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NORMAL?
In 1895 Trendelenburg described his sign to determine cient room for abduction and the trochanter meets the
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the integrity of hip function. We found the sign to be pelvic wall before the pelvis can tilt sufficiently if the hip
positive in a patient whose hip was clinically and is dislocated and there is no stable fulcrum, and if the
radiologically normal, and therefore investigated this in femoral neck is fractured so that the lever system is
other patients. We confirmed that a medial shift of the destroyed.
mechanical axis of the leg below the hip may cause a We had reason to re-examine the mechanism of the
positive Trendelenburg sign. This has not been Trendelenburg sign when a 65-year-old man came to us
previously described. with a middle-third tibial fracture malunited for ten years in
J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1997;79-B:462-6.
37° varus. His complaints were deformity and a limp,
Received 9 December 1996; Accepted 11 February 1997 occasionally with knee pain. He was found to have a
Trendelenburg gait but none of the causes listed above
could be confirmed. We disregarded the sign and corrected
In 1895 Freidrich Trendelenburg described a clinical sign his tibial deformity. After this realignment of the tibia we
useful for determining the integrity of the function of hip were surprised that the Trendelenburg gait had disappeared.
abductor muscles, with specific reference to congenital We therefore studied similar cases to determine the real
1
dislocation of the hip and progressive muscular atrophy. mechanism of a Trendelenburg gait in a patient with normal
His report appeared when physicians had few aids to hips.
diagnosis: clinical radiography was not yet available, since
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Roentgen had discovered X-rays only two years earlier.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Most orthopaedic and physiotherapy textbooks describe
the Trendelenburg sign as a diagnostic test of function and We selected 17 patients and studied 23 legs. All the patients
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dysfunction of the hip. Apley’s System of orthopaedics had an acquired Trendelenburg gait (Fig. 2). None had
gives the following description: “Normally each leg bears fixed scoliosis, fixed pelvic obliquity, obvious pathology of
half the body weight. When one leg is lifted the other takes the hip, muscle weakness due to poliomyelitis or dystrophy,
the entire weight. As a result the trunk has to incline any painful conditions which prevented standing on the leg,
towards the weight-bearing leg. This is achieved by the hip
abductors; their insertion is fixed and the pull is exerted on
their origin. Consequently the pelvis tilts, rising on the side
not taking weight. When this mechanism fails Trendelen-
burg’s sign is positive. The pelvis drops instead of rising on
the unsupported side” (Fig. 1).
The Trendelenburg sign becomes positive when there is
abductor weakness, as in poliomyelitis or muscular dystro-
phies. It is also positive in coxa vara when there is insuffi-
Fig. 3
Tracing from a monopodal weight-bearing radiograph of a patient
with varus deformity of the right knee standing on the right leg and
demonstrating a positive Trendelenburg sign.
Fig. 4
Fig. 6
Diagram showing the relationship of the centre of the femoral head
to the tip of the greater trochanter in adduction and abduction.
Fig. 5
Tracing of a radiograph of the legs of a patient with gross femoral bowing
and proposed osteotomies for correction. By re-establishing the mechan-
ical axis the Trendelenburg sign was abolished.
DISCUSSION
The main plane of knee and ankle movement is in flexion
and extension around a coronal axis. If the axis of fracture
malunion is in the coronal plane these joints and the hip can Fig. 7
compensate so that the gait looks normal. The hip is the Diagram showing the ineffective function of normal abductor
only joint in the lower limb which allows much adduction muscles when the femur is placed in an abducted position as a
and abduction and therefore any varus or valgus deformity consequence of varus deformity of the limb.
of the leg can be compensated for only at the hip, and to a
minimal extent at the subtalar joints. Any varus or valgus
deformity between the hip and ankle must therefore influ- thus effectively shortening and weakening the abductor
ence hip mechanics. Varus deformity of the femur, knee, or muscles. The angle between the hip orientation line and the
tibia requires the hip to adopt an abducted position (valgus mechanical axis of a varus limb will exceed 90° and the 6°
angulation) to maintain a straight mechanical axis of the adducted position of the femur in normal walking is lost.
limb in walking. The mechanics of hip abduction act as a This affects the strength that can be generated by the
type-III lever, with its fulcrum at the centre of the femoral abductor muscles although they are normal (Fig. 7).
head: the abductor muscles are inserted below the tip of the Depending on the amount of compensation, these patients
greater trochanter (Fig. 1). When the centre of the head and will have either a normal gait, a delayed Trendelenburg
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the tip of the trochanter are in the same plane, parallel to sign or a Trendelenburg gait. Medial deviation of the
the floor, then the insertion is distal to the fulcrum. mechanical axis is thus another cause of a Trendelenburg
If the hip is abducted in compensation for a varus gait or sign.
deformity below the hip, the trochanter rotates proximally We suggest that the Trendelenburg sign should now be
in the coronal plane so that it is above the fulcrum (Fig. 6), classified as having three possible mechanisms:
THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY
CAN TRENDELENBURG’S SIGN BE POSITIVE IF THE HIP IS NORMAL? 465
Fig. 9
Fig. 8
This girl has Blount’s disease resulting in a positive
This man has a classical Trendelenburg sign due to Trendelenburg sign. The cause is infrapelvic and the
CDH. Note that the medial border of the thigh is medial border of the thigh therefore appears to be
adducted. abducted.
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1) Suprapelvic. Costopelvic impingement as in scoliosis. In patients with a positive Trendelenburg sign due to
2) Pelvic. This is due to loss of the fulcrum as in devel- infrapelvic causes the medial border of the thigh proximal
opmental dysplasia of the hip; or of the lever mechanism as to the site of a varus deformity, is orientated obliquely and
in nonunion of the femoral neck; or of power as in polio- outwards, that is, abducted at the hip (Fig. 9). The part of
myelitis or muscular dystrophy. the limb distal to the deformity is orientated obliquely and
3) Infrapelvic. This is caused by medial deviation of the inwards. In patients with proximal varus deformity of the
mechanical axis of the lower limb. femur or coxa vara this clinical sign is difficult to assess
The positive Trendelenburg sign due to infrapelvic cau- because of the bulkiness of the thigh and proximity to the
ses can be easily differentiated from that due to classical hip. Such patients will appear to have a classical Trendelen-
causes. During normal monopodal weight-bearing the burg sign because only that part of the limb distal to the
medial border of the thigh, which is roughly parallel to the varus deformity can be observed.
mechanical axis of the femur, is perpendicular. In patients
with pelvic causes of a positive Trendelenburg sign the
No benefits in any form have been received or will be received from a
thigh is orientated obliquely and inwards (adducted at the commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this
hip) (Fig. 8). article.
REFERENCES
1. Trendelenburg F. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1895;21:21. 5. Paley D, et al. Deformity planning for frontal and sagittal plane
2. Nade PH-S. The significance of Trendelenburg test. J Bone Joint Surg corrective osteotomies. OCNA 1994;Vol. 25 No. 3.
1985;67-B:5:741-6. 6. Paley D, Tetsworth K. Mechanical axis deviation of the lower limbs:
3. Apley G. Apley’s system of orthopaedics and fractures. 6th edition, preoperative planning of uniapical angular deformities of the tibia and
ELBS, 1986:243. femur. Clin Orthop 1992;280:48-64.
4. Paley D. Tetsworth KD. Operative orthopaedics, II Edition. In: Chap- 7. Paley D, Tetsworth K. Mechanical axis deviation of lower limb,
man WW, ed. Deformity correction by the Ilizarov technique. JB preoperative planning of multiapical frontal plane angular and bowing
Lippincot & Co, 1993:883. deformities of femur and tibia. CORR 1992;280:65.