DEVIANCE

O Deviance is unavoidable
O Some members may oppose acts such as
same sex marriage but there are
mitigators that lessen of those who
commit– equality or equal opportunities
before the law
 Deviance
O A violation of a social norm
O Kendall (2012) defines deviance as any
behavior, beliefs, or condition that violates
significant norms in a society or group.
O A deviant person who goes against
conventions usually receives strong
opposition from the society– some: harsh
penalties
 Deviance
O May almost always carry a negative
connotation.
O But high- profile personalities who are
creative or artistic may be described
positively as deviants.
 Consequences
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
Teaches people what Harms group stability
acceptable social behavior is
Induces distrust and ill will
Strengthens group norms and
values Drains human and economic
resources
Sign and a source of social
change Weakens people’s faith in and
conformity to social norms
 Social Tolerance of Deviance
O Reactions to deviance vary by intensity
O Violations of etiquette vs violations of the
rule of the law
O Deviance is also relative depending upon
the cultural norm.

PROVIDE INSTANCES ON WHY DEVIANCE IS RELATIVE

 Theoretical Explanation s of
Deviance
O Structural-functional view
O Social Strain theory

Mode of adaptation Cultural Goals Institutional Means

Conformity Accepted Accepted

Innovation Accepted Rejected

Retreatism Rejected Rejected

Rebellion Rejected/Replaced Rejected/Replaced

Ritualism Rejected Accepted

Theoretical Explanation s of
Deviance
O Symbolic Interaction Theory
O Differential Association theory
O Self-esteem theory
O Control theory (lacking of ties)
O Labeling theory

O CONFLICT THEORY
OCan deviance exist
without norms??
 Forms of Deviant
Behavior and Social
Problem
 SOCIAL
PROBLEM
Social problem refers to a problem
that affects human relationships,
threatens the continuation of civilized
society or hinders significant
aspirations of many people.
Meaning of Social Problem
Reab and Selznick (Garcia et al. 1992) put social problem in the
realm of human relationships. It is a problem that seriously threatens
society or impedes the important aspirations of many people.

A social problem may be defined as a situation affecting a

significant number of people that is believed by them and/or by a
significant number of others in the society to be a source of difficulty or
unhappiness

Social Problem are breakdowns or deviations in social behavior

involving considerable number of people

Social problems are problems of moral values.

Social problem cannot be understood except in the light of what a

society holds to be good or right.
 FORMS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

• Drug abuse
o Drug abuse relates to subjective effects of drugs on the
individual. It can be simply defined as the repeated misuse
of drugs.

o The World Health Organization defines drug abuse as the

persistent or sporadically excessive drug use inconsistent
with or unrelated to acceptable.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
SEDATIVES- (depressants)these are drugs that exert calming
effects on the nervous system. They are chemicals that relieve
anxiety, sedate a person, or induce him/her to sleep.

Example:
STIMULANTS - these drugs increase the alertness and physical
disposition of the individual. They reduce hunger and provide a
feeling of well-being.

Example:
HALLUCINOGENS - (psychedelics) these are drugs capable of
provoking changes of sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and
emotion. They lead to changes in perception of time and space, as
well as delusions or false beliefs.
NARCOTICS - these are drugs that relieve pain and make one
drowsy and relaxed. They are taken by injection, subcutaneously or
intravenously.
 CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE

 Childhood trauma

 Family history

 Escape from reality

 Self-medication

 To feel high or to get a thrilling experience or

sensation
 Peer pressure

 Low self-esteem
COMMON SIGNS OF DRUG ABUSE
1. Changes in behavior patterns
2. Changes in appearance
3. Changes in mood
 Alternative Solution
Here are some ways to prevent drug abuse:

1.Establish close and harmonious family

relationships.

2.Government should promote the physical well-

being of the youth by initiating various sports
programs of the gross-roots or community level.

3.Massive campaign through the use of various

media.
4.Establish an anti-drug abuse committee.

5.The national legislature must enact laws that

will limit the access of citizens to prohibited
drugs and other paraphernalia.

6.Constantly monitor the behavior of pupils or

students.

7.Constantly reminding members about the

sanctity of human body.
 B. CRIME
Anderson and Taylor define crime as
one form of deviance, specially
behavior that violates certain criminal
laws. Any person found guilty of
violating laws or human rights may be
penalized by paying a fine, suffering
imprisonment or capital punishment.
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
1. Crimes against person
2. Crimes against property
3. Crimes against chastity
4. Crimes against public morals
5. Crimes against the state
 Causes of Crime
 1. Unemployment forces many individual to
engage in illegal and immoral acts in order
to provide for their living.
 2. Crimes like theft are committed due to
poverty.
 3. Crimes are committed due to behavioral
disorders like kleptomania and pedophilia.
 4.Committed by people who want to remain
in power.
 5.Product of uncontrollable or involuntary
behavior.
 6.May arise from concupiscence.

 7.May be a product of individual ignorance.

 8.Sometimes cause by individual/group advocacy ,

political beliefs or aspirations.

 9.May be a result of an individual desire.

 10.May be a product of once failure to take

precautionary measures , observe proper diligence
and prudence.
 Alternative Solutions
To prevent crimes, these measures can be taken:

O Strengthen family relationships

O Coordinate the efforts of the police and the
community , and enhance their cooperation.
O Foster the relationship between the church and
the family.
O Weed out the misfits and scalawags in our low-
enforcement agencies.
O Completely ban smut magazines and other
pornography reading materials
O Restrict violent films and sex movies
Meaning of Prostitution

Prostitution is the act of submitting one’s self in exchange for money

or other valuables.

Prostitution is the practice of submitting to sexual deviation through

indiscriminate provision of sexual services for money.
Humphrey(1983) says that the typical prostitution is a girl who is
not conscience-stricken in the area of sexual deviation and who has
entered into such occupation as a means of improving her
economic status.

Many prostitutes come from the ranks of women working in the

hospitality industry. Women ion the industry are considered as an
economic commodity and sexual merchandise, which bring in
profit.
-(Rosales, 1983)
TYPES OF PROSTITUTION
1.STREETWALKERS
2.BAR/HOTEL PROSTITUTES
3.ESCORT SERVICES/CALL
GIRLS/BOYS
4.HOUSE/BROTHEL
PROSTITUTES
 5.OTHER PROSTITUTES
a.Sex tourism b.Gigolo
 CAUSES OF PROSTITUTION
O Moselina and Rosales(1983) opined that commercialized
prostitution is not the root problem but only a symptom of
the basic structural problem in society.

O They claimed that prostitution is an offshoot of the

imbalance of the development of the rural and urban areas
resulting in a wide disparity of access to jobs and wealth.

O They viewed the problem within the context of capitalistic

global system where the semi-feudal and semi-colonial
character of poor nations has made them dependent on or
subservient to developed nations for economic support.
Prostitution may be attributed
to the following factors:
O POVERTY

O ACCULTURATION

O TOURISM
 Effects of Prostitution
1.Causes the spread of various venereal diseases including
HIV/AIDS.

2.Leads to moral degradation and deviation to the norms

that most communities protect and cherish.

3.Promises high income, it takes away the initiative ,

creativity and perseverance of the people.

4.Promotes exploitation of children, uneducated, poor and

the unemployed.

5’Promotes illicit sexual relationship and destroys marriage.

AIDS & HIV
 ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFFICIENCY SYNDROME
AIDS is a viral disease that destroys the human body cells that resist
infection, leaving the individual vulnerable to infectious diseases.

AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency syndrome Virus (HIV),

which cripples the immune system.

The incubation period between the initial HIV transmission and the
presence of symptoms may be as long as 10 years
Modes of HIV Transmission
1. Sexual activity
2. Blood transfusion
3. Sharing of needles in intravenous drug use
4. During perinatal
5. Child birth
6. Postnatal periods.

National Epidemiology Center of Department of Health, (1984-2011)

6, 498 – infected with HIV;

90% or 5,873 – Sexual contact

2% or 155 – Needle-sharing among injecting drug users
1% or 54 – Mother-to-child breast milk
Origin of AIDS

According to scientists, AIDS has its roots from Central Africa

(Democratic Republic of Congo).
An African chimpanzee carried the virus known as HTLV-III, simian
T-lymphotropic similar to HIV.

HIV evolved from a virus called Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

(SIV), and that HIV (post mutation) was transferred to animals to
humans as a type of zoonozes..
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS),
(2007)
Approximately 33 million- Infected of HIV
More than half of the 33 million are women.
Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia are found to have highest
number of HIV cases.

Prevention and Control of AIDS

HIV is infectious but not contagious.

It can be transmitted through blood, semen or breast milk but not
through casual contact such as shaking hands, hugging, sharing towels
or dishes, swimming together, or even coughing and sneezing. The
transmitting through saliva is extremely low; the risk of transmitting HIV
through sexual activity is reduced by the use of latex condom.
(Macionis,2007).
 Some Ways to Prevent and Control the Spread of Virus

1. Avoid promiscuous relationships. Stay loyal to your partner.

2. Know more about the personality of your partner. If

uncertain about the wellness of your partner, use condom.

3. Stay away from illegal drugs that lead to addiction and

possible infection with the HIV/AIDS virus through sharing
needles.

4. Make sure the donated blood comes from a healthy

source and is safe to use.
 5. Learn all the possible ways of avoiding HIV/AIDS and
share this knowledge with other people.

6. Maintain healthy living and submit yourself to a

regular check-up.

7. Report to the proper authorities anybody who is infected

with the AIDS virus.
SOCIAL CONTROL
 SOCIAL
CONTROL
Meaning of Social Control

Society pressures the individual to obey and follow the

set of values and norms established. This phenomenon is
called social control.

Approach of compelling members of the society to perform

their roles according to what is expected to them.

In general, social control simply means the attempt by the

society to regulate people’s thoughts and behavior.
(Macionis,2011)
 Types of Social
Control
Internal Social
Control
• A process of internalizing the norms and standards of a
given society and recognizing them as ideal and
reasonable.

• Through socialization, an individual learns and adopts the

norms of the society where he/she belongs.

• At the moment of acceptance norms are internalized. Thus,

when one violates the norms, there is a normal feeling of
guilt and regret.

• The primary agent of socialization is responsible for

internalizing these norms of society is the family.
External Social Control

• An effort to rectify or reform people who violate

norms through a system of reward and
punishment.

• Positive reinforcement occurs through provision

of reward; Negative reinforcement is done
through punishment.
Informal Social Control

An interpersonal action between and among people in

response to a good or bad behavior. This is manifested by
the actions or facial expressions of the people like a smile, a
praise, a ridicule or a frown.

In case of failure to adjust, comply, or resist, the

individual hides his/her deviant act from the public.

The agents of social control are individuals not known to

the violators of the norms acting in unofficial capacity.
Formal Social Control

A means to ensure observance of laws using the agents

of the government like the police, courts, or social welfare
agency.

The agents tasked to ensure conformity enjoy the

mandate from the Constitution and other laws of the state.
 Types of Social Control that Makes Individuals Follow the
Given Social Norms

Informal Social Control

It can be best observed in a primary group or small society like

remote rural area where one knows everyone.

It is a self-restraint exercise because of the fear of the individual

of what others might think.

Informal social control brings with it sanctions and punishment if

one fails to follow accepted behavior. Sanctions may either be in
the form of ridicule, criticism, and ostracism.

Socialization may help prevent social deviation or promote

conformity among members.
Formal Social Control

Is needed to maintain order among the members of

a more complex society.

Rules are written down and laws are specified.

Members are expected to know, obey, and follow the
rules.

Failure to conform means punishment. Punishments

may rang from fines, imprisonment, to the death penalty.
 Two Main Types of Organized System of Specialized
Agencies and Standard Techniques

a. Those instituted by agencies other than the state

b. Those imposed by the political state.

 Some Mechanism Used to
Encourage Conformity
Hollnsteiner (Sanchez,1987) in her study entitled “Social Control,
the individual and Social Change”

1. “Pakikisama”

2. The tendency to level an individual who is out of line

3. Indirect method of criticism or gossip

4. Curbing of anti-social attitudes by making a person painfully

aware of his/her shortcomings.