Risk Factors:

 Old age
 Familial History of Genetics
Hypertension
 High salt diet

Dysfunction of SNS & RAA, adducin and

natriuretic hormones

Vasoconstriction Renal salt and water retention

Increased peripheral Increased blood volume

resistance

Chronic
hypertension

Vasoconstriction of blood
vessels

Vasoconstriction of
↑ afterload
coronary arteries

Increase pressure of ↑ workload

blood flow
of the LV
 Injury of the
↑ force of LV contraction
endothelial vessel layer
(Coronary artery)

↑ stress on the left

Vessel damage ventricular wall

Left ventricular
Monocytes, platelets, ↑ cardiac output Hypertrophy and
cholesterol and other blood dilation
components come in contact

LV Hypoxia Ventricular
remodeling
Scarring

↓ left ventricular
↓ Brain perfusion: dizziness, light
Atherosclerosis headedness, confusion, anxiety, contractility
restlessness. ↓Response to
energy demands causing easily
CAD fatigued, ↑ residual blood of
the LV at the time of
↓activity tolerance
diastole
↓ Skin perfusion:
↓ cardiac tissue
blood flow Skin feels cool and clammy. ↑ LV pressure

↓ cardiac muscle blood backflows from

contraction ↓ Cardiac Output LV to LA

↑ residual blood of the

Activation of ↓ Systemic blood LA during diastole
baroreceptors in the LV,
aortic arch, carotid sinus pressure
↑ LA pressure

Stimulation of vasomotor ↓ Perfusion of tissues of

regulatory centers in the body blood returns to
medulla pulmonary circulation

Activation of sympathetic ↓GFR ↓ Renal

nervous system Perfusion Accumulation of blood in
the pulmonary capillary
Activation of sympathetic ↓GFR Accumulation of blood in
↓ Renal
nervous system the pulmonary capillary
Perfusion

↑ catecholamines Renin
↑ urea
(epinephrine/
norepinephrine) ↑ crea formation of Pulmonary edema
Angiotensin I

Angiotensin II ↑ pulmonary
vascular
resistance
Sodium and
Water retention
↑ RV contraction

↑osmotic pressure ↓ urine

output ↑ force of RV
contraction

↑ residual blood of
the RV at the time
of diastole

Peripheral edema, liver ↑ RV preload

congestion, ascites,
weakness, weight gain due to
retention of fluid blood backflows
from RV to RA

↑ RA pressure
↑ fluid moves into the
interstitial space
↑ RA preload

↑ venous pressure blood backflows

from RA to
JVD
systemic circulation