Smart Grid

Unit 2: Smart Grid Technologies

 Content
• Remote Terminal Unit (RTU):Block diagram and function of each
block
• Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
• Phase Measurement Unit (PMU)
• Smart Substations
• Substation and Feeder Automation, application for monitoring,
protection and control
• Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles(PHEV)
• Vehicle to Grid(V2G)
• Grid to vehicles(G2V)
• Smart storage technologies and applications Battery (flow and
advanced), SMES, Super Capacitors, Compressed Air Energy
Storage(CAES) and its comparison
• Optimal location of PMUs for complete Observability
 Electrical Substation
• The electric power is produced at power station which are located at a
place near to abundance of natural resources of energy. Then electrical
power is delivered through a large transmission & distribution network to
consumers situated far away.

• At many places in the line of the power system, it may be desirable to

change some characteristics (Voltage, frequency, a.c to d.c, power
factor etc).

• For example the generation voltage (11kV or 6.6 kV) at the power
station is stepped up to high voltage (220kV or 132 kV) for transmission
of electrical power.

• At consumer locality it is then stepped down to lower voltage level

(440kV)
 Electrical Substation
• The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics
(voltage, frequency, power factor etc) of electric supply is called
substation.

• There are different kind of substations such as transmission

substation, distribution substation, collector substation etc.

• The general functions of a substation includes:

1. Connection point for transmission and distribution power line
2. Switch yard for electrical transmission and/or distribution system
configuration
3. Voltage transformation
4. Monitoring point for control center
5. Protection of power lines and apparatus
6. Communication with other substations and regional control
center
 Electrical Substation
• The substations & feeders are the source of critical real time data for
efficient and safe operation of the utility network.

• The real time data is also operational data are instantaneous values of
volts, amp, MW, MVAR, circuit breaker status, switch position etc. These
data are time critical and are used to protect, monitor and control the
power system field equipment
Equipment of Substation
1. Bus bar 8. Power transformer
2. Isolator 9. Wave trap
3. Current transformer 10. PLCC
4. Potential transformer
5. Relay
6. Circuit breaker
7. Lighting arrester
Electrical Substation
 Electrical Substation

A:Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

1.Primary power lines 7.Current transformer
2.Ground wire
8.Lightning arrester
3.Overhead lines
9.Main transformer
4.Transformer (PT) for measurement of
electric voltage
10.Control building
5.Disconnect switch 11.Security fence
6.Circuit breaker 12.Secondary power lines
7.Current transformer
8.Lightning arrester
 Smart Substation

 Early electrical substations required manual switching or

adjustment of equipment, and manual collection of data for load,
energy consumption, and abnormal events.

 As the complexity of distribution networks grew, it became

economically necessary to automate supervision and control of
substations from a centrally attended point, to allow overall
coordination in case of emergencies and to reduce operating costs.

 Early efforts to remote control substations used dedicated

communication wires, often run alongside power circuits to control
station.
Smart Substation
 Elements of Smart Substation

The different elements of smart substation are as follows:

1. Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
2. Smart Sensors
3. SCADA
4. Master station
5. Remote terminal unit
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED):
IED are microprocessor based devices with capability to exchange the
data and control signals with another device (IED, electronic meter,
controller, SCADA etc) over communication link

IED’s are used for integration of protection, control and data acquisition so
as to reduce the capital & operating cost, reduce panel & control room
space and eliminate redundant equipments & database
 Elements of Smart Substation
Smart Sensor:
• The main functionality of the sensors to collect data from power
equipment at the substation yard such as transformers, circuit breakers
and power lines.

• Original copper wired analog apparatus can now be replaced by optical

apparatus with fiber based sensors for monitoring & metering.

• The most prominent advantages of the such sensors are:

i. Higher accuracy
ii. No saturation
iii. Reduced size & weight
iv. Safe & environment friendly
v. Low maintenance
 Elements of Smart Substation
SCADA:

• It refers to a system or a combination of systems that collects the data

from various sensors at a plant or in other remote locations and then
sends data to a central computer system.

• The primary purpose of SCADA system is to acquire real time data

from the field devices located at the power plants, transmission and
distribution substation, distribution feeders etc., provide control of the
field equipment and present information to operating personnel.

Master Station:
• The master station is a computer system responsible for
communicating with the field equipment and includes a human
machine interface in the control room or elsewhere.
 Elements of Smart Substation
Master Station…:
• In smaller SCADA systems, the master station may be composed of a
single PC. In larger SCADA systems, the master station may include
multiple redundant servers, distributed software applications, and
disaster recovery sites

• A large electricity utility

master station is also
known as Energy
management system
(EMS)
 Elements of Smart Substation
Remote Terminal Unit:
• A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a
microprocessor-controlled electronic
device that interfaces objects in the
physical world to a distributed control
system or SCADA (supervisory control
and data acquisition) system by
transmitting telemetry data to a master
system, and by using messages from the
master supervisory system to control
connected objects.

• Other terms that may be used for RTU are remote telemetry unit and
remote telecontrol unit.
 Applications
• Remote monitoring of functions and instrumentation for:
– Oil and gas (offshore platforms, onshore oil wells, pumpstations on
pipelines)
– Networks of pump stations (wastewater collection, or for water supply)
– Environmental monitoring systems (pollution, air quality, emissions
monitoring)
– Mine sites
– Air traffic equipment such as navigation aids (DVOR, DME, ILS and
GP)
• Remote monitoring and control of functions and instrumentation for:
– Hydro-graphic (water supply, reservoirs, sewage systems)
– Electrical power transmission networks and associated equipment
– Natural gas networks and associated equipment
– Outdoor warning sirens
– The Biosphere II project
Block Diagram
 Substation Automation

• Substation automation is an integration of smart electrical

equipments (e.g circuit breakers, relays, transformer, etc.) that has
ability to monitor their functionality.

• Automated substation consists of microprocessor based relays,

circuit breakers, transformers etc that are monitored & control
using graphical user interface (GUI) that can be remotely
accessed.

• It principally consists of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED’s)

which consists of one or more microprocessors and communication
ports, with ability to transmit data & execute control commands &
frequently provide a local user interface.
 Meaning of Substation Automation

 To obtain the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

data collection and control capabilities at the substation. The
substation’s function & operation can be monitored and controlled
from remote location. Communication many be via modem, fiber
optic cables etc.

 To use microprocessor based relays to perform online monitoring

& control operations.

 To convert traditional switchboard look (i.e, panels, mechanical

switches , etc) to a graphical user interface (GUI) accessible
through the station PC
 Benefits of Substation Automation

 Huge savings on pricey standalone devices by taking advantage of

integrated system functions that eliminate redundant and space
consuming equipment.

 Eliminate site visits and cut operations and maintenance costs by

remotely accessing and programming devices from central station

 Extend the life of primary equipment by collecting accurate &

relevant operating data for the just in time maintenance

 Improve quality of service, reliability & safety of the system

 Reduce frequency of outages by identifying the problem before

equipment fails

 Restore services faster by pinpointing faults and improving response

times with better alarms, indication & diagnostics
 Feeder Automation

Today over 21% (theft apart!!) of the total electrical energy generated
in India is lost in transmission (4-6%) and distribution (15-18%). The
electrical power deficit in the country is currently about 18%.
Clearly, reduction in distribution losses can reduce this deficit
significantly. It is possible to bring down the distribution losses to a
6-8 % level in India with the help of newer technological options
(including information technology) in the electrical power distribution
sector which will enable better monitoring and control.
 Feeder Automation

 The power network, which generally concerns the common man, is

the distribution network of 11kV lines or feeders downstream of
the 33kV substation.

 Each 11kV feeder which emanates from the 33kV substation

branches further into several subsidiary 11kV feeders to carry power
close to the load points (localities, industrial areas, villages, etc.,). At
these load points, a transformer further reduces the voltage from
11kV to 415V to provide the last-mile connection through 415V
feeders (also called as Low Tension (LT) feeders) to individual
customers

 A feeder could be either an overhead line or an underground cable.

In urban areas, owing to the density of customers, the length of an
11kV feeder is generally up to 3 km. On the other hand, in rural
areas, the feeder length is much larger (up to 20 km).
 Feeder Automation

 A 415V feeder should normally be restricted to about 0.5-1.0 km.

Unduly long feeders lead to low voltage at the consumer end.

Lack of information at the base station (33kV sub-station)

on the loading and health status of the 11kV/415V
transformer and associated feeders is one primary cause of
inefficient power distribution.

Due to absence of monitoring, overloading occurs, which

results in low voltage at the customer end and increases the
risk of frequent breakdowns of transformers and feeders. In
fact, the transformer breakdown rate in India is as high as
around 20%, in contrast to less than 2% in some advanced
countries.
 Feeder Automation

 In the absence of switches at different points in the distribution

network, it is not possible to isolate certain loads for load
shedding as and when required. The only option available in the
present distribution network is the circuit breaker (one each for
every main 11kV feeder) at the 33kV substation. However, these
circuit breakers are actually provided as a means of protection to
completely isolate the downstream network in the event of a fault.
Using this as a tool for load management is not desirable, as it
disconnects the power supply to a very large segment of consumers
Feeder Automation
 Feeder Automation
In a Feeder (distribution) automation system, the various quantities
(e.g., voltage, current, switch status, temperature, and oil level) are
recorded in the field at the distribution transformers and feeders,
using a data acquisition device called Remote Terminal Units
(RTU).

These system quantities are transmitted on-line to the base

station (33kV substation) through a variety of communication media
(Wired or Wireless).

The measured field data are processed at the base station for display
of any operator selected system quantity through Graphic User
Interface (GUI).
 Feeder Automation

 In the event of a system quantity crossing a pre-defined threshold, an

alarm is automatically generated for operator intervention. Any
control action (for opening or closing of the switch or circuit breaker)
is initiated by the operator and transmitted from the 33kV base
station through the communication channel to the remote terminal
unit associated with the corresponding switch or circuit breaker.

 The desired switching action then takes place and the action is
acknowledged back to operator for information.
 Feeder Automation
Elements of Feeder Automation:

1. Communication Network

2. Remote Terminal Unit

3. Remotely operable switch

4. DA software

5. Distribution network simulator

Intelligent Electronic Device
(IED’s)
 Intelligent Electronic Device

 The most advanced protection relays available today are termed as

IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Device), as they offer much more than
only the protection functions of the traditional relays
 These relays are equipped with the additional features of the
communication with the central unit known as RTU (Remote Terminal
Unit)
Functions of IED:
 The functions of typical IED can be classified into five main areas as
follows:
1.Protection 4. Metering
2.Control 5. Communication
3.Monitoring
 Intelligent Electronic Device
Protection:
 This function has been evolved from the basic over current and earth
fault protection functions of the feeder protection relay
 The IED are made to be as versatile as possible and is not intended
to be specialized protection relay for example generator protection.
Non directional three phase over current
Non directional earth fault protection
Directional three phase over current
Phase discontinuity protection
Three phase overvoltage protection
Under frequency / over frequency protection
Thermal overload protection
 Intelligent Electronic Device
Control:
 Control function includes local and remote control and are fully
programmable
Local & remote control of upto six switching objects
Status information
Information of alarm channel
HMI panel on device
Monitoring:
 Monitoring function includes:
Circuit breaker condition monitoring
Trip circuit supervision
Gas density supervision (For SF6 circuit breaker)
 Intelligent Electronic Device
Metering:
 Metering function includes:
Three phase currents
Neutral current
Three phase voltage
Frequency
Active power
Reactive power
Energy
Harmonics
Transient disturbance recorder
 Intelligent Electronic Device
Communication:
 IEDs are normally able to communicate directly to SCADA system i.e.
upper level communication. In addition to this they also have serial
port or optical interface to communicate directly to substation PC or
Laptop for configuration & data downloading purpose.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

Powered by Engine and Electric Motor

• Internal combustion engine uses
alternative or conventional fuel

• Battery charged by regenerative braking

and engine

• Power from electric motor allows

smaller engine and better fuel economy

Fuel-Efficient System Design

• Mild hybrid: Cannot power the vehicle using the electric motor alone.

• Full hybrid: More powerful electric motor and larger batteries can
drive the vehicle on just electric power for short distances and at low
speeds.

2
 Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
Powered by an Electric Motor and Engine
• Internal combustion engine uses
alternative or conventional fuel

• Battery charged by outside electric

power source, engine, or regenerative
breaking

• During urban driving, most power comes

from stored electricity. Long trips require
the engine

Fuel-Efficient System Design

• Parallel PHEVs connect the engine and the electric motor to the wheels
through mechanical coupling.

• Series PHEVs use only the electric motor to drive the wheels. The internal
combustion engine is used to generate electricity for the motor.

2
 Plug in Hybrid Electrical Vehicle (PHEV)

• Batteries are charged overnight by 110 volt household current

• Li – ion battery type
• Battery capacity is 4 times greater than Full Hybrid

• Can be driven solely by electric power at speeds up to 100 mph

• Has an electric only range of 10 to 40 miles
• When battery charge drops below 30% ICE engine automatically
starts

2
 Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

• A Parallel Hybrid has a direct mechanical connection between the

ICE engine and the wheels.

ICE Engine

PCM

Battery
Array
Motor /
Generator
Inverter

Transmission

2
 Series Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

• In a series Hybrid there is no mechanical connection between the

ICE engine and the wheels

ICE
Engine
Electric
Motor PCM

Battery
Array
Inverter

Generator

2
 Benefits of PHEV
Fuel Economy: Better than HEVs and similar conventional vehicles

Low Emissions: Lower than HEVs and similar conventional vehicles

Fuel Cost Savings: Less expensive to operate than an HEV or conventional

vehicle

Energy Security: Reduce reliance on imported petroleum

Fueling Flexibility: Fuel from gas stations or charge at home or in public

Considerations
• Purchase cost can be offset by fuel savings, tax credits, and incentives.
• Public charging infrastructure is in development.
• Battery recycling and reuse options are in development.

2
 Limitation of PHEV

2009 2010 2011 2012

Sport/Luxury

Tesla Model
S Cadillac XTS
PHEV
Tesla
Roadster Volvo V70
Porsche 918 PHEV Audi A1 Fisker Karma PHEV
PHEV
Compact

Mini EV Wheego Toyota Prius

LiFe
Zenn EV Mitsubishi i-MiEV Smart for two Think City Honda insight
PHEV
Light Trucks Sedan/SUV

GM Volt Nissan Leaf Coda EV Toyota Rav4 EV BYD e6 EV Ford Focus EV

Smith Electric Navistar eStar Ford Transit Connect Mercedes Vito E-cell Renault Bright Auto Idea
Edison Kangoo

2
 Hurdles for PHEVs
• Public image (“golf cart” image)

• Charging infrastructure is limited & needed to be extended

• The cost of battery is high & hence the cost of vehicle is also high

• The recycling of battery is a big problem

• The incentives provided by government to promote use of PHEV are

not lucrative

2
 Vehicle to Grid
Conventional View of Battery Vehicles (BVs)
The conventional view expects battery vehicles to be plugged in to charge
their batteries.

Hybrid and fuel cell vehicles generate electricity from the fuel in their
tanks.

Plug-in hybrids can either run from fuel or can charge from the grid. In the
conventional view, electricity never flows from vehicle to the grid

2
 Vehicle to Grid
V2G Concept
The V2G concept is that battery, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles all can
send power to the electric grid. For battery and plug-in hybrid vehicles, the
power connection is already there. For fuel cell and fuel-only hybrids, an
electrical connection must be added

2
 Vehicle to Grid

Aims at using the energy stored in electric vehicles to compensate for the
peak load of the grid

From the vehicle owners’ point of view, since electricity price is determined
by demand, the transport cost can be relatively reduced by drawing “cheap”
energy from the grid, and vice versa

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles,

such as electric cars (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), communicate
with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering
electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate

The concept allows V2G vehicles to provide power to help balance loads
by "valley filling" (charging at night when demand is low) and "peak
shaving" (sending power back to the grid when demand is high). It can
enable utilities new ways to provide regulation services (keeping voltage
and frequency stable)