the “NUP”/“CUP”/“HUP” box; N UP/C UP/H UP pop-down boxes are
displayed beneath.
2. Press the appropriate pushbutton.
Offcentre
Function
The Offcentre facility enables the operator to offset the Radar picture in any direction
up to 70% (except on the 96 n mile range). The offcentre may be used in any
PPI mode: Relative or True Motion, or Centred Display.
Selection
To select the offcentre facility, first ensure that no other function is selected, then
carry out the following:
1. Position the cursor at the Radar origin.
2. Press the centre pushbutton, a highlighted box appears just above the pushbutton
selection box, indicating:
CENTRE
SELECTED
6. Pressing the left-hand pushbutton “RESET” moves the Radar origin to the centre
of the screen in Relative Motion or Centred Display modes, and to the maximum
“Look Ahead” position in True Motion mode.
Selection
To change the Gyro Compass reading:
1. Highlight the “GYRO” box.
2. Press and hold down simultaneously the left and right pushbuttons, adjust the
reading by moving the tracker ball in the North/South axis. At the correct setting,
release the two pushbuttons.
Speed
Function
The normal displayed speed is ship’s speed taken from one of two sources; ownship’s
LOG or manually (MAN) input speeds. A single axis log or manual speed input will give
speed relative to sea. A doppler log (X-Y axis) will give speed over the sea bed.
Selection
To change the Speed (Manual):
1. Highlight the “SPD” box; the pop-down box reads “LOG”, “MAN”, “DOP”
(if Doppler connected), Blank (if Doppler not connected).
Stabilization
Function
Sea Stabilization
Sea stabilization gives the correct heading and speed through the water. No set
and drift information is used (no drift or set/rate). It provides an excellent display
for Coastal Navigation, Pilotage and Anti Collision. The true trails of targets give
an indication of their apparent true motion.
A single axis log (or manual speed input) and gyro provide sensor data for
the stabilisation.
Ground Stabilization
The correct heading and log speed of ownship are fed in, together with an input from
tide, rate, and direction.
A known stationary target (i.e. land fixed target) appears to move in an opposite
direction to that of the set current. The tide set (drift direction) can be adjusted
to ground stabilize the targets.
Note: A known stationary target should not show any movement providing there
is no error in the ground stabilization.
The tide or drift set and rate provide an additional vector which, when added to
ship’s movement in water, generates a vector representing Course Made Good
(CMG) and Speed Made Good (SMG).
The display can be ground stabilized by interfacing to a position fixing equipment or
by a dual axis Doppler Log, or by manual drift input, or on ARPA displays, using a
fixed target.
The ground stabilized True Motion display can be very useful for pilotage, when it is
important to know ownship’s and other ships’ courses made good over ground in
relation to land buoys and beacons.
Note: “COURSE MADE GOOD” and “SPEED MADE GOOD” boxes are for
information only.
If the external position fixing system no longer sends information,
then display automatically reverts to SEA Stabilization.
Selection
The Stabilization Input may be selected as follows:
1. Position the cursor, using the tracker ball, inside the “STAB” box: the box is now
highlighted and the pop-down box reads “SEA”, “MAN”, “EXTRN”2.
2. Select the required input by pressing the appropriate pushbutton.
Note: If Sea is selected, then “CMG” and “SMG” boxes have (in the information
boxes), as NO drift is set.
If Doppler Log and Sea Stabilization are selected, CMG, SMG, Set and Drift
numbers are shown in the information boxes.
2
– reads Extrn, GPS, LORAN dependent on NAV System source.
With VECTOR selected, pressing the centre pushbutton changes the mode, i.e.
R to T or T to R. The right pushbutton returns the vector time to its previous setting.
If the centre pushbutton is held down for more than 2 seconds, the R or T mode is
permanently selected, and the “VECTOR” box is outlined in red. The warning box
immediately appears on release of the pushbutton to inform the operator that the vector
mode is reversed, i.e. True vector is displayed in Relative Motion, and vice versa.
To revert to normal vectors, press the centre pushbutton (note that the red outline
is removed).
Note: If the Motion mode is changed, the Vector mode automatically revert
to normal operation.
With TRAILS selected, pressing the centre pushbutton switches the trails ON/OFF.
The right pushbutton clears all trails.
With either CPA or TCPA selected, the centre pushbutton sets the minimum limit
and the right pushbutton the maximum limit.
Notes:
1. If no change is made within 30 seconds, the system is deactivated and
the cursor is placed in the default position.
2. “LAT” and “LONG” boxes are for information only.
Range/ Time
Bearing To CPA
3. Select the required information.
Note: TCPA is the time taken for the ship to reach the closest point of approach,
assuming that the ship’s speed is maintained and that it maintains its
present course.
8.70 n mile 212.9° (TM)
The “CURSOR READOUT MODE” box displays the following if no Navigation
System is present:
Measure
To measure the distance and bearing between two points inside the radar circle
(the first point must NOT be a selected function):
1. Position the cursor at the first point.
2. Press and hold down the centre pushbutton and move the cursor to the second
point. The “CURSOR READOUT” box displays the distance and bearing relative
to the first point.
3. The “CURSOR READOUT” box returns to normal when the centre pushbutton is
released.
Enter Mobile
Deselect
Plot EBL
1. The EBL function is now selected.
2. To align an EBL on the required bearing, initially set on the heading line,
use the tracker ball. The bearing of the last selected EBL is displayed within
the “EBL” box.
Note: A plot may still be entered (with EBL centred) by pressing the left-hand
pushbutton, positioning the cursor over the plot and pressing the left-hand
pushbutton again.
3. If both EBL 1 and EBL 2 are switched ON, pressing the centre pushbutton
displays the bearing of the other EBL, i.e. if outline of “EBL” box is green
(EBL 1), the bearing for EBL 2 is displayed.
4. To deselect the EBL facility, once the required bearing is achieved, press
the centre pushbutton.
5. To switch OFF the EBL facility, position the cursor inside the “EBL” box
(the “EBL” box is highlighted) and then press any pushbutton.
Note: For reselect the EBL facility, once activated, position the cursor near
to the EBL and press the centre pushbutton.
1. Position the cursor over the intersection of the VRM/EBL (strobe marker, only
displayed when both VRM/EBL activated) and press the centre pushbutton.
2. The VRM/EBL may now be moved by using the tracker ball.
3. To deselect the dual movement, once the required range and bearing
is achieved, press the centre pushbutton.
Dual Movement of the VRM/EBL (OFFSET)
This facility is used to measure the distance between two targets/points.
If the EBL is offset, a strobe marks the relative position of the VRM, the following
facility is then available:
ATTENTION!
Do not set too high a level as excess noise on the screen degrades the picture
quality.
Sea (STC)
The SEA (STC) is a manual adjustment that reduces sea clutter returns. Maximum
attenuation takes place at zero range, decreasing until no reduction of signals or
clutter occurs at a maximum range of about 6 miles.
Advancing the SEA setting progressively reduces the near range clutter. The SEA
level may be set from 0 (min) to 9 (max) with a typical operational level of 3 to
5 (medium pulse). Less SEA is to be applied on short pulse, more on long pulse.
Always set the SEA (STC) level with correlation OFF or on CORR 1 (CORR 2
causes a delay before the adjustment becomes visible).
The correct setting for SEA under any given weather condition is only obtained by
experience. If a setting is too high, it may result in the loss of close range targets.
NEVER set the SEA control to clear ALL clutter, but leave a light speckle of sea
returns to indicate optimum sensitivity within the clutter field. Reduction of the remaining
clutter may be reduced by using the correlator in the CORR 2 mode (scan to scan
correlation).
ATTENTION!
When not in use, the SEA clutter control is always to be set to 0.
Note: Pulse length affects the setting, i.e., a shorter pulse length requires a lower
setting.
Set to provide a compromise between reducing sea clutter and retaining targets.
Sea (Auto)
The AUTO facility provides the automatic suppression of clutter. Radar signals are
smoothed to generate a dynamic threshold to ride over the clutter returns, yet preserve
valid target signals. The AUTO level may be finely adjusted with the GAIN level.
The AUTO mode operates efficiently in open sea and in estuaries, though some
land detail may be suppressed (leading edges are preserved). RACON responses
may be reduced, but at least part of the response is normally visible.
The AUTO facility may be used with CORR 2 to further reduce clutter.
Rain (FTC)
The RAIN adjustment reduces clutter from rain, snow, and hail. The function uses
the received radar signals to produce a threshold reference level. The RAIN control
moves the threshold reference level so as to apply more or less attenuation to
the radar signal.
The RAIN facility also provides attenuation of sea clutter, though RACON responses
are likely to be suppressed. The RAIN level may be set from 0 (min to 9 max)
with typical operating level of 3 to 5.
ATTENTION!
When not in use, the RAIN control is always to be set to 0.
2. Press and hold down the appropriate pushbutton, left for GAIN, centre for RAIN
or right for SEA.
3. Move the tracker ball, in the North/South axis, until the required setting is
achieved, and then release the pushbutton. Rapid movement of the tracker ball,
when reducing the Gain or increasing the Sea/Rain settings, clears the Trails.
Note: The selected box (G/R/S) changes from dark blue to light blue for
identification.
4. To deselect the G/R/S facility, move the cursor away from the G/R/S box.
Heading Line
Function
This function allows temporary removal of the Heading Line (HL) and all graphics
from the Radar display. The operator is then presented with a clear picture to enable
targets to be more visible, particularly those on the HL or other screen graphics.
Selection
To suppress the Heading Line, carry out the following:
1. Highlight the “HL” box.
2. Press and hold down any pushbutton to remove all graphics from the display,
i.e. Heading Line, maps, rings, etc.
1. Position the cursor over the initial target and press the “ENTER PLOT”
pushbutton, a plot symbol [•] appears over the target position.
2. Position the cursor over the 2nd target, press the “ENTER PLOT”; a plot
symbol [•] appears over the 2nd target position. Move the cursor to the next
target.
Deleting Plots
The vector and past positions of any one target may be deleted by positioning
the cursor on the vector origin, pressing the “DELETE” pushbutton.
Vector Time
The default or initial value of vectors is 15 minutes (divided into three minute
intervals). The length of the vector is proportional to the speed of the target,
e.g. target speed of 12 knots=vector length of three nautical miles.
The vector time may be changed between 1 and 30 minutes by selecting
the VECTOR function and then operating the tracker ball in the vertical plane
to increase or decrease the time shown next to VECTOR in the pop-down box.
Press the centre pushbutton to confirm the change.
To cancel a target, position the cursor close to the selected target and press
the centre pushbutton, then press the right-hand pushbutton.
CRT Menu
To select the CRT Facility menu, proceed as follows:
1. Highlight the “CRT” box. Press any pushbutton.
2. The menu boxes are replaced with function selection boxes. CRT Facilities
menu shown below.
BRILL
Levels
To alter the levels:
1. Highlight the “LEVEL” box.
2. Press any pushbutton; the CRT Facilities menu is replaced with function
selection boxes as shown:
D G P R T
A R L A R
T A O D A
A P T A I
H S R L
END
Day/Night Selection
To select day or night illumination:
1. Highlight the “DAY/NGT” box.
2. Press any pushbutton to select either DAY/NIGHT.
Audio
To select the Audio facility (for Alarms):
1. Highlight the “AUDIO” box.
2. Press any pushbutton to change the Audio ON/OFF.
Menu Deselection
To deselect the “CRT” menu, position the cursor in the radar circle.
Plot Menu
Provides a selection of functions:
• History “ON/OFF”, i.e. when “ON” shows previous four plot positions;
• Guard ring functions, i.e. switching “ON/OFF” and setting Variable ring range
and bearing;
• Zones intended for acquiring automatically marks of previously unacquired targets
or cancelling automatic acquisition of marks of previously unacquired targets;
• Deleting all plots;
• Selecting Bow Crossing Range (BCR) or Closest Point of Approach (CPA);
• Labels allowing up to twenty targets to be labelled numerically;
• Box “END” to exit the “PLOT” menu.
To select the “PLOT” menu, highlight the “PLOT” box and press any pushbutton.
The Plot menu boxes appear in the lower right-hand corner of the screen as shown
below:
AIS Menu
To turn on/off the display of AIS information, select the “AIS” window and press
the necessary button: “AIS ON” or “AIS OFF”. To exit from the menu,
press the “END” button.
Note: By default, the display of AIS information is always ON.
DEL ALL Menu
To delete all plots, highlight the “DEL ALL” box. Press any pushbutton to delete all
plots. Warning box is displayed: “PRESS ANY KEY TO CONFIRM”.
BCR/CPA Menu
To change Target Data information as follows:
1. Highlight the “BCR/CPA” box.
2. Press any pushbutton to change the state of selection.
CPA/TCPA is replaced with BCR/BCT readings in the ranges of -99.9 to +99.9 n mile
and -99.9 to +99.9 min.
LABELS Menu
The “LABELs” menu is not implemented.
Plot Menu Exit
To leave the “PLOT” menu, highlight the “END” box and press any pushbutton.
Guard Menu
Two Guard Zone are available, one a Fixed and the other a Variable. The guard
zones operate by directly “Searching” the screen for targets inside the zones.
When in use, the following points are to be remembered:
The port and starboard bearing limits of both the Fixed and Variable guard zones
default to 45 deg. relative to ownships heading line.
To change the bearing limits, carry out the following:
1. Select the “PLOT” menu and “GUARD” function.
2. Move the tracker ball to the either end of the Variable guard zone
(i.e., port or starboard) and press the “SELECT” pushbutton.
3. Move the tracker ball to increase or decrease the angle. Minimum port limit
5 deg from ship’s head. Maximum starboard limit 180 deg from ship’s head.
4. Press “SELECT” pushbutton to enter the new value.
5. To de-activate the Variable guard zone, press “SELECT”, position the tracker
ball anywhere on the ring and then press the right-hand pushbutton.
Zones Menu
The entered zones are sectors intended for:
• acquiring automatically marks of previously unacquired targets included in
the sector if it has “INCLUSIVE” status;
• cancelling automatic acquisition of marks of previously unacquired targets
included in the sector if it has “EXCLUSIVE” status and overlaps the zone
fragment with “INCLUSIVE” status.
Note: Previously acquired targets do no respond to the entry in these sectors.
Sectors do not have range limitations. The maximum number of sectors is 14.
To select the necessary sector, use the cursor; in this case, the selected sector
is highlighted. For easier selection of the necessary sector from the list containing
more than 4 sectors, use arrow buttons to the right of the list.
To load the necessary sector, select it from the list of sectors with the mouse cursor
and press “LOAD Zone” pushbutton.
To delete a sector from memory, select it from the list of sectors with the mouse
cursor and press “DEL Zone” pushbutton.
Note: LOAD Zone and DEL Zone operations are performed without additional
confirmation.
To create a zone, perform the following procedure:
1. Select the zone type (“SHIP/NORTH” menu):
– “SHIP” – the zone has boundaries saved as relative bearings;
– “NORTH” – the zone has boundaries saved as true bearings.
2. Select the zone status (“INCLUSIVE/EXCLUSIVE” menu):
– “INCLUSIVE” – automatic acquisition and tracking of a target
(sector boundaries are shown in the cyan colour);
– “EXCLUSIVE” – cancelling automatic target acquisition and tracking
(sector boundaries are shown in the red colour).
3. Use “CREATE” command.
Where necessary to turn off all the zones simultaneously, use “CLR” command.
“END” command is used for exiting from this menu to “PLOT” menu.
Trial Menu
ATTENTION!
Before selecting the trial manoeuvre function, target vectors should be set to relative so
that the results of an intended course/speed change may be assessed more accurately.
• the cursor is automatically placed in the “TRIAL MAN” box, and the pop-up
boxes and the Pushbutton Selection box [3] contain the following:
• after selecting “GO TO RUN” from the standby screen, the cursor is positioned;
• if the course/speed/delay requires adjustment, the implications of the changes
can be viewed quickly on the display as other target vectors show their new
directions relative to the ownship.
Note: The delay (ARPA) provides a means of delaying the result
of the Trial/Manoeuvre for the stipulated period.
NAV Menu
The “NAV” (Navigation) menu provides access to the following facilities:
WOP PI END
PLOT
Curved EBL
Function
An Electronic Bearing Line that graphically displays the rate of turn/radius of turn
that the vessel will take to effect a new course. The turn shown will include the ship’s
forwarding distance.
Selection
To enable the Curved EBL, position the cursor over the “CURVED EBL” box and
press any of the three control buttons.
To set the Radius of Turn or Rate of Turn, position the cursor over the required box,
press any of the buttons and, while maintaining pressure on the button, rotate
the tracker ball.
Parallel Index
Function
To enable the operator to use Parallel Lines (Pl) as an aid to entering hazardous
areas (e.g., estuary), the system provides four independent lines.
Selection
To select a Pl:
1. Highlight the “Pl” box.
2. Press the left-hand pushbutton; a single dotted line appears on the display with
the cursor in mid position on the line. The Cursor Readout box reads the range
of the line to the ownship and the relative direction of the line.
3. Movement of the tracker ball adjusts the range only, pressing the centre
pushbutton deselects the cursor from the line.
4. Pressing and holding down the left-hand pushbutton allows adjustment
of the bearing only. Releasing the pushbutton deselects the cursor from the line.
5. To select a second line, highlight the “Pl” box; the following appears
in the Pushbutton Selection box.
6. Press the left-hand pushbutton; a second single dotted line, parallel to the first
line, appears on the display with the cursor in mid position on the second line.
Movement of the second line is independent of the first line, but is controlled
in the same manner as the first line.
7. Four lines are selectable; each line selected appears on the display parallel
to the last produced line. Each line is independent.
8. Selecting a line and pressing the right-hand pushbutton deletes that line.
Plot
The Plot facility is exactly the same as that described earlier in this section,
it is duplicated in the “NAV” menu for operator convenience.
CRT Menu
The “CRT” Menu is exactly the same as that described earlier in this section,
it is duplicated in the “NAV” menu for operator convenience.
Maps Menu
Map and Waypoint Positioning – the facility is provided to display both maps and
waypoints in one of two projections: True or Relative. The operator is to ensure that
the projection mode for both maps and waypoints is set as required prior to using
this facility.
Maps are either created by drawing, using the Scratch Pad Facility, or optionally
(if fitted) loaded via the Map Directory from the Nav Card. Relative maps are used
as Navigation lines. True maps are effectively used for highlighting features taken
from the navigation charts, i.e. navigation buoys, lighthouses, and depth contours.
Note: When creating a new map, ensure that the correct type of map, True or
Relative, is selected for the application required. Map types cannot be
changed once saved.
Note: If a Navigation Card is not installed, the Maps Directory box shows:
NO NAV CARD
2. The Menu boxes are replaced with a Map Directory box, refer to fig. below.
3. To draw a new map, follow the instructions under Creating a New Map below.
4. To display a previously saved map, follow the instructions under Loading a Map
below.
Note: Function MOVE is availed only for True Maps. If the map is moved, the box
is outlined in red.
5. The Pushbutton Selection box displays:
Line Drawing
1. If the Current Feature selected is not the Type, Style, or Colour required,
position the cursor in the Lines box. The Pushbutton Selection box allows
selection of Line Style (centre pushbutton) and colour (right pushbutton).
The left-hand pushbutton is used to select the type of Line.
2. Selection of the Line style produces the following menu; position the cursor
on the required selection and press any pushbutton.
3. Select the Colour by pressing the right-hand pushbutton; the following menu
appears; position the cursor on the required colour and press any pushbutton.
Note: If a feature is to be placed at a designated Lat/Long coordinate, select
the “CURSOR” function box and change to LAT/LONG. Place the feature at
the required Radar display position using the Lat/Long readout.
4. Move the cursor into the Radar display drawing area and press the left-hand
pushbutton to start the line.
5. Using the tracker ball, draw the line in the direction required until the required
distance is reached, press the right-hand pushbutton to complete the line.
Note: If a series of connected lines is to be drawn, press the left-hand pushbutton
to end the previous line and to start the new line.
6. To change the line types and colours repeat steps 1 to 5.
Symbol Placement
To place a Symbol:
1. If the Current Feature selected is not the Type, Style, or Colour required,
position the cursor in the Symbol box. The Pushbutton Selection box allows
selection of Symbol Style (centre pushbutton) and colour (right pushbutton).
The left pushbutton is used to restore the previously selected Symbol Type.
2. Selection of the Symbol style produces the following menu; position the cursor
on the required selection and press any pushbutton.
Drawing a Circle
To draw a circle:
1. If the Current Feature selected is not the Type, Style, or Colour required,
position the cursor in the Circle box. The Pushbutton Selection box allows
selection of Circle Style (centre pushbutton) and colour (right pushbutton).
The left pushbutton is used to restore the previously selected Circle Type.
2. Selection of the Circle style produces the following menu; position the cursor
on the required selection and press any pushbutton.
5. Using the tracker ball, draw the circle to the required size, press the left-hand
pushbutton to complete the circle.
6. To delete the circle, select by positioning the cursor on the outside of the circle
and press the centre pushbutton and then the right-hand pushbutton.
Loading a Map
To load a map, proceed as follows:
1. Scroll the map selection by positioning the cursor on the Up or Down arrow
(located on the right-hand side of the Map Directory box) and then press and
hold down any pushbutton and rotate in North/South axis until the required map
appears.
2. Position the cursor inside the Map Directory box on the map required, the map
is now highlighted, and then press the left-hand pushbutton.
3. The map is automatically loaded and displayed on screen and may be edited.
The highlighted map colour now changes to indicate the selected map.
4. To return to normal operation, position the cursor using the tracker ball,
in the “END” box or simply move the cursor into the radar circle.
Editing a Map
To edit a map, proceed as follows:
1. Position the cursor in the “EDIT” box and press any pushbutton.
2. The Directory box changes to the following:
Note: The left-hand pushbutton selection box reflects the function selected, i.e.
Line, Symbol (e.g. Waypoint), Circle.
5. Select the required feature by pressing the appropriate pushbutton:
– SELECT LINE – to draw lines on the map;
Saving a Map
Position the cursor, using the tracker ball, on the Map number under which the map
is to be saved. Press the centre pushbutton to save the map; the following warning
box is displayed: “SAVING MAP”.
Note: If the Map is already in the Directory, the warning box displays the message
“CLICK AGAIN NOW TO CONFIRM ACTION”.
Deleting a Map
Position the cursor, using the tracker ball, on the Map number to be deleted.
Press the right-hand pushbutton; the map is now deleted.
Operational Overview
To call the simulator GPS control panel, press “GPS” button on “Nav. Aids” panel
of the ship Conning Display.
Functions of Keys
Cursor pads – shift display and cursor;
EVENT MOB [6] – inscribes event mark at ship’s position; marks man
overboard position;
PLOT ON/OFF [8] – turns recording and plotting of ship’s track on/off;
When turning on the power, the following occurs: 12 seconds after turning on the power,
accurate position (in latitude and longitude) appears on the display. If position could
not be found, “NO FIX” appears at the GPS receiving condition window.
When the satellite signal is being received normally, one of the indications shown
in Table below appears depending on equipment setting and GPS receiver state.
2. To adjust contrast, press “◄”or “►”. Current setting and setting range (0~31)
are shown to the right of “►”. To adjust brilliance, press “▲”or “▼”. Current
setting and setting range (0~4) are shown to the right of “▲”.
Note: Operate cursor keys within 10 seconds after pressing the “TONE” key.
Otherwise, the screen for adjustment of contrast and brilliance will be cleared.
2. Press the “DISPLAY SEL” key or “▲”, “▼” to select display mode.
3. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
Sample displays of each display mode are shown below:
Plotter 1 display
Plotter 2 display
Highway display
Navigation display
Data display
Chart Icons
Various icons appear on the display to alert you to equipment status.
Alarm is violated.
North mark.
Demonstration display.
Track
Enlarging/Shrinking the Display
You may enlarge and shrink the display on the Plotter 1 and Plotter 2 displays, with
the “ZOOM IN” and “ZOOM OUT” keys. The horizontal range is available among 0.25,
0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, and 192 n miles for plotter 1, and 0.36, 0.71, 1.42, 2.84,
5.69, 11.4, 22.8, 45.5, 91, 182, 273 n miles for plotter 2 display.
The “ZOOM IN” key enlarges the display, and the “ZOOM OUT” key shrinks it. Each
time a zoom key is pressed, the display range appears at the center of the display
for about three seconds.
North-up Display
In the north-up display, true north (0°) is at the top of the display. Own ship moves
on the display in accordance with true speed and true motion. Land is stationary.
Course-up Display
Destination set
The destination is at the top of the display, and the north mark ( ) appears at the left
side of the display.
Cursor position is displayed in latitude and longitude at the top of the display. The range
and bearing from own ship to the cursor appear at the right-hand side of the display,
when in the Plotter 1 display.
Procedure
Press the “PLOT ON/OFF” key to start/stop recording and plotting of track:
• When plotting is resumed, “Resuming track plot” appears at the center of the display
for about three seconds;
• When plotting is stopped, “Stopping track plot” appears at the center of
the display for about three seconds and appears at the left side of the display.
( does not appear on the Navigation and Data displays.)
Erasing Track
The track, stored in the memory and displayed on the screen, can be erased.
ATTENTION!
Track cannot be restored once erased. Be absolutely sure you want to erase all
track.
ATTENTION!
All data are erased whenever the memory apportion setting is changed, even when
the previous value is re-entered.
To store 1500 points of track and 500 marks, for example, do the following:
Marks
Entering/Erasing Marks
Marks can be inscribed on the Plotter 1 and Plotter 2 displays. You may inscribe
a mark anywhere, in one of 13 shapes. Further, can be connected with lines,
to denote net location, etc.
Note: When the mark memory becomes full, no marks can be entered. When this
occurs, the buzzer sounds and the message “Can’t save mark. Memory full”
appears on the display for three seconds to alert you. To enter a mark when
the mark memory is full, erase unnecessary marks.
Entering Marks
At own ship position:
1. Press the “CURSOR ON/OFF” key to turn off the cursor.
2. Press the “MARK” key.
At cursor intersection:
1. Press the “CURSOR ON/OFF” key to turn on the cursor.
2. Operate the cursor keys to place the cursor on the location for the mark.
Select a mark shape you want (see Selecting Mark Shape paragraph).
Erasing Marks
ATTENTION!
All marks, including event marks and the MOB mark, are erased on the “ERASE
MARK” menu. Be absolutely sure you want to erase all marks; erased marks cannot
be restored.
The next mark entered will be inscribed in the shape selected here.
Note: You may cancel MOB position as destination by pressing the “MENU ESC”
key instead of the “NU/CU ENT” key. Note that the MOB mark remains on
the display.
To erase MOB mark, see Entering/Erasing Marks (MOB mark cannot be erased
with the cursor).
Navigation Planning
Registering Waypoints
The GP-90 can store 999 waypoints, numbered from 001–999. Waypoints can be
registered four ways:
• by cursor;
• by MOB position or event position;
• at own ship’s position;
• through the waypoint list.
Note: The display changes to Plotter 1 when the Highway, Navigation or Data
mode is in use.
3. Press the cursor keys to place the cursor on the location desired for the waypoint.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key. A window, similar to the one shown in fig. below,
appears:
The waypoint’s position, and date, and time registered appear on the first and
second lines.
Waypoints are automatically given the youngest empty waypoint number, and
this number appears on the third line. You may, however, assign a different number.
If the waypoint shares the same position with a mark, the mark’s position, and
date, and time entered are registered as waypoint data.
If the waypoint memory is full, the waypoint number line in the window is blank.
In this case, waypoints cannot be entered unless a waypoint is written over
or deleted.
To assign waypoint number, go to step 5. If you do not want to change the waypoint
number, go to step 6 to select mark shape and enter comment.
5. Enter waypoint number, in three digits (001–999).
6. Press “▼” to select waypoint mark shape. The following display appears:
9. You may enter a comment, as shown in the procedure which follows, or skip to step
10 to finish. The comment may consist of up to 12 alphanumeric characters:
– Press the cursor keys to select alphanumeric character;
– Press the “NU/CU ENT” key. Selected character appears on the “COMMENT” line:
To create a space, select “_”;
Numeric data can be input directly by pressing numeric keys;
To clear wrong data, press the “CLEAR” key.
– Repeat steps referred above to complete the comment;
– Select ENTER and press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
10. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key. Control is returned to the last used display mode.
Note: When the waypoint number entered at step 5 already exists, “Are you sure
to change?” message appears if the waypoint is part of the current destination
or route, or is part of a route. If it is alright to write over the waypoint and its
data, press the [Y] key. To change waypoint number, press the [N] key.
If you fail to enter waypoint number, “Enter waypoint number” appears on
the display for three seconds.
Registering Waypoints by MOB Position/Event Position
The MOB position or an event position can be registered as a waypoint.
Event marks are numbered from 01 to 99; 01 is the latest event mark.
Note: You cannot register a MOB position or event position when there are no MOB
positions or event positions saved. The buzzer sounds, and the message
“No MOB/event data in memory” appears for three seconds to alert you.
1. Press the “WPT/RTE” key.
2. Press [2] to select “MOB/Event Position”. The display, shown in fig. below, appears:
3. Press “◄” or “►” to display the MOB position or event position to register
as a waypoint.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
3. Latitude and longitude format only is used in the simulator. If you press ,
LOP format will not be selected.
4. Press “▲” or “▼” to select waypoint number.
5. Press “◄” or “►” to enter position. The display should now look something like
fig. below:
6. Enter latitude and longitude. To enter 34º12.345’ N 135º 23.456’ E, for example,
press:
[3] [4] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
[1] [3] [5] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Editing Waypoints
1. Press “WPT RTE” and [4].
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select waypoint to edit.
3. Press “►”.
4. Edit the contents of the waypoint.
5. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key. The message “Are you sure to change?” appears
if the waypoint is currently selected as destination, is part of a route, or is in
the route currently selected as destination.
6. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key. The waypoint data will be changed.
7. Press the “MENU ESC” key.
Deleting Waypoints
Deleting waypoints by the cursor
Note: All waypoint marks (as well as all other marks) and their data can be cleared
collectively by clearing the Plotter memory. For further details, see Clearing
the Memory paragraph.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
Note: To cancel erasure, press the “MENU ESC” key instead of the “NU/CU ENT”
key. The waypoint list appears.
5. Press the “MENU ESC” key.
Registering Routes
The GP-90 can store 30 routes, and each route may contain up to 30 waypoints.
Routes can be registered while in the Plotter 1 or Plotter 2 display mode.
1. Press the “WPT/RTE” key.
2. Press [5] to select Route Planning. The “ROUTE LIST” appears:
Remarks: Use – in use; Fwd – traverse waypoints in forward order; Rvs – traverse
waypoints in reverse order.
5. If required, press “▲” to enter the speed by which to calculate time-to-go (TTG).
6. Press “◄” or “►” to select “Auto” or “Man”:
– Auto: current average speed is used to calculate the time-to-go;
– Manual: entered speed is used to calculate the time-to-go. Enter speed
and press. “▼”.
7. Route waypoints may be registered two ways:
– entering waypoint number directly (in the top part of the window);
– through the waypoint list (in the bottom part of the window).
Follow procedure 1 or procedure 2 below.
Procedure 1. Entering waypoint number directly
1. Enter waypoint number in three digits. The cursor shifts to the “skip” window.
The procedure for skipping a waypoint is shown in Skipping Route Waypoints
paragraph. For now, go to the next step.
2. Press “▼” to continue. If the waypoint, entered in step 1, does not exist,
you are informed that the waypoint does not exist, and entry is cancelled.
Enter waypoints in the order they will be traversed; not by waypoint number order:
Deleting Routes
1. Press “WPT RTE” and [5] to display the route list.
• by cursor;
• by MOB position or event position;
• by waypoint;
• by route.
Note: Destination cannot be set when there is no GPS position data. When there is no
position data, the buzzer sounds and the message “No position data” appears.
Previous destination is cancelled whenever a destination is set.
2. Press [1] to select “Cursor”. The display, shown in fig. below, appears:
Note: If the display in use is other than Plotter 1, the Plotter 2 display
is automatically selected.
3. Place the cursor on the location desired for destination.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
Note: To clear selection, press the “CLEAR” key.
5. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key to finish. Control is returned to the display mode
in use before you set destination. A dashed line connects own ship
and the destination, which is marked with a flag, as shown in fig. below.
1. Press . Each press of the key alternately enables manual entry of waypoint
number and selection of waypoint number by cursor (through the waypoint window).
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select waypoint.
3. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
Own ship position becomes starting point, and a dashed line runs between it and
the waypoint selected.
Setting Route as Destination
Note: Route entered must exist to set it as destination. The buzzer sounds and the
message “No route data” appears if you enter a route which does not exist.
A route to set as destination may be selected through the route list two ways:
by entering route number and by selecting route:
1. Press the “GOTO” key.
2. Press [4] to display the Route List. Then, follow procedure 1 or procedure 2
in the adjacent column.
1. Press . Each press of the key alternately enables manual entry of route
number and selection of route number (through the route window).
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select route.
3. Press “◄” or “►” to select direction in which to traverse the route waypoints;
forward or reverse.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
Current position becomes starting point. A solid line connects between the starting
point and first route waypoint, and a dashed line connects all other route waypoints.
1. Press “WPT RTE” and [5] to display the route list. Press the cursor keys
to select route.
To reselect the waypoint, select it on the route list and press to change “DI” to “EN”.
Canceling Destination
1. Press the “GOTO” key.
2. Press [5] to select “Cancel”. The message “Release GOTO?” appears.
3. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
When a destination is erased, the waypoint which follows, it becomes the destination.
If there is no waypoint after the destination waypoint erased, route navigation
is cancelled.
Rhumb Line: The rhumb line courseline is the straight line drawn between two points
on a nautical chart. This course does not require frequent changes of heading,
however, it is not the shortest since it follows the earth’s curvature:
1. Press “MENU ESC”, [9] and [1] to display the “PLOTTER SETUP” menu.
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “Calculation”.
3. Press “◄” or “►” to select “R.L” (Rhumb Line) or “G.C” (Great Circle).
2. If necessary, press to switch from North to South latitude, and vice versa.
3. Key in latitude.
4. If necessary, press to switch from West to East longitude, and vice versa.
5. Key in longitude.
6. Press “▼”.
7. Repeat items 2–5 to enter other point.
Waypoints
1. Key in first waypoint number from 001 to 999 (000 is reserved for own
ship position).
2. Press “▼” twice.
3. Key in other waypoint number (001–999).
Demo Display
The demo display provides simulated operation of this unit: own ship tracks,
at the speed selected, a figure eight course, starting from position entered.
All controls are operative; you may change course, enter marks, etc.:
1. Press the “Split” button in the lower right corner of the “Nav. Aids” panel.
2. Press “NU/CU ENT” key and turn on the power. The “Simulation Mode” menu
appears:
Menu Settings
GPS Menu
Fix Mode
Two position fixing modes are available: 2D and 2/3D.
The 2D mode provides two dimensional position fixes (latitude and longitude only)
and is used when three satellites are in line of sight of the GPS receiver.
The 2/3D mode switches between two and three dimension position fixing
automatically depending on how many satellites (three or four) are in line of sight
of the GPS receiver.
Disable Satellite
Every GPS satellite is broadcasting abnormal satellite number(s) in the Almanac.
Using this information, the GPS receiver automatically eliminates any malfunctioning
satellite from the GPS satellite schedule. However, the Almanac sometimes may
not contain this information. You can disable an inoperative satellite manually
on the “GPS SETUP” menu.
To disable satellites:
1. Press “MENU ESC”, [9] and [6].
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “Disable satellite”.
3. Key in satellite number, in two digits (01–32). Three sets of satellite numbers
may be entered.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key. If an invalid number is entered, the buzzer sound.
Speed Average
Calculation of ETA and TTG, etc. is based on average ship’s speed over a given
period. The default setting is one minute.
To enter speed averaging:
Enter the range for which you want to know position confidence.
To select RAIM Function:
1. Press “MENU ESC”, [9] and [6].
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “RAIM Function” on page 2.
3. Press “◄” or “►” to select “RAIM Function” desired.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
Geodetic Datum
WGS-84 geodetic chart system (standard GPS chart system) is used only in
the simulator GPS.
Position Offset
You may apply an offset to position generated by the internal GPS receiver,
to compensate for difference between GPS position and chart position.
To enter Position Offset:
Note: If you do not know the type of chart you are using, GPS position may be
wrong. Note the difference in position when moored to a pier, and enter
it on the GPS SETUP menu to get correct position.
1. Press “MENU ESC”, [9] and [6].
3. If necessary, press to switch from north latitude to south latitude, or vice versa.
Position
When executing cold start, there is no satellite information in the unit’s memory, thus
it may take some time to find position. To fix position faster, enter estimated position.
To enter position:
Grid Tone
The grid can be displayed in light or dark tone, or turned off:
1. Press “MENU ESC” and [1]. The DISPLAY SETUP menu appears.
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “Grid”.
3. Press “◄” or “►” to select brilliance.
4. Press “NU/CU ENT” and “MENU ESC”.
Course Bar Tone
The course bar can be displayed in light or dark tone, or turned off:
1. Press “MENU ESC” and [1].
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “Course Bar”.
3. Press “◄” or “►” to select brilliance.
4. Press the “NU/CU ENT” key.
5. Press the “MENU ESC” key.
Cursor Size
The size of the cursor can be selected to large or small.
4. To switch character size from enlarged to normal, press the “ZOOM OUT” key.
4. Press “▼” to select “Command” line under the “Load Data WPT/RTE” line.
5. Press “►” to select “Start”. The message appears:
4. Press “▼” to select “Command” line under the “Save Data WPT/RTE” line.
5. Press “►” to select “Start”. The message appears:
DGPS Settings
A DGPS beacon receiver (built in or external) may be connected to the GP-90 to
further refine position accuracy. Set up to receive the DGPS beacon signal as follows.
The unit can automatically select optimum reference station by feeding it position
data. If it takes more than 5 minutes to fix DGPS position at the automatic mode,
switch to manual mode:
1. Press “MENU ESC”, [9] and [7] to display the DGPS SETUP menu.
1. Press “MENU ESC” [9] and [7] to display the DGPS SETUP menu.
2. Set DGPS MODE “On”.
3. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “Ref. Station”.
Satellites Monitor
Alarms
There are six alarm conditions which generate both audible and visual alarms. When
an alarm setting is violated, the buzzer sounds, and the name of the offending alarm
appears on the display. The alarm icon also appears on the Plotter 1, Plotter 2,
and Highway displays.
Arrival Alarm
The arrival alarm informs you that own ship is approaching a destination waypoint.
The area that defines an arrival zone is that of a circle which you approach from
the outside of the circle. The alarm will be released if own ship enters the circle.
Before setting the anchor watch alarm, set present position as destination waypoint
(see Setting Destination paragraph):
Trip Alarm
The trip alarm sounds when the distance run is greater than the trip alarm setting:
1. Press “MENU ESC” and [4].
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “Next Page”.
DGPS Alarm
The DGPS alarm sounds when the DGPS signal is lost. This alarm may be enabled
or disabled as below:
1. Press “MENU ESC” and [4].
2. Press “▲” or “▼” to select “DGPS Alarm”.
3. Press “◄” to select “On”, or “►” to select “Off”.
4. Press the “NU/CU/ENT” key.
5. Press the “MENU ESC” key.
Maintenance
Clearing the Memory
The GP-90 has two memories: GPS memory and plotter memory.
Clearing the plotter memory
The plotter memory holds plotted track and mark data. When you clear the plotter
memory, all tracks and marks are cleared, and all corresponding defaults settings
are restored:
1. Press “MENU ESC” [9] and [9] to display the “CLEAR MEMORY” menu.
When GPS signal is suddenly lost and position cannot be calculated within one
minute, the message “GPS No fix” appears.
This message may appear when there is an interfering object between the satellite
and GPS receiver (for example, mast), or the antenna cable is disconnected.
Press the “CLEAR” key to silence the buzzer. If the “CLEAR” key is not pressed,
several beeps sound every three minutes.
DOP error
When PDOP value exceeds 6 in the 3D mode, or HDOP value exceeds 4
in the 2D mode, this error occurs, and the message “DOP error” appears.
Press the “CLEAR” key to silence the buzzer. If the “CLEAR” key is not pressed,
several beeps sound every three minutes.
DGPS error
When DGPS data contains errors or the DGPS beacon station is experiencing
transmitting problems, the message “DGPS Error” appears.
Diagnostic Tests
Memory and I/O Circuits Test
1. Press “MENU ESC” and [8] to display the “SELF TESTS” menu:
2. Press [1].
3. When testing is finished, press the “MENU ESC” key to escape and return
to the “SELF TEST” menu. (Testing continues if the key is not pressed.)
“OK” appears to the right of “PROGRAM MEMORY”, “SRAM” and “Internal
Battery” when those devices are normal. “NG” (No Good) appears when
an abnormality is found. “OK” appears to the right of “GPS” and “BEACON”
when they are normal; “NG” and appear when an abnormality is found.
DATA 1 PORT, DATA 2 PORT and DATA 4 PORT show results of communication
interface test. A special test connector is required to test those ports. “NG” appears
as the result of the self test when there is no test connector attached.
4. Press the “MENU ESC” key to escape.
Keyboard Test
1. Press “MENU ESC”, [8] and [2] to display the “KEYBOARD TEST” screen.
2. Press each key one by one. A key’s corresponding location on the screen lights
in reverse video if the key is normal:
3. To quit the keyboard test, press the “CLEAR” key three times. Control
is returned to the “SELF TESTS” menu.
4. Press the “MENU ESC” key.
Display Test
1. Press “MENU ESC” [8] and [3] to display the test pattern screens.
2. To change the test pattern, press the “NU/CU ENT” key. Each time the key is
pressed, one of the patterns appears.
3. To quit the test pattern, press the “CLEAR” key three times. Control is returned
to the “SELF TESTS” menu.
4. Press the “MENU ESC” key.
Automatic Testing
This feature conducts all self tests continuously:
1. Press “MENU ESC” [8] and [4]. Self tests are conducted continuously
in the order of memory, I/O test, keyboard test, and test pattern.
2. To stop testing, press the “MENU ESC” key.
3. Press the “MENU ESC” key.
General
The Imitator of the Minimum Keyboard Display (MKD) of an UAIS transponder
is intended for displaying the received target data and text messages exchange
between ships.
For internal navigation, the simulator supports the Inland AIS functionality. As Inland
AIS is compatible with sea AIS, it provides direct exchange of data between sea and
internal ships.
Power On
To call the MKD imitator page, press “UAIS MKD” button on “Nav. Aids” page of
the ship Conning Display. The screen will display MKD imitator (model T102 VDU):
To turn on the MKD power supply, press and hold 2 seconds the power button
on the front panel. If the UAIS transponder is switched off (from the Instructor
workplace), the screen will display the following message:
Otherwise, the entire screen will display the MKD logo and “OK” button:
Main Menu
Press “OK” button to access the MKD main menu:
To choose the required item of the MAIN MENU, use <↑> <↓> buttons and press “Select”
button.
The screen will display an alphanumeric keyboard for the parameter input:
By using the alphanumeric keyboard, type in the required value and press “Ok”
button to confirm input. Use “Del” or “BS” buttons to delete the entered symbol
or “Cancel” button to cancel the input. Press “PrSet” or “NxSet” button to access
the alphanumeric keyboard previous or next page respectively.
If the “Status” parameter is chosen, the screen will display the list for a choice of
current navigational status:
Use <↑> <↓> buttons to choose the navigational status, and press “OK” button.
To go back to the MAIN MENU, press “Return” button in the STATIC AND VOYAGE DATA menu.
Other Stations
To get an access to the data received from other AIS stations, choose OTHER STATIONS
item of the MAIN MENU. The screen will display the list of available AIS stations which
information can be retrieved on:
Use <↑> <↓> buttons to choose the AIS station which information should be displayed on,
and press “Detail” button. The screen will display the table containing the basic station
parameters:
“Txt off”\“Txt on” button are intended for hiding\displaying the text tag near the target
symbol.
To decrease or increase the display scale, press the “Zm.in” or “Zm.out” buttons
respectively.
Press “Return” button to go back to the main stations list.
The screen will display a page for entering the addressee MMSI (MMSI of the selected
station by default):
Type the necessary message text and press “Ok” button to confirm input.
The screen will return to the main message input window. Press “Send” button
to transmit the message.
Press “Yes” or “No” buttons respectively. The screen will display the list of AIS
station which the text messages have been received from:
Use <↑> <↓> buttons to choose the AIS station which you wish to read text messages
from. “TEXT:” line will contain the text of a message from the highlighted station.
Press “Reply” button to reply to the station. The screen will display the page
for entering the message text (see Sending Text Messages).
You can set the following data on the “Report ETA lock/bridge/term” screen:
• Destination ID;
• UN country code;
• UN location code;
• Fairway section number;
• Terminal code;
• Fairway hectometre;
• ETA date – estimated date of arrival at lock/bridge/terminal;
• ETA time – estimated time of arrival at lock/bridge/terminal;
• Number of assisting tugboats;
• Air draught.
Use <↑> <↓> buttons to choose the parameter required to be modified, and press
“Change” button. By using the alphanumeric keyboard, type in the required value
and press “Ok” button to confirm input.
To send the report on ETA at some certain location (lock, bridge, terminal), press
the “SndMsg” button.
Press “Return” button to go back to the MAIN MENU.
Enter Setup
The UAIS transponder may be in one of the modes:
• operating mode;
• setup mode.
Use <↑> <↓> buttons to select ENTER SETUP item from the MAIN MENU and press
“Select” button. The screen will display a page requesting to suspend
the transponder operation:
The screen will display a page requesting to enter the password for accessing
the transponder setup menu:
General Setup
To set the main UAIS transponder parameters, choose GENERAL SETUP item from the MAIN
SETUPmenu. Press “Setup” button.
The screen will display GENERAL SETUP menu:
Extra Setup
To set additional UAIS station parameters, choose EXTRA SETUP item from MAIN SETUP
menu.
The screen will display EXTRA SETUP menu which can be used for enabling\disabling
the use of the internal GNSS unit and setting the antenna position relative to the ship’s
bow, stern, portside or starboard.
Operational Overview
To call the Loran-C Receiver control panel, press “Loran-C” button on “Nav. Aids”
of the ship’s Conning Display.
A large LCD readout is taking up most of the left-hand side of the front panel,
a keyboard on the right-hand side, and all sorts of abbreviations printed on the panel
below the display. These nine abbreviated labels indicate the various modes in which
the LC-90MKII may be operated.
In addition, there are 6 secondary functions which may be called up to do less-often
used operations. These functions are accessed by use of the [#] key, followed
by a number from [1] to [6].
The keyboard itself contains twenty-three membrane-sealed touchpad keys, and
is divided roughly into four functional areas, delineated by different color schemes.
A distinctive “beep” is generated to confirm to the user that something did indeed
occur whenever he presses a key.
When the operator presses the [PWR] key, the LC-90MKII is activated.
After several seconds, the display will begin to show some activity. It is
necessary to press [OFF] the key during several seconds in order to turn
off power to the unit. This procedure is necessary to prevent unintentional
interruption of power should the user accidentally hit the [OFF] key.
The [DIM] key is used to vary the level of backlighting of the display and
keyboard for nighttime operation. There are four levels of backlighting
intensity: bright, medium, dim, and off. Each time the [DIM] key is pressed,
the level will change in the above sequence.
Numeric Keys
There are ten numeric touchpad keys, and these are orange in color.
The keys [0] through [9] are employed to enter all numeric data.
The blue key is a general purpose key that is used to change from North to South
latitude, or East to West longitude when entering data for modes or functions requiring
Latitude/Longitude data, change default values for many modes and functions
that can be used either automatic or manually, and turn on/off many functions.
This key is also used to change position data from Latitude/Longitude
format to TD format, and vice versa.
In each mode or function where data may be entered, leading zeroes must be
entered (for example, waypoint “01” must be entered fully, rather than as “1”).
The LC-90MKII will reject entries; it cannot understand where leading zeroes haven’t
been entered. Trailing zeroes needn’t however be entered fully. For example,
a latitude entry of “37” degrees is just as valid as the full entry of “370000” degrees.
Other Keys
At the top left of the keyboard there are two the orange [SAV] [RCL] keys
and two the brown [CLR] and [u] keys. [SAV] stands for Save, and is used
when a position is to be stored in the Event Memory, or when an external
plotter or printer is connected to the LC-90MKII. The position, at the
moment this key is pressed, is sent out to the external instrument. [RCL]
stands for Recall, and is used when calling up the stored data from
the Event Memory.
The brown [CLR] key stands for Clear. It is used to clear a number from
the display or to silence the audible alarm.
The arrow shaped key is used to select where the data entry cursor will
be located on one of the five lines on the display. The cursor is indicated by
the flashing of the far left character on the desired line.
After entering new data, the blue [ENT] key (standing for Enter) should be
pressed. The cursor automatically advances to the next line where data
may be entered after the [ENT] key is pressed.
S/C: Speed Made Good and Course Made Good, together with present
position (in L/L or TD’s, at the discretion of the operator) and the Route
and/or Waypoints in use.
TTG: Velocity To Destination (in knots) and Time to Go (in hours and minutes),
again together with present position and Route and/or Waypoints in use.
R/B: Range (in nautical miles) and Bearing (in degrees magnetic or true,
at the operator’s discretion) from present position to destination waypoint,
again together with present position and Route and/or Waypoint in use.
XTE: Cross-Track Error (in nautical miles off the desired track), with arrow
indicators to show direction of offset and direction to steer to get back
on track. As usual, present position and Route and/or Waypoints in use
are shown. Course offset in degrees and Range to destination waypoint
are displayed as well.
NAV: This is the Navigation mode. Cross-Track Error with Course offset
and Range and Bearing to the desired waypoint are also displayed.
RTE: This is the Route Planning mode. The waypoints involved in up to ten
different Route Plans are selected in this mode.
WPT: This mode is used to enter position data into a waypoint. Waypoint data
may be entered or recalled for confirmation either as L/L or as TD’s.
CLC: This is the Calculation mode. Trial RO-RO calculations of Range and Bearing
from waypoint to waypoint may be done here. It is also possible to define
a waypoint by Range and Bearing from present position in this mode.
ALM: This is the mode where alarm limits are defined for the Cross-Track Error
alarm, the Border alarm, the Arrival alarm and the Anchor Watch alarm.
#1: This is the Initialization function. The user enters the approximate present
position, and if he chooses to Disable automatic selection, the GRI
and the slave secondaries for use by the LC-90MKII.
#2: This is the Position Offset function. The operator may enter the amount
of delta L/L or delta TD offsets desired for a particular area. There are
nine “pages” of offset information that may be stored in memory.
#3: This is the Averaging Time function. The operator may choose the amount
of smoothing time constant to be applied to the L/L and speed display.
The type of output data available at the rear panel for external devices such
as plotters or printers is specified in this function as well.
#4: This is the automatic ASF (Additional Secondary Factor) and automatic
Magnetic Variation function. Both functions may be disabled manually.
The amount of ASF correction automatically used by the LC-90MKII
in the present geographic area is displayed. Note that at 0 degrees
variation, True North referenced bearings will be obtained.
#5: This is the Cycle Selection function. The amount that the tracking point
is to be slowed manually is entered in this function.
#6: In this function, the SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) and ECD (Envelope
to Cycle Difference) are displayed. These numbers give the operator
an indication of the quality of the incoming Loran signals. The display
shows which cycle of the master and two secondary stations the LC-90MKII
is presently tracking, and shows in addition the deviation of the internal
reference oscillator from the ideal frequency.
The entry of trailing zeroes is optional. For example, you could have entered the full
latitude of “370000” rather than the short-form “37” if you wanted to. The cursor will
automatically move down to the next line, where you will enter the longitude.
The keystrokes for this operation are:
That if the longitude were for example, 22 degrees West, you would have to enter
the leading zero:
Also that the default values for latitude is North latitude and West longitude.
If you are in the Southern latitudes or Easterly longitudes, you will need to override
the default hemispheric values by using the key. For example, if you are located
in Osaka, Japan, at 34 degrees North latitude and 135 degrees East longitude, you
would enter:
Now you should find that the cursor has automatically moved to the third line,
and that the “A” on that line is flashing. This gives you the opportunity to Disable
the Automatic selection of GRI and the two slave secondaries. At this time we
suggest that you let the LC-90MKII automatically select these values. In a later section
of this manual you will learn the procedure to Disable the automatic process.
Now the LC-90MKII will begin searching for the master and slave stations to verify
the present approximate position you just entered. The display will show “9999”
for the GRI, and “99” for both slave stations. The “MCYC”, “MSNR”, “SNR” and “CYC”
signal warning indicators will flash at this time. After about a minute, these warning
indicators will cease flashing, and the appropriate GRI and slave secondary TD numbers
will appear on the fourth and fifth lines. A typical Function #1 is shown below.
Note that the secondary stations are represented by the first two digits
of the appropriate number of microseconds.
You should now go back to the S/C Mode to observe the receiver while
it is locking onto the Loran signals. Press either the “3” or the “4” key
([MENU] key) to exit Function #1, and then press either one of these keys
until the Mode indicator arrow is lined up over the “S/C” label on the front
panel under the display. Now, press the “Arrows” key to watch the TD’s
change while the unit is locking onto the Loran signals.
After acquisition and locking is complete, all the signal warning indicators will be
extinguished, and the TD readings will be stable.
Note: The unit is not ready for navigation until these signal warning indicators
are extinguished.
The acquisition process will take between three and five minutes, depending
on the quality of the Loran signals in your area. In areas of signal interference,
position data is unreliable for the first 20 minutes because the notch filters are
seeking out offending signals.
Switch to the Latitude/Longitude display by pressing the “arrows” key again.
Note that the L/L readout is stable, and that your position is displayed
in degrees, minutes and tenths of minutes (not seconds!). Check the Loran-C
MKII’s position with that shown on your chart. It normally should be reasonably
close, but while you are in port, the position may be as far off as a quarter mile,
or so because of signal distortion, caused by passage of the signals over land
nearby. Don’t worry: things will get more accurate once you are out of harbor.
However, it is still a good idea to check your TD numbers against those from a nearby
vessel, and with your chart to ensure that the unit has locked onto the correct point
of the slaves and the master signals, and that no strange things have occurred
during the acquisition process. It is well to remember that the TD lattice printed
on a Loran-C chart is adjusted before printing to compensate for warping of the
grid because of ASF (Additional Secondary Factors), and that TD’s plotted on such
a chart are thus inherently more accurate than the Latitude/Longitude calculated
from TD’s. In other words, TD’s are observed phenomena, and Latitude/Longitude
numbers are derived mathematically from this observed data.
Note: This function as well as many others will only work after the receiver has
completed the acquisition process and after all warning indications have
been extinguished.
The Speed Made Good is defined as the speed over ground, and is calibrated in knots.
The Course Made Good is referenced to Magnetic North whenever the MAGV label
is shown in the upper right-hand side of the display. The amount of Magnetic Variation
is automatically calculated by the Loran-C for the your geographic area. You may at
this time wish to look at the amount of magnetic variation, presently being used.
This can be done by accessing Function #4. Press the [#] key, followed by the [4] key.
A typical display is shown in fig. below. The label “vAr” in the top line of the refers
to “Magnetic Variation”, and the “A” shown refers to “Auto”, indicating that the variation
is applied automatically.
The preprogrammed magnetic variation values are the average of those in an area
of approximately 10 degrees latitude by 10 degrees longitude. The preprogrammed
variation is typically accurate within plus/minus 3 degrees, which is within the limits
of accuracy to which most compasses have been compensated anyhow. However,
if more accurate magnetic bearings are needed, enter the local variation manually,
using the following procedure.
Manual Entry of Magnetic Variation (Function #4)
1. Verify that the unit is in Function #4.
2. Press [CLR]. The “A” will change to a dash next to the label “VAR” on the top line.
3. Press “arrows” and then [ENT]. You will see the “A” change to a “d”, indicating
that the Automatic mode has been Disabled. Now the unit has been placed
in manual magnetic variation mode. The cursor will automatically advance
to the next line.
4. Type in the desired magnetic variation, followed by [ENT]. For example,
if the magnetic variation for your area is 12 degrees West, the keystroke
sequence would be [1] [2] [ENT]. If however the magnetic variation is 12 degrees
East, then the sequence would be [1] [2] [ENT], since the default (+) value,
standing for West variation, must be overridden. The MAGV indicator at the top
of the display will be on whenever Magnetic bearings are in use.
[#] [4] [CLR] [ENT] [0] [0] [ENT] True North bearings
It should be noted that the Averaging time constant will affect the speed that the
Latitude/Longitude readout changes as well as the Speed readout, but that the TD
readout will not be affected. To change the Averaging constant, access Function #3.
The amount presently used will be shown on the first line, to the right of the label “AvE”.
To enter an averaging constant of 4, you would use the following keystroke sequence:
For the time being, don’t worry about the other lines on the display. We’ll get into
those subjects later.
Navigation Operations
In this subsection we will start dealing with functions that will allow you to plan,
and then actually make voyages to destinations of your choice. You may wish to go to
a specific position such as a particular buoy, or you may wish to return to a place
where the fishing was good previously.
2. Now re-specify the waypoint to be waypoint zero seven. Use the following
touchpad sequence: [0] [7] [ENT].
Note: The entry of the leading zero is necessary. Entering “7” after [CLR]
will simply cause the LC-90MKII to ignore the input as invalid. If waypoint
zero seven is presently empty, you will see zeroes on lines four and five.
3. Now go ahead and enter the San Francisco numbers:
Note: The entry of trailing zeroes is optional. The LC-90MKII senses when trailing
zeroes are necessary and adds them as needed.
4. Now you may hit the “arrows” key to see what TD’s correspond to the L/L you
just entered.
5. If we were operating in Southern Latitudes and Easterly Longitudes, we would
have to override the North and West defaults that the LC-90MKII has been normally
set up to use. For example, if the position of our Waypoint zero seven were
37 degrees, 38.00 minutes South Latitude, and 122 degrees, 24.00 minutes
East Longitude, we would punch in the following sequence:
Alternatively, you might disable the ASF function, when using a waypoint converted
from raw TD’s to L/L, in order to obtain accurate Range/Bearing readings, especially
when you get near the desired waypoint. You can disable the automatic
ASF compensation function using Function #4.
The sequence of operations is:
1. Call up Function #4 and disable the ASF Auto function if it is on. The keystroke
sequence is as follows:
2. Call up the WPT Function by moving the left or right arrow key until the Mode
indicator arrow is lined up directly over the “WPT” label on the panel under
the display. Specify the waypoint number into which you wish to store
the TD information (we’ll use waypoint “08” here), and then enter the desired
information. The following touchpad sequence would be used:
[0] [8] [ENT] [1] [2] [8] [8] [5] [0] [ENT]
[2] [7] [9] [3] [2] [4] [ENT]
3. Now switch back to the L/L display to see the resulting L/L. You must wait
for the L/L display to settle down with all numbers and indications stable before
proceeding on to any other mode or function.
[0] [3] [4] [ENT] [1] [8] [1] [ENT] Range = 3.4 n mile
The result will be displayed in the upper two lines. During the calculation, the degree
indications will be flashing. Wait until the L/L readout and the flashing degree
indications stabilize before proceeding to another mode or function.
If you would like to confirm the coordinates of each waypoint, call up the WPT
Mode and enter the waypoint number desired. If the waypoint has been
specified by TD’s, you may hit the “arrows” key to see the TD’s. Make sure
that you hit the “arrows” key again to get back into the L/L format.
The display will show the starting waypoint “55” on the left-hand side, with an arrow
pointing to the right towards the destination waypoint “56”.
You can now go to another function, which uses waypoints, since you have specified
the waypoints of interest.
1. First, get into the CLC Mode, using as usual the left or right arrow key to line up
the mode indicator arrow over the “CLC” label. The cursor will automatically
place itself on the third line.
2. Now key in the following:
You will now see the Range and Bearing for the voyage from waypoint 04
to waypoint 07 displayed on the fourth and fifth lines respectively.
See the figure below for a typical display screen.
Get into the XTE mode by pressing the [MODE] key. Fig. below shows a typical
XTE display. Your present position is displayed on the upper two lines. The waypoint
numbers selected are displayed next to the label “WPT” on the third line. The XTE
on the fourth line varies from 0.01 to 9.99 n miles. The bar indicates to which side
of the desired track the vessel is off track, and the arrow points in the direction in
which you must steer to get back on course. If the XTE is within the preset alarm
zone, a single arrow and bar will appear. If the XTE exceeds the preset value, two
arrows and bars will be displayed. (We will get into the setting of the various alarm
zones, see Alarm Function (ALM Mode) paragraph.)
The numbers on the bottom line describe the Course Offset (“tC”) and the Distance
to the waypoint. The minus sign in front of the offset indicates that it is necessary
to steer to the left. The offset angle is indicated up a maximum of 99 degrees.
When you have passed the “To” waypoint, a minus sign will appear to the left
of the distance display.
The value for the “Off-Course” or “Border” alarm is entered on the fourth line,
and that for the “Anchor Watch” or “Arrival” alarm is entered on the fifth line.
The alarm will sound when the boat crosses the preset alarm zone from inside or
outside. The “In” and “Out” on the bottom two lines indicate which direction is preset
for the alarm function. “In” indicates that the alarm will sound if the vessel ventures
into the area, and “Out” indicates that the alarm will sound if the vessel ventures
outside the desired area.
If an alarm is activated, a visual alarm indication (“WCH” and/or “XTE”) will also
appear at the top of the display.
3. Confirm that “OUT” is displayed next to the message “XTE”. If not, press
to change the display to “Out”.
4. Type [0] [0] [5] [ENT].
2. Press [CLR].
4. Confirm that “Out” is displayed next to the “WCH” indication. If not, press
to change the indication to “Out”.
5. Press [0] [0] [3] [ENT].
Note: That if you set the Anchor Watch alarm zone too “tight”, that you may have
to get up in the middle of the night to reset it due to minor fluctuations in the
Loran signals. You may need to do some experimentation to determine just
how closely you want to set the alarm limit depending on your particular
geographical area.
6. Now, store your present position into an open waypoint (perhaps, 99) by hitting
[SAV] [9] [9] [ENT]. Then, select waypoint 99 as “To” waypoint; [FR/TO] [9] [9]
[ENT]. Now, if you drift out of the Anchor Watch zone, the alarm will sound.
CAUTION!
Be sure to record all important routes in a separate log. The LC-90MKII is intended
for use as a navigational aid; not a fail-safe record keeping device. Neither is it
intended to be used without caution regarding possible dangerous navigational
situations. A sequence of waypoints leading out of harbor does not take into account
any vessels recently anchored nearby, nor does it take into account buoys
or navigation markers which may have drifted.
Press [MODE] to get into the RTE Mode. The display will look similar to the one below.
The number on the top line is the route number. The LC-90MKII is capable of storing
a maximum of 10 routes, numbered 01 to 10. Each waypoint in the route is shown
in numerical sequence, starting at 01 and continuing to 10.
A maximum of ten waypoints can be stored and then observed later by scrolling
the display upward by one line with the [6] key. A symbol “- -” in the display shows
that no waypoint has been previously stored there.
Now as an example, let’s enter waypoint 04 as the first waypoint in a Route we shall
create, called Route 01. The touchpad sequence would be:
1. Press [0] [1] [ENT] to enter Route Number 01 on the first line. After [ENT] is
pressed, the left bar on the second line will blink, indicating that the cursor has
automatically advanced to this position.
2. Press [0] [4] [ENT] to enter waypoint 04.
3. Repeat step 2 for succeeding waypoints of your choice.
Following a Route
Following a route in the forward or the reverse direction is the process by which
a stored route is used for navigation. The LC-90MKII displays navigation information
to guide you from one waypoint to the next, as it automatically switches from waypoint
to another in sequence (if the Arrival alarm has been activated) and if you do actually
arrive at a particular waypoint. More on this point later.
To follow a route which you have previously programmed into the unit:
In many common situations you may never actually “arrive” at a destination waypoint,
and thus you may not see the unit automatically switch to the next destination
waypoint. For instance, if you have specified an Arrival Alarm radius of 0.10 n mile,
and your destination waypoint 35 is a buoy in a busy harbor, you may find when you
get close to that buoy that a tanker has anchored nearby, blocking you from ever
reaching your destination.
Obviously, you are going to have to dodge the obstacle, and in so doing you would
find that your Range to the desired waypoint would be increasing rather than decreasing
as you swerve around the tanker. In this case, you will manually have to override
the automatic waypoint sequencing.
You might also try another way to “arrive” at your destination waypoint. This involves
changing the Arrival Alarm limit to a larger number. This way too is fraught with danger,
for if you specify the Arrival limit too loosely, let’s say 0.50 n mile, you will indeed
allow the automatic switching to the next destination waypoint to occur, but you
may then define a new course to the next waypoint that takes you through a seawall
or over land!
It is far better to leave a reasonable Arrival Alarm limit of, say 0.10 n mile, and when
you get as close as safely possible to the desired waypoint which is now blocked,
then manually override the Route Planning mode and go to manual waypoint
sequencing. If you are adamant about staying in the automatic waypoint sequencing
mode, then you may take another tack: you may temporarily deselect waypoints
that you have already passed, and then proceed automatically again.
Route 02 1 01
2 02
3 05
4 06
5 07
6 08
Let’s assume that you have successfully negotiated waypoints 01 and 02, and
that you are presently going from waypoint 02 to waypoint 05. You find that you
are blocked from arriving at waypoint 05 by the tanker. After you dodge the obstacle,
you now want the LC-90MKII to get you from your present position to waypoint 06,
and then from waypoint 06 to 07, etc. afterwards.
You must temporarily delete route waypoints 01, 02, and 05 before calling up your
desired Route plan 02 in the FR/TO screen. You would use the following key sequence
to temporarily delete these waypoints:
1. Put the unit in the RTE mode.
2. Select waypoint 1 by pressing the down arrow cursor.
CAUTION!
Be sure to keep a separate copy of important positions. The LC-90MKII is
a navigation aid; it is not intended to be a secure record-keeping device.
Press [SAV] in any mode. The stored position is automatically put into Event Memory
number 100. When there are 20 event numbers already stored in memory, putting
in another one will cause event number 100 to be overwritten. Event number 101 will
be overwritten by the next new event location. Fig. below shows the typical Event (Save)
screen. The used Event Memory number is shown on the second line.
Press [MODE] to get back to the Mode or Function screen being used before
pressing [SAV].
On the Event screen, you may transfer the stored data to Waypoint Memory:
type a waypoint number, followed by [ENT].
Recalling an Event Memory
To call up the event data, press [RCL]. The latest event data will be displayed after
the message of “rECALL LASt” is shown at the lower two lines. Further pressing
of the [RCL] key will display the data from second to the latest one, third, etc. To scroll
the event data backward, press [6].
If you want to call up the desired event data directly, press [RCL], [#] and type two digits
of Event Memory number, followed by [ENT]. It is not necessary to enter the hundredth
digit of the Event Memory number. The fig. below shows the Recall screen.
2. Select an empty Waypoint number (a waypoint where the L/L is all zeroes)
on the third line.
To convert L/L to TD’s, specify the desired (empty) Waypoint number, type in
the desired Latitude and Longitude while in the L/L format, and then press the
conversion key.
Note that the LC-90MKII stores all way points as L/L positions rather than as TD
positions. The conversion between L/L and the corresponding TD’s thus may be
a little bit different from measured TD’s, perhaps as much as 0.1 microsecond.
This is the result of normal computational accuracy due to rounding-off of numbers
in the internal calculations.
Customized Operations
Warning Indicators
The warning indications on the LC-90MKII serve important functions, advising
you when extra caution should be exercised because of a possible problem
with the Loran signals.
Don’t use position data from the display until all signal warning indicators have been
extinguished. These include “MCYC”/“MSNR” for master, “CYC”/“SNR”/“BLK” for both
slaves, and “PF”.
The fig. below shows secondary Function #6, displaying various receiving status
indications.
“000” is displayed at the left-hand side of the top line (see fig. above). The figures
from left to right indicate the tracking points for the Master, Slave 1 and Slave 2 signals,
respectively; “0” indicates that the receiver thinks it is tracking on the correct cycle,
and “1” indicates that the receiver suspects that it is tracking on the wrong cycle.
BLINK Indicator
If there is a problem at one of the transmitting stations, it will begin to transmit a warning
indication called Blink. The LC-90MKII responds by producing a blink indication that
tells the operator which station is having problems. If Slave 1 is faulty, the blink
indicator (BLK) will come on at the far left-hand side of the top line; if Slave 2 is faulty,
the blink indicator (BLK) will come on at the far left-hand side of the second line and
both blink indicators will come on if the master station is faulty.
In some areas of Loran-C coverage, it may be possible to switch to a different slave
station if the one in use begins to blink, but if the master station is faulty, all you can
do is wait for the problem to be fixed at the station.
Power Failure Indicator
If the main power for the LC-90MKII has gone off sometime during operation,
and if the operator hasn’t noticed this, the LC-90MKII will automatically re-acquire
the Loran-C signals after power is restored. However, there is a possibility that a tracking
or acquisition error may have occurred. To warn the operator to check the position
for accuracy, the LC-90MKII turns on the “PF” (Power Failure) indicator to tell
the operator that power was lost sometime in the past. To extinguish this indicator,
press any key.
In the first case, where you are presently located at a position whose L/L coordinates
are accurately known, you may compute the difference in L/L between what
the LC-90MKII is showing and what you know to be the actual coordinates.
Then you would enter the differential values as manual L/L corrections.
The second case is where you want to match up your L/L coordinates with that
of a chart printed using a different datum reference. The LC-90MKII calculates
Latitude/Longitude coordinates according to the “WGS-72” (World Geodetic
System 1972) datum model. Many older charts are drawn using other datum
models, for example, “Clarke 1866/1880” or “Bessel 1841”. The position calculated
by the LC-90MKII may not be the same as the expected position on these older
types of charts.
For example, on the chart it is necessary to add corrections of 11.49 seconds South
(11.49/60 = 0.19 minutes South) and 10.33 seconds East (10.33/60 = 0.17 minutes
East). Remember, the LC-90MKII uses tenths minutes rather than seconds:
1. Get into Function #2 by pressing [#] followed by [2]. You should see a display
similar to the one below. The previously used offset values are displayed
on the readout (the offsets will be zero if they haven’t been specified previously).
2. The page identification number is displayed on the left-hand side and the offset
value for Latitude is on the right-hand side on the top line. The offset value
for Longitude is displayed on the second line.
The GRI and slaves, where the corrections will automatically be used, appear
at the left-hand side of the lower three lines as shown in fig. above. As explained
previously, these values for GRI, S1, and S2 are important, for only when the boat
enters the exact area bounded by these values will this page of corrections
come into effect automatically.
3. Specify a page identification number and enter the offset value for Latitude
on the top line. (If you want to enter TD corrections instead of L/L corrections,
you would skip this step, and go on to the section for entering TD corrections.)
For example, an identification page № 09 (two digits) and a correction of 00.19
minutes South may be entered by using the following keystroke sequence:
[0] [9] [ENT] [0] [0] [1] [9] [ENT] 00.19’S Latitude Correction
4. The cursor will automatically advance to the next line after the [ENT] key is hit.
Type the correction value for Longitude on the second line. For example, to enter
0.17 minutes East, use the following keystroke sequence:
Note that the key causes the corrections to be entered in South Latitude
and West Longitude.
5. Now you must define the GRI and the slave TD’s where these corrections will
automatically go into effect. Let us use an example of a geographic area which
has not been surveyed by actual at-sea measurements of TD grid warpage: Japan.
In this case, we want to specify the GRI to be 9970 and the first two digits
of S1:18 and 36 respectively. The following keystroke sequence would be
appropriate once the cursor has automatically moved down to the third line after
[ENT] was hit in step 4 above:
[9] [9] [7] [0] [ENT] [1] [8] [ENT] [3] [6] [ENT]
6. The above L/L offset values will now be applied whenever you are in the geographic
area bounded by these values; in our example above, when you move the vessel
to where the first two digits of the slave S1 are 18, and where the first two digits
of the slave S2 are 36. Whenever L/L or TD corrections are automatically applied,
a “5T/L” symbol will appear.
If by chance you try to specify a new page using the same GRI and slave station
values that you have used for a previously specified page, the LC-90MKII will flash
the GRI and slave offset values to warn you that in effect a contradictory command
has been given to it.
Let’s say that your fishing buddy gives you a set of TD’s where the fishing is particularly
good, at 27260.0 and 43143.0 microseconds. To the 27260.0 value you would add
the ASF of 1.2 microseconds, yielding 27261.2 microseconds. To the 43143.0 value
you would add -0.4 microseconds, yielding 43142.6 microseconds. Now enter these
into your “scratchpad” waypoint 99 by TD’s (WPT Mode) and convert to L/L.
The resulting L/L in WPT Mode will be:
Now, a R/B calculation from your present position to this waypoint (with the ASF
enabled – use Function #4) will result in the correct bearing to take for you to join up
with your friend.
This method of specifying a waypoint by manually adding the ASF compensation
values will allow you to keep the ASF function constantly engaged, and will result
in less confusion when making any calculation involving waypoint(s), plus it will result
in more accurate L/L readouts all the time.
The most important factors to consider when selecting slaves manually are:
(1) TD Gradients, (2) Angle of Crossing, (3) Baseline Extension and (4) Signal Strength.
The operator should choose the best combination of TD’s, taking into account all
of these factors to obtain the best accuracy when operating the LC-90MKII manually.
The values for GRI and the slave station selection chosen automatically by the LC-90MKII
are derived from considerations of station geometry and signal strength for each
geographic area. We are going to have to look again briefly at some basic Loran-C
theory to give you some insight into how these considerations were derived.
TD Gradients
For example, take a look a section of chart was given showing an area off Yokohama,
Japan. We determined that for the island of Mikura Jima there were three LOP’s
(TD’s) that all crossed at its Southwestern corner, the 9970-X-36800, 9970-Y-60600
and 9970-W-17750 microsecond lines.
The spacing between adjacent TD’s for the 9970-X TD’s is 200 microseconds.
The spacing between adjacent TD’s for the 9970-Y TD’s is also 200 microseconds.
The spacing between adjacent TD’s for the 9970-W TD’s however is only
100 microseconds. What this means is that for any given change in position, the X and
Y TD’s change more than does the W TD. This phenomenon is known as “gradient”,
and denotes the amount of change of position for a given change of Time Difference.
Conversely, for any change in TD’s for the X and Y TD’s there would be a greater
change in position than for the W TD’s. Obviously, the smaller the position shift
for a given change in TD’s, the better the accuracy we can expect in determining
our exact position.
There is however a fly in the ointment. While the W slave station would be a better
choice (on the basis of gradient alone) in the area we are considering near Yokohama,
the station is located farther away then the Y slave, which would otherwise be chosen
to cross with the X TD’s. The W signal thus might be weaker and thus less reliable
than the Y signal, even with the less desirable gradient characteristics of the Y station.
However, stations sometimes will go off the air for scheduled maintenance or because
of a problem. At these times it may be necessary to choose manually another slave
station in spite of the fact that it may show less than optimum geometry or signal
strength in your area.
Angle of Crossing
In an ideal Loran-C world all TD’s would cross at an angle of 90 degrees. Unfortunately,
we don’t live in such a world, so we must consider the angle of crossing that actual
TD’s create. The closer the angle of crossing is to a right angle the better the accuracy
of positioning will be. The X and the Y TD’s cross at a better angle than do the X
and the W TD’s or the W and Y TD pair, and thus are a better choice to use. Note that
the differences in angles of crossing of the X-Y, X-W and Y-W pairs is really not dramatic.
Sufficiently accurate navigational accuracy for most purposes actually could be
obtained by use of any of these pairs of TD’s. It is merely better to use the more
optimum X-Y pair. It is a general rule of thumb that you should be very wary of using
TD pairs that cross at an angle less than 30 degrees.
The LC-90MKII will automatically select the preferred GRI as well as the preferred
slaves for the desired position without user intervention if the Automatic function is
in use; however, you may choose to use another GRI and/or slaves in your area
if available. This is done by using the secondary Function #1:
1. Get into Function #1 by pressing [#] followed by [1]. On the third line of the resulting
display, the label “GRI” will be followed by a flashing “A”, indicating that automatic
operation has been selected previously. This must be disabled to use manual
operation. Press [CLR] (followed by a four digit code for a GRI if you wish
to change the GRI also), and then press [ENT]. A “d” will appear replacing the “A”.
You will now have to select the proper slaves to use.
2. For example, if the slaves automatically selected were “27” and “43”, and you wish
to use “27” and “11”, move the cursor down to the fifth line and hit: [1] [1] [ENT].
2. Press [CLR]. Pressing the key will alternate the display between the following
output data formats:
– “CIF” for Furuno CIF (Computer InterFace);
– “dSP” for displaying screen on outside terminal;
– “183” for NMEA 0183 data format output.
3. Select the desired output format (CIF or 0183) and press [ENT].
The selected data is sent out from pins #1 and #2 of “OUTPUT” connector.
Once the [ENT] key is pressed, the cursor will advance to the next line, where you may
select the autopilot output format. Many modern pilots are designed to interface with a
Loran-C receiver that produces the NMEA 0180 simple data format. In the future, it is
expected that some autopilots will be able to use the more complicated NMEA
0183 complex format. For now, though, if you want to interface your compatible pilot
with the LC-90MKII, you would select the 0180 format on the fourth line.
Operation
Function of Front Panel Controls
RF GAIN Control
The “RF GAIN” control adjusts the strength of an incoming signal, and
is usually set at the maximum (fully clockwise) position. If the incoming
signal is too strong, error may result. In this case, turn the control counter
clockwise so the bearing pointer becomes stable.
BFO Control
This control adjusts tone during reception of A1A (CW) or SSB signals.
COMPASS Knob
This knob rotates the bearing scale. Usually “0” of the bearing scale
is placed just under the “▼” mark at the top of the bearing scale for
reading the bearing relative to the ship’s bow. For reading a bearing
relative to north, set the magnetic heading on the bearing scale by
rotating this knob.
Bearing Pointer
This pointer indicates the direction of receive signal. When the signal strength
is insufficient, indication is unstable. In this case, try to move the pointer slightly
by turning the bearing dial.
Channel Indicator
The spot channel number (00 to 99) appeared here.
Sensitivity Indicator
The sensitivity indicator is made up of 10 light emitting diodes.
The number of lighting LED varies with the level of incoming signals.
Frequency Indicator
The receiving frequency appears by 5-digit frequency display.
Keyboard
For entering data and recalling contents of memory:
RSV Key
This key alternates direction finder and receiver modes. The light on
the keypad lights in the direction finder mode.
DIM Key
This key adjusts the illumination of bearing dial, frequency windows
and brightness of enunciators on the keypad.
Manual Mode
The manual mode allows you to:
1. Set frequency by keyboard and change by [▲] and [▼] keys.
2. Store frequency and class of emission in the memory. The memory can also
be erased.
3. Change frequency in 0.1 kHz steps by [▲] and [▼] keys.
4. Conduct search reception.
Channel Mode
The Channel mode allows you to:
1. Register up to 100 channels (00 to 99 ch).
2. Recall frequency and class of emission.
3. Change channel by [▲] and [▼] keys. These keys change the channel
continuously at the rate of 0.3 s/ch.
Press the “CH” key to set into the channel mode.
Scan Mode
Press the “SCAN” key to get into scanning receiving mode:
• Scans the channels memorized;
• The number of tens digit of channel number is assigned as a “band number”.
Scan range setting is assigned by this “band number”;
• The maximum scanning range is 10 bands, that is, 100 channels
(00 to 99 channels).
Direction Finding
1. Press [MAN] key and receive a desires station.
If the received signal strength is enough for ADF operation, the bearing pointer
rotates to indicate the direction of coming signal.
2. Adjust the RF control so that the wiggle of the pointer is minimum.
3. For reading the bearing of the incoming signal relative to the ship’s bow, place the “0”
of the bearing scale just under the bow mark (▼) by turning the COMPASS knob,
as shown in the figure, and read out the indication of the pointer on the bearing scale.
For reading the true bearing of the incoming signal, read out the indication
of the ship’s compass and adjust the COMPASS knob so that the same reading
is obtained on the bearing scale at the bow mark. Read out the indication
of the pointer on the bearing scale.
Note: To confirm that the bearing indication is correct, rotate the Bearing Dial
to either direction slightly by hand and release. The pointer should return
to the original position quickly.
Range Measurement
The sensitivity indicator is made up of 10 light emitting diodes (LED’s) in array above
the digital frequency display.
As the number of lighting LED varies with the level of incoming signals, this indicator
can be used to indicate approximate distances to signal sources with a definite output
power and aerial system, such as from radio buoys.
The nearer, the more LED’s lighting. Relative distance is proportional to the number
of lighting LED’s. For range measurement, set the “RF GAIN” control at maximum.
Plot Q at a distance D from P on hypothetical course line (c). Strike a parallel line
to the position line (a) through Q and obtain position Q'. The position Q' is the boat’s
position at time t2. Consequently, the position where the first measurement was made
at time t1, was point P'.
Setting-Up
Errors in Direction Finding
Several inherent errors exist in direction finding:
Coastal Error
The electromagnetic wave has, in proportion to its wave length, the nature of refraction
when passing a large object of propagating along coastline. This results in measurement
error. If there are many stations available for measurement, use stations from which
radio waves pass as perpendicular to the coastline as possible to minimize error.
Quadrantal Error
The radio wave received at the loop antenna may interfered by the ship’s
superstructures (masts, stays, etc.), causing error. This is known as “hull error”,
but is more commonly referred to as “quadrantal error”.
Since this error is peculiar to the incoming wavelength, size of the ship and ship’s
superstructure it can be eliminated mathematically by measuring the amount of error
in each direction and plotting it on a correction curve.
If you click the left mouse button on the direction finder control panel button
with a picture of a graph, the screen will display “Radio deviation curve” of corrections.
To return to the direction finder control panel, close the curve by clicking the left
mouse button on the standard “r” button in the top right corner of the panel.
• Plotter (ECDIS);
• Autopilot where the trainee has selected Track Control mode;
• GPS receiver;
• Radar;
• Instructor station.
“Use Exercise route” button is lighted on the ship control console
(“Nav. Aids” page).
GENERAL
During the work on the bridge with the majority of the ship models, supplied with
the simulator, a generalized control console is used. In the simulator, however,
there are some vessels with specific propulsion systems which require an individual
Conning Display configuration.
In the manual are described the specific features of control over four types of tug
models, a Fast Ferry and Ice Breaker.
• “Ready to start” – indicators of the portside and starboard engines being ready
for the start;
• “Start engine” – buttons for starting the portside and starboard engines;
• “Stop engine” – buttons for stopping the portside and starboard engines;
• “Clutch Ready” – indicator of the portside and starboard clutches being ready
for the engaging;
• “Engage” – buttons for engaging the portside and starboard clutches;
• “Disengage” – buttons for disengaging the portside and starboard clutches;
• Command-controllers for the control of the starboard and portside propeller rpm
and pitch, and the turn of the starboard and portside steering nozzles;
• “Portside RPM”, “Starboard RPM” – indicators of propeller rpm;
• “Portside Pitch”, “Starboard Pitch” – indicators of propeller pitch;
• Telegraph for the control of the starboard and portside propeller rpm and pitch;
• Rudders for a synchronous and asynchronous control of the starboard and portside
steering nozzles’ turn;
• Buttons for steering gear pumps control.
In the initial state:
• The starboard and portside engines are started, and the clutches are
in the engaged position;
• The propeller RPM indicator shows the minimum revolutions (80 rpm);
• “Start engine” indicator button – green;
• “Stop engine” indicator button – OFF;
• “Engage” indicator button – green;
• “Disengage” indicator button – OFF.
Operation Result
To stop the engine and disengage the clutch “Stop engine” indicator button will be illuminated
at the same time, press “Stop engine” button in the green colour.
“Start engine” indicator button will be turned off.
The propeller RPM indicator begins to show the drop
of revolutions.
When the rpm drops to zero:
• “Engage” indicator button will be go out;
• “Disengage” indicator button will be light up in the
green colour;
• “Ready to start” indicator will be activated;
• The engine will be fully turned off and
the clutch disengaged
To switch on the engine, press “Start engine” • “Start engine” indicator button will light up
button in the green colour;
• “Stop engine” indicator button will go out;
• “Engage” indicator button will go out;
• “Dis-Engage” indicator button will light up
in the green colour;
• After a short delay “Clutch Ready” indicator will
become active;
• The engine is turned on. The clutch is ready
to engage
Note: The clutch cannot be turned on unless “Clutch Ready” indicator is active.
Operation Result
To engage the clutch, press “Engage” button • “Clutch Ready” indicator is disabled;
• “Disengage” indicator button will go out;
• “Engage” indicator button will light up
in the green colour;
• The clutch is engaged;
• The propeller RPM indicator begins to show
the growth of revolutions to 82 rpm or 88 rpm
depending on the tugboat type
To disengage the clutch without stopping • “Disengage” indicator button will light up in
the engine, press “Disengage” button the green colour;
• “Engage” indicator button will go out;
• The propeller RPM indicator starts to show zero
propeller rpm;
• “Clutch Ready” indicator is activated;
• The clutch is disengaged without stopping the engine
For the ahead motion, move the handles of
both command-controllers several divisions
forward
For the astern motion, move the handles of
both command-controllers several divisions
back
For the sideward motion to the starboard, After some time, the tug starts sideward motion
stop the tug. to the starboard
Turn the handle of the portside command-
controller to the leftmost position, and the
handle of the starboard command-controller –
to the rightmost position.
Move the handle of the portside command-
controller 6 divisions forward, and the handle
of the starboard command-controller 7 divisions
back
For the sideward motion to the portside, After some time, the tug starts sideward motion
stop the tug. to the portside
Turn the handle of the portside command-
controller to the leftmost position, and the
handle of the starboard command-controller –
to the rightmost position.
Move the handle of the starboard command-
controller 6 divisions forward, and the handle of
the portside command-controller 7 divisions back
Piece of advice:
1. To set the thrust of the starboard of portside propulsor, move the command-
controller handle forward or back by the set number of divisions.
2. To turn the steering nozzles, position the mouse cursor on the outside circle
of the command-controllers opposite the needle, press the left mouse button
and move the needle in the desired direction.
3. If you wish to control synchronously the turn of propeller blades and
of the steering nozzle, use the standard telegraph and helm respectively.
• “Ready to start” – indicators of the portside and starboard engines being ready
for the start;
• “Start engine” – buttons for starting the portside and starboard engines;
• “Stop engine” – buttons for stopping the portside and starboard engines;
• “Ready to engage” – indicator of the portside and starboard clutches being
ready: for the engaging;
• “Engage” – buttons for engaging the portside and starboard clutches;
• “Disengage” – buttons for disengaging the portside and starboard clutches;
• “MAX”, “85%”, “60%”, “Idle” – control buttons of the starboard and portside
engines’ rpm;
• Rudder for setting the transverse displacement of the control center of the starboard
and portside Voith-Schneider propellers (setting the transverse thrust);
• “Transverse thrust” – indicator of the transverse synchronous displacement
of the control center of the starboard and portside Voith-Schneider propellers;
• Buttons for steering gear pumps control;
• Telegraph for setting the longitudinal displacement of the control center of the
starboard and portside Voith-Schneider propellers (setting of the longitudinal thrust);
• “Portside RPM”, “Starboard RPM” – propeller RPM indicators;
• “Portside Pitch”, “Starboard Pitch” – propeller pitch indicators.
• The starboard and portside engines are started, and the clutches are engaged;
• The propeller RPM indicator shows rpm corresponding to the maximum engine
revolutions (depending on the tugboat power);
• The relative propeller “Pitch” indicator shows zero value;
• “MAX” engine rpm button lighted;
• “85%” engine rpm button OFF;
• “60%” engine rpm button OFF;
• “Idle” engine rpm button OFF;
• “Start engine” indicator button lighted green;
• “Stop engine” indicator button OFF;
• “Engage” indicator button lighted green;
• “Disengage” indicator button OFF;
• “Zero pitch indicator” lighted.
Operation Result
To reduce rpm to 85% from the maximum rpm, The propeller RPM indicator shows the rpm
press “85%” button corresponding to 85% of the maximum revolutions
To reduce rpm to 60% from the maximum rpm, The propeller RPM indicator shows the rpm
press “60%” button corresponding to 60% of the maximum revolutions
To reduce revolutions to the idling rpm, press The propeller RPM indicator shows revolutions
“Idle” button corresponding to the idling rpm (25 rpm)
To stop the engine and disengage the clutch • “Stop engine” indicator button will light up in the
at the same time, press “Stop engine” button green colour;
• “Start engine” indicator button will go out;
• The propeller RPM indicator starts to show
the rpm reduction.
When the revolutions drop to zero:
• “Engage” indicator button will go out;
• “Disengage” indicator button will light up
in the green colour;
• “MAX”, “85%”, “60%” “Idle” buttons will go out;
• “ready to start” indicator is activated;
• The engine is fully turned off and the clutch
disengaged
To switch on the engine, press “Start engine” • “Start engine” indicator button will light up
button in the green colour;
• “Stop engine” indicator button will go out;
• “Idle” button is activated;
• After a short delay, “ready to engage” indicator
becomes active;
• The engine is turned on. The clutch is ready
to engage
Note: The clutch cannot be engaged unless “ready to engage” indicator is active.
Operation Result
To engage the clutch, press the “Engage” button • “Ready to engage” indicator is inactivated;
• “Disengage” indicator button will go out;
• “Engage” indicator button will light up
in the green colour;
• The clutch is engaged;
• propeller RPM indicator begins to show the
growth of revolutions up to the level which
depends on the rpm control selection: “MAX”,
“85%”, “60%”, or “Idle”
Operation Result
To increase rpm to 60% of the maximum The propeller RPM indicator shows rpm
revolutions, press “60%” button corresponding to 60% of the maximum revolutions
To increase rpm to 85% of the maximum The propeller RPM indicator shows rpm
revolutions, press “85%” button corresponding to 85% of the maximum revolutions
To increase rpm revolutions to the maximum, The propeller RPM indicator shows rpm
press “MAX” button corresponding to the maximum rpm
To disengage the clutch without stopping the • “Disengage” indicator button will be light up
engine, switch to the “Idle” mode and press in the green colour;
“Disengage” button • “Engage” indicator button will be go out;
• The propeller RPM indicator begins to show
zero propeller rpm;
• “ready to engage” indicator is activated;
• The clutch is disengaged without stopping
the engine
To start the motion ahead, switch both telegraphs The needles of the relative propeller Pitch indicators
to D.Slow ahead position will deviate by 20 divisions to the green zone
To start the astern motion, switch both The needles of the relative propeller Pitch indicators
telegraphs to D.Slow astern position will deviate by 20 divisions to the green zone
Perform the same procedure for other telegraph positions
For the sideward motion to the portside, stop In some time, the tug begins to move broadside
the tug. to the left
E.g., select “Max” mode for both engines.
Set the portside telegraph to Full Ahead, starboard
telegraph – to Full Astern, and turn the helm
portside to 38% or 50% respectively, depending on
the tugboat power
For the sideward motion to the starboard, stop In some time, the tug begins to move broadside
the tug. to the right
E.g., select “Max” mode for both engines.
Set the portside telegraph to Full Ahead, starboard
telegraph – to Full Astern, and turn the helm
starboard to 38% or 50% respectively, depending
on the tugboat power
• “Start engine” – buttons for starting the portside and starboard engines;
• “Stop engine” – buttons for stopping the portside and starboard engines;
• Command-controller for the control of the starboard and portside propeller rpm
and pitch and the turn of the starboard and portside steering propellers;
• “Portside RPM”, “Starboard RPM” – indicators of propeller rpm;
• Telegraph for the control of the starboard and portside propeller rpm and clutches;
• Rudders for a synchronous and asynchronous control.
In the initial state:
• The starboard and portside engines are ready for operation (“Engine ready”
indicator lighted), and the clutches are engaged;
• The propeller RPM indicator shows zero rpm;
• “Start engine” indicator button: lighted;
• “Stop engine” indicator button: OFF.
Operation Result
To start the engine, press “Start engine” button “Start engine” button will light up in the green colour.
The engine is turned on
For the motion ahead, turn the command- The propeller RPM indicator will show the growth
controllers should be set to 0 degree position. of revolutions
Use the telegraph to set the identical engine rpm
For the astern motion, switch the handles of The propeller RPM indicator will show the growth
both command-controller to Clutch Out position. of revolutions
Turn command-controller downward.
Use the telegraph to set the identical engine rpm
Piece of advice: before turning the steering propellers, disengage the clutch (set the handles in Clutch
Out position)
For the sideward motion to the starboard, turn the After some time, the tugboat will start the sideward
portside command-controller 20 degrees to the motion to the starboard
starboard, and the starboard command-controller
160 degrees to the starboard. Move the handles
of both command-controllers 10 divisions forward
For the sideward motion to the starboard, turn the After some time, the tugboat will start the sideward
portside command-controller 160 degrees to the motion to the portside
portside, and the starboard command-controller
20 degrees to the portside. Move the handles of
both command-controllers 10 divisions forward
Note: The Z-drive tugboat azimuth thruster turn indicator shows an average turn angle.
The direction of the command-controller pointers coincides with the direction
of the thrust.
General
The Ice Breaker control panel has some characteristic features connected with specifics
of its power and propulsion plant:
• The Ice Breaker is a diesel-electric ship. Nine diesel generators produce current
which is fed to three tandem power motors – РМ;
• Each power motor (PS PM, Mid PM, SB PM) rotates its own fixed pitch propeller;
• Accordingly, rpm of the portside, central and starboard propellers depend on:
– number of diesel generators connected to each power motor (one, two or three);
– rpm of diesel generators providing different current to the power motor controller;
– set power motor controller position.
• The direction of rotation at ahead speeds for the central and starboard
propellers is clockwise, and counter clockwise for the portside motor;
• The central propeller rotates in water streams produced by side propellers,
so its rpm may be lower, all other things being equal.
Provided below is a description of the ship controls (“Man. Info” page).
Rudder Control
Ice Breaker type rudder is used. The maximum rudder angle is 30 degrees, neutral
angle is 5 degrees a starboard.
To connect one, two or all the three diesel generators, press one, two or three buttons
respectively (the button will be backlighted in yellow). As this is done, it is the number
of pressed buttons which is important, not their position (top, bottom, or in the centre).
To disconnect one of diesel generators from the power motor, press the switched-on
button again so that its backlighting disappears.
The number of backlighted buttons for all the РМ determines the connection option.
For example, option 3-3-3 shows that three diesel generators are connected
simultaneously to each РМ. Option 1-3-1 means that side power motors operate
from one diesel generator, whereas the central motor is operated by three diesel
generators. The recommended connection options are provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Recommended connection options
Option Speed Shaft RPM Daily fuel consumption, t
1-1-1 16.7 120/112/120 50.1
1-2-1 17.8 124/133/124 66.8
2-2-2 19.0 146/136/146 100.2
1-3-1 18.3 127/140/127 83.5
2-3-2 19.4 148/151/148 116.9
3-3-3 20.27 162/153/162 150.3
Note: The selected mode is at once set for all the nine diesel generators.
• two groups of water jets – one group in the aft of each of the ship’s hulls
designed for ensuring the ship’s principal propulsion and manoeuvring
characteristics;
• two ducted bow thrusters (BT) – one in each of the ship’s hulls designed
for improving the ship’s manoeuvring characteristic at low speeds.
Each control facility can be used independent of each other.
Each group of water jets has:
• a drive to the impellers from one or two main engines. The impellers’ rpm
determines the water jets’ force;
• a drive for turning nozzles to the angle of ±30° from the ship’s centreline plane
which sets the direction of the water jets;
• a drive for changing the position of shutters which control the water jet’s force
and can change its direction to the reverse.
The ship is fitted out with two-degree joysticks for the control of the aforementioned
water jet drives. Joysticks control the water jets via a special control system rather
than directly. The control system can operate in the following four modes:
Conning Display
General Description
The full set of the Fast Ferry controls and their indicators is only available when
“Man. Info” page is displayed in the second part of the screen.
The below description of the ship control features is provided for both, the controls
shown in the permanently displayed part of the screen, and the controls presented
on “Man. Info” page (see fig. above). A set of controls and their associated indicators
related to the same control device, will be referred to as “panel”.
Thruster Control
Two panels are used for the control of thrusters: “Bow Thruster” and “RPM” panel.
“En. Port thruster” and “En. Stbd thruster” buttons on “RPM” panel have two states:
• the button is pressed (lighted) meaning that the thruster on the respective side
is ready for operation;
• the button is released (not lighted) meaning that the thruster on the respective
side is turned off.
“Bow Thruster” panel has a controller, common for both thrusters, for setting the lateral
thrust power and direction of the ship’s bow turn. This controller is placed in the top part
of the panel. The indicator of both thrusters’ response is below the controller.
The panel provides information on the main engines being ready/not ready for
the operation, and on the value of the water jet impellers’ rpm in both groups.
Each of the main engines can be characterized by four conditions:
• Engine is stopped (the green lamp next to “Stop engine” button is permanently
lighted);
• Engine is being started (this condition arises after the cursor is positioned on
“Start engine” button and the left mouse button is pressed (merely “the button
is pressed” in what follows), continues for about 2 minutes and is indicated by
the flashing of the green lamp next to “Start engine” button);
• Engine is ready for operation (the green lamp next to “Start engine” button
is permanently lighted);
• Engine is being stopped (this condition arises after “Stop engine” button is pressed,
continues for about 1 minute and is indicated by the flashing of the green lamp
next to “Stop engine” button).
When the last engine is stopped, the green “RPM” lamp will go out, and readings
of “RPM” analog and digital indicators will become zero (see fig. above) for the group
of water jets on the appropriate side.
The following should also be noted:
• The ship’s main propulsion plant cannot develop a full power unless all the four
main engines have “ready for operation” status;
• The ship can be propelled by the water jets even if only one engine is ready
for operation;
• “Start engine” and “Stop engine” buttons can be pressed when the engines are
in “being stopped”/“being started” states without giving rise to any emergencies.
For the emergency stop of any group of started engines, “Portside” and “Starboard”
panels have a large “Em. RPM reduction” button, and a small green safety button
next to it. The emergency stop of the engines is effected by first pressing the small
safety button and then the large “Em. RPM reduction” button. The engines switch to
“engine is being stopped” state which continues for about 8 seconds, where after
the engines switch to “engine is stopped” state, but continue their revolutions at
a reducing rate. At this stage, “Start engine” and “Stop engine” buttons are disabled.
To take the engines out of emergency stop state, press “Em. RPM reduction”
button (it goes out), and then the small safety button (it also goes out). At this time,
“Start engine” and “Stop engine” buttons are enabled.
The panels enable the system’s operating modes to be switched and, therefore,
the current control mode to be determined. It should be noted that the water jet
control panel (Control Mode) is visible on the screen on “Man. Info” page only.
In addition to the buttons mentioned above, “Control Mode” panel incorporates
a round red lamp. It may have two states:
• The lamp is not lighted (the ship systems implement the requested water jet
control mode);
• The lamp is flashing for about 5–10 seconds (ship systems re-adjust themselves
automatically for ensuring the appropriate control mode).
There may be the following ship control modes:
• “Separate” control mode (Manual);
• “Separate” control mode (Auto);
• “Normal” control mode;
• “Harbour” control mode.
“Separate” control mode (manual) is implemented. This mode is used for enabling the
ship to perform manoeuvres with the maximum intensity. Each water jet group operates
at a command from its joystick within the entire range of possible rpm and the entire
range of possible nozzle turn angles. Joysticks are shown in a simplified form on the
Conning Display to the left and to the right of the compass card (see fig. above).
The rpm controller (which serves simultaneously for setting the turn angle of the
water jet shutter) is shown in the form of a slider which can be moved with the
mouse along the scale numbered from 0 to 10.
Green figures stand for the ship’s ahead motion, red figures mean the motion astern.
This linear scale together with the slider can be rotated within ±30° range by
positioning the mouse cursor on the circular scale. As a result, the water jet nozzles
will turn accordingly.
Note: With “Separate” and “FollowUp” buttons pressed (lighted), the turn angle
of the water jet nozzles can be controlled by using the scale on the rudder
panel. By manipulating this scale with the mouse, you will ensure
synchronous turning of the water jet nozzles on the starboard and portside
simultaneously. In this case, on-screen joysticks will only set the thrusts
for the propulsion ahead or astern.
The separate response of the water jet nozzles to the turn angle setting is reflected
on the two indicators located below the third joystick (see fig. below). Although the
third joystick is not used in this mode, indicators located below are operating.
Note: The water jet nozzles’ turn is also shown on the rudder indicator (at the right
up part of the Conning Display). The rule underlying the display corresponds
to the following formula:
δ=(δPS+δSB) ½,
where δPS, (δSB) is the current turn angle of the starboard (portside) water jet
nozzles;
δ is a value proportionate to the colour filled fragment of the aforementioned
indicator.
The main purpose of this control mode is to ensure the ship’s prolonged automatic
motion ahead along the set course. In this mode, the control of the started main
engines’ power and of the shutters’ position in both groups of water jets, remains
manual and independent. The turn angle of the water jets’ nozzles is controlled
automatically by the autopilot so that the ship is steering along the set course.
The same joysticks as for “Separate” control mode (manual) are used. The user can, by
moving the slider along each joystick’s scale, change the rpm and position of shutters in
each group of water jets. The required turn angle of nozzles in both groups of water jets
is set synchronously by the autopilot. The autopilot characteristics are designated from
the relevant page (“Auto” button on Ship Conning Display).
The main purpose of this mode is to enable the manual ship handling in the
relatively simple (from navigational viewpoint) conditions within the entire range
of speeds ahead and astern. In this mode, manual synchronous control of the
portside and starboard water jets is used: synchronously turning are the water jet
nozzles, synchronously operating are the water jet shutter, synchronously changing
are the impeller rpm. The orders are given by using the third on-screen joystick
located in the right-hand part of the ship Conning Display (see fig. above).
The top part of the circular scale within 30°-PS–30°-SB range is used for setting
the starboard and portside water jet nozzles’ angle.
In “Normal” mode, however, nozzles do not always turn to an angle equal to the
set one. This difference is determined by the position of a slider on the Turn Angle
Limiter scale (see the bottom panel on fig. above). Corresponding to the slider’s
position on the scale are the three states of the limiter:
In the second case, actual turn angles of the water jet nozzles are within ±20° range.
Note: The joystick can be turned in azimuth to an angle more than ±30°.
In this case, the water jet nozzles’ turn angle will, nonetheless, remain
within the range set by the Turn Angle Limiter.
Signal lamps provide information different from that in “Normal” mode. The lighted red
lamp means that the value of the set moment is not less than ≅ 66% of the maximum
possible value, the lighted up yellow lamp means that is not less than 33% but not more
than 66% of the maximum possible value, whilst the lighted up green lamp means that
it is not more than 33% of the maximum possible value. The lighted up right-hand lamps
mean that a pair of forces is acting in the clockwise direction.
The joint use of the joystick and the Moment Knob results in that the ship is acted
upon by the force with the set direction, but applied to a point which does not coincide
with the gravity centre. With the correct choice of the joystick and knob positions
and, therefore, of the vector of the force applied to the ship, the user effects direct
control of the ship’s longitudinal speed and rate of turn (see fifty examples
of manoeuvres at the end of this chapter). So, without a thought for the water jets
operating parameters, the user ensures, external disturbance permitting, the ship’s
propulsion in the required direction.
In the general case, forces FPS and FSB applied to the ship by the water jets
are shown in fig. below (a).
One by one (Fig. а, b) they can be identically transformed to one force F (Fig. c)
applied to a certain point with coordinates (х, у).
In its turn and also identically, force F (Fig. c) can be transformed (Fig. d, e) to force F
applied to the ship’s gravity centre, with the simultaneously acting moment MF (Fig. f).
In “Separate” control mode (manual), the user actually implements the diagram
shown in (Fig. а) where vectors FPS and FSB are arbitrary (within the water jet
parameters variation range).
In “Harbour” control mode, the user deals with the diagram shown in (Fig. f).
Direction of F force and MF moment is set.
In “Separate” control mode (Auto), the diagram of the way the forces are acting
corresponds to (Fig. a), forces FPS and FSB acting along the parallel lines.
In “Normal” control mode, the diagram of the forces action also corresponds
to (Fig. а), FPS and FSB being parallel and acting in the same direction.
Let us suppose that the forces under consideration do not change with the ship’s
speed (for ships with water jets this is not a too far fetched supposition).
The possible ship’s motion is required to be characterised.
Assuming that the weather conditions are ideal (no wind, or waves, or current), and that
the ship is initially at a standstill, then according to (Fig. е) the ship is acted upon by
forces Fx and Fy applied to the ships gravity centre, and the aforementioned MF
moment. In a short while, according to Newton’s second law, the ship will acquire
longitudinal speed (Vx), transverse speed (Vy) and rate of turn (ω) in the direction
of action of Fx , Fy and MF respectively. The ship’s speeds Vx, Vy and ω occurring
relative to the liquid at rest will cause a response on the part of the water (R). The relevant
diagram of the forces’ action may acquire the following form (see fig. below).
It should be noted that the point of R force application (centre of the hydrodynamic
pressure – CHP) may be at any distance from the ship’s gravity centre depending
on Vx, Vy and ω correlations.
The following points may be considered to be the characteristic positions of the centre
of hydrodynamic pressure:
• in the ship’s bow (forward of the gravity centre) in case of the ship’s motion
with the prevailing longitudinal speed Vx ahead;
• in the ship’s stern (aft of the gravity centre) in case of the ship’s motion with
the prevailing longitudinal speed Vx astern;
• in the vicinity of the gravity centre in case of the ship’s motion with the prevailing
transverse speed Vy.
Let us consider an example where the situation described above is supplemented
with action of other external disturbances, e.g. wind. The relevant diagram of forces
may acquire the following form (see fig. below):
Then, by comparing it with the situation shown in fig. above (b), it is possible to
forecast the increased acceleration along х axis, and a reduced acceleration along
у axis, and in the transverse speed.
Joystick commands:
• Lever thrust=50 percent means joystick lever thrust position 5;
• Positive lever angle means direction of the joystick lever to starboard. Negative
lever angle means direction of the joystick lever to port;
• Positive moment knob value means moment command clockwise. Negative
moment knob value means moment command counter clockwise. The figures
only show joystick lever angles to starboard.
Alongships Movement
When the lever angle is straight ahead or straight astern (within a deadband
of a few degrees), the jets will have a configuration where the port jets steering
angle is to port and the stbd jets have the same steering angle to stbd. The jet angle
is the same as when pure sideways moment is ordered (i.e., around 20°). All four
jets are given the same thrust. The thrust commands follow the lever thrust position
where the max thrust astern is max possible thrust to astern and the max thrust
ahead is around 40 percent of max possible thrust ahead. This is done to get
a smooth thrust change when the lever direction is changed (see Fig. 1 and 11).
Sideways Movements
When the lever is turned to ±90°, the aim is to obtain a pure sideways movement.
The jets will have a configuration where the port jets steering angle is to port and stbd
jets have the same steering angle to stbd. The angle has a value which minimizes
the turning of the vessel (i.e., around 20°). The jets on the side which the vessel is
moving away from have ahead thrust. The other side jets have astern thrust to achieve
the ordered sideways movement. The ahead thrust is compensated to balance the
astern thrust for alongships movement (see Fig. 6).
Combination of Sideways and Alongships Movements
An alongships thrust component is added by turning the lever away from the ±90°
position. The direction of the thrust change equals to the direction in which the lever
is moved. Both ahead and reversed jets are given the same addition (with sign) to
the thrust command within max limits, i.e., an ahead compensation increases the power
on the ahead jets and decreases the power on the astern jets (see Fig. 2–10).
Combination of Sideways and Alongships Movements and Rotation
To turn the vessel at the same time as side and alongship thrust in order, the turning
knob is used. The first thing that happens for small turnings of the knob (less than
±60%, can be adjustable) is that the steering angles of the jets are changed while
the thrust is kept at previous value. For bigger turnings of the knob also more thrust
is added if possible (see Fig. 12–31).
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Fig. 36
Fig. 37
Fig. 38
Fig. 39
Fig. 40
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
Fig. 43
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
Fig. 46
Fig. 47
Fig. 48
Fig. 49
General
The model of the diesel tow winch operates for the Conventional Twin Screw
tug 4 (bp 46.3t).
The “Winch” console is used for the control the winch on the simulator bridge of this
type of tug. The console contains:
• Winch drive control unit “Drum 1” (starboard drum “Drum 2” winch drive is
currently not implemented);
• Line colour indicator;
• Stern pins control unit (“Pins”);
• winch sensor data display unit;
• built-in visualisation panel;
• visualisation controls (arrow-buttons and gyro compass card azimuth disk for
changing the view point);
• Buttons for switching the “Winch” and “Moor” panels (the description of the “Moor”
panel see under Chapter 1, section Mooring Operation Control Panel
(Moor));
• “Light” – console brightness change button;
• “Dimmer” – button for changing the brightness of control buttons highlight;
• Exercise current state indicator (Pause, Ready, Running, Grounding, Collision).
A view of the “Winch” console is provided in fig. below:
The unit contains four pairs of buttons for the control of stern pins directing the tow line
(two on the starboard – “Stbd 1”, “Stbd2” and two on the portside – “Port1”, “Port 2”):
The figure above shows the display in the normal operating mode. The display
is divided into three areas: top, middle and bottom. The top and middle areas are
combined into the Run Display intended for displaying data from the winch sensors.
The bottom part of the display is designed for the visual presentation of alarms and
for showing the current operating modes. Ranged under the display are five buttons,
each corresponding to a certain function shown in the bottom-most part of the display.
In the normal operating mode, the Run Display is divided into three separate parts:
top, middle left and middle right which can be independently adjusted at the
operator’s option to display the line pull, rendering speed, and paid-out line length.
In the top part, under the displayed parameter’s digital indicator, there is a graphic
indicator adjusted by the user and intended for presenting visually the current value
of the given parameter, as well as its minimum and maximum values.
1. “SET ALARMS”.
2. “CALIBRATION” (not functioning in the current version).
3. “DISPLAY CONFIGURATION”.
4. “SYSTEM CONFIGURATION”.
Note: The “SET ALARMS” and “CALIBRATION” menus can also be called from
the Run Display by using “ALRM” and “CALB” functional keys respectively.
The “MAIN MENU” screen contains the following functional keys which retain similar
functions in all the submenus (Menu mode):
• “RUN” – to return to the normal operation mode screen, saving any changes
made to menu items;
• “UP” – to move the cursor up the menu;
• “DOWN” – to move the cursor down the menu;
• “ENT” – if the pointer indicates, a sub-menu jumps to that menu. If the pointer
indicates a data field, enters Edit mode to allow changes on the selected field;
• “ESC” – to move back one menu level, or to exit from the parameter editing mode.
Note: When reaching the top menu, displays the message: “DISCARD CHANGES?
NO YES”. Pressing “ESC” (under the “YES” label) will discard all changes made
while in the menu and return to Run mode; to save new values, press the “ENT”
functional key.
In the parameter editing mode, the screen will display the following functional keys
(Edit mode):
• “DECR” – to decrease the selected digit by one when editing a numeric field,
or reverse scrolls through a list of available options;
• “INCR” – to increase the selected digit by one when editing a numeric field,
or scrolls through a list of the available options;
• “→” – to move the edit cursor to next digit in data field, or scrolls through a list
of choices;
• “ENT” – to accept the changed parameter value and return to the Menu mode;
• “ESC” – to cancel editing of the parameter value and return to the Menu mode.
Set Alarms Menu
There are two ways to call the “SET ALARMS” menu: either press “ALRM” button
twice within 2 seconds in the normal operation mode (Run Display), or press
the MENU button and select the “SET ALARMS” menu item.
The top limit of the parameter value is indicated with the “>” sign “more than”,
the bottom limit of the parameter value is indicated with the “<” sign “less than”.
In the “SET ALARMS” menu, you can set the limit alarm generation values
(minimum and maximum) for the following parameters:
There are two ways to call the ALARM CONFIGURATION menu: either
via MAIN MENU/SET ALARMS/CHANGE CONFIGURATION, or via
MAIN MENU/SYSTEM CONFIGURATION/ALARM CONFIGURATION.
5. “LIMIT” – this is the numerical value at which the alarm is triggered. This number
can also be changed in the SET ALARMS menu.
6. “DEADBAND” – sets the dead-band associated with the alarm setting.
The dead-band value prevents chattering. The alarm turns on at the limit
specified and remains on until the line variable is less than LIMIT - DEADBAND
for high alarms, or greater than LIMIT + DEADBAND for low alarms.
This menu item can be used for looking up or changing position of the monitored
parameters display on the normal operation mode screen (Run Display), for changing
the measurement units and accuracy of the selected parameter display.
In the normal operation mode, the Run Display has three areas for the display
of monitored parameters:
3. “DECIMAL PLCS” – to set the maximum number of digits after the decimal point
in the parameter value (0–3).
Note: If the number is still too wide for the assigned space, then the rightmost digits
are clipped to make it fit. In this case, the screen displays “0L” on top of the
rightmost digit to indicate that the display is over the digit limit for that field.
4. “FULL SCALE” – to set the graphic indicator scale range.
5. “SMOOTH (0–5)” – a modified running average filter can be enabled to reduce
wave motion effects on the Tension display (not functioning in the current version).
The menu is designed for changing the system configuration. The current simulator
version implements only the “ALARM CONFIGURATION” function which allows
the alarm settings to be entered or changed. The function can also be called from
the “SET ALARMS” menu, “CHANGE CONFIGURATION” item (for the description,
see above).
General
The hydraulic tow winch model works on tugs with special fastening points (winch
points), for example: Z-Drive Tug 1, Z-Drive Tug 3 and Fin First VS tug 1.
The “Winch” console is used for the control the winch on the simulator bridge of this
type of tugs. The console contains:
The indicator buttons to choose the winches are displayed on the scheme.
As a button is pressed, the respective winch is chosen to control, and observer’s
viewpoint is switched accordingly.
The color of button means the following:
• “Speed” – winch power control telegraph (the scale form -100 to100 %). Push up
the handle, to heave the line. Pull down the handle, to slack away the line.
• “Brake” – winch brake control telegraph (the scale form 0 to100 %). At the
exercise start the telegraph is set in the 100% position. To start slacking away
the line, release the brake.
In the manual mode, when the clutch is switched on (the “Clutch” button is pressed
and the “Clutch state” indicator is light up), the slaking speed is controlled by the
“Speed” and “Brake” telegraphs. When the clutch is off, the line is slacked away
under the impact of the line weight. The slacking speed can be controlled by the
winch brake (the “Brake” telegraph).
• Line tension control handle. The tension value is displayed in percents on the
indicator above the control handle;
• “Tension” – button for switch the Tension mode on/off ;
• “EMCY breakdown” – button for the line emergency let go.
To switch on the Tension mode, press the “Tension” button. The button turns red,
and the “Clutch state” indicator is lights up. The winch manual control stops.
To switch to the manual control, press again the “Tension” button. The button
highlight puts out.
The unit contains two pairs of buttons for the control of stern pins directing the tow line
(on the portside – “PS” and on the starboard – “SB”):
INTERCOM SIMULATOR
Simulator Purpose
The ship intercommunication station simulator (Intercom) is intended for communications
within a ship and with the Instructor Station.
The simulator provides modeling of the following main functions:
• Selection of a subscriber;
• Set up of the connection with one or more subscribers;
• Volume control;
• Variation in display brightness.
• – to increase volume;
• – to decrease volume.
To set the brightness of the digital display highlight, use the following keys:
• – to increase brightness;
• – to decrease brightness.
Calling a Subscriber
To set up communication with any subscriber from the list, use the following
procedure:
1. Push the select key to the right from the subscriber name. The selected name
will get highlighted.
2. Push the key for calling the subscriber. The selected name will be blinking.
3. Before the subscriber answers the call, the device produces the long beeps
if the subscriber’s line is free, and the short beeps if the subscriber’s line is busy.
4. After the subscriber answers the call, the name will be highlighted.
To set up communication with caller, push the key simulating the lifting
of the receiver. The caller name will be highlighted.
Simulator Purpose
The VHF simulator is designed for communicating in a telephone mode, radio
watchkeeping and transmitting a distress signal.
The simulator provides modelling of the following main functions:
• Turning ON/OFF;
• Volume control;
• Noise suppression adjustment;
• Selection of any out of 55 international channels;
• Prompt selection of call and distress channel 16;
• Function for keeping watch on two channels;
• Reduction of the station’s transmitting power;
• Setting of channels used in the USA;
• Changing the display illumination;
• Operation in telephony mode;
• Transmission of distress call by means of the hotkey.
ATTENTION!
Never to be used for chatting, etc.
Digital Selective Calling is a data digital transfer system using a VHF channel 70.
The transmitter waits until the channel is free and transmits data to the selected
address or all stations, e.g. in case of a DSC distress call. Digital Selective Call is
mainly used for getting in contact in order to establish verbal communication.
Note: The simulator models only distress call transmission to all stations with
the use of digital selective calling.
Switching ON/OFF
To switch ON the device, push the button.
The VHF Station will automatically be activated on channel 16 or on the channel set
at the moment of the latest deactivation in the current session.
The following buttons are used to set the brightness of the digital display light:
• – to increase brightness;
• – to decrease brightness.
The brightness level of the digital display light is predetermined in the range
from 0 (minimum brightness) to 9 (maximum brightness).
The following buttons are used to set the volume level of the loudspeaker:
• – to increase volume;
• – to decrease volume.
The volume level is predetermined in the range from 0 (minimum level)
to 9 (maximum level).
Note: Throughout set up of the VHF Station (volume, squelch, brightness) indication
of the current channel ceases, the indicator second position shows
the current level of the respective setting. Channel indication is automatically
activated if none of the control buttons is pushed within 2 sec.
The indicator will light up under the digital display. To deactivate the mode,
repeat the above-mentioned actions.
Dual Watch
Dual Watch is a mode under which the priority channel (channel 16) is periodically
scanned in order to detect a signal during listening on the working channel.
The VHF Station provides simultaneous watchkeeping on the priority channel and
the one selected by an operator. To start a dual watch, e.g. on the priority channel
16 and channel 12, perform the following actions:
1. Select working channel 12.
3. Release the PTT key or the button to allow the calling side switching
to the suggested channel.
4. Switch the station to the agreed working channel and start communication.
Hold the PTT key or the button only when you talk. If you maintain simplex
communication, say “Over” each time you switch from transmitting to receiving.
2. Push the PTT key or the button and call according to the following form:
– <Name of called station> (3 times);
– This is <Name of your station> (3 times);
– “Over”.
3. Release the PTT key or the button and listen to the answer.
4. After you have heard the answer, agree the working channel, switch the station
to the mentioned channel and maintain communication.
Hold the PTT key or the button only when you talk. If you maintain simplex
communication, say “Over” each time you switch from transmitting to receiving.
Distress Call
To transmit a distress call, perform the following actions:
1. Push the button (under the VHF Station control panel), the cursor
indicator will be bisected during the operation.
2. Press the and buttons within 2 sec and hold them within 4 sec,
the indicator of the current channel will show the inverse time reading 4 – 3 – 2 – 1.
INTRODUCTION
A fishing module as part of the Navi-Trainer Professional 5000 simulator is designed
to form and develop navigational and fishing professional skills, such as:
• volume reverberation;
• bottom reverberation;
• surface reverberation;
• own ship noise;
• ambient sea noise;
• echoes from fish shoals and single fish;
• echoes from fishing gear (ground rope, trawl doors, seine);
• echoes from the wake;
• first and second echoes from the seabed;
• interference.
The following parameters affect the acoustic device response:
• transmitted power;
• sensitivity and preamplifier gain;
• time varying gain and automatic gain control;
• beam pattern of transmitting and receiving acoustic arrays (beam width and side
lobe level);
• frequency bandwidth.
Specification
Furuno CH-26 is color searchlight sonar for trawlers and seiners.
Range: 30–1600 m.
Frequency: 60 kHz.
Display mode:
• Full circle PPI + historical presentation;
• PPI + historical presentation (enlarged);
• Vertical sounding presentation (transducer is automatically tilted down to -90°).
Output Power: 1.2 kW.
Beam width (at 3 dB): horizontal – 15°, vertical – 12°.
Controls
“PWR” (POWER) – this control is used for switching on/off the sonar.
“DIM” – this control is used for selecting the hue of the display: DAY
(bright), STD (medium), NIGHT (dark). Every time the control is pressed,
the hue changes (DAY→STD→NIGHT→DAY…).
“OUTPUT” – the output control is used for reducing the output power
of the transducer. Every time the control is pressed, the power changes
(1.2 kW→120 W→12 W→1.2 kW…). When operating in the shallow waters,
the lower output power may help to reduce unwanted echo that a reduction
in gain cannot. The output power in use, denoted by rectangles, is displayed
at the upper right side of the screen.
Note: “MARKER” controls with ⇐ and ⇒ move inner zone marker, ⇑ and ⇓
for the outer marker.
– The target lock is activated when the fish shoal, displayed in red or reddish
browns, is detected in the specified zone, and the target lock indicator
appears in red;
– To turn off the target lock function, press “TARGET LOCK” control again.
• Mode 3 (Echo Sounder Display).
The alarm function is turned on/off with the “TARGET LOCK” control:
– Press “TARGET LOCK” control. The alarm indicator appears at the left top
on the screen, indicating that the alarm function is activated;
– Set the alarm zone by moving the VRM marker with ⇑ and ⇓ keys of the
“MARKER” control;
– The alarm indicator blinks when the fish shoal is detected in red or reddish
brown between the transmission line and VRM.
“TILT” – this control is used for changing the transducer tilt.
Note: Press and hold the left mouse button to change the tilt angle up to 5° above
the horizontal. Press and hold the right mouse button to change the tilt angle
down to 90° below horizontal.
Note: Press the right mouse button to rotate the control clockwise and the left
button to rotate it counter clockwise.
“NOISE LIM./IR” (Interference Rejecter) control.
When the low-level noise appears on the screen, turn “Noise LIM.”
control clockwise to reduce it. When the interference from other echo
sounders operating nearby or other electric noise can be seen on
the screen, pull out the “IR” control to reduce or eliminate the interference.
When the “IR” is on, “IR” mark is displayed in the right-hand part of the screen.
Note: Press and hold the right mouse button to rotate the control clockwise and
the left button to rotate it counter clockwise. Double click the left mouse
button to push the control in or pull it out.
“GAIN/AGC” – control is used for adjusting the receiver sensitivity. Turning
“GAIN” control clockwise increases the sensitivity. Normally, the gain is set
so that the bottom is displayed in the reddish brown mixed with red. When
changing the range and tilt settings, readjustment of the gain is required.
For a normal use it is recommended to be set around “5” position. AGC
(Automatic Gain Control) reduces strong seabed returns. To detect
the bottom fish, pull out the control. Letters “AGC” will appear in
the right-hand part of the screen.
“TVG LEVEL” (outer control). Turning this control clockwise reduces noise caused
by strong reflections (mainly in short ranges).
“TVG TIME” (inner control). TVG time control is effective in the range
of up to 1000 meters. Rotating it clockwise extends the effective range.
The level setting of “2” to “5” position is recommended.
On-Screen Indicators
On-screen indicators in Mode 1 and 2 (Sonar Mode) are shown in fig. below:
Fish/Bottom Echoes
The color bar in the bottom right corner shows the relation between echo intensity
and color indication on the screen. The strongest echoes appear in reddish brown
or red (upper color in the bar), and the weakest echoes appear in hues of blue.
Target Marker
This white cross marker is used for measuring the distance to a target echo with
the “TARGET LOCK” switch “OFF”. When the “TARGET LOCK” switch is turned on,
two zone markers appear instead of the target marker, and the bearing display is
also replaced with target lock indicator in yellow or red.
On-screen indicators in Mode 3 (Vertical Sounding Mode) are shown in fig. below:
Minute Marker
The minute marker is displayed for 30 seconds every minute.
Vertical Range Marker (VRM)
This marker is used for the accurate measurement of the fish echo in the depth.
When the alarm function is “ON”, this marker sets the alarm zone.
Specification
Furuno FCV-780 is a color video sounder for most types of fishing vessels such as
shallow water trawlers, deep-water trawlers and seiners. This is a dual frequency
sounder with two transceivers at different frequencies.
The hull-mounted sounder, with a fixed transducer at -90° to the surface, provides
depth and seabed information enabling the skipper to avoid bottom contact. It also
shows when the ship passes over a fish shoal, identifying the fish species and
confirming the capture likelihood and the depth of the shoal below surface.
Controls
“PWR” and “OFF” controls are used for switching on/off the imitator.
“SHIFT” controls are used for shifting the start depth of the range. Each press shifts
start depth of the range by 10 meters.
“ADVNC” switch is used for selecting the advance speed of the picture.
Each press changes the advance speed (Stop→ Slow→ Medium→
Fast→ Fastest→ Stop…). When selecting an advance speed, keep
in mind that a fast advance will expand the size of the fish shoal
horizontally on the screen, and a slow advance speed will contract it.
“TVG” (Time Varying Gain) control is used for eliminating surface noise.
When the surface noise masks a shallow target, adjust a TVG setting.
In addition to suppressing the surface noise, the TVG compensates for
the propagation loss of sound so that the echoes from the same size
fish shoals are displayed in the same color. Set it between “3” and “5”
for normal fishing.
When the interference from other acoustic equipment operating nearby, or other electric
equipment can be seen on the screen, use noise limiter function, which can be set
on the Menu screen.
“VRM” controls move vertical range marker to measure depth of a fish shoal.
The depth to the fish shoal is digitally read out at the right-hand side of the marker.
“ALARM” control is used for selecting the alarm function, which enables
detecting a fish shoal or seabed appearing in a predetermined zone.
Three types of alarms are incorporated:
• Fish Alarm (FA): only fish echoes can trigger the alarm the echoes below
the seabed contour are ignored;
• Bottom Alarm (BA): only the seabed contour can trigger the alarm;
• Temperature Alarm (TA).
To set the FA or BA alarm:
1. Select the fish alarm (FA) or bottom alarm (BA) on the Menu screen (see
description below).
2. Press “ALARM” control once; “ALARM” label will be displayed at the top
of the screen in grey.
3. Move the alarm zone marker to the desired depth by pressing “VRM” controls
and to the desired length by pressing “SHIFT” controls.
4. Press “ALARM” control to activate the alarm function. “ALARM” label will be
displayed at the top of the screen in white.
To activate the water temperature function, press “Alarm” switch after selecting
the temperature alarm (TA, BA+TA, FA+TA) and alarm temperature (TEMP LIM,
TEMP ALM) on the Menu screen.
Note: The alarm indicator is blinking in red when the alarm is triggered.
“SIG LEVEL” control is used for selecting the level above which the echoes
will be displayed. Each press on the control eliminates the weakest colour
echoes on the screen.
Note: If “SIG LEVEL” parameter in the Menu is set to NORMAL, all the echoes
below this level are erased completely. If it is set to GREY, all echoes below
the level are displayed in hues of the grey color.
“A-SCOPE” control is used to select A-Scope presentation. Echoes at each
transmission are displayed with amplitudes and color proportional to their
intensities in the left third of the screen. This will allow close observation
of small fish near the bottom.
“B/L B/D” – button for switching on Bottom Lock/Bottom Discrimination
mode. To set the bottom lock expansion range, use the menu screen.
On-Screen Indicators
On-screen indicators in the Normal + Zoom Mode are shown in fig. below:
Color Bar
This bar gives reference of color gradation, reddish brown for the strongest echo
to blue for the weakest echo return.
Minute Marker
The minute marker is displayed for 30 seconds every minute.
Water Depth
This indicator shows the depth from the transducer to the seabed.
∗
– default values.
Specification
The Furuno CN-24 is a color net recorder for mid water and deepwater trawlers.
It shows trawl net behavior, net mouth opening, net location in the water, temperature
at the net.
The head rope-mounted transmitter sends the sounding and temperature data
to the ship.
There are three display modes: Downward, Dual (upward & downward) and True
Depth. In True Depth, the transmitter position and fish shoals are displayed relative
to the sea surface. In Downward and Dual modes, targets are displayed relative
to the transmission position. The water temperature at the net is plotted across
the screen and shown digitally at the top of the screen.
Picture advance:
• OFF (freeze), 1/8,1/4, 1/2, 1/1 lines/transmission;
• 5/10/15/30/60/90/120 minutes/full screen for historical presentation.
Temperature Indication: Historical plotting with digital readout in the range of -5 °C
to +40 °C in 0.1 °C steps.
Sounding:
• Frequency 75 kHz;
• Output 100 W;
Data transmission:
• Frequency 33 kHz;
• Output 2.4 W.
Controls
“PWR” and “OFF” controls are used for switching on/off the imitator.
“VRM” controls are used for moving the vertical range marker (VRM) to measure depth
of a fish shoal. The depth is digitally read out on the right-hand side on the marker.
“ADVNC” control is used for selecting the advance speed of the picture
in “Normal” mode of display advance. Each press changes the advance
speed (Stop→Very Slow→Slow→Medium→Fast→Fastest→Stop…).
When selecting an advance speed, keep in mind that a fast advance will expand the size
of the fish shoal horizontally on the screen, and a slow advance speed will contract it.
“HUE” control is used for selecting the background color (deep blue or black).
“TEMP” control is used for turning on/off the graphic display of water
temperature at the net position. Water temperature is presented in the range
of 10 °C. If the temperature rises above or falls below the limits of the scale,
the graph shifts so the temperature marker comes to the centre of the scale.
The current temperature appears in the upper corner of the screen.
“SIG LEVEL” control is used for turning on/off the bar graph display of
signal strength. The strength of a signal received by a paravane receiver
appears in a bar graph beside the color pattern.
“EVENT” control is used for drawing an event marker (reddish brown vertical
line), which marks the elapsed time or important points.
“MENU” – these controls are used for selecting items and entering data on the Menu
screen. (The Menu screen is selected by using “MODE” control. See below.)
“NORM/HIST” – these controls are used for selecting the picture advance mode.
“NORM” control turns on the Normal mode, “HIST” turns on the Historical mode.
The picture advance speed in the Normal mode is selected by using “ADVNC” control,
in the Historical mode the picture advancement speed is selected on the Menu screen.
• Menu screen. The Menu screen appears when the control is in this
position. It allows setting or selecting those functions that are not
frequently altered in the daily use;
• Downward mode. Displays a downward sounding picture on the entire screen;
• Upward + Downward/True Motion (TM) mode. Displays the upward sounding
picture in the upper half of the screen and downward sounding picture in the
lower half. If the TM mode is selected on the Menu screen, the TM mode picture
is displayed. In TM mode, the sea surface is locked at the screen top and
all echoes are presented in their true depth, enabling the operator to monitor
the true motion of the trawl.
On-Screen Indicators
On-screen indicators are shown in fig. below:
Minute Mark
Minute Mark is plotted in yellow for 30 seconds every minute.
Color Bar
Echoes are shown in colors depending on their intensity. The strongest echoes
are in the reddish brown color, and the weakest are in hues of blue.
Range Scale
Range scale is calibrated in meters, fathoms, feet, passis/brazars and displayed in white.
Temperature Display
The temperature scale shown in white is calibrated to ± 5 °C. The current water
temperature appears at the screen top, and past water temperature is graphically
overlaid in light blue on the screen picture.
Vertical Range Marker
VRM measures depth and appears in green. Depth appears above the marker.
Depth Readout
Shows the net depth (transmitter) from the sea surface.
Controls
The front panel of the device has the following controls:
• The button for switching the depth range (4 ranges up to: 160, 320, 640,
1280 m).
The left part of the screen shows a trawl vertical view and following values:
• Warp length in metres (L) and tension in the warp lines in tons (T):
• Angle between the trawling direction and the trawl mouth (if the angle is more
than 5 degrees, the value is displayed in red):
• The value of outboard water temperature near the ship (S – surface) and at the
depth of the trawl headrope (B – bottom):
• Indicators of fullness of the trawl bag: (red – the bag is partly empty, green – the
bag contains some catch):
The upper part of the screen has an information panel which displays:
• Fields “C C” – indication of fullness of two parts of the trawl bag (red – the bag is
partly empty, green – the bag contains some catch).
• Field “DST”:
– the distance between trawl doors in meters;
– value trend of distance in metres per minute.
• Field “TEY” – the information about the trawl opening and the contact with the
bottom represented by three parameters:
– H – the height of the trawl headrope over the bottom in metres;
– O – the trawl vertical opening in metres (the distance between the headrope
and the footrope);
– C – the distance from the bottom to the footrope in metres (equal to zero is
there is contact between the trawl and the bottom).
• Information about the trawl opening and the contact with the bottom represented
by three parameters H, O, C (the data displayed in the “TEY” field are
duplicated, see the description above);
• The echogram of the trawl mouth for the last five minutes. The centre of the
echogram shows the vertical scale of depths. The bottom right of the echogram
displays a colour intensity scale of echo signals (bottom-up the colour change
with the signal intensification). The upper part of the echogram displays a minute
marker in yellow: The current data on the trawl run depth are displayed in the left
bottom corner of the echogram.
The left part of the screen shows a vertical trawl view and the values of its
parameters which are similar to the parameters displayed in the TOP–1 mode (see
above item Mode TOP–1 (Vertical Simplified View)). Additionally, the screen
displays:
• S – the value of outboard water temperature near the ship and value trend of
temperature in degrees per minute;
• B – the depth of the trawl headrope and value trend of temperature in degrees
per minute.
The upper part of the screen has an information panel which displays:
• Field “TMP”:
– the temperature in the water layer where the trawl is located;
– the value trend of temperature in degrees per minute.
• Fields “INC” – information on the situation of trawl doors (the first field “INC” for
the left door, the second – for the right one. Each field shows:
– the door inclination angle in degrees;
– the door inclination angle value trend in degrees per minute.
The inclination angle is considered positive if the door upper edge inclines to the
trawl towing and negative if the door upper edge inclines outside from the trawl
towing.
• Fields “TSP”, “DST”, “TEY” – see the description of fields for the TOP–1 mode.
The right part has an echogram of the trawl mouth (see the description of the
echogram in the TOP–1 display mode).
Mode Rear–1 (Horizontal View 1)
The left part of the screen shows a horizontal trawl view and the values of its
parameters, such as:
• The distance between the trawl doors in metres and value trend of distance in
metres per minute (arrows indicate the trawl closure/opening):
• The length of veered warps – L, and the tension in the warp lines – T
(similarly as in the TOP–1 mode);
• D – the depth of the trawl headrope in metres and value trend of depth of the
trawl headrope in metres per minute; H – the height of the trawl headrope over
the bottom and value trend of height of the trawl headrope in metres per minute:
• The distance between the trawl footrope to the bottom and the value trend of its
parameter in metres per minute:
• The depth of trawl doors and the value trend of its parameter in metres per
minute:
The left upper part of the screen has an information panel which displays:
• Two fields “TLT” – the tilt angle of doors in degrees and the value trend of tilt
angle in degrees per minute:
• Fields “DP”, “TEY”, “DST”, “TSP”, “TMP” (see the description of fields for
previous modes).
The right part has an echogram of the trawl mouth (see the description of the
echogram in the TOP–1 display mode).
The left part of the display shows a horizontal trawl view and the values of its
parameters which are similar to the parameters displayed in the REAR–1 mode (see
description above).
The upper left part of the screen has an information panel which displays:
• Fields “TSP”:
– the water speed in different parts of the trawl in knots;
– value trend of water speed for the one minute;
– the angle between the trawling direction and the trawl mouth:
• Fields “DP”, “TMP”, “DST”, “TEY” (see the description of fields for previous
modes).
The right part has an echogram of the trawl mouth (see the description of the
echogram in the TOP–1 display mode).
The upper part of the screen has an information panel where the “DP”, “DST”, “TEY”
fields show the information about a set of general parameters and characteristics of
the trawl device (see the description of fields for the previous modes).
Below there is the echogram of the trawl mouth displayed in the TOP–1 mode in full
scale showing the history of the processed hydro acoustic signal for the latest thirty
minutes.
The upper part of the screen has an information panel where the “DP”, “TMP”,
“DST”, "TEY" fields show the information about a set of general parameters and
characteristics of the trawl device (see the description of fields for the previous
modes).
Below, there is the echogram of the trawl mouth displayed as in the ECHO–1 mode
(see the description above).
• the probing direction and the range of action of the device (in case of the sonar);
• the vertical distribution of sound speed;
• the section of irradiation structure of the acoustic field in the probing direction;
• the scan of the received signal.
Pressing the “Audio” button in the bottom right corner of the devices console (echo
sounder, sonar and net recorder imitators) switches on the sound presentation of the
acoustic ray of the device.
Fishing Gear
The main fishing gear includes: pelagic and bottom trawls, purse seines and a long
line.
The “Fishing Gear control” console is designed for the control of the fishing gear and
underwater visualization.
Note: To display the fishing gear console, start the "Fishing Gear Control" task in
the Configuration editor.
The upper part of the console has the buttons for selecting the required fishing gear:
Trawl Settings
The settings can be applied for two models of pelagic trawls and two models of
bottom trawls.
To open the trawl settings window, press the “Settings” button on the trawl control
panel.
• “Door” parameters:
– “Upper fasten pos” – joining position of upper door pendant;
– “Lower fasten pos” – joining position of lower door pendant;
– “Weights number” – number of door balancing weights.
• “Floats number” – number of headrope floats;
• “Lift device square”;
• “Length” – length of low bridles; length of footrope ballast chain;
• “Depressor number” – number of loads suspended to each trawl wing for every
loading.
The trawl of each type is provided with three pre-programmed rigging configurations for:
• “Trawl” parameters:
– “Lift device square”;
– “Floats number” – number of headrope floats.
• “Door” parameters:
– “Upper fasten pos” – joining position of upper door pendant;
– “Lower fasten pos” – joining position of lower door pendant;
– “Weights number” – number of door balancing weights;
– “Wire longitude pos” – warp binding longitudinal position;
– “Wire lateral pos” – warp binding lateral position.
• “Ground Rope” parameters:
– “Chain weight” – weight of the chain;
– “Rope weight” – weight of rope;
– “Bobbin type”;
– “Bobbins (D 300, 400, 500 mm)”;
– “Coils (L 75, 200, D 300 mm)”;
– “Washers”.
Trawling
Before trawl setting, select the required trawl model, using the trawl model selection
button, and adjust trawl setting in the “Settings” window (if necessary).The trawl
adjustment includes:
Doors angle is controlled by means of setting the desired joining position for the
door pendants.
The trawl is weighed down with depressors attached to each wing and chains
attached to footrope.
Adjustment of the headrope buoyancy consists in changing the number of floats.
• Setting;
• Warps paying out;
• Towing;
• Warps hauling in;
• Taking trawl on board and catch calculations.
To set the trawl, press the “Set Trawl” button. The “At Sea” message will appear in
the trawl status dialog box. In a few moments the trawl will spread in the water.
Note: After the trawl is set, its view appears on the monitor of the Instructor’s
display. The Trainee can control the trawl behavior on the display of the
Furuno CN-24 imitator and the display of the trawl controlling device
imitator.
A multi-speed electromechanical warp winch is modelled for the work with the trawl.
To pay out of the warps, set warp winch level to one of “pay out” position (move the
lever forward).
In the lever’s zero position, both winch drums are braked. When the level is set in “pay
out” position, the winch brakes are released. The lever position determines the speed of
paying out the warps.
The tension of the portside and starboard warps is shown on the “Tension” displays.
To stop the paying out of warps, set the warp winch lever to the zero position. If the
entire warp length is paid out, “L. Layer” (Last Layer) signal lamp is lighted.
To haul in the warps, set warp winch lever to one of hauling positions (backward).
The warp hauling continues until 20 meters of warp length is left. The trawl is
automatically picked up on board. The trawl status window displays “On Board”
message.
The current fish caught in kilograms (shown on the “Current Catch” indicator) is
added to the summary catch (shown on “Overall Catch” indicator). The” Current
Catch” indicator is returned to zero.
After the trawl has been hauled on board, it is ready for the next setting.
Emergency situations can lead to the break and loss of the trawl. If the trawl is lost,
the “Lost” message appears in the trawl status box. The information about different
critical deviations of trawl parameters is shown on the display of the trawl controlling
device simulator (see the description above in Trawl Controlling Device).
The work with the bottom trawl is similar to the work with the pelagic one.
• “Set Net” – button for setting the buoy anchor into water.
When this button is pressed, forward towline and purse lines, attached to the
buoy anchor, are dropped into water. Band brakes of purse line winch are
automatically released, and the net paying out starts.
• “Take buoy” – button for picking up the buoy anchor with forward purse line and
towline.
When this button is pressed, forward and aft towlines are automatically attached
to the bow capstan and net (stern) winch drums respectively. After that towing
operation can be started. When the buoy anchor is picked up, forward purse line
is automatically attached to left drum of purse line winch, and pursing operation
can be started.
Note: To pick up the buoy on board only, the following conditions must be met: the
buoy is on the starboard, the ship's speed and the distance to the buoy do
not exceed the values set by the Instructor.
• The “Settings” button is intended for displaying the settings of the purse seine
(the settings cannot be changed);
• “Length”, m – indicator for displaying the purse line length being in water, m;
• “Tension”, ton – indicator for displaying the purse line tension, ton;
• “Speed” – indicator for displaying the purse line setting or pursing speeds, m/s;
• Winch lever – this control is used for pursing. The lever’s initial position is
backward. To start the purse operations, adjust the lever forward. The lever
position determines the pursing speed;
• “Brake” – arrow-buttons for adjusting band brakes of purse line winch in %. The
winch can be slowed down when the purse is dropped;
• “Last ring in water” – indicates that the entire lead line is in the water;
• “All seine in water” – indicates that the entire net is in the water and setting is
completed;
• “Heave alerts” – the indicators which show the reasons why the buoy cannot be
taken on board are:
– “Too far to heave” – the distance to the buoy is too large;
– “Bad heading” – the buoy is on the portside;
– “Bad velocity” – the velocity is too high.
• “Bow capstan”, “Net winch” – buttons are used to start/stop bow capstan and net
(stern) winch. When the setting is completed, forward and aft towlines are
automatically attached to the drums of bow capstan and net winch respectively.
After that, towing operation can be started.
Purse Seining
Work with the purse seine contains the following operations:
• setting the anchor buoy with forward purse lines;
• setting the net;
• picking up of the anchor buoy with forward purse line;
• towing;
• pursing;
• lifting of the net on board and catch calculations.
Before setting the net, a trainee can select the desired net type.
Note: Selection cannot be made unless the seine is on board the vessel.
To start setting the seine, press “Set Net” button. The seine status window will display
“Setting” message. The length of the set net is shown on “Length” indicator.
The seine winch is provided with band brakes, which can be used for controlling the
speed of reeling off the purse line from the seine winch drums. To set the brake effort,
use the “Brake” buttons-arrows (initially the zero value is set, which corresponds to
the unbraked state).
To reduce the speed of reeling off the purse line, change the “Brake” value. The
speeds of reeling off the purse line and its tension are shown on “Speed”
and “Tension” displays respectively.
There are two signal lamps showing that the process of seine setting is being completed:
“Last ring in water” and “All seine in water”. “Last ring in water indicator” is lighted when
the last purse line ring is in the water. “All seine in water” indicator is lighted when the
seine’s last section is in the water.
Note: The trainee can use imitator of Furuno CH-26 Sonar to monitor the process
of setting the seine.
After the seine setting is completed, the towline is fixed on the bow capstan. This
procedure is completed automatically when “Take buoy” button is pressed. The process
is indicated by “Setting complete” message, displayed in the seine status window.
The buoy anchor cannot be picked up unless the following conditions are met:
• the whole seine in water;
• the distance from vessel to buoy is less than preset by Instructor;
• the buoy remains at starboard;
• the speed of vessel is less than preset by Instructor.
The towlines are hauled by using the bow capstan and the net winch. To start the
winches, press “Bow capstan” and “Net winch” buttons. The hauling may be carried
out in an arbitrary order. When buoy anchor is taken aboard, the forward purse line
is automatically fixed on left drum of purse line winch. At this moment, pursing can
be started. The lever’s position determines the speed of pursing.
The pursing process is considered to be completed when the length of the purse line
is less than 150 meters. After this, seine is automatically picked up on board and
the catch is calculated. The seine net status window displays “On Board” message.
The current fish caught (shown on the “Current Catch” indicator) is added to the
summary catch (shown on “Overall Catch” indicator). The” Current Catch” indicator
is returned to zero.
After the seine net has been picked up on board, it is ready for the next setting.
• “Set Long Line” – button is used for setting the front buoy anchor into water.
When this button is pressed, the setting of the long line is started;
• “Settings” – button to open the long line settings window;
• “Complete the set” – button is used for setting the end buoy anchor into water.
When this button is pressed, the setting of the long line is completed;
• “Heave” – button is used for picking up the front or the end buoy anchor of
the long line. When this button is pressed, the heaving of the long line can be
started;
• “Heave alerts” – the indicators which show the reasons why the buoy cannot be
taken on board are:
– “Too far to heave” – the distance to the buoy is too large;
– “Bad heading” – the buoy is on the portside;
– “Bad velocity” – the ship velocity is too high.
• Line hauler lever – this control is used for heaving the long line. The lever’s
initial position is backward. To start the heaving operations, adjust the lever
forward. The lever position determines the heaving speed;
• “Long line Status” – this control is used for showing the line status:
– “On board” – indicates that the long line is taken aboard;
– “Setting” – indicates that the setting operation is in progress;
– “Fishing” – indicates that the long line setting is completed, and picking up
and heaving operations can be started;
– “Heaving” – indicates that the heaving operation is in progress;
– “Lost” – indicates that the long line is lost.
• Catch indicators:
– “Current catch” – current value of catch in kilograms;
– “Overall catch” – summary value of catch in kilograms.
Long Lining
Work with the long line includes the following operations:
To start setting the long line, press “Set Long Line” button. The status window will
display “Setting” message. The length of the set line is shown on “Length” display.
To complete the setting, press “Complete the set” button. The status window will
display “Fishing” message.
To complete fishing, the front or the end buoy anchor must be picked up aboard.
The buoy anchor cannot be picked up unless the following conditions are met:
• “Trawl view points” buttons – are used for selection of underwater camera
attachment point on trawl:
– “Left Board” – view from left trawl door;
– “Right Board” – view from right trawl door;
– “Center” – view from trawl mouth;
– “End point” – view from trawl bag.
• “Seine view points” buttons – are used for selection of underwater camera
attachment point on purse seine:
– “Anchor buoy” – view from anchor buoy;
– “Center” – view from net center.
• Three levers are used to select view direction:
– “Turn horizontally” – change the horizontal view angle;
– “Turn vertically” – change the vertical view angle;
– “Change distance” – zoom view.