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I. INTRODUCTION
Sapota (Manilkara achras L.) is commonly known as sapodilla, bully, chikoo.
It is an economically important species of the sapotaceae family, a long-lived evergreen
tree native to southern Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. An example natural
occurrence is in coastal Yucatan in the Petenes mangroves eco-region, where it is a
subdominant plant species. It was introduced to the Philippines during Spanish
colonization. It is grown in large quantities in India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia,
Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Mexico.
The name sapodilla is derived from the Spanish word zapotilla, meaning “small
sapote”. Sapota can grow to more than 30 m tall with an average trunk diameter of 1.5
m. It is wind resistant and the bark is rich in a white, gummy latex called chicle. The
ornamental leaves are medium green and glossy. They are alternate, elliptic to ovate, 7-
15 cm long, with an entire margin. The white flowers are inconspicuous and bell-like,
with a six-lobed corolla. An unripe fruit has a firm outer skin and when picked, releases
white chicle from its stem. A fully ripened fruit has saggy skin and does not release
chicle when picked. The fruit is a large berry, 4-8 cm in diameter. Inside, its flesh
ranges from a pale yellow to an earthy brown colour with a grainy texture akin to that of
a well-ripened pear. Each fruit contains one to six seeds. The seeds are hard, glossy and
black, resembling beans, with a hook at one end that can catch in the throat if
swallowed.
Sapota cultivation was started for the first time in Maharashtra in 1898 in a
village called Gholwad, but historical evidence showed that first plantation of sapota
was done in 20th century in Dahnu taluka of Thane district in Maharashtra and local
Parsis, Iranis and Marwari settlers played major role in the commercialization of this
sapota crop. India is the leading producer of sapota in the world with a production of
17.44 lakh tonnes and productivity of 9.90 MT/ha from an area of 177.00 thousand ha
which is 2.50% of total area under fruit crops (Anon., 2014-2015). Major sapota
producing states are Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Orissa &
West Bengal. Major sapota producing belts in Karnataka are Dharwad, Bijapur,
Bagalkot, Kolar, Bengaluru, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Chickmagalore and Bellary with an
area of 0.03 million ha with a production of 3,80,000 metric tonnes (Anon., 2010).
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Sapota fruit is climacteric in nature therefore, matured fruit is harvested and

ripened at ambient temperature. The fruit is a fleshy berry, variable in shape, size and
weight (75-150 g). The skin is thin, rusty brown, somewhat scurfy, looking like the Irish
potato and the pulp soft, melting and crumbling with a sandy or granular texture, with 1-
5 hard, black seeds. The fruit has an exceptionally sweet, malty flavour. The wood from
the sapodilla tree is dark red, hard, heavy and durable and has been used for railway
cross-ties, flooring, tool handles, etc. The sapodilla red heartwood is also valued for
furniture, banisters, and cabinetwork. The unripe fruit is hard to the touch and contains
high amounts of saponin, which has astringent properties similar to tannin, drying out
the mouth. The trees can survive only in warm, typically tropical environments, dying
easily if the temperature drops below freezing. From germination, the sapota tree will
usually take anywhere from five to eight years to bear fruit. The sapodilla trees yield
fruit twice a year, though flowering may continue year round. The fruits of sapota are
highly perishable in nature and cannot be stored for a longer period at room
temperature, hence the farmers are compelled to sell their valuable produce at the throw
away process. One of the major problems in sapota cultivation is the occurrence of
certain physiological disorders and short shelf life, apart from the problems of pests and
diseases, which reduce the quality of the fruit drastically.
Sapota is an energy rich fruit with high total soluble solids (20-22%) and good
source of digestible sugar, and has an appreciable amount of protein (0.40-0.70 g), fat
(1.10 g), fibre and minerals like calcium (28 mg), phosphorous (27 mg) per 100 g of
pulp (Simpson and Ogorzaly, 1995). A number of products are prepared such as dessert,
sapota pie, and canned slices are made from the ripe fruit. Ripe sapota is successfully
dried by osmotic dehydration. It is an important supplement in ice cream and milk
shakes in its fresh form. Fruit is used for preparing liquor and alcohol because of its
high sugar content. In fruits, peel can be eaten along with pulp since it is rich in
nutritive value than the pulp alone (Gupta et al., 1981). For many years latex of
sapodilla has been employed as the chief ingredient in chewing gum. The gum
processed from sapota is also used in dental surgery. The bark of the tree contains
extractable quantities of tannins which have many industrial uses. It is used as diuretic,
bark as tonic, antipyretic, febrifuse and biliousness.
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In India, it has become very familiar with farmers as a cash earning crop and if
properly exploited it will become an export commodity. There are some possibilities of
extending cultivation of this sapota crop into warm and humid climatic areas of the
world. Popularity of this fruit is increasing due to high production per unit area,
continuous fruiting throughout the year and lesser incidence of diseases and pests.
Sapota is quite hardy plant and can tolerate saline conditions and water stress to a very
great extent (Chundawat, 1998). Due to presence of endogenous phenolic substances
sapota is fairly less susceptible to pests and diseases (Lakshminarayana and
Subramanyam, 1966).
In any introduced crop, genetic variation depends on the number of introduced

varieties or genotypes. Generally, it is expected to be very narrow, due to small number
of introductions. Since, sapota is an introduced crop to India, hence it had been expected
that the variabilities in germplasms would be lesser. Sapota is an open pollinated crop; a
great deal of variability was thrown up in the population. A few of the cultivars have
been selected based on local preferences for different fruit characters and later
cultivated by farmers through vegetative propagation. Therefore, the high genetic
variability in Indian sapota cultivars might have originated through seedling
segregation, intercrossing among cultivars or because of a large number of varieties or
genotypes were introduced. Presently, there are only few known varieties like Kalipatti,
Cricket Ball, Calcutta Round, Oval, Pala, DHS-1, DHS-2 which are being commercially
grown. All the varieties have advantages and disadvantages in their performance.
Hence, there is a necessity to have good varieties with desirable characteristics like
bigger round shaped good quality fruit with higher yield and lesser incidence of pests
and diseases.
Attempts have been made to introduce superior hybrids in sapota through crop
improvement work, which was started at Tamil Nadu Agriculture University,
Coimbatore and Periyakulam, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and
Bengaluru in fifties and seventies (Khan et al., 1965). At Coimbatore, efforts were made
to combine large size fruit of cv. Cricket Ball with the superior taste of cv. Oval. As a
result of this CO-1, CO-2 and CO-3 were released from Coimbatore through crop
improvement. At Dharwad, crosses were made among Kalipatti, Cricket Ball, Calcutta
Round and Oval. DHS-1 and DHS-2 were the hybrids released from University of
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Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad by crossing Kalipatti and Cricket Ball (Rokhade et al.,
1989). PKM-1, PKM-2 and PKM-3 were released from Periyakulam for their high yield
parameters and superior fruit quality.
Sapota is an interesting crop especially for its peculiar flowering and fruiting
behaviour. In general, the flowering is inconsistent and this trend has facilitated harvest
of the fruits throughout the year. Though, the tree flowers in abundance, however fruit
set and fruits carried out to maturity are very less. The work on fruit set, fruit drop and
fruit development in all cultivars is scanty. Therefore, there is a need for study
suitability of the varieties in dry zone of Karnataka and yield parameters. Sapota fruit
follows double sigmoid growth pattern with distinct pre-lag and post-lag phase. Three
stages can be identified during fruit growth: the first, where cell division and maturation
of the embryo occur; second, where growth is greatly reduced; and third, where cell
enlargement occurs giving rise to another phase of rapid and maximum growth. This
phase occurs between 5 and 7.5 months from fruit set (Lakshminarayana and
Subramanyam, 1966). Sapota fruit takes around eight to nine months from fruit set to
harvesting and after three to four days of harvesting it is ready for consumption .
Conservation of genetic resources both in- situ and ex-situ are important
aspects. A variety development program through conventional breeding as well as
through novel biotechnological techniques is necessary. To support such a program
basic studies with regard to morphological characterization of existing varieties and
studies on varieties suitability is required. Considering all these points in view, a study
was undertaken on evaluation of different cultivars of sapota under northern dry zone of
Karnataka with the following objectives :
1) To study cultivars of sapota for their growth and development

2) To study cultivars of sapota for yield and quality parameters
3) To identify the suitable cultivar for northern dry zone
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II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The production practice of sapota has attracted the attention of many farmers on
account of its hardy nature and better adaptability to diverse soil and climatic
conditions. Though the area under sapota is increasing year by year, but the increase is
not upto the expected level may be due to unavailability of superior varieties. Few
varieties are being grown commercially and they lack in one or the other good
characters. Therefore there is a pre-requisite need to identify good cultivars with higher
yield and desired quality fruits. However, some research findings pertaining to the
present study and also some related reviews have been presented in this chapter under
the following headings. Information available on this aspect in sapota is meagre. Hence,
in addition to reviewing the available information in sapota, the literature available in
related fruit crops has also been mentioned under following headings.
2.1 Growth parameters
2.2 Yield and yield attributing parameters
2.3 Quality parameters, organoleptic evaluation and pest disease incidence
2.1 Growth parameters
Sapota is a perennial fruit crop with varied growth habit. Varieties of sapota are
grouped under four types based on habit of the tree, i.e., behaviour of branching pattern
and colour of foliage; i) trees with erect growing habit where branches are in whorls
with deep green foliage and fruits are of superior quality, ii) trees with drooping habits
where branches are in whorls with light green foliage, narrow and elliptical, fruits small
and inferior, iii) trees with spreading habit where branching is irregular and foliage is
deep green, broad and oval, fruits are medium to large with superior quality and iv)
trees with spreading habit but fruits are inferior.
Shirol et al. (2009) conducted an experiment at Arabhavi to evaluate the seven

new sapota cultivars planted at 10 x 10 m spacing in medium deep black cotton soil.
Among the seven cultivars, cv. Virudhunagar, Singapore and Cricket Ball (ARSA) were
found to be vigorous growing by exhibiting higher tree volume, while Mohangootee,
Murabba and Guthi were found to be low to medium vigorous in growth.
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Suhasini et al. (2012) studied performance of sapota (Achras sapota L.)

varieties and hybrids under Ghataprabha command area. Significantly maximum plant
height was observed in cv. CO-1 (6.80 m) which was on par with cvs. Gavarayya (6.77
m), Cricket Ball (6.67 m), DHS-1 (6.00 m) and PKM–3 (5.83 m) and maximum stem
circumference was observed in cv. DHS-1 (88.67 cm), which was on par with DHS-2
(74.33 cm), Gavarayya (75.33), PKM-2 (68.67), Kalipatti (66.67). Maximum plant
spread was recorded in cv. DHS-2 (8.73 m North-South) which was on par with cvs.
Long oval (8.10 m North-South), DHS-1 (8.00 m North-South), CO-2 (7.80 m) Cricket
ball (7.70 m) and maximum East-West plant spread was recorded in cv. DHS-1 (8.50
m) which was on par with cv. DHS-2 (8.37 m), Cricket ball (7.9 m), CO-2(7.80 m)
Long oval (7.60 m) and CO-1 (7.10 m). The maximum shoot length was recorded in cv.
Cricket Ball (25.60 cm) and maximum shoot girth was recorded in cv. DHS-1 (4.17
cm).
Roy et al. (2014) studied performance of BAU sapota–1 at three selected

Upazillas in northern region and BAU-GPC of Bangladesh. Among the locations,
Palashbari, Gaibandha exhibited the tallest plant, maximum leaves, maximum branches
and higher canopy in all the years (2010, 2011 and 2012), Palashbari, Gaibandha also
noticed the minimum time for fruit setting, maximum harvested fruit and fresh fruits as
well as the higher fruit yield of BAU Sapota–1 compared to other locations. The overall
results suggest that BAU Sapota-1 can be recommended to cultivate in the Palashbari
Gaibandha area for obtaining higher yields.
Islam et al. (2016) conducted an experiment to evaluate the morphological

characterization of five germplasm of sapota namely BAU sapota-1, BAU sapota-2,
BAU sapota-3, Deshi sapota and Vietnam sapota. Randomized complete block design
with three replications was performed for investigating the morphology of sapota.
Results indicate that the tallest plant was Deshi sapota and the shortest plant was BAU
sapota-2. Also, the highest stem circumference was found in Deshi sapota which was
52.25 cm. The maximum spreaded plant both in north-south and east-west direction was
found in BAU sapota-1 which was 1.62 and 1.53 m, respectively. Maximum shoot girth
was found in BAU sapota-3 and BAU sapota-1 plants showed the most vigorous growth
whereas BAU sapota-3 had the longest shoot length. Results revealed that significant
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difference (p<0.01) present in leaf length, lamina length and petiole length among the
variety of sapota.
Patel et al. (2018) studied the vegetative characters of different sapota

genotypes under the coastal zones of Odisha. Variation due to divergence in genotypes
was found significant so far as the morphometric is concerned different genotypes have
maximum plant height (1.74 m), stem girth (11.91 cm), number of primary branches
(4.66), secondary branches (14.33) and tertiary branches (36) which was recorded
highest in CO-1. Whereas, maximum number of leaves per shoot (20.16) was noted in
DHS-1. However, highest canopy area (2.67 m²) was in PKM-4 and canopy volume
(1.35 m3) recorded in PKM-1. Likewise, leaf area (26.56 cm²) and leaf petiole length
(2.66 cm) were observed highest in Mohangootee.
2.1.1 Plant height
Growing pattern of any plant varies from place to place and variety to variety
depending on environment and genotype.
Hegde (1997) noticed that, the hybrid 3/13, DHS-1(10/25) and Cricket Ball
exhibited orthotropic branching nature (5.06 m, 4.76 m and 4.65 m respectively), while
Kalipatti showed plagiotropic natured branches due to which lowest height was
recorded in it (3.06 m) among the varieties and hybrids evaluated under Dharwad
conditions.
Gunaki (1998) revealed that the cultivars DHS-1 and Cricket Ball exhibited
orthotropic growing nature (5.18 m and 4.87 m respectively), while Kalipatti and DHS-
2 showed plagiotropic growing nature due to lower tree height 3.15 m and 3.52 m
respectively) under Dharwad condition.
Siddaramayya (2005) reported that plant height was significantly maximum in

cv. CO-1 (6.15 m) followed by cv. Long Oval (4.91 m) and cv. DHS-1 (5.85 m) and
minimum in cv. Kirtibarthi (3.06 m) among fourteen cultivars studied under agro-
climatic conditions of Arabhavi.
Shirol et al. (2006) reported that plant height was significantly highest in cv.
CO-1 (5.17 m) and cv.DHS-1 (4.57 m) and lowest was in cv. Tagarampudi (2.50 m).
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Saraswathy et al. (2010) reported that the maximum plant height (11.20 m) was
recorded by the hybrid CO-1 followed by the cv. Cricket Ball (10.59 m). Correlation
analysis revealed that there was a positive correlation between plant height and canopy
spread.
Suhasini et al. (2011) stated that cultivar Cricket Ball (ARSA) recorded
significantly maximum plant height (5.10 m) which was on par with cv. Guthi regarding
tree height (4.50 m) while minimum tree height was recorded in CO-3 (2.67 m).Based
on overall observation of morphological characters of these sapota cultivars (10-11
years old), Cricket Ball (ARSA-Agricultural Research Station Arabhavi), Guthi,
Virudhunagar and Mohangootee were found tall and vigorously growing and the
cultivars Singapore, and Murabba were found less vigorous growing plants.
2.1.2 Stem girth
Under Arabhavi conditions, DHS-2 variety recorded the highest stem girth (5.76
cm) during 1998-1999 in four years old trees (Anon., 2000). The maximum stem girth
(43.00 cm) was recorded in Kalipatti variety under Kovvur condition in seven years old
plants (Anon., 2004).
Siddaramayya (2005) revealed that the highest stem circumference was noticed
in cv. DHS-1 (48.16 cm) and lowest in cv. Tagarampudi (24.16 cm).
Shirol et al. (2006) reported the highest stem girth was noticed in cv. Gavarayya
(12.47 cm) and lowest stem girth was recorded in cv. Kirtibarthi (5.77 cm).
2.1.3 Canopy spread (North-South and East-West)
Gunaki (1998) reported that the maximum canopy spread was recorded in sapota
cv.DHS-1 (3.85 m East-West and 3.96 m North- South) followed by Kalipatti (3.64 m
East-West and 3.46 m North- South) under Dharwad conditions.
The maximum North- South canopy spread (5.70 m) was recorded in Kalipatti
variety and maximum East- West canopy spread (5.76 m) was recorded in Cricket Ball
variety under Gandevi (Gujarat) conditions in 12 years old trees (Anon., 2004).
Sidaramayya (2005) reported that highest plant spread was registered in cv.
DHS-1 (5.73 m North-South and 5.88 m East-West) and cv. CO-1 (5.20 m North-South
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and 5.09 m East-West) and lowest in cv. Kirtibarthi (2.78 m North-South and 2.86 m
East-West).
Under Arabhavi condition the maximum plant spread was reported in cv.
Cricket Ball (ARSA) recorded significantly more tree spread (North-South) (4.53 m),
which was on par with cv. Guthi (4.27 m) as reported by Suhasini et al. (2011).
2.1.4 Shoot length and girth
Gunaki et al. (2000) reported that the maximum shoot length (16.75 cm) was
recorded in cv. DHS-1 and it was minimum in cv. Kalipatti (13.53 cm). The highest
shoot girth was recorded in Cricket Ball (4.26 cm) and the lowest shoot girth was
recorded in cv. DHS-2 (3.97 cm).
Suhasini et al. (2012) reported that the maximum shoot length was recorded in
cv. Cricket Ball (25.60 cm). This was found statistically on par with cvs. CO-1 (25.17
cm), Kirthbharti (24.03 cm), CO-2 (23.87 cm) and DHS-2 (23.87 cm). The minimum
shoot length was noticed in cv. Oval (20.20 cm). The maximum shoot girth was
recorded in cv. DHS-1 (4.17 cm) which was on par with cvs. PKM-1 (4.12 cm), CO-1
(3.60 cm) and Long oval (3.60 cm) and PKM-3(3.51cm), While, it was minimum in cv.
Gavarayya (2.36 cm).
Islam et al. (2016) reported that the maximum shoot girth was found in BAU
Sapota-3 (3.57 cm) and BAU Sapota-1 (2.95 cm) plants showed the most vigorous
growth whereas BAU Sapota-3 (22.07 cm) had the longest shoot length.
2.1.5 Canopy volume
An experimental study of sapota cultivars was initiated by Shirol et al. (2009)

with seven sapota cultivars planted in Arabhavi agro-climatic condition. Cultivars
Virudhunagar (19.80 m3), Singapore (19.40 m3) and Cricket Ball (ARSA) (14.80 m3)
were found to be more vigorous in growth, which exhibited more canopy volume as
compared to cultivars Mohangootee (5.78 m3), Murabba (6.20 m3) and Guthi (10.17
m3).
Patel et al. (2018) reported that the maximum plant canopy volume was recorded
under the PKM-1 (1.35 m³ on 12th May 2016 respectively). It was followed by CO-
10
1(1.30 m³ on 12th May 2016 respectively). PKM-1 varied significantly from CO-1 and
rest of the genotypes. The minimum plant canopy volume was recorded in PKM-5 (0.48
m³ 12th May 2016 respectively).
At Kovvur they evaluated 40 accessions and among them the maximum canopy
volume (547.49 m3) was observed in Kalipatti (Anon., 2019).
2.1.6 Leaf length and breadth
Islam et al. (2016) reported that the highest leaf length (15.77 cm) and breadth
(12.67 cm) was found in case of BAU Sapota-3 and lowest leaf length (10.82 cm) and
breadth (9.53 cm) was recorded in Vietnam Sapota.
2.1.7 Leaf area
Hegde (1997) reported that the Hybrid 12/24 showed significantly maximum
mean leaf area (26.54 cm²), while cv. DHS-2 (10/17) had significantly minimum mean
leaf area (16.86 cm²) and was on par with hybrid 11/13 (17.75 cm²) and cv. Cricket Ball
(18.56 cm²) where as
Gunaki (1998) has recorded significantly the maximum mean leaf area in cv.
DHS-1 (23.01 cm²), which was on par with cv. Kalipatti (22.50 cm²) followed by cv.
Cricket Ball (18.86 cm2) while cv. DHS-2 had significantly the maximum mean leaf
area (16.84 cm²).
Gunaki et al. (2000) reported that maximum leaf area (501.84 cm²) was noticed
in cv. DHS-1 and it was minimum in cv. DHS-2 (330.90 cm²).
Kamraju (2007) reported that, among 14 sapota cultivars studied, cv.

Tagarampudi recorded significantly the highest mean leaf area (41.26 cm2) followed by
cv. PKM-3 (38.26 cm2) where as the lowest leaf area was measured in cv. Oval (21.01
cm2).
2.1.8 Number of leaves per shoot
Gunaki et al. (2000) reported that the maximum number of leaves per shoot
(23.01) was noticed in cv. Cricket Ball and the minimum number of leaves per shoot
was in cv. DHS-2 (19.58).
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Suhasini et al. (2011) reported that the cv. Cricket Ball (ARSA) recorded the
highest number of leaves per shoot (15.00). This was found statistically on par with cv.
Murabba (13.87) and cv. Guthi (13.63), while the lowest numbers of leaves were
recorded in cv. Singapore (10.13)
Patel et al. (2018) reported that the highest number of leaves per shoot was
recorded under the DHS-1 (19.66, 20.66 on 12th March 2016 and 12th May 2016). It
was followed by DHS-2 (18.33, 18.66 on12th March 2016 and 12th May 2016). DHS-1
varied significantly from DHS-2 and rest of the genotypes. The lowest number of leaves
per shoot was recorded in Pala (11.66, 12.00on 12th March 2016 and 12th May 2016).
2.2 Yield parameters
2.2.1 Fruit weight
Sundarajan (1964) and Sundarajan and Rao (1967) reported that the mean
weight of fruits, ranged from 30.8 g in Pala variety to 140 g in Cricket Ball variety.
Mulla (1986) reported that cultivar CO-2 produced fruits with average weight 85
g, the cultivar Cricket Ball produced bigger size fruits weighing 154 g, the cultivar Oval
which produced fruits weighing 112 g and the Cultivars Kalipatti and Long Oval
produced fruits of comparatively medium size weighing 103 g and 104 g, respectively.
At Arabhavi condition the maximum individual fruit weight (110.50 g) was

observed in CO-1(Anon., 2014).
At Arabhavi condition the maximum individual fruit weight (109.00 g) was

observed in CO-1(Anon., 2015).
Islam et al. (2016) reported that the highest fruit weight (80.28g) was found in
case of BAU Sapota-3 and lowest fruit weight (68.14g) was observed in BAU Sapota-2.
Shakti et al. (2017) reported that the variety CO-2 was recorded with highest
average weight of fruits (83.61 gm), while, the lowest average weight of fruit obtained
from PKM-1 variety.
Among 24 varieties conserved at Gandevi, maximum fruit weight (100.89 g)

was recorded in cv.DHS-1 (Anon., 2019).
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Among the 19 sapota germplasm at Periyakulum, Cricket Ball recorded highest

fruit weight (134.0 g) (Anon., 2019).
2.2.2 Fruit girth
Sambamurthy and Ramlingam (1954) reported that the fruit of Oval variety on
an average was medium size having 5 cm girth. Chundawat and Bhuva (1982) reported
that, fruits of Kalipatti variety had 5.52 cm, Pilipatti had 5.04 cm, Mohangottee had
3.59 cm, Zumakhia had 4.37 cm and Cricket Ball had 6.29 cm girth.
Mulla (1986) reported that the fruit girth varied from 5.56 cm in Cricket Ball to
4.77 cm in CO-2.
Ghosh et al. (2002) reported that, SS-5 accession of sapota gave the greatest fruit
girth (5.42 cm) and SS3 accession produced the fruits of lowest girth (3.13 cm).
2.2.3Fruit length
Sambamurthy and Ramlingam (1954) reported that the fruit length of Oval
variety was 6 cm.
Chundawat and Bhuva (1982) reported that fruit length was 5.83 cm, 5.43 cm,
5.72 cm, 4.90 cm, and 6.22 cm in Kalipatti, Pilipatti, Mohangottee, Zumakhia, and
Cricket Ball respectively.
Mulla (1986) reported that highest fruit length (6.03 cm) was in Cricket Ball and
lowest fruit length (5.36 cm) was in CO-2.
Dinesh and Reddy (2000) studied 21 cultivars of sapota and reported that, fruit
length was the highest in CO-2. Mathew et al. (2001) reported that fruit length was
highest in Hybrid-7/1 (6.20 cm) and lowest in Guthi (2.88 cm).
Ghosh et al. (2002) reported that SS-8 variety of sapota gave the longest fruits
(5.44 cm) whereas SS-3 produced shortest fruits (3.97 cm). Shirol et al. (2009) reported
that fruit length was highest in Singapore (6.50 cm) and least in Cricket Ball (5.30 cm).
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2.2.4 Fruit volume
Mulla (1986) reported that with gradual increase in weight of fruit, volume of
fruit increases in correlation with weight towards maturity.
Jadhav et al. (2018) reported that the volume of the sapota fruits range is 20 to
70 ml and average volume found in sapota is 43.2 ± 15.19 ml.
2.2.5 Fruit yield per tree
Sundararajan (1960) reported that the highest yield of 470.60 kg per tree per
annum in cv. CO-2 followed by CO-1 (399.60 kg/ tree/ annum).
Mone (1989) obtained the highest yield in cv. Kalipatti (210.84 kg/tree/year)
followed by cv. Gavarayya (134.67 kg/ tree/year) under Dharwad conditions. Relekar et
al. (1991) recorded an average yield of 80.92 kg per tree per annum in 13 year old
sapota trees of cv. Kalipatti.
Hegde (1997) reported that the hybrid 12/24 excelled all other hybrids and
varieties with respect to number of fruits per tree (1381.29) and yield (116.10 kg/ tree/
year) followed by DHS-1(10/25) 845.37 and 99.99 kg/tree/ year, respectively.
Gunaki (1998) reported that among the cultivars, cv. DHS-1 recorded the highest
number of fruits per tree (864.36) and yield (104.97 kg/ tree/ year) followed by cv.
DHS-2 (565.87 and 78.72 kg/tree/year) respectively.
Chavan et al. (2009) conducted an experiment to study the effect of growth

regulators on flowering and yield of sapota at Department of Horticulture, Marathwada
Agricultural University, Parbhani during the year 2006-2007. Significantly maximum
yield was observed in cv. DHS-1 (169.20 kg/tree) followed by cv. Kalipatti (158.80
kg/tree) and DHS-2 (153.50 kg/tree), whereas the minimum yield was observed in cv.
CO-3 (13.50 kg/tree).
Saraswathy et al. (2010) has carried out an investigation on nineteen sapota

genotypes under Periyakulam conditions and reported that the highest yield of 139.00
kg/tree was recorded in PKM-4 followed by Virudhunagar local which recorded a yield
of 135.75 kg/tree.
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At Arabhavi condition the DHS-1 cultivar recorded the maximum fruit yield per
tree (176.50 kg/tree) (Anon., 2014).
At Arabhavi condition the DHS-1 cultivar recorded the maximum fruit yield per
tree (201.00 kg/tree) (Anon., 2015).
Islam et al. (2016) reported that the highest fruit yield (13.50 kg/tree) was found
in case of BAU Sapota-3 and lowest fruit yield (6.20 kg/tree) was reported in Vietnam
sapota.
Among 8 cultivars evaluated at Arabhavi, Dwarapudi (48.50 kg/plant) recorded

the maximum fruit yield (Anon., 2018).
Among 24 varieties conserved at Gandevi, maximum yield (108.10 kg/tree/year)

were observed in cv. Kalipatti (Anon., 2019).
At Kovvur they evaluated 40 accessions and among them the maximum fruit
yield (135.63 kg/tree) was observed in Kalipatti (Anon., 2019).
Among the 19 sapota germplasm at Periyakulum, Virudhnagar recorded highest

yield (265.24 kg/tree) (Anon., 2019).
2.2.6 Fruit yield per hectar
Chadha (1992) reported that the maximum productivity of sapota fruits per ha
was recorded in Gujarat (17.24 t/ha) followed by Maharashtra (16 t/ha), Tamil Nadu
(15.27 t/ha), Andhra Pradesh (8.50 t/ha), whereas, the minimum productivity was
recorded in West Bengal (6 t/ha).
Parthiban et al. (2001) reported that at 8 x 4 m² spacing, fruit yield per ha was
6520.8 kg/ha while at 8 x 8 m² spacing it was 7113.6 kg/ha in CO-1 cultivar. Shirol et
al. (2009) reported that fruit yield per hectare was significantly maximum in
Virudhnagar (5.12 t/ha), followed by Singapore (4.50 t/ha), Guthi (3.86 t/ha) and
Cricket Ball (3.67 t/ha) whereas, least fruit yield/ha was observed in Mohangootee (1.22
t/ha) and Murabba (0.94 t/ha) cultivars.
15
2.2.7 Days required for fruit maturity
Singh (1951) from Nagpur, carried out detailed investigation on the growth rate
of sapota fruits and reported that sapota fruits took nearly ten months to reach
harvesting stage and average weekly increment was 2 to 3 mm only i.e. 0.3 to 0.4 mm
per day.
Gonzalez and Feliciano (1954) reported that under Philippines conditions, the
maturity of sapota fruit attained after 8½ months.
Hodge (1960) reported that American calocarpum sapota fruit took more than 8
months period for its maturity.
Sundarajan (1964) and Sundarajan and Rao (1967) reported a period of 7 months
required for sapota fruit development from fruit set to reach harvest maturity under
Coimbatore conditions. Bharatkar (1969) reported that sapota requires about 9 months
to reach harvest maturity.
Sulladmath et al. (1979) reported that fruits of cv. Kalipatti took about 10½
months from fruit set to maturity, under Dharwad conditions. Ingale et al. (1982)
reported that sapota fruit took 8½ months to reach harvest maturity.
Mulla (1986) reported that the complete fruit development from fruit set
required 8½ months (as in cv. CO-2) to 9½ months (as in cv. Cricket Ball). Other
cultivars took 9 months to reach physiological maturity.
Bojappa et al. (1990) reported that fruits of sapota cv. Kalipatti harvested at 245
days showed maximum range of acceptance. Gunaki et al. (1999) reported that the
complete fruit development from fruit set required 8½ months.
2.3 Quality parameters
2.3.1 Fresh weight of the pulp
Chundawat and Bhuva (1982) reported that the highest pulp weight was
recorded in cv. DHS-1 (125.04 g) followed by cvs.CO-1 (123.00 g). While the lowest
was recorded in cv. Kirtibarthi (50.08 g).
16
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the highest pulp weight was
recorded in Virudhnagar variety (149.27 g, 146.70 g) and the lowest pulp weight was in
Pala variety (50.73 g, 49.63 g) over both season I and season II.
Shakti et al. (2017) reported that the maximum pulp weight (73.78 g) was
recorded in variety CO-2; whereas variety Kirtibarthi and Kalipatti stood 2nd and 3rd,
respectively. However, the minimum pulp weight (46.36 g) was recorded in PKM-1
variety.
2.3.2 Dry weight of the pulp
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the highest dry pulp weight was
recorded in Virudhnagar variety (69.72 g, 63.41 g) and the lowest dry pulp weight was
in Pala variety (20.16 g, 19.86 g) over both season I and season II.
2.3.3 Peel weight
Chundawat and Bhuva (1982) reported that Cricket Ball recorded the maximum
peel weight (7.64 g) followed by Kalipatti (5.45 g) and cv. Pilipatti (5.18 g) and the
minimum peel weight was recorded in Zumakhia (3.46 g).
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the highest peel weight was
recorded in Virudhnagar variety (23.13 g, 22.86 g) and the lowest peel weight was in
Pala variety (9.43 g, 8.23 g) over both season I and season II.
Shakti et al. (2017) reported that the maximum peel weight (5.12 g) was
observed in Kirtibarthi. However, the lowest peel weight (2.80 g) was found in PKM-1.
2.3.4 Pulp to peel ratio
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the highest pulp to peel ratio
was recorded in Kirthbarthi oval variety (8.06, 7.23) and the lowest pulp to peel ratio
was in PKM-1 variety (4.62, 4.44) over both season I and season II.
2.3.5 Total Soluble Solids
Sundarajan (1964) and Sundarajan and Rao (1967) reported that fruit in terms of
the total soluble solids was found to be ranged from 18-25°Brix for different varieties
under Coimbatore conditions viz., 18-19°Brix in Cricket Ball, Pala and Badami, 21-
17
23°Brix in fruits of Oval, Calcutta Round, Baramasi, Kirtibarti, Guthi, Gavarayya and
Tagarampudi and 24-25°Brix in Vavivalasa, Dwarapudi and Long Oval.
Lakshminarayan and Subramanyam (1966) reported that TSS in sapota

cv.Kalipatti increased from (13°Brix ) at fruit set to (21.6°Brix) at maturity.
Randhawa and Kohli (1966) reported that total soluble solids in cultivar
Kalipatti was 20°Brix, Calcutta Round variety had 22°Brix with moderate flavor while
Bhuripatti variety had 26.7°Brix with good flavor.
Mone (1989) studied some quality aspects of different sapota varieties and
observed the highest TSS (24° Brix) in Kalipatti.
Rokhade et al. (1989) evaluated some promising hybrids in sapota with regard to
fruit characters. They observed that TSS varied from 21-26 ° Brix among the hybrid
selections and highest TSS (26° Brix) was noticed in hybrid number 10/25.
Chadha (1992) studied quality aspects of different Sapota varieties and hybrids
and he observed highest TSS per cent in hybrid 2/4 (27.40 °Brix) where as cv.
Dwarapudi recorded lowest (13.00 °Brix) TSS.
Desrosier (1993) stated that sapota pulp showed moisture 70.07%, ascorbic acid
8.90 mg/100g, pH 5.10, TSS 19.4°Brix and total sugar 16.07 per cent.
Hegde (1997) reported that DHS-1 (10/25) recorded significantly the highest
content of total soluble solids (26.08 °Brix), while in rest of hybrids, it varied from
21.46 to 23.93 °Brix.
Mathew et al. (2001) stated that the TSS of different cultivars ranged between
18-21 °Brix. He recorded the highest TSS in cv. Guthi (21°Brix) and it was lowest in
cv. Local Narikele (18°Brix).
Siddaramayya (2005) recorded the highest TSS in cv. DHS-1(22.73 °Brix)

which was followed by cv. DHS-2 (22.60 °Brix) and cv. Kalipatti (22.33 °Brix), while
the lowest was noticed in cv. Gavarayya (19.46 °Brix).
18
Shirol et al. (2006) reported the highest mean TSS in cv. DHS-2 (22.61°Brix)
and cv. PKM-1 (22.60°Brix), where as lower TSS was recorded in cv. CO-1
(19.56°Brix) and cv. Gavarayya (19.84°Brix).
Among the 19 sapota germplasm at Periyakulum, Virudhnagar recorded highest

TSS (24.82°Brix) (Anon., 2019).
2.3.6 Acidity
Chundawat and Bhuva (1982) reported acidity varying between 0.019 to 0.216
per cent which was highest in Cricket Ball (0.018) and lowest in Kalipatti (0.019)
whereas, in Pilipatti acidity was intermediates (0.022%).
Ponnuswamy and Irulappan (1987) reported that acidity ranged between 0.02 to
0.108 per cent among the varieties and 0.003 and 0.0930 per cent among the hybrids.
Avaiya and Singh (1991) reported the highest acidity reported in cv. CO- 1
(0.0171%) and lowest in Pilipatti (0.0112%). Gunaki (1998) recorded the highest
acidity in cv. Cricket Ball (0.04%) and the lowest was in DHS-1 (0.02%).
2.3.7 TSS:acid ratio
Ponnuswamy and Irulappan (1987) reported TSS:acid ratio in Cv. PKM-1

(222.50), Cv. Oval (293.51), Cv. Pala (66.94), Cv. Kirthibharti (235.00) and Cv. Cricket
Ball (103.68).
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the highest TSS to acid ratio
was recorded in Virudhnagar variety (97.30, 94.96) and the lowest TSS to acid ratio was
in PKM-1 variety (61.29, 57.23) over both season I and season II.
Ankalagi et al. (2017) reported that among the treatments T3 (100µ LDPE)
recorded highest (113.646) TSS:acid ratio whereas T1 (control) recorded lowest
(101.503) TSS:acid ratio which differed significantly from other treatments.
2.3.8 Seed weight
Chundawat and Bhuva (1982) reported that the maximum seed weight was
recorded in Kalipatti (0.931 g) followed by cv. Cricket Ball (0.87 g), Mohangootee
19
(0.812 g) and pilipatti (5.18 g) and minimum seed weight was recorded in the cv.
Zumakhia (0.632 g).
Paralkar et al. (1987) reported that Kalipatti had 0.903 g average seed weight per
fruit at maturity.
Ghosh et al. (2002) reported that seed weight was highest in SS-5 (2.09 g) and
lowest in SS-7 accession (1.54 g).
Sidaramayya (2005) also recorded the highest seed weight per fruit in the cv.
CO-1 (4.93 g) followed by cvs. DHS-2 (4.67 g) and CO-2 (4.26 g) and the lowest seed
weight per fruit was recorded in cv. Kirthbarthi (2.26 g).
2.3.9 Number of seeds per fruit
Sulladamath et al. (1979) reported that the round fruits had higher number of
seeds (3.99 per fruit) than oval fruits (1.52 per fruit).
Chundawat and Bhuva (1982) recorded the highest number of seeds per fruit in
cv. Pilipatti (4.67) followed by cvs. Zumakhia (3.10), Mohangootee (2.70), Cricket Ball
(2.63) and Kalipatti (1.72).
Mone (1989) reported that fruits with round shape (variety Kirthibarthi and CO-
2) had more number of seeds than oval shaped once, such as Kalipatti,CO-1, Gavarayya
and Tagarampudi.
Rokhade et al. (1989) reported that the number of seeds varied between 2.00 to
6.00 per fruit in different sapota varieties and hybrids.
Avaiah and Singh (1991) reported that, among the different cultivars Cricket
Ball showed higher number of seeds (5.146), while cv. Pilipatti (1.626) recorded the
lowest number of seeds.
Gunaki (1998) reported that DHS-2 and Cricket Ball recorded the highest
number of seeds (4.50 and 4.00, respectively), while, cv. DHS-1 recorded the lowest
number of seeds (1.50) followed by Kalipatti (2.50).
Mathew et al. (2001) reported that more number of seeds was found in cv.
Cricket Ball than in Local (Narikele). Shirol et al. (2006) recorded less number of seeds
20
in Kalipatti (1.67) and cv. Oval (1.94), whereas, more number of seeds was recorded in
cv. Gavarayya (4.03).
Shirol et al. (2009) evaluated quality parameters of seven sapota cultivars grown
under Arabhavi agro-climatic condition. Number of seeds per fruit as significantly
higher in Cricket Ball (Udupi) (4.80) followed by Cricket Ball (ARSA), whereas the
lowest number of seeds was recorded in Murabba (2.20).
2.3.10 Organoleptic evaluation
Vishwanath (2001) reported that the organoleptic score of sapota cultivars DHS-
1, DHS-2, Kalipatti and Cricket Ball irrespective of cultivars differed significantly only
in colour, appearance and flavour. Higher mean score for overall acceptability recorded
in DHS-2 (4.50) followed by DHS-1 (4.30).
Ankalagi et al. (2017) reported that among the treatments the highest
organoleptic score was recorded in T3 (100µ LDPE) (7.566) followed by T2 (75µ
LDPE) (7.114) which was on par with T1 (50µ LDPE) (6.808) while T4 (control)
recorded lowest (5.743) organoleptic score.
Shakti et al. (2017) reported that the maximum (22.00) colour acceptability
score value was obtained in Kirtibarthi variety and lowest colour acceptability (18.05)
score value was obtained in PKM-1. The maximum flavour (18.43) score value was
found in Kirtibarthi. While, the lowest flavour score value was (17.90) found in PKM-1
variety. The maximum taste (20.85) score value was found in Kalipatti. While, the
lowest (17.55) taste score value was recorded in Singapore variety. In Singapore variety
maximum (22.00) texture acceptability score value was found and the lowest texture
acceptability was (16.34) found in PKM-1 variety.
2.3.11 Disease and pest incidence
Thammaiah et al. (2001) reported that the highest leaf spot index was recorded
in PKM-3 (26.78%) followed by Tagarampudi, DHS-1, Gavarayya and Oval (18.38%,
18.20%, 16.26% and 16.24% respectively). The leaf spot index was lowest in case of
Kirthbharthi (2.89%) followed by PKM-1 (4.43%) and PKM-2 (4.89%).
21
At Arabhavi condition they studied only two varieties that is DHS-1 and DHS-1-
2/1 for disease incidence. Among those two DHS-1 showed highest leaf spot incidence
percentage (45.08%) compared to DHS-1-2/1 (31.32%) (Anon., 2012).
Nandre and Shukla (2014) conducted an experiment on population dynamics of

fruit fly, B. dorsalis infesting sapota during November 2009 to October 2010 by using
"Nauroji Stonehouse fruit fly trap". The study revealed that the fruit fly population
prevailed throughout the year. However, its maximum (172.1 flies per trap) and
minimum activity (11.1 to 21.3 flies per trap) were recorded during March to August
and December to January, respectively. They further revealed that, the B. dorsalis
population had significantly positive correlation with temperature (maximum, minimum
and average) and morning relative humidity whereas, it has positive non-significant
correlation with average relative humidity and rainfall. The data also indicated that, the
fruit fly population had negative correlation with the maximum relative humidity.
22
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
An experiment entitled “Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara

achras L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka”, was carried out in All India
Coordinated Research Project on Fruits, Kittur Rani Channamma College of
Horticulture, Arabhavi of Gokak taluk, Belgavi district (University of Horticultural
Sciences, Bagalkot), Karnataka during 2018-2019. The material used, technique
adopted and observations recorded during the investigation are presented in this chapter.
Four experiments have been planned for evaluating the different cultivars of sapota at
different age groups such as in experiment 1 of 22 years old, experiment 2 of 17 years
old, experiment 3 of 14-15 years old and experiment 4 of 10-11 years old, for better
comparison and analysis of data and drawing the final conclusions.
3.1 Geographical location of the experimental site
The experiment was conducted in Arabhavi, which is situated in northern dry

track of Karnataka State at 16° 15’ north latitude and 74° 45’ east longitude and at an
altitude of 612 m above the mean sea level.
3.2 Climate
Arabhavi lies on zone-3 of region-2 of agro-climatic zones of Karnataka, where

it has a benefit of both south-west and north-east monsoons. The annual rainfall in
Arabhavi region is 530 mm distributed over a period of seven months i.e., May to
November with peak rainfall during August to September. The commanded area usually
receives water from Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal (GLBC) from mid-July to mid-
February.
The meteorological data during the period of experiment was recorded at the
meteorological observatory of Agricultural Research Station, Arabhavi, which is 2 km
away from the experimental site (Appendix-I).
3.3 Soil
Experimental area was having medium deep black soil with soil depth of 90-100
cm.
23
3.4 Details of the treatments
Four experiments were planned and conducted to achieve the proposed

objectives in the programme using different age grouped cultivars.
A) Experiment 1 : Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras

L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka (22 years old)
T1 : DHS-1
Treatments = 14
T2 : DHS-2 Replication = 2
T3 : PKM-1 No.of trees/treatment = 2
T4 : PKM-2
T5 : PKM-3
T6 : CO-1
T7 : CO-2
T8 : Cricket Ball
T9 : Long oval
T10 : Kalipatti
T11 : Gavarayya
T12 : Oval
T13 : Kirthbarthi
T14 : Tagarampudi
B) Experiment 2 : Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras

L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka (17 years old)
T1 : Guthi Treatments = 7
Replications = 3
T2 : Virudhnagar
No.of trees/treatment = 3
24
T3 : Singapore
T4 : Mohangootee
T5 : Murabba
T6 : Cricket Ball (ARSA)
T7 : Cricket Ball (Udupi)
C) Experiment 3: Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras L.)

under northern dry zone of Karnataka (14-15 years old)
T1 : CO-3
Treatments = 5
T2 : Pala
Replication = 4
T3 : PKM-4 No.of trees/treatment = 4
T4 : Kalipatti (Udupi)
T5 : Variegated sapota
D) Experiment 4 : Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras

L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka (10-11 years old)
T1 : Dwarapudi
T2 : Gholwad sapota
T3 : Calcutta Round Treatments = 8
Replication = 3
T4 : Pakala
No.of trees/treatment = 3
T5 : Pakala Round
T6 : Seedless
T7 : Badami
T8 : Cricket Ball (Sirsi)

25
3.4.1 Experimental design
The design adopted for the experiment is randomized block design (RBD) with
two, three and four replications.
3.5 Salient features of the cultivars
Most of the commercial varieties of sapota in India are the consequences of

extensive study and selection of clonal material. Brief descriptions of some popular
sapota varieties brought out from selection (Plate 1-2) taken for present evaluation are
given below;
3.5.1 DHS-1 (10/25) (Dharwad Hybrid Sapota-1)
It is a hybrid, crossed between ‘Kalipatti x Cricket Ball’ developed at UAS,

Dharwad, Karnataka. Tree is vigorous in growth with maximum yield. Fruits are large
sized, very sweet taste having a soft granular and mellowing flesh. It showed
incompatibility with Khirne rootstock under West Bengal condition.
3.5.2 DHS-2 (10/17) (Dharwad Hybrid Sapota-2)
This is also a hybrid obtained by crossing ‘Kalipatti x Cricket Ball’ developed at

University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Dharwad, Karnataka. Tree is comparatively
less vigorous than DHS-1. Fruits are round like Cricket Ball unlike DHS-1 which is
more close to Kalipatti in terms of tree characteristics and pulp texture. Fruits are more
sweeter than DHS-1 but gritty in texture unlike DHS-1.
3.5.3 PKM-1 (Periyakulam-1)
It is a clonal selection from Guthi variety. An average yield of 3547 fruits

(236kg) can be obtained per tree per year. The tree is dwarf and adaptable to southern
and central districts. Fruits are of two shapes viz., round (rarely) and oval (maximum).
The skin is very thin and the pulp has a buttery consistency. High average yielder with
medium size fruits. Average fruit weight is 100g.
It is a hybrid between ‘Guthi x Kirthibarathi’ varieties developed at the

Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, TNAU. It is majorly grown
26
in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. This variety is a heavy yielder (1500-
2000 fruits/tree/year).
It is a hybrid between ‘Guthi x Cricket Ball’ and well adaptable to tropical plains
of Tamil Nadu. Vertical growth habit of tree makes it suitable for high density planting.
The fruits bear in clusters with oval shaped elongated fruits. The fruit matures earlier
than other varieties in the season thus fetch higher cost. The variety is resistant to leaf
spot and sapota leaf webber.
3.5.6 CO-1 (Coimbatore-1)
It is a hybrid evolved from cross of Cricket Ball x Oval, released from

Coimbatore, TNAU. It is designed to combine the large fruit size of female parent and
the superior taste of male parent and as such it is superior to both parents. Fruit is long
oval and large in size. The pulp is granular with reddish orange colour. It is
comparatively resistant to leaf spot disease and moderately tolerant to leaf webber.
It is a clonal selection from Baramasi. Fruits are ovate to round, medium sized,
skin outer surface cinnamon brown in colour, inner surface yellowish green, flesh soft,
juicy, slightly gritty, light brown in colour, slight aroma, sweet taste, seed medium sized
with black colour. Approximately fruits take six months from fruit set to harvest, with
two bearing seasons (December-February and May-June). The yield is 175 kg per tree
or 11.8 tonnes of fruits per hectare per year at the rate of 67 trees planted at 40 feet
spacing.
3.5.8 Cricket Ball
It is popular in Tamil nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Odisha and Andhra

Pradesh. It is also known as ‘Calcutta Large’. A vigorous growing cultivar with large
round shaped fruits. The pulp is gritty and granular. It showed higher compatibility with
Khirnee rootstock through softwood grafting. It is comparatively susceptible to leaf spot
disease and highly susceptible to leaf webber (Nephopteryx eugraphylla L).
27
3.5.9 Long Oval
This is another cultivar found in Maharashtra. It has narrow and small leaves.
Fruits are thin and long and very sweet. Because of its poor bearing it is not grown
commercially.
3.5.10 Kalipatti
It is the most popular cultivar in India due to its better quality. This cultivar
performs well in Maharashtra, Gujarat and North Karnataka. The leaves are broad, thick
and dark green hence it is called as Kalipatti. Fruits are of export quality and show
tolerance to leaf spot disease (Pheaeophleospora indica L).
3.5.11 Gavarayya
This variety is having dark green foliage. Fruits are small-medium in size and
oval in shape. 8-10 ridges on the fruit surface. Fruit shoulder drooping on a side, other
side raised. Pulp is soft, melting and very sweet in taste. It is grown in Andhra Pradesh
and Tamil Nadu.
3.5.12 Oval
This is one among the main cultivars of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It
continuously flowers for 7-9 months. Fruits are medium sized, pulp is fine grained and
very sweet in taste. It is a shy bearing cultivar.
3.5.13 Kirthabarthi
It is mainly distributed in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. The

fruits are medium sized with round shape having 5-6 ridges on it. The average fruit
yield per tree is 70.30kg. The fruit can withstand in long transport well. This cultivar is
highly susceptible to leaf spot disease but moderately tolerant to leaf webber.
3.5.14 Tagarampudi
This cultivar is having light green foliage. Fruits are medium sized, round or
oval in shape with flat base, skin is thin and rough. The pulp is soft, juicy melting, very
sweet and buff coloured. It is tolerant to distant transportation.
28
3.5.15 Guthi
This cultivar is not so vigorous and mainly grown in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu. This cultivar remains flowering for 7-9 months. The pulp is soft gritty and have
slight aroma. It exhibited a total failure of softwood grafting intake with Khirnee
rootstock. Guthi showed no incidence of leaf spot disease but highly susceptible to leaf
webber.
3.5.16 Virudhnagar
It is a cultivar collected from Coimbatore (TNAU). Fruits are oval to oblong in

shape, bearing medium size fruit (75-100 g). It is a high yielding cultivar.
3.5.17 Singapore
It is a cultivar collected from Fruit Research Station, Gandevi (GAU, Navasari).

Fruit is egg shaped medium size (75-100 g) which is a heavy bearer.
3.5.18 Mohangootee
It is a cultivar collected from Fruit Research Station, Gandevi (GAU, Navasari).

Fruit is oval shape (50-75 g). It is medium to low bearing plant.
3.5.19 Murabba
It is also collected from Fruit Research Station, Gandevi (GAU, Navasari).

Fruit is round shaped, medium in size (50-65 g). It is high in TSS content (27-28ᵒBrix).
3.5.20 Cricket Ball (ARSA)
It is selected from Cricket Ball maintained at Agricultural Research Station,

Arabhavi (UAS, Dharwad). Fruits are round in shape, medium in size (75 g) and it is
high yielding cultivar.
3.5.21 Cricket Ball ( Udupi)
It is a cultivar collected from Soans nursery from Udupi. Fruit is round in

shape, bigger in size (100-125 g). It is low in TSS content (25ᵒBrix).
29
It is a hybrid between Cricket Ball and Vavilavalasa released from Department

of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore. The trees are
intermediate stature with compact canopy. Highly suitable for high density planting. It
bears fruits all through the year with a peak during February-June and September-
October. A well grown tree yields up to 157 kg of fruits. Under high density planting
system it yields 40-50 tonnes per hectare. It is suitable for growing in plains up to an
elevation of 100 m mean sea level under wide range of soil conditions.
3.5.23 Pala
It is a popular cultivar in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The fruits are small
to medium-sized and oval or egg-shaped, with apex broadly pointed and are very sweet.
The bearing is heavy and fruits are borne in clusters. The fruit has thin skin and good
flavour.
It is a open pollinated clone of PKM-1. It is a high yielder with compact canopy

and cluster bearing character. It bears spindle shaped fruits suitable for dry flakes
production. The fruit contains attractive pulp with light pinkish honey brown colour
which are crisp with sweet with TSS of 24-25ᵒBrix. The fruits are also found to be less
seeded (2-3 seeds only). It yields about 20.8 tonnes per hectare (100.4 kg/tree/year)
which is 138.29 % increase over PKM-1. It is suitable for varied soil types of tropical
conditions.
3.5.25 Kalipatti (Udupi)
It is a cultivar collected from Soans nursery from Udupi. Fruits are egg shaped,
medium in size (75 g) and leaves are dark green in colour.
3.5.26 Variegated sapota
It is also collected from Soans nursery from Udupi. The leaves are variegated
and white or cream colour blotches are observed on the fruit surface also. Fruits are
round in shape, medium in size.
30
3.5.27 Dwarapudi
The fruits resemble those of Cricket Ball, but smaller in size. It is popular in
Andhra Pradesh. Fruits have a sweet pulp and are in great demand.
3.5.28 Gholwad sapota
It is a cultivar collected from Gholwad of Thane district of Maharashtra. Fruits

are egg shaped, medium in size with high TSS content (26-27ᵒBrix).
3.5.29 Calcutta Round
It is commercially grown in West Bengal, Karnataka and other states. The

foliage is light green in colour. Fruits are large but the flesh is gritty and of moderate
quality. It is susceptible to leaf spot disease.
3.5.30 Pakala
It is a cultivar collected from Fruit Research Station, Kovvur (Andra Pradesh).

Fruits are medium in size, round in shape with low TSS.
3.5.31 Pakala Round
It is also a cultivar collected from Fruit Research Station, Kovvur (Andra

Pradesh). Fruits are round in shape, bigger in size with medium TSS.
3.5.32 Seedless

Pradesh). Fruit is medium in size, egg shaped with less number of seeds.
3.5.33 Badami

Pradesh). Fruits are medium in size (50-60 g), round in shape.
3.5.34 Cricket Ball (Sirsi)
It is a cultivar selected from sirsi area of Uttar Kannada district. Fruits are round
in shape (60-75 g) with low TSS.
31
3.6 Details of the experiment
3.6.1 Selection of tree for growth parameters
Uniform sized different year old trees spaced at 10 x 10 m exposed to identical

conditions of weather, soil and cultural operations at each accession were selected. The
trees were manured as per the recommendation (400 g N, 160 g P2O5, 150 g
K2O/plant/year) of package of practices for horticultural crops by University of
Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot.
3.6.2 Observations recorded on growth parameters
Observations recorded on growth parameters, viz., plant height, canopy spread,

stem girth, shoot length, shoot girth, canopy volume, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area
and number of leaves/shoot were recorded at 90 days interval from September till April.
3.6.2.1 Plant height (m)
The height of the plant was measured in meter from ground level to the tip of
growing plant.
3.6.2.2 Stem girth (cm)
Observation on stem girth was taken by measuring circumference of trunk just

above the graft union with the help of a measuring tape and was expressed in
centimeter.
3.6.2.3 Canopy spread (m)
The measurement was done in meter in north-south and east-west direction at

the widest point of the plant.
3.6.2.4 Shoot length (cm)
The distance between starting point of shoot emergence and apex of the shoot
was considered as length and measured with the help of manual scale and was expressed
in centimeters (cm).
32
3.6.2.5 Shoot girth (cm)
Shoot girth was measured with the help of manual vernier caliper at widest
middle point where maximum girth was noticed and it was expressed in centimeters
(cm).
3.6.2.6 Canopy volume (m3)
Canopy volume was calculated by following formula :
Canopy volume (m3) = Plant spread (N-S) x Plant spread (E-W) x Plant height
4
3.6.2.7 Leaf length (cm)
The distance between petiole end and apex of the leaf was considered as length
and measured with the help of manual scale and was expressed in centimetres.
3.6.2.8 Leaf breadth (cm)
Leaf breadth was measured with the help of manual scale at widest middle point
where maximum breadth was noticed and it was expressed in centimeters.
3.6.2.9 Leaf area (cm²)
Tenth mature leaf from apex of new shoot was selected for calculation of leaf
area. Ten leaves from each tree on all directions were collected and leaf area was
measured by using formula [Length x breadth x correction factor (0.8)]. The average
was expressed in cm².
3.6.2.10 Number of leaves/shoot
Five shoots will be randomly selected in the tree. The total number of leaves
attached to the shoot are counted and the average is taken for each tree.
3.6.3 Observations recorded on yield parameters
The fruits were harvested at 15 days interval from the month of November to
March.
33
3.6.3.1 Number of fruits per shoot
This was recorded 30 days after flush by confirming enlargement of ovary,

drying up of stigmatic surface and non-essential parts of flower. The number of fruit set
on one shoot was counted.
3.6.3.2 Fruit length (cm)
The distance between stalk end and apex of the fruit was considered as length
and measured with the help of manual vernier caliper and was expressed in centimeters
(cm).
3.6.3.3 Fruit girth (cm)
Fruit girth was measured with the help of manual vernier caliper at widest
middle point where maximum girth was noticed and it was expressed in centimeters
(cm).
3.6.3.4 Fruit weight (g)
Five fruits were randomly selected and average weight of fruits was calculated
by dividing the total weight of fruits by the total number of fruits taken.
3.6.3.5 Fruit volume (ml)
Five fruits are randomly taken from the tree. Each fruit in dipped in the vessel
containing water up to the edge and the amount of water which flows outside the vessel
due to the weight of the fruit is measured using measuring cylinder and average value is
calculated. It is expressed in terms of ml.
3.6.3.6 Fruit yield (kg/tree)
As sapota is climacteric in nature so fruits were harvested when they were fully
matured. Number of fruits and fruit weight were recorded at every harvest; the total
yield was calculated by adding the values obtained in different harvesting of year and
expressed in kilogram per tree per year.
34
3.6.3.7 Fruit yield (t/ha)
Fruit yield per hectare was calculated by multiplying total number of trees in one
ha area of sapota orchard with the fruit yield/tree for each cultivar.
3.6.3.8 Days required for fruit maturity
Days are calculated from the pea grain size of fruit till the complete development
of the fruit where there is no further growth of the fruit.
3.6.4 Observations recorded on quality parameters
3.6.4.1 Fresh weight of the pulp (g)
The pulp weight was measured by removing peel and seeds from fruits of each
variety and weighing in an electronic balance. It is expressed in gram.
3.6.4.2 Dry weight of the pulp (g)
The pulp weight was measured by removing complete moisture in the pulp by
drying it in hot air oven at 60ᵒC for 12-15 hours and later weighing in an electronic
balance. It is expressed in gram.
3.6.4.3 Peel weight (g)
The peel weight was measured by removing pulp and seeds from fruits of each
variety and weighing in an electronic balance. It is expressed in gram.
3.6.4.4 Pulp to peel ratio
It is measured by dividing the fresh weight of the pulp to peel weight.
3.6.4.5 TSS (ᵒBrix)
Total soluble solids (TSS) of the pulp was recorded with the help of hand
refractometer and expressed in percentage.
3.6.4.6 Acidity (%)
The titrable acidity of the pulp was determined by titrating 5 g of pulp against
(0.1N) NaOH solution using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The acidity was expressed
35
in percentage of malic acid. These observations were recorded at ripening stage of fruits
by randomly selecting four fruits from each tree, average acidity % for different
cultivars were worked out.
Acidity(%) = Titre value x Normality of alkali x Volume made up x Meq factor for acid x 100
Volume of sample taken for estimation x Weight of sample x 1000
where,
Meq = millieqivalent, Meq. factor of malic acid= 0.067
3.6.4.7 TSS:acid ratio
It is measured by dividing total soluble solids to acidity
3.6.4.8 Seed weight (g)
The seeds extracted from fruits were weighed and the seeds weight per fruit was
recorded. Then average seed weight per fruit was calculated for each cultivar.
3.6.4.9 Number of seeds/fruit
Fruits from each tree were randomly selected and numbers of seeds in each fruit
were counted. The average number of seeds per fruit was then calculated, for each
cultivar.
3.6.4.10 Shelf-life (days)
The storage of fruits for some days at room temperature till its quality and taste
deteriorate.
3.6.4.11 Organoleptic evaluation
Organoleptic evaluation of fresh ripened sapota fruits was carried out by a group
of four judges comprising teachers of Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture,
Arabhavi. The sensory characters of ripened sapota fruit such as colour and appearance,
texture, taste, flavour and overall acceptability were evaluated using a nine point
hedonic scale using following score card. The mean score given by four judges were
used for statistical analysis.
36
Score card for organoleptic evaluation
Score
Hedonic scale Colour and Texture Taste and Overall
appearance flavour acceptability
Like extremely 9 9 9 9
Like very much 8 8 8 8
Like moderately 7 7 7 7
Like slightly 6 6 6 6
Neither like or dislike 5 5 5 5
Dislike slightly 4 4 4 4
Dislike moderately 3 3 3 3
Dislike very much 2 2 2 2
Dislike extremely 1 1 1 1
3.6.4.12 Disease and pest incidence
Assessment of the disease symptom of sapota leaf spot was made with the help
of the descriptive scale developed by Sharma and Kolte (1994), using 0-5 scale rating.
Rating Description
0 No symptom
1 1-10% disease infection
9 >75% disease infection
For disease severity per cent disease index (PDI) was calculated using the formulas of
the Mckinney (1923).
37
PDI(%) = Sum of all numerical ratings x 100

Total number of leaflets observed x maximum rating
In sapota fruit flies count is taken at 15 days intervals using fruit fly traps and later
average is calculated.
3.6.5 Statistical interpretation of results
The data on growth parameters, yield parameters and quality parameters were
subjected to statistical interpretations as per the method suggested by Panse and
Sukhatme (1967).
38
IV. RESULTS
The results obtained from the investigation entitled “Evaluation of different cultivars of
sapota (Manilkara achras L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka” are presented
under following heads.
Experiment-1: Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras L.) of

22 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka

17 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka

14-15 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka

10-11 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka
4.1 Experiment-1: Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras L.)

of 22 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka
4.1.1 Growth parameters
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for plant height at 90, 180
and 270 days of observation (Table-1). Plant height at 90 days of observation varied
from 5.95 m to 8.04 m. The maximum plant height was found in DHS-1 (8.04 m)
followed by CO-1 (8.03 m) and Gavarayya (7.98 m). The minimum plant height was
found in PKM-1 (5.95 m).
Plant height at 180 days of observation varied from 5.97 m to 8.06 m. The
maximum plant height was found in DHS-1 and CO-1 (8.06 m) followed by Gavarayya
(8.00 m). The minimum plant height was found in PKM-1 (5.97 m).
39
maximum plant height was found in DHS-1 (8.10 m) followed by C0-1 (8.09 m) and
Gavarayya (8.04 m). The minimum plant height was found in PKM-1 (6.00 m).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for stem girth at 90, 180
and 270 days of observation (Table-1). Stem girth at 90 days of observation varied from
40.75 cm to 59.00 cm. The maximum stem girth was found in DHS-1 (59.00 cm)
followed by DHS-2 (58.00 cm) and PKM-1 (53.50 cm). The minimum stem girth was
found in Kirthbarthi (40.75 cm).
Stem girth at 180 days of observation varied from 40.75 cm to 59.60 cm. The
maximum stem girth was found in DHS-1 (59.60 cm) followed by DHS-2 (58.45 cm)
and PKM-1 (53.50 cm). The minimum stem girth was found in Kirthbarthi (40.75 cm).
maximum stem girth was found in DHS-1 (60.60 cm) followed by DHS-2 (58.80 cm)
and PKM-1 (52.65 cm). The minimum stem girth was found in Kirthbarthi (40.75 cm).
4.1.1.3 Canopy spread: North- South (m)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for canopy spread (north-

south) at 90, 180 and 270 days of observation (Table-1). The canopy spread (north-
south) at 90 days of observation varied from 8.05 m to 12.48 m. The maximum canopy
spread (north-south) was found in DHS-1 (12.48 m) followed by DHS-2 (11.63 m) and
Long Oval (11.38 m). The minimum canopy spread (north-south) was found in PKM-1
(8.05 m).
Canopy spread (north-south) at 180 days of observation varied from 8.09 m to

12.52 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in DHS-1 (12.52 m)
followed by DHS-2 (11.66 m) and Long Oval (11.41 m). The minimum canopy spread
(north-south) was found in PKM-1 (8.09 m).
40
Table 1: Plant height, stem girth and canopy spread in different cultivars of sapota (22 years old)
Cultivars Plant height (m) Stem girth (cm) Canopy spread:N-S (m) Canopy spread:E-W (m)
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 Days
Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days
T1:DHS-1 8.04 8.06 8.10 59.00 59.60 60.60 12.48 12.52 12.53 12.15 12.19 12.21
T2:DHS-2 7.49 7.52 7.55 58.00 58.45 58.80 11.63 11.66 11.68 9.93 9.94 9.96
T3:PKM-1 5.95 5.97 6.00 53.50 53.50 52.65 8.05 8.09 8.11 8.78 8.89 8.91
T4:PKM-2 6.74 6.75 6.78 52.00 52.00 52.00 8.35 8.39 8.40 8.10 8.12 8.14
T5:PKM-3 7.35 7.37 7.41 51.00 51.10 51.10 8.50 8.53 8.54 9.73 9.75 9.77
T6:CO-1 8.03 8.06 8.09 47.50 47.60 47.95 9.78 9.80 9.82 9.67 9.68 9.69
T7:CO-2 7.27 7.30 7.34 46.10 46.05 46.05 9.61 9.65 9.66 10.73 10.75 10.76
T8:Cricket Ball 7.20 7.23 7.28 45.94 45.94 45.94 10.32 10.34 10.35 9.57 9.59 9.60
T9:Long Oval 7.25 7.30 7.34 44.90 44.90 44.98 11.38 11.41 11.43 11.68 11.69 11.71
T10:Kalipatti 6.14 6.15 6.22 43.90 44.00 44.13 10.88 10.92 10.93 11.53 11.58 11.60
T11:Gavarayya 7.98 8.00 8.04 41.50 41.50 41.55 9.38 9.41 9.42 10.29 10.30 10.32
T12:Oval 6.46 6.50 6.54 42.00 42.00 42.00 8.53 8.57 8.58 8.82 8.87 8.89
T13:Kirthbarthi 6.90 6.93 6.99 40.75 40.75 40.75 8.13 8.16 8.17 8.47 8.49 8.51
T14:Tagarampudi 7.04 7.08 7.13 41.50 41.50 41.50 8.27 8.31 8.32 8.39 8.40 8.43
S.Em± 0.25 0.26 0.26 1.71 1.80 1.76 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.37 0.38 0.38
CD(5%) 0.77 0.78 0.78 5.22 5.51 5.38 1.28 1.27 1.27 1.12 1.16 1.16
CV (%) 5.00 5.06 5.02 5.07 5.34 5.20 6.11 6.08 6.05 5.28 5.46 5.45
41

12.53 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in DHS-1 (12.53 m)
(north-south) was found in PKM-1 (8.11 m).
4.1.1.4 Canopy spread: East - West (m)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for canopy spread (east-

west) at 90, 180 and 270 days of observation (Table-1). The canopy spread (east-west)
at 90 days of observation varied from 8.10 m to 12.15 m. The maximum canopy spread
(east-west) was found in DHS-1 (12.15 m) followed by Long Oval (11.68 m) and
Kalipatti (11.53 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in PKM-2
(8.10 m).
Canopy spread (east-west) at 180 days of observations varied from 8.12 m to

12.19 m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in DHS-1 (12.19 m)
followed by Long Oval (11.69 m) and Kalipatti (11.58 m). The minimum canopy spread
(east-west) was found in PKM-2 (8.12 m).
Canopy spread (east-west) at 270 days of observations varied from 8.14 m to

12.21 m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in DHS-1 (12.21 m)
followed by Long Oval (11.71m) and Kalipatti (11.60 m). The minimum canopy spread
(east-west) was found in PKM-2 (8.14 m).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for shoot length at 90, 180
and 270 days of observation (Table-2). The shoot length at 90 days of observation
varied from 11.35 cm to 15.10 cm. The maximum shoot length was found in Oval
(15.10 cm) followed by Gavarayya (14.70 cm) and PKM-1 (14.10 cm). The minimum
shoot length was found in DHS-1 (11.35 cm).
Shoot length at 180 days of observation varied from 11.40 cm to 15.25 cm. The
maximum shoot length was found in Oval (15.25 cm) followed by Gavarayya (14.85
cm) and PKM-1 (14.24 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in DHS-1 (11.40
cm).
42
maximum shoot length was found in Gavarayya (18.60 cm) followed by Oval (17.20
cm) and Kirthbarthi (16.10 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in DHS-2
(12.05 cm).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for shoot girth at 90, 180
and 270 days of observation (Table-2). The shoot girth at 90 days of observation varied
from 0.35 cm to 0.48 cm. The maximum shoot girth was found in Tagarampudi (0.48
cm) followed by Kirthbarthi and Oval (0.47 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found
in CO-2 (0.35 cm).
Shoot girth at 180 days of observation varied from 0.44 cm to 0.57 cm. The
maximum shoot girth was found in PKM-3 (0.57 cm) followed by Kirthbarthi (0.56
cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in CO-1 and Cricket Ball (0.44 cm).
maximum shoot girth was found in PKM-3 (0.59 cm) followed by DHS-1, PKM-2,
Kalipatti and Kirthbarthi (0.57 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in CO-1 and
Cricket Ball (0.45 cm).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for canopy volume at 90,

180 and 270 days of observation (Table-2, Fig-1). The canopy volume at 90 days of
observation varied from 104.50 m3 to 304.16 m3. The maximum canopy volume was
found in DHS-1 (304.16 m3) followed by Long Oval (241.44 m3) and DHS-2 (216.80
m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in PKM-1 (104.50 m3).
Canopy volume at 180 days of observation varied from 104.58 m3 to 304.25 m3.
The maximum canopy volume was found in DHS-1 (304.25 m3) followed by Long Oval
(241.48 m3) and DHS-2 (216.84 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in PKM-
1 (104.58 m3).
43
Table 2: Shoot length, shoot girth and canopy volume in different cultivars of sapota (22 years old)
Cultivars Shoot length (cm) Shoot girth (cm) Canopy volume (m3)
From July 90 Days 180 Days 270 Days 90 Days 180 Days 270 Days 90 Days 180 Days 270 Days
T1:DHS-1 11.35 11.40 12.40 0.46 0.55 0.57 304.16 304.25 305.25
T2:DHS-2 12.45 12.51 12.55 0.46 0.47 0.48 216.80 216.84 216.99
T3:PKM-1 14.10 14.24 15.75 0.42 0.51 0.53 104.50 104.58 104.56
T4:PKM-2 11.70 11.79 14.60 0.44 0.55 0.57 113.87 113.92 114.04
T5:PKM-3 13.10 13.23 14.50 0.43 0.57 0.59 152.61 152.67 152.84
T6:CO-1 13.60 13.70 13.80 0.44 0.44 0.45 189.58 189.64 189.80
T7:CO-2 12.90 13.10 15.30 0.35 0.45 0.48 187.35 197.19 197.41
T8:Cricket Ball 12.70 12.85 15.25 0.37 0.44 0.45 177.66 177.76 177.93
T9:Long Oval 12.50 12.70 15.80 0.46 0.53 0.55 241.44 241.48 241.65
T10:Kalipatti 12.90 13.10 15.20 0.43 0.55 0.57 192.25 192.34 192.49
T11:Gavarayya 14.70 14.85 18.60 0.38 0.46 0.47 192.46 192.51 192.62
T12:Oval 15.10 15.25 17.20 0.47 0.50 0.50 121.34 121.45 121.54
T13:Kirthbarthi 11.80 12.00 16.10 0.47 0.56 0.57 118.72 118.83 118.92
T14:Tagarampudi 12.20 12.40 14.70 0.48 0.48 0.50 121.96 122.13 122.19
S.Em± 0.55 0.56 0.92 0.02 0.02 0.02 13.83 13.58 13.57
CD(5%) 1.68 1.70 2.80 0.07 0.06 0.06 42.25 41.47 41.44
CV (%) 6.01 6.01 8.57 7.57 5.32 5.00 11.25 10.99 10.97
44
The maximum canopy volume was found in DHS-1 (305.25 m3) followed by Long Oval
(241.65 m3) and DHS-2 (216.99 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in
PKM-1 (104.56 m3).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for leaf length at 90, 180
and 270 days of observation (Table-3). The leaf length at 90 days of observation varied
from 5.70 cm to 8.10 cm. The maximum leaf length was found in DHS-2 (8.10 cm)
followed by PKM-2 (7.54 cm) and DHS-1 (7.45 cm). The minimum leaf length was
found in CO-2 (5.70 cm).
Leaf length at 180 days of observation varied from 5.71 cm to 8.13 cm. The
maximum leaf length was found in DHS-2 (8.13 cm) followed by PKM-2 (7.58 cm) and
DHS-1 (7.46 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in CO-2 (5.71 cm).
maximum leaf length was found in Tagarampudi (9.74 cm) followed by PKM-2 and
Oval (8.74 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in PKM-1 (6.94 cm).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for leaf breadth at 90, 180
and 270 days of observation (Table-3). The leaf breadth at 90 days of observation varied
from 1.85 cm to 3.28 cm. The maximum leaf breadth was found in DHS-2 (3.28 cm)
followed by PKM-3 (3.10 cm) and PKM-2 (3.04 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was
found in CO-2 (1.85 cm).
Leaf breadth at 180 days of observation varied from 2.52 cm to 4.09 cm. The
maximum leaf breadth was found in DHS-2 (4.09 cm) followed by PKM-3 (3.69 cm)
and Tagarampudi (3.63 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in PKM-1 (2.52 cm).
maximum leaf breadth was found in DHS-2 (4.11 cm) followed by PKM-3 (3.71 cm).
The minimum leaf breadth was found in PKM-1 (2.54 cm).
45
4.1.1.10 Leaf area (cm2)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for leaf area at 90, 180 and
270 days of observation (Table-3). The leaf area at 90 days of observation varied from
8.53 cm2 to 21.49 cm2. The maximum leaf area was found in DHS-2 (21.49 cm2)
followed by PKM-2 (18.60 cm2) and PKM-3 (18.47 cm2). The minimum leaf area was
found in CO-2 (8.53 cm2).
Leaf area at 180 days of observation varied from 8.57 cm2 to 21.51 cm2. The
maximum leaf area was found in DHS-2 (21.51 cm2) followed by PKM-2 (18.62 cm2)
and PKM-3 (18.56 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in CO-2 (8.57 cm2).
maximum leaf area was found in Tagarampudi (28.58 cm2) followed by PKM-2 (25.53
cm2) and Kalipatti (24.28 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in Kirthbarthi (15.99
cm2).
4.1.1.11 Number of leaves per shoot
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for number of leaves per

shoot at 90, 180 and 270 days of observation (Table-3). The number of leaves per shoot
at 90 days of observation varied from 10.00 to 14.00. The maximum number of leaves
per shoot was found in Tagarampudi (14.00) followed by DHS-2 (13.00). The minimum
number of leaves per shoot was found in PKM-1 (10.00).
Number of leaves per shoot at 180 days of observation varied from 10.50 to
13.50. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in CO-1 and Tagarampudi
(13.50) followed by Oval (13.00). The minimum number of leaves per shoot was found
in PKM-1, Kalipatti and Gavarayya (10.50).
13.50. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Oval, Kirthbarthi and
Tagarampudi (13.50) followed by CO-1 (13.00). The minimum number of leaves per
shoot was found in DHS-1 (10.00).
46
Table 3: Leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and number of leaves per shoot in different cultivars of sapota (22 years old)
Cultivars Leaf length (cm) Leaf breadth (cm) Leaf area (cm2) Number of leaves/shoot
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270
Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days Days
T1:DHS-1 7.45 7.46 8.21 2.86 3.27 3.30 17.59 17.70 21.83 11.50 11.00 10.00
T2:DHS-2 8.10 8.13 8.60 3.28 4.09 4.11 21.49 21.51 22.75 13.00 12.00 12.50
T3:PKM-1 6.45 6.47 6.94 2.44 2.52 2.54 12.82 12.86 20.39 10.00 10.50 11.50
T4:PKM-2 7.54 7.58 8.74 3.04 3.61 3.64 18.60 18.62 25.53 12.50 12.00 13.00
T5:PKM-3 7.39 7.43 8.70 3.10 3.69 3.71 18.47 18.56 23.96 10.50 11.00 11.50
T6:CO-1 6.44 6.50 8.22 2.14 2.64 2.65 11.11 11.16 17.46 12.50 13.50 13.00
T7:CO-2 5.70 5.71 8.02 1.85 2.88 2.90 8.53 8.57 23.46 12.00 12.50 12.50
T8:Cricket Ball 6.59 6.61 8.34 2.40 3.18 3.20 12.75 12.77 23.09 10.50 11.00 10.50
T9:Long Oval 6.76 6.80 7.76 2.57 2.80 2.83 14.03 14.07 17.52 11.50 12.00 12.00
T10:Kalipatti 6.09 6.12 8.67 2.38 3.28 3.30 15.45 15.49 24.28 11.50 10.50 11.00
T11:Gavarayya 6.99 7.04 8.01 2.50 3.12 3.14 14.18 14.21 20.66 10.50 10.50 10.50
T12:Oval 6.19 6.21 8.74 2.04 2.86 2.90 10.36 10.41 20.39 12.50 13.00 13.50
T13:Kirthbarthi 5.95 5.97 7.53 1.88 2.62 2.65 9.05 9.07 15.99 11.50 12.50 13.50
T14:Tagarampudi 6.62 6.65 9.74 2.61 3.63 3.64 14.22 14.26 28.58 14.00 13.50 13.50
S.Em± 0.25 0.24 0.41 0.10 0.27 0.28 1.27 1.28 1.60 0.57 0.66 0.63
CD(5%) 0.75 0.75 1.24 0.31 0.84 0.85 3.87 3.92 4.90 1.74 2.03 1.94
CV (%) 5.16 5.12 6.93 5.82 12.28 12.32 12.62 12.75 10.39 6.87 7.94 7.45
47
4.1.2 Yield and yield attributing parameters
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for number of fruits per

shoot (Table-4, Fig-2). Among fourteen cultivars, the number of fruits per shoot ranged
from 2.50 to 6.00. The maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in Cricket Ball
(6.00) followed by PKM-2 and PKM-3 (5.50). The minimum number of fruits per shoot
was found in Kalipatti (2.50).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit weight (Table-4,

Fig-3). Among fourteen cultivars, the fruit weight ranged from 103.02 g to 139.82 g.
The maximum fruit weight was found in DHS-1 (139.82 g) followed by DHS-2 (138.66
g) and Kalipatti (136.18 g). The minimum fruit weight was found in Oval (103.02 g).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit girth (Table-4, Fig-
4). Among fourteen cultivars, the fruit girth ranged from 4.76 cm to 6.04 cm. The
maximum fruit girth was found in CO-2 (6.04 cm) followed by Kirthbarthi (5.97 cm)
and Kalipatti (5.78 cm). The minimum fruit girth was found in PKM-1 (4.76 cm).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit length (Table-4,

Fig-5). Among fourteen cultivars, the fruit length ranged from 5.19 cm to 6.48 cm. The
maximum fruit length was found in Long Oval (6.48 cm) followed by PKM-3 (6.40 cm)
and PKM-1 (6.32 cm). The minimum fruit length was found in DHS-1 (5.19 cm).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit volume (Table-4,

Fig-6). Among fourteen cultivars, the fruit volume ranged from 54.24 ml to 77.40 ml.
The maximum fruit volume was found in DHS-1 (77.40 ml) followed by CO-2 (74.20
ml) and PKM-3 (70.30 ml). The minimum fruit volume was found in Oval (54.24 ml).
48
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit yield (kg/tree) (Table-4,
Fig-7). Among fourteen cultivars, the fruit yield (kg/tree) ranged from 77.00 to 156.25
(kg/tree). The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) was found in DHS-1 (156.25 kg/tree)
followed by DHS-2 (151.25 kg/tree) and CO-1 (147.75 kg/tree). The minimum fruit
yield (kg/tree) was found in Kirthbarthi (77.00 kg/tree).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit yield per hectare
(Table-4, Fig-8). Among fourteen cultivars, the fruit yield (t/ha) ranged from 7.70 to
15.63 t/ha. The maximum fruit yield per hectare was found in DHS-1 (15.63 t/ha)
followed by DHS-2 (15.13 t/ha) and CO-1 (14.78 t/ha). The minimum fruit yield per
hectare was found in Kirthbarthi (7.70 t/ha).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for days required for fruit
maturity (Table-4). Among fourteen cultivars, the days required for fruit maturity
ranged from 190.63 to 263.50. The maximum days required for fruit maturity was found
in Long Oval (263.50) followed by CO-2 (262.15) and Gavarayya (257.46). The
minimum days required for fruit maturity was found in Kirthbarthi (190.63).
4.1.3 Quality parameters
4.1.3.1 Fresh weight of pulp (g)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fresh weight of pulp

(Table-5). Among fourteen cultivars, the fresh weight of pulp ranged from 56.55 g to
94.50 g. The maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in Long Oval (94.50 g) followed
by Tagarampudi (82.60 g) and DHS-1 (82.10 g). The minimum fresh weight of pulp
was found in PKM-1 (56.55 g).
4.1.3.2 Dry weight of pulp (g)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for dry weight of pulp

(Table-5). Among fourteen cultivars, the dry weight of pulp ranged from 15.90 g to
49
Table 4: Yield and yield attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (22 years old)
Cultivars Number of Fruit Fruit girth Fruit Fruit Fruit yield Fruit yield Days required
fruits weight (g) (cm) length (cm) volume (kg/tree) (t/ha) for fruit
/shoot (ml) maturity
T1:DHS-1 4.50 139.82 5.73 5.19 77.40 156.25 15.63 257.05
T2:DHS-2 5.00 138.66 5.68 5.47 63.30 151.25 15.13 253.06
T3:PKM-1 4.00 104.36 4.76 6.32 63.45 97.50 9.75 235.53
T4:PKM-2 5.50 120.10 5.26 5.97 64.50 88.50 8.85 230.50
T5:PKM-3 5.50 133.10 5.44 6.40 70.30 95.00 9.50 217.61
T6:CO-1 5.00 118.58 5.38 6.02 64.50 147.75 14.78 254.58
T7:CO-2 4.50 126.10 6.04 5.25 74.20 98.25 9.83 262.15
T8:Cricket Ball 6.00 118.60 5.24 6.03 64.80 84.75 8.48 242.66
T9:Long Oval 3.50 135.90 5.52 6.48 53.90 81.25 8.13 263.50
T10:Kalipatti 2.50 136.18 5.78 5.84 66.45 122.75 12.28 257.25
T11:Gavarayya 3.00 122.64 5.74 6.16 65.10 87.75 8.78 257.46
T12:Oval 4.50 103.02 5.03 5.51 54.24 80.50 8.05 242.80
T13:Kirthbarthi 5.00 124.54 5.97 5.37 66.49 77.00 7.70 190.63
T14:Tagarampudi 5.00 113.48 5.68 5.87 61.32 86.50 8.65 248.55
S.Em± 0.55 5.50 0.20 0.21 2.32 3.92 0.39 12.45
CD(5%) 1.67 16.81 0.61 0.65 7.08 11.98 1.20 38.04
CV (%) 17.02 6.28 5.13 5.18 5.04 5.34 5.34 7.22
50
26.30 g. The maximum dry weight of pulp was found in Long Oval (26.30 g) followed
by CO-2 (22.70 g) and Tagarampudi (22.65 g). The minimum dry weight of pulp was
found in Gavarayya (15.90 g).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for peel weight (Table-5,

Fig-9). Among fourteen cultivars, the peel weight ranged from 4.70 g to 12.10 g. The
maximum peel weight was found in Tagarampudi (12.10 g) followed by PKM-3 (11.55
g) and PKM-2 (11.50 g). The minimum peel weight was found in CO-1 (4.70 g).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for pulp to peel ratio

(Table-5). Among fourteen cultivars, the pulp to peel ratio ranged from 5.96 to 14.62.
The maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in CO-1 (14.62) followed by Oval (12.89)
and DHS-1 (12.65). The minimum pulp to peel ratio was found in PKM-2 (5.96).
4.1.3.5 Total soluble solids (oBrix)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for TSS (Table-5, Fig-10).

Among fourteen cultivars, the TSS ranged from 19.25 oBrix to 24.00 oBrix. The
maximum TSS was found in Oval (24.00 oBrix) followed by Kalipatti (23.75 oBrix) and
Long Oval (23.25 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in Tagarampudi (19.25 oBrix).
4.1.3.6 Acidity (%)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for acidity (Table-5).

Among fourteen cultivars, the acidity ranged from 0.20 % to 0.37 %. The maximum
acidity was found in Oval (0.37 %) followed by Long Oval (0.33 %). The minimum
acidity was found in PKM-2 (0.20 %).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for TSS:acid ratio (Table-5,

Fig-11). Among fourteen cultivars, the TSS:acid ratio ranged from 60.85 to 106.45. The
maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in PKM-2 (106.45) followed by PKM-1 (84.76)
and Cricket Ball (84.49). The minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in PKM-3 (60.85).
51
Table 5: Quality attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (22 years old)
Cultivars Fresh Dry Peel Pulp to TSS Acidity TSS to Seed Number of Shelf-life
weight of weight of weight peel (ᵒBrix) (%) acid weight seeds/fruit (days)
pulp (g) pulp (g) (g) ratio ratio (g)
T1:DHS-1 82.10 22.00 6.70 12.65 21.00 0.28 77.67 1.80 2.00 5.50
T2:DHS-2 63.50 16.40 10.00 6.35 20.50 0.31 67.29 1.90 2.00 6.00
T3:PKM-1 56.55 16.90 9.20 6.16 20.50 0.25 84.76 1.85 4.50 4.50
T4:PKM-2 67.75 16.80 11.50 5.96 21.25 0.20 106.45 2.00 2.50 6.00
T5:PKM-3 76.50 17.20 11.55 6.59 19.50 0.32 60.85 1.60 2.50 5.50
T6:CO-1 68.95 19.20 4.70 14.62 20.00 0.31 64.69 1.65 2.00 5.50
T7:CO-2 76.65 22.70 8.90 8.72 22.50 0.27 83.65 1.95 2.50 5.00
T8:Cricket Ball 66.05 17.10 7.85 8.47 21.50 0.26 84.49 3.45 3.50 6.50
T9:Long Oval 94.50 26.30 9.55 10.38 23.25 0.33 71.72 4.10 3.50 4.50
T10:Kalipatti 76.50 21.50 6.90 11.26 23.75 0.32 74.95 4.10 3.50 3.50
T11:Gavarayya 69.30 15.90 11.05 6.27 22.25 0.29 76.79 3.25 2.50 4.00
T12:Oval 68.70 20.40 5.50 12.89 24.00 0.37 64.95 3.55 2.00 5.50
T13:Kirthbarthi 72.40 17.00 10.00 7.30 20.75 0.32 64.88 3.50 2.50 6.00
T14:Tagarampudi 82.60 22.65 12.10 6.98 19.25 0.29 67.69 3.15 3.00 6.00
S.Em± 4.71 1.83 0.97 1.26 0.85 0.02 6.50 0.16 0.37 0.51
CD(5%) 14.39 5.59 2.96 3.83 2.60 0.05 19.87 0.48 1.14 1.55
CV (%) 9.12 13.32 15.29 19.95 5.62 8.21 12.26 8.25 19.15 13.60
52
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for seed weight (Table-5).

Among fourteen cultivars, the seed weight ranged from 1.60 g to 4.10 g. The maximum
seed weight was found in Long Oval and Kalipatti (4.10 g) followed by Oval (3.55 g)
and Kirthbarthi (3.50 g). The minimum seed weight was found in PKM-3 (1.60 g).
4.1.3.9 Number of seeds per fruit
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for number of seeds per

fruit (Table-5). Among fourteen cultivars, the number of seeds per fruit ranged from
2.00 to 4.50. The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in PKM-1 (4.50). The
minimum number of seeds per fruit was found in DHS-1, DHS-2, CO-1 and Oval
(2.00).
4.1.3.10 Shelf-life of fruit (days)
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for shelf-life of fruit (Table-

5, Fig-12). Among fourteen cultivars, the shelf-life of fruit ranged from 3.50 days to
6.50 days. The maximum shelf-life of fruit was found in Cricket Ball (6.50 days)
followed by DHS-2, PKM-2, Kirthbarthi and Tagarampudi (6.00 days). The minimum
shelf-life of fruit was found in Kalipatti (3.50 days).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for organoleptic evaluation

(Table-6). Among fourteen cultivars, the organoleptic evaluation of fruit ranged from
5.00 to 8.00. The maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in DHS-2, PKM-2,
Cricket Ball, Long Oval and Kalipatti (8) and minimum organoleptic evaluation was
found in PKM-1(5).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for disease and pest

incidence (Table-7). Among fourteen cultivars, the disease incidence ranged from 0.81
% to 2.02 %. The maximum disease incidence was found in PKM-3 (2.02 %) and
minimum disease incidence was found in PKM-1(0.81 %). The maximum pest count
was found in Cricket Ball (60) and minimum pest count was found in Kalipatti (9).
53
Table 6: Organoleptic characters in different cultivars of sapota (22 years old)
Cultivars Colour and Texture Taste and flavour Overall acceptability Mean
appearance
T1:DHS-1 8 7 7 7 7
T2:DHS-2 8 8 8 8 8
T3:PKM-1 6 5 6 5 5
T4:PKM-2 8 8 8 8 8
T5:PKM-3 7 7 7 7 7
T6:CO-1 8 7 7 7 7
T7:CO-2 7 7 8 7 7
T8:Cricket Ball 8 8 8 8 8
T9:Long Oval 8 8 8 8 8
T10:Kalipatti 8 8 8 8 8
T11:Gavarayya 6 6 5 6 6
T12:Oval 7 7 6 6 6
T13:Kirthbarthi 7 7 7 7 7
T14:Tagarampudi 6 6 5 6 6
54
Table 7: Percentage of disease incidence (leaf spot) and pest count (fruit fly) in different cultivars of sapota (22 years old)
Cultivars PDI Pest count

(%) (numbers)
T1:DHS-1 1.89 14.00
T2:DHS-2 1.18 29.00
T3:PKM-1 0.81 14.00
T4:PKM-2 1.44 40.00
T5:PKM-3 2.02 10.00
T6:CO-1 1.56 38.00
T7:CO-2 1.86 33.00
T8:Cricket Ball 1.89 60.00
T9:Long Oval 1.62 16.00
T10:Kalipatti 1.66 09.00
T11:Gavarayya 0.96 15.00
T12:Oval 1.95 23.00
T13:Kirthbarthi 1.23 19.00
T14:Tagarampudi 1.65 14.00
55

of 17 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka
from 4.82 m to 6.80 m. The maximum plant height was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(6.80 m) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.25 m) and Singapore (5.96 m). The
minimum plant height was found in Mohangootee (4.82 m).
maximum plant height was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (6.82 m) followed by Cricket
Ball:Udupi (6.27 m) and Singapore (5.98 m). The minimum plant height was found in
Mohangootee (4.84 m).
maximum plant height was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (6.84 m) followed by Cricket
Ball:Udupi (6.28 m) and Singapore (5.99 m). The minimum plant height was found in
Mohangootee (4.87 m).
and 270 days of observation (Table-8). Stem girth at 90 days of observation varied from
26.36 cm to 31.06 cm. The maximum stem girth was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi
(31.06 cm) followed by Murabba (28.10 cm) and Guthi (28.07 cm). The minimum stem
girth was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (26.36 cm).
maximum stem girth was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (30.88 cm) followed by Murabba
(28.18 cm) and Guthi (28.08 cm). The minimum stem girth was found in Cricket
Ball:ARSA (26.36 cm).
56
(28.19 cm) and Guthi (28.13 cm). The minimum stem girth was found in Cricket Ball:
ARSA (26.36 cm).

spread (north-south) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (9.62 m) followed by Singapore
(8.25 m) and Virudhnagar (7.61 m). The minimum canopy spread (north-south) was
found in Guthi (6.70 m).

9.65 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(9.65 m) followed by Singapore (8.29 m) and Virudhnagar (7.63 m). The minimum
canopy spread (north-south) was found in Guthi (6.74 m).

9.67 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
canopy spread (north-south) was found in Guthi (6.76 m).

(east-west) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (9.43 m) followed by Singapore (7.73 m)
and Cricket Ball:Udupi (7.23 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in
Murabba (6.47 m).
Canopy spread (east-west) at 180 days of observation varied from 6.49 m to 9.46
m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (9.46 m)
followed by Singapore (7.75 m) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (7.25 m). The minimum canopy
spread (east-west) was found in Murabba (6.49 m).
57
Table 8: Plant height, stem girth and canopy spread in different cultivars of sapota (17 years old)
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270
T1:Guthi 5.32 5.33 5.34 28.07 28.08 28.13 6.70 6.74 6.76 6.53 6.56 6.58
T2:Virudhnagar 5.92 5.95 5.98 27.56 27.60 27.62 7.61 7.63 7.65 6.81 6.83 6.85
T3:Singapore 5.96 5.98 5.99 26.72 26.82 26.83 8.25 8.29 8.31 7.73 7.75 7.77
T4:Mohangootee 4.82 4.84 4.87 27.86 27.87 27.91 7.05 7.09 7.14 6.77 6.78 6.80
T5:Murabba 4.87 4.89 4.97 28.10 28.18 28.19 7.02 7.05 7.08 6.47 6.49 6.51
T6:Cricket Ball
6.80 6.82 6.84 26.36 26.36 26.36 9.62 9.65 9.67 9.43 9.46 9.48
(ARSA)
T7:Cricket Ball
6.25 6.27 6.28 31.06 30.88 30.90 6.85 6.88 6.91 7.23 7.25 7.28
(Udupi)
S.Em± 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.86 0.83 0.84 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.27 0.27
CD(5%) 0.51 0.51 0.53 2.65 2.57 2.57 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.83 0.83 0.84
CV (%) 5.02 5.02 5.21 5.33 5.17 5.17 5.25 5.41 5.60 6.40 6.41 6.42
58
m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (9.48 m)
followed by Singapore (7.77 m) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (7.28 m). The minimum canopy
spread (east-west) was found in Murabba (6.51 m).
varied from 10.53 cm to 14.73 cm. The maximum shoot length was found in Cricket
Ball:ARSA (14.73 cm) followed by Guthi (14.47 cm) and Singapore (13.87 cm). The
minimum shoot length was found in Mohangootee (10.53 cm).
maximum shoot length was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (16.00 cm) followed by Guthi
(15.20 cm) and Murabba (14.17 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in
Mohangootee (12.45 cm).
maximum shoot length was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (16.03 cm) followed by Guthi
(15.24 cm) and Murabba (14.20 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in
and 270 days of observation (Table-9). The shoot girth at 90 days of observation varied
from 0.37 cm to 0.51 cm. The maximum shoot girth was found in Cricket Ball: Udupi
(0.51 cm) followed by Guthi (0.47 cm) and Cricket Ball:ARSA (0.45 cm). The
minimum shoot girth was found in Mohangootee (0.37 cm).
maximum shoot girth was found in Guthi and Cricket Ball:Udupi (0.53 cm) followed by
Virudhnagar (0.48 cm) and Mohangootee (0.47 cm). The minimum shoot girth was
found in Singapore (0.41 cm).
59
Table 9: Shoot length, shoot girth and canopy volume in different cultivars of sapota (17 years old)
T1:Guthi 14.47 15.20 15.24 0.47 0.53 0.55 59.13 59.59 59.75
T2:Virudhnagar 12.60 12.73 12.75 0.43 0.48 0.51 76.61 76.82 76.95
T3:Singapore 13.87 13.20 13.22 0.41 0.41 0.44 95.07 95.51 95.66
T4:Mohangootee 10.53 12.45 12.47 0.37 0.47 0.49 57.78 57.87 58.00
T5:Murabba 12.17 14.17 14.20 0.43 0.42 0.44 55.15 55.59 55.79
T6:Cricket Ball
14.73 16.00 16.03 0.45 0.46 0.48 154.66 154.77 154.90
(ARSA)
T7:Cricket Ball
10.57 13.37 13.41 0.51 0.53 0.54 77.41 77.56 77.84
(Udupi)
S.Em± 0.66 0.60 0.59 0.03 0.02 0.02 5.95 5.91 5.90
CD(5%) 2.04 1.83 1.83 0.08 0.07 0.07 18.34 18.21 18.18
CV (%) 9.01 7.44 7.41 10.16 8.61 7.91 12.53 12.41 12.36
60
maximum shoot girth was found in Guthi (0.55 cm) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi
(0.54 cm) and Virudhnagar (0.51 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in
Singapore and Murabba (0.44 cm).

observation varied from 55.15 m3 to 154.66 m3. The maximum canopy volume was
found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (154.66 m3) followed by Singapore (95.07 m3) and Cricket
Ball: Udupi (77.41 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in Murabba (55.15
m3).
The maximum canopy volume was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (154.77 m3) followed
by Singapore (95.51 m3) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (77.56 m3). The minimum canopy
volume was found in Murabba (55.59 m3).
The maximum canopy volume was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (154.90 m3) followed
by Singapore (95.66 m3) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (77.84 m3). The minimum canopy
volume was found in Murabba (55.79 m3).
from 5.28 cm to 9.26 cm. The maximum leaf length was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi
(9.26 cm) followed by Singapore (6.62 cm) and Virudhnagar (6.55 cm). The minimum
leaf length was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (5.28 cm).
maximum leaf length was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (9.29 cm) followed by Singapore
(6.65 cm) and Virudhnagar (6.59 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in Cricket
61
maximum leaf length was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (9.41cm) followed by Singapore
(6.85 cm) and Virudhnagar (6.65 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in Cricket
and 270 days of observation (Table-10). The leaf breadth at 90 days of observation
varied from 1.77 cm to 2.51 cm. The maximum leaf breadth was found in Virudhnagar
(2.51 cm) followed by Singapore (2.48 cm) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (2.25 cm). The
minimum leaf breadth was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (1.77 cm).
maximum leaf breadth was found in Virudhnagar (2.73 cm) followed by Singapore
(2.62 cm) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (2.51 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in
Cricket Ball:ARSA (1.86 cm).
maximum leaf breadth was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (3.36 cm) followed by
Singapore (3.17 cm) and Virudhnagar (2.96 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found
in Guthi (2.54 cm).
7.66 cm2 to 12.45 cm2. The maximum leaf area was found in Virudhnagar (12.45 cm2)
followed by Singapore (12.12 cm2) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (10.64 cm2). The minimum
leaf area was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (7.66 cm2).
maximum leaf area was found in Singapore (21.78 cm2) followed by Virudhnagar
(18.46 cm2) and Cricket Ball:ARSA (18.33 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in
Cricket Ball:Udupi (12.10 cm2).
62
maximum leaf area was found in Singapore (21.92 cm2) followed by Virudhnagar
(18.61 cm2) and Cricket Ball:ARSA (18.54 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in
Cricket Ball:Udupi (12.18 cm2).

shoot at 90, 180 and 270 days of observation (Table-10). The number of leaves per
shoot at 90 days of observation varied from 8.67 to 13.33. The maximum number of
leaves per shoot was found in Virudhnagar (13.33) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi
(12.00) and Cricket Ball:ARSA (11.67). The minimum number of leaves per shoot was
found in Mohangootee (8.67).
18.67. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(18.67) followed by Virudhnagar (15.00). The minimum number of leaves per shoot
was found in Singapore (11.33).
17.00. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(17.00) followed by Mohangootee (14.33). The minimum number of leaves per shoot

shoot (Table-11, Fig-14). Among seven cultivars, the number of fruits per shoot ranged
from 5.33 to 7.00. The maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in Murabba
(7.00) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.67) and Guthi (6.33). The minimum number
of fruits per shoot was found in Mohangootee (5.33).
63
Table 10: Leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and number of leaves per shoot in different cultivars of sapota (17 years old)
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270
T1:Guthi 6.02 6.11 6.44 2.14 2.46 2.54 10.41 15.35 15.52 9.00 14.67 14.00
T2:Virudhnagar 6.55 6.59 6.65 2.51 2.73 2.96 12.45 18.46 18.61 13.33 15.00 14.00
T3:Singapore 6.62 6.65 6.85 2.48 2.62 3.17 12.12 21.78 21.92 10.00 11.33 11.33
T4:Mohangootee 6.00 6.04 6.26 2.00 2.23 2.57 9.50 16.45 16.58 8.67 14.67 14.33
T5:Murabba 6.09 6.10 6.26 1.95 2.04 2.57 9.40 17.52 17.63 10.00 14.00 13.33
T6:Cricket Ball
5.28 5.15 5.39 1.77 1.86 2.83 7.66 18.33 18.54 11.67 18.67 17.00
(ARSA)
T7:Cricket Ball
9.26 9.29 9.41 2.25 2.51 3.36 10.64 12.10 12.18 12.00 13.00 12.00
(Udupi)
S.Em± 0.37 0.41 0.38 0.10 0.11 0.16 0.69 1.60 1.59 0.76 1.08 0.93
CD(5%) 1.15 1.25 1.17 0.32 0.33 0.48 2.14 4.93 4.91 2.36 3.33 2.85
CV (%) 9.91 10.73 9.78 8.43 7.83 9.46 11.67 16.17 15.97 12.42 12.92 11.69
64

Fig-15). Among seven cultivars, the fruit weight ranged from 59.81 g to 102.83 g. The
maximum fruit weight was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (102.83 g) followed by Cricket
Ball:Udupi (98.89 g) and Guthi (75.89 g). The minimum fruit weight was found in
Mohangootee (59.81 g).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit girth (Table-11,

Fig-16). Among seven cultivars, the fruit girth ranged from 4.73 cm to 5.98 cm. The
maximum fruit girth was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (5.98 cm) followed by Cricket
Ball:Udupi (5.97 cm) and Murabba (5.15 cm). The minimum fruit girth was found in

Fig-17). Among seven cultivars, the fruit length ranged from 4.98 cm to 5.83 cm. The
maximum fruit length was found in Singapore (5.83 cm) followed by Guthi (5.75 cm)
and Virudhnagar (5.55 cm). The minimum fruit length was found in Cricket Ball:
ARSA (4.98 cm).

Fig-18). Among seven cultivars, the fruit volume ranged from 43.47 ml to 84.07 ml.
The maximum fruit volume was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (84.07 ml) followed by
Cricket Ball:ARSA (77.13 ml) and Singapore (61.07 ml). The minimum fruit volume
was found in Mohangootee (43.47 ml).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit yield (kg/tree)

(Table-11, Fig-19). Among seven cultivars, the fruit yield (kg/tree) ranged from 47.83
to 111.67 (kg/tree). The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) was found in Cricket Ball:
65
Table 11: Yield and yield attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (17 years old)
Cultivars Number of Fruit Fruit girth Fruit length Fruit Fruit yield Fruit yield Days required
fruits /shoot weight (g) (cm) (cm) volume (ml) (kg/tree) (t/ha) for fruit
maturity
T1:Guthi 6.33 75.89 5.11 5.75 51.87 67.33 6.73 208.67
T2:Virudhnagar 5.67 72.75 4.99 5.55 53.27 99.00 9.90 276.00
T3:Singapore 6.00 74.72 5.01 5.83 61.07 80.00 8.00 278.00
T4:Mohangootee 5.33 59.81 4.73 5.17 43.47 47.83 4.77 257.33
T5:Murabba 7.00 72.15 5.15 5.21 54.00 68.00 6.80 254.67
T6:Cricket Ball
5.67 102.83 5.98 4.98 77.13 111.67 11.17 254.00
(ARSA)
T7:Cricket Ball
6.67 98.89 5.97 5.22 84.07 76.67 7.67 276.67
(Udupi)
S.Em± 0.34 7.38 0.22 0.16 6.05 2.66 0.27 9.45
CD(5%) 1.04 22.73 0.69 0.49 18.63 8.20 0.82 29.11
CV (%) 9.58 16.06 7.31 5.13 17.25 5.86 5.87 6.35
66
ARSA (111.67 kg/tree) followed by Virudhnagar (99.00 kg/tree) and Singapore (80.00
kg/tree). The minimum fruit yield (kg/tree) was found in Mohangootee (47.83 kg/tree).
(Table-11, Fig-20). Among seven cultivars, the fruit yield per hectare ranged from 4.77
to 11.17 t/ha. The maximum fruit yield per hectare was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(11.17 t/ha) followed by Virudhnagar (9.90 t/ha) and Singapore (8.00 t/ha). The
minimum fruit yield per hectare was found in Mohangootee (4.77 t/ha).
maturity (Table-11). Among seven cultivars, the days required for fruit maturity ranged
from 208.67 to 278.00. The maximum days required for fruit maturity was found in
Singapore (278.00) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (276.67) and Virudhnagr (276.00).
The minimum days required for fruit maturity was found in Guthi (208.67).
4.2.3 Quality parameters (Table)

(Table-12). Among seven cultivars, the fresh weight of pulp ranged from 49.23 g to
92.40 g. The maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (92.40 g)
followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (78.30 g) and Virudhnagar (69.17 g). The minimum
fresh weight of pulp was found in Murabba (49.23 g).

(Table-12). Among seven cultivars, the dry weight of pulp ranged from 13.43 g to 22.97
g. The maximum dry weight of pulp was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (22.97 g)
followed by Singapore (18.13 g) and Guthi (17.43 g). The minimum dry weight of pulp
was found in Murabba (13.43 g).
67
Table 12: Quality attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (17 years old)
Cultivars Fresh Dry weight Peel Pulp to TSS Acidity TSS to Seed Number of Shelf-
weight of of pulp (g) weight peel (ᵒBrix) (%) acid weight seeds/fruit life
pulp (g) (g) ratio ratio (g) (days)
T1:Guthi 57.37 17.43 7.97 7.12 19.50 0.35 55.36 3.13 4.00 5.67
T2:Virudhnagar 69.17 16.77 7.23 10.08 23.00 0.31 75.01 2.63 3.67 5.67
T3:Singapore 65.77 18.13 5.97 11.36 22.67 0.27 84.06 3.13 2.67 6.00
T4:Mohangootee 58.13 14.17 4.93 12.05 20.17 0.34 58.84 2.73 3.00 5.33
T5:Murabba 49.23 13.43 5.43 9.08 21.83 0.36 60.97 1.53 3.00 7.00
T6:Cricket Ball 92.40 22.97 9.47 9.99 20.17 0.34 59.09 4.13 5.33 5.67
(ARSA)
T7:Cricket Ball 78.30 16.93 9.57 8.18 16.83 0.30 55.58 2.10 3.33 6.67
(Udupi)
S.Em± 6.56 1.14 0.80 0.81 0.81 0.02 2.74 0.29 0.34 0.33
CD(5%) 20.20 3.53 2.47 2.49 2.49 0.05 8.44 0.90 1.04 1.01
CV (%) 16.90 11.58 19.20 14.46 6.80 8.76 7.40 18.28 16.36 9.51
68

Fig-21). Among seven cultivars, the peel weight ranged from 4.93 g to 9.57 g. The
maximum peel weight was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (9.57 g) followed by Cricket
Ball:ARSA (9.47 g) and Guthi (7.97 g). The minimum peel weight was found in
Mohangootee (4.93 g).

(Table-12). Among seven cultivars, the pulp to peel ratio ranged from 7.12 to 12.05.
The maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in Mohangootee (12.05) followed by
Singapore (11.36) and Virudhnagar (10.08). The minimum pulp to peel ratio was found
in Guthi (7.12).

Among seven cultivars, the TSS ranged from 16.83 oBrix to 23.00 oBrix. The maximum
TSS was found in Virudhnagar (23.00 oBrix) followed by Singapore (22.67 oBrix) and
Murabba (21.83 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (16.83
o
Brix).
4.2.3.6 Acidity (%)

Among seven cultivars, the acidity ranged from 0.27 % to 0.36 %. The maximum
acidity was found in Murabba (0.36 %) followed by Guthi (0.35 %), Mohangootee and
Cricket Ball:ARSA (0.34 %). The minimum acidity was found in Singapore (0.27 %).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for TSS:acid ratio (Table-

12, Fig-23). Among seven cultivars, the TSS:acid ratio ranged from 55.36 to 84.06. The
maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Singapore (84.06) followed by Virudhnagar
(75.01) and Murabba (60.97). The minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in Guthi (55.36).
69

Among seven cultivars, the seed weight ranged from 1.53 g to 4.13 g. The maximum
seed weight was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (4.13 g) followed by Guthi and Singapore
(3.13 g). The minimum seed weight was found in Murabba (1.53 g).

fruit (Table-12). Among seven cultivars, the number of seeds per fruit ranged from 2.67
to 5.33. The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(5.33) followed by Guthi (4.00) and Virudhnagar (3.67). The minimum number of seeds
per fruit was found in Singapore (2.67).

12, Fig-24). Among seven cultivars, the shelf-life of fruit ranged from 5.33 days to 7.00
days. The maximum shelf-life of fruit was found in Murabba (7.00 days) followed by
Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.67 days) and Singapore (6.00 days). The minimum shelf-life of
fruit was found in Mohangootee (5.33 days).

(Table-13). Among seven cultivars, the organoleptic evaluation of fruit ranged from
5.00 to 7.00. The maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in Virudhnagar,
Singapore, Mohangootee and Cricket Ball:ARSA (7) and minimum organoleptic
evaluation was found Guthi (5).

incidence (Table-14). Among seven cultivars, the disease incidence ranged from 0.74 %
to 1.73 %. The maximum disease incidence was found in Virudhnagar (1.73 %) and
minimum disease incidence was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (0.74 %). The maximum
70
Table 13: Organoleptic characters in different cultivars of sapota (17 years old)
appearance
T1:Guthi 6 5 5 5 5
T2:Virudhnagar 8 7 6 6 7
T3:Singapore 7 8 7 7 7
T4:Mohangootee 7 7 7 7 7
T5:Murabba 6 6 6 5 6
T6:Cricket Ball (ARSA) 8 7 7 7 7
T7:Cricket Ball (Udupi) 7 6 6 6 6
71
Table 14: Percentage of disease incidence (leaf spot) and pest count (fruit fly) in different cultivars of sapota (17 years old)
Cultivars PDI (%) Pest count

(numbers)
T1:Guthi 0.85 6.00
T2:Virudhnagar 1.73 4.00
T3:Singapore 1.27 5.00
T4:Mohangootee 1.44 0.00
T5:Murabba 1.64 6.00
T6:Cricket Ball (ARSA) 0.86 1.00
T7:Cricket Ball (Udupi) 0.74 4.00
72
pest count was found in Guthi and Murabba (6) and minimum pest count was found in
Mohangootee (0).
4.3 Experiment-3 : Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras

L.) of 14-15 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka
from 3.51 m to 5.51 m. The maximum plant height was found in PKM-4 (5.51 m)
followed by CO-3 (5.44 m) and Kalipatti: Udupi (5.16 m). The minimum plant height
was found in Pala (3.51 m).
maximum plant height was found in PKM-4 (5.53 m) followed by CO-3 (5.46 m) and
Kalipatti: Udupi (5.19 m). The minimum plant height was found in Pala (3.54 m).
maximum plant height was found in PKM-4 (5.56 m) followed by CO-3 (5.51 m) and
Kalipatti: Udupi (5.21 m). The minimum plant height was found in Pala (3.57 m).
and 270 days of observation (Table-15). Stem girth at 90 days of observation varied
from 38.75 cm to 51.00 cm. The maximum stem girth was found in CO-3 (51.00 cm)
followed by PKM-4 (50.75 cm) and Variegated Sapota (49.00 cm). The minimum stem
girth was found in Pala (38.75 cm).
maximum stem girth was found in CO-3 and PKM-4 (51.18 cm) followed by
Variegated Sapota (49.35 cm) and Kalipatti: Udupi (48.55 cm). The minimum stem
girth was found in Pala (38.98 cm).
73
maximum stem girth was found in CO-3 and PKM-4 (51.28 cm) followed by
Variegated sapota (49.45 cm) and Kalipatti:Udupi (48.65 cm). The minimum stem girth
was found in Pala (38.08 cm).

spread (north-south) was found in CO-3 (7.08 m) followed by PKM-4 (7.01 m) and
Kalipatti:Udupi (6.48 m). The minimum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Pala
(5.42 m).

7.16 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in CO-3 (7.16 m)
followed by PKM-4 (7.04 m) and Kalipatti: Udupi (6.52 m). The minimum canopy
spread (north-south) was found in Pala (5.44 m).

7.21 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in CO-3 (7.21 m)
followed by PKM-4 (7.05 m) and Kalipatti:Udupi (6.54 m). The minimum canopy
spread (north-south) was found in Pala (5.45 m).

(east-west) was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (6.91 m) followed by Variegated sapota (6.87
m) and PKM-4 (6.55 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Pala
(4.80 m).
m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (6.94 m)
followed by Variegated sapota (6.89 m) and PKM-4 (6.58 m). The minimum canopy
spread (east-west) was found in Pala (4.82 m).
74
Table 15: Plant height, stem girth and canopy spread in different cultivars of sapota (14-15 years old)
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270
T1:CO-3 5.44 5.46 5.51 51.00 51.18 51.28 7.08 7.16 7.21 6.31 6.34 6.37
T2:Pala 3.51 3.54 3.57 38.75 38.98 39.08 5.42 5.44 5.45 4.80 4.82 4.85
T3:PKM-4 5.51 5.53 5.56 50.75 51.18 51.28 7.01 7.04 7.05 6.55 6.58 6.59
T4:Kalipatti
5.16 5.19 5.21 48.25 48.55 48.65 6.48 6.52 6.54 6.91 6.94 6.96
(Udupi)
T5:Variegated
5.11 5.15 5.17 49.00 49.35 49.45 6.16 6.18 6.19 6.87 6.89 6.93
sapota
S.Em± 0.32 0.32 0.31 2.34 2.32 2.32 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17
CD(5%) 1.00 0.99 0.97 7.22 7.16 7.16 0.50 0.55 0.57 0.52 0.52 0.51
CV (%) 13.10 12.98 12.56 9.86 9.71 9.69 5.05 5.53 5.70 5.40 5.32 5.26
75
m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (6.96 m)
followed by Variegated sapota (6.93 m) and PKM-4 (6.59 m). The minimum canopy
spread (east-west) was found in Pala (4.85 m).
varied from 12.68 cm to 14.00 cm. The maximum shoot length was found in Pala (14.00
cm) followed by PKM-4 and Variegated sapota (12.75 cm). The minimum shoot length
was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (12.68 cm).
maximum shoot length was found in Pala (15.78 cm) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi
(15.03 cm) and PKM-4 (14.10 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in Variegated
sapota (13.70 cm).
maximum shoot length was found in Pala (15.85 cm) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi
(15.07 cm) and PKM-4 (14.14 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in Variegated
sapota (13.74 cm).
and 270 days of observation (Table-16). The shoot girth at 90 days of observation
varied from 0.42 cm to 0.50 cm. The maximum shoot girth was found in Pala (0.50 cm)
followed by CO-3 (0.49 cm) and PKM-4 (0.47 cm). The minimum shoot girth was
found in Variegated sapota (0.42 cm).
maximum shoot girth was found in Pala (0.54 cm) followed by CO-3 (0.53 cm) and
PKM-4 (0.51 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in Variegated sapota (0.43 cm).
76
Table 16: Shoot length, shoot girth and canopy volume in different cultivars of sapota (14-15 years old)
T1:CO-3 11.25 14.00 14.04 0.49 0.53 0.54 60.49 60.69 60.95
T2:Pala 14.00 15.78 15.85 0.50 0.54 0.55 22.78 23.00 23.23
T3:PKM-4 12.75 14.10 14.14 0.47 0.51 0.53 63.34 63.52 63.71
T4:Kalipatti
12.68 15.03 15.07 0.46 0.46 0.47 57.91 58.12 58.31
(Udupi)
T5:Variegated
12.75 13.70 13.74 0.42 0.43 0.46 54.16 54.37 54.62
sapota
S.Em± 0.53 0.43 0.42 0.01 0.02 0.02 3.64 3.64 3.64
CD(5%) 1.65 1.32 1.30 0.04 0.06 0.06 11.22 11.23 11.21
CV (%) 8.43 5.88 5.81 5.51 7.48 7.19 14.08 14.03 13.95
77
maximum shoot girth was found in Pala (0.55 cm) followed by CO-3 (0.54 cm) and
PKM-4 (0.53 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in Variegated sapota (0.46 cm).

observation varied from 22.78 m3 to 63.34 m3. The maximum canopy volume was found
in PKM-4 (63.34 m3) followed by CO-3 (60.49 m3) and Kalipatti:Udupi (57.91 m3). The
minimum canopy volume was found in Pala (22.78 m3).
The maximum canopy volume was found in PKM-4 (63.52 m3) followed by CO-3
(60.69 m3) and Kalipatti:Udupi (58.12 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in
Pala (23.00 m3).
The maximum canopy volume was found in PKM-4 (63.71 m3) followed by CO-3
(60.95 m3) and Kalipatti:Udupi (58.31 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in
Pala (23.23 m3).
from 6.01 cm to 7.65 cm. The maximum leaf length was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (7.65
cm) followed by CO-3 (7.02 cm) and PKM-4 (6.15 cm). The minimum leaf length was
found in Pala (6.01 cm).
maximum leaf length was found in CO-3 (9.07 cm) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (8.50
cm) and PKM-4 (8.49 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in Pala (7.07 cm).
maximum leaf length was found in CO-3 (9.18 cm) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (8.60
cm) and PKM-4 (8.57 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in Pala (7.14 cm).
78
varied from 2.04 cm to 2.66 cm. The maximum leaf breadth was found in CO-3 (2.66
cm) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (2.60 cm) and PKM-4 (2.54 cm). The minimum leaf
breadth was found in Pala (2.04 cm).
maximum leaf breadth was found in CO-3 (2.73 cm) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (2.67
cm) and PKM-4 (2.59 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in Pala (2.11 cm).
maximum leaf breadth was found in CO-3 (3.75 cm) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (3.38
cm) and PKM-4 (3.34 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in Pala (2.55 cm).
10.14 cm2 to 15.50 cm2. The maximum leaf area was found in CO-3 (15.50 cm2)
followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (15.07 cm2) and PKM-4 (12.69 cm2). The minimum leaf
area was found in Pala (10.14 cm2).
maximum leaf area was found in CO-3 (15.66 cm2) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (15.15
cm2) and PKM-4 (12.75 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in Variegated sapota
(10.27 cm2).
maximum leaf area was found in CO-3 (27.81 cm2) followed by PKM-3 (25.61 cm2)
and Kalipatti:Udupi (22.79 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in Pala (14.14
cm2).
79
Table 17: Leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and number of leaves per shoot in different cultivars of sapota (14-15 years old)
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270
T1:CO-3 7.02 9.07 9.18 2.66 2.73 3.75 15.50 15.66 27.81 8.50 10.00 10.00
T2:Pala 6.01 7.07 7.14 2.04 2.11 2.55 10.14 10.28 14.14 6.50 9.00 9.00
T3:PKM-4 6.15 8.49 8.57 2.54 2.59 3.34 12.69 12.75 25.61 9.25 10.75 9.75
T4:Kalipatti
7.65 8.50 8.60 2.60 2.67 3.38 15.07 15.15 22.79 8.50 11.75 12.00
(Udupi)
T5:Variegated
6.14 7.99 8.07 2.17 2.24 3.08 10.19 10.27 19.65 8.50 10.75 10.00
sapota
S.Em± 0.17 0.27 0.27 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.61 0.62 1.54 0.53 0.53 0.37
CD(5%) 0.53 0.84 0.84 0.26 0.26 0.41 1.88 1.92 4.76 1.63 1.62 1.14
CV (%) 5.17 6.66 6.59 7.02 6.81 8.34 9.62 9.74 14.04 12.81 10.07 7.31
80

leaves per shoot was found in PKM-4 (9.25) followed by CO-3, PKM-4 and Variegated
sapota (8.50). The minimum number of leaves per shoot was found in Pala (6.50).
11.75. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (11.75)
followed by PKM-4 and Variegated sapota (10.75). The minimum number of leaves per
shoot was found in Pala (9.00).
12.00. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (12.00)
followed by CO-3 and Variegated sapota (10.00). The minimum number of leaves per
shoot was found in Pala (9.00).

shoot (Table-18, Fig-26). Among five cultivars, the number of fruits per shoot ranged
from 2.50 to 5.25. The maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in PKM-4 (5.25)
followed by Pala (4.00) and CO-3 and Kalipatti:Udupi (3.75). The minimum number of
fruits per shoot was found in Variegated sapota (2.50).

Fig-27). Among five cultivars, the fruit weight ranged from 83.26 g to 94.07 g. The
maximum fruit weight was found in PKM-4 (94.07 g) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi
(88.73 g) and Pala (87.50 g). The minimum fruit weight was found in Variegated sapota
(83.26 g).
81

Fig-28). Among five cultivars, the fruit girth ranged from 5.26 cm to 7.11 cm. The
maximum fruit girth was found in Variegate sapota (7.11 cm) followed by CO-3 (5.58
cm) and Pala (5.50 cm). The minimum fruit girth was found in PKM-4 (5.26 cm).

Fig-29). Among five cultivars, the fruit length ranged from 4.88 cm to 7.92 cm. The
maximum fruit length was found in PKM-4 (7.92 cm) followed by Pala (6.62 cm) and
Kalipatti:Udupi (5.73 cm). The minimum fruit length was found in CO-3 (4.88 cm).

Fig-30). Among five cultivars, the fruit volume ranged from 56.15 ml to 75.05 ml. The
maximum fruit volume was found in Kalipatti: Udupi (75.05 ml) followed by PKM-4
(74.70 ml) and Variegated sapota (67.80 ml). The minimum fruit volume was found in
Pala (56.15 ml).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit yield (kg/tree) (Table-18,
Fig-31). Among five cultivars, the fruit yield (kg/tree) ranged from 21.25 to 70.63
(kg/tree). The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) was found in PKM-4 (70.63 kg/tree)
followed by Pala (44.00 kg/tree) and CO-3 (43.25 kg/tree). The minimum fruit yield
(kg/tree) was found in Variegated sapota (21.25 kg/tree).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit yield per

hectare (Table-18, Fig-32). Among five cultivars, the fruit yield per hectare ranged from
2.13 to 7.06 t/ha. The maximum fruit yield per hectare was found in PKM-4 (7.06 t/ha)
followed by Pala (4.40 t/ha) and CO-3 (4.33 t/ha). The minimum fruit yield per hectare
was found in Variegated sapota (2.13 t/ha).
82
Table 18: Yield and yield attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (14-15 years old)
maturity
T1:CO-3 3.75 83.98 5.58 4.88 61.55 43.25 4.33 260.25
T2:Pala 4.00 87.50 5.50 6.62 56.15 44.00 4.40 222.50
T3:PKM-4 5.25 94.07 5.26 7.92 74.70 70.63 7.06 277.75
T4:Kalipatti
3.75 88.73 5.39 5.73 75.05 41.00 4.10 257.75
(Udupi)
T5:Variegated
2.50 83.26 7.11 5.24 67.80 21.25 2.13 253.75
sapota
S.Em± 0.27 2.37 0.37 0.24 3.30 1.20 0.12 7.72
CD(5%) 0.83 7.29 1.14 0.73 10.18 3.68 0.37 23.79
CV (%) 14.03 5.41 12.85 7.81 9.86 5.43 5.43 6.07
83
maturity (Table-18). Among five cultivars, the days required for fruit maturity ranged
PKM-4 (277.75) followed by CO-3 (260.25) and Kalipatti:Udupi (257.75). The
minimum days required for fruit maturity was found in Pala (222.50).

(Table-19). Among five cultivars, the fresh weight of pulp ranged from 52.50 g to 79.28
g. The maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in PKM-4 (79.28 g) followed by
Kalipatti:Udupi (76.53 g) and Pala (71.45 g). The minimum fresh weight of pulp was
found in Variegated sapota (52.50 g).

(Table-19). Among five cultivars, the dry weight of pulp ranged from 14.60 g to 25.73
g. The maximum dry weight of pulp was found in Variegated sapota (25.73 g) followed
by Kalipatti:Udupi (20.83 g) and PKM-4 (19.73 g). The minimum dry weight of pulp
was found in CO-3 (14.60 g).

Fig-33). Among five cultivars, the peel weight ranged from 7.65 g to 9.95 g. The
maximum peel weight was found in PKM-4 (9.95 g) followed by CO-3 (9.40 g) and
Kalipatti:Udupi (8.93 g). The minimum peel weight was found in Pala (7.65 g).

(Table-19). Among five cultivars, the pulp to peel ratio ranged from 6.54 to 9.63. The
maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (9.63) followed by Pala (9.27)
84
and PKM-4 (8.09). The minimum pulp to peel ratio was found in Variegated sapota
(6.54).

Among five cultivars, the TSS ranged from 17.38oBrix to 22.25 oBrix. The maximum
TSS was found in Variegated sapota (22.25 oBrix) followed by Pala (21.00 oBrix) and
Kalipatti:Udupi (20.00 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in CO-3 (17.38 oBrix).
4.3.3.6 Acidity (%)

Among five cultivars, the acidity ranged from 0.27 % to 0.35 %. The maximum acidity
was found in CO-3, PKM-4 and Variegated sapota (0.35 %). The minimum acidity was
found in Kalipatti:Udupi (0.27 %).

19, Fig-35). Among five cultivars, the TSS:acid ratio ranged from 50.74 to 75.33. The
maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Pala (75.33) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (74.26)
and Variegated sapota (64.82). The minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in CO-3
(50.74).

Among five cultivars, the seed weight ranged from 2.43 g to 5.80 g. The maximum seed
weight was found in CO-3 (5.80 g) followed by PKM-4 (3.33 g) and Pala (2.68 g). The
minimum seed weight was found in Variegated sapota (2.43 g).

fruit (Table-19). Among five cultivars, the number of seeds per fruit ranged from 3.00
to 5.25. The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in CO-3 (5.25) followed by
85
Table 19: Quality attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (14-15 years old)
T1:CO-3 61.73 14.60 9.40 6.82 17.38 0.35 50.74 5.80 5.25 4.75
T2:Pala 71.45 18.83 7.65 9.27 21.00 0.28 75.33 2.68 3.00 5.00
T3:PKM-4 79.28 19.73 9.95 8.09 17.75 0.35 51.83 3.33 3.75 6.25
T4:Kalipatti
76.53 20.83 8.93 9.63 20.00 0.27 74.26 2.53 3.00 4.75
(Udupi)
T5:Variegated
52.50 25.73 8.05 6.54 22.25 0.35 64.82 2.43 3.25 3.50
sapota
S.Em± 5.75 1.21 0.46 0.57 0.77 0.01 2.93 0.25 0.28 0.27
CD(5%) 17.72 3.73 1.41 1.75 2.36 0.02 9.01 0.77 0.86 0.83
CV (%) 16.84 12.15 10.40 14.08 7.78 5.09 9.23 14.89 15.21 11.14
86
PKM-4 (3.75) and Variegated sapota (3.25). The minimum number of seeds per fruit
was found in Pala and Kalipatti:Udupi (3.00).

19, Fig-36). Among five cultivars, the shelf-life of fruit ranged from 3.50 days to 6.25
days. The maximum shelf-life of fruit was found in PKM-4 (6.25 days) followed by
Pala (5.00 days). The minimum shelf-life of fruit was found in Variegated Sapota (3.50
days).

(Table-20). Among five cultivars, the organoleptic evaluation of fruit ranged from 5.00
to 8.00. The maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in CO-3 and Kalipatti:Udupi
(8) and minimum organoleptic evaluation was found in Pala (5).

incidence (Table-21). Among five cultivars, the disease incidence ranged from 1.17 %
to 1.90 %. The maximum disease incidence was found in CO-3 (1.90 %) and minimum
disease incidence was found in PKM-4 (1.17 %). The maximum pest count was found
in PKM-4 (10) and minimum pest count was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (3).

of 10-11 years old trees under northern dry zone of Karnataka
from 3.65 m to 5.83 m. The maximum plant height was found in Dwarapudi (5.83 m)
followed by Pakala Round (5.76 m) and Badami (5.27 m). The minimum plant height
was found in Cricket Ball: Sirsi (3.65 m).
87
Table 20: Organoleptic characters in different cultivars of sapota (14-15 years old)
appearance
T1:CO-3 8 8 8 8 8
T2:Pala 5 5 6 5 5
T3:PKM-4 6 6 6 6 6
T4:Kalipatti (Udupi) 8 8 8 7 8
T5:Variegated sapota 7 7 6 6 6
88
Table 21: Percentage of disease incidence (leaf spot) and pest count (fruit fly) in different cultivars of sapota (14-15 years old)

(numbers)
T1:CO-3 1.90 8.00
T2:Pala 1.47 4.00
T3:PKM-4 1.17 10.00
T4:Kalipatti (Udupi) 1.38 3.00
T5:Variegated sapota 1.33 9.00
89
maximum plant height was found in Dwarapudi (5.85 m) followed by Pakala Round
(5.81 m) and Badami (5.29 m). The minimum plant height was found in Cricket Ball:
Sirsi (3.67 m).
maximum plant height was found in Dwarapudi (5.87 m) followed by Pakala Round
(5.83 m) and Badami (5.31 m). The minimum plant height was found in Cricket Ball:
Sirsi (3.69 m).
and 270 days of observation (Table-22). Stem girth at 90 days of observation varied
from 6.68 cm to 19.44 cm. The maximum stem girth was found in Dwarapudi (19.44
cm) followed by Pakala Round (12.05 cm) and Badami (11.97 cm). The minimum stem
girth was found in Calcutta Round (6.68 cm).
maximum stem girth was found in Dwarapudi (19.46 cm) followed by Pakala Round
(12.09 cm) and Badami (11.98 cm). The minimum stem girth was found in Calcutta
Round (6.70 cm).
maximum stem girth was found in Dwarapudi (19.47 cm) followed by Pakala Round
(12.12 cm) and Badami (12.01 cm). The minimum stem girth was found in Calcutta
Round (6.72 cm).

spread (north-south) was found in Dwarapudi (6.52 m) followed by Pakala Round (5.25
m) and Gholwad sapota (5.10 m). The minimum canopy spread (north-south) was found
in Calcutta Round (4.28 m).
90

6.25 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Dwarapudi (6.25 m)
followed by Gholwad sapota (5.42 m) and Pakala Round (5.29 m). The minimum
canopy spread (north-south) was found in Calcutta Round (4.32 m).

6.28 m. The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Dwarapudi (6.28 m)
canopy spread (north-south) was found in Calcutta Round (4.34 m).

(east-west) was found in Dwarapudi (6.33 m) followed by Pakala Round (5.53 m) and
Seedless (5.34 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Calcutta
Round (3.11 m).
m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Dwarapudi (6.35 m) followed
by Pakala Round (5.54 m) and Seedless (5.38 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-
west) was found in Calcutta Round (3.14 m).
m. The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Dwarapudi (6.37 m) followed
by Pakala Round (5.63 m) and Seedless (5.40 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-
west) was found in Calcutta Round (3.15 m).
varied from 10.50 cm to 14.60 cm. The maximum shoot length was found in Calcutta
Round (14.60 cm) followed by Seedless (13.90 cm) and Pakala Round (13.43 cm). The
minimum shoot length was found in Gholwad sapota (10.50 cm).
91
Table 22: Plant height, stem girth and canopy spread in different cultivars of sapota (10-11 years old)
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270
T1:Dwarapudi 5.83 5.85 5.87 19.44 19.46 19.47 6.52 6.25 6.28 6.33 6.35 6.37
T2:GholwadSapota 4.72 4.73 4.75 11.38 11.40 11.42 5.10 5.42 5.45 4.91 4.93 4.94
T3:Calcutta Round 4.17 4.19 4.20 6.68 6.70 6.72 4.28 4.32 4.34 3.11 3.14 3.15
T4:Pakala 4.30 4.32 4.34 9.82 9.83 9.85 5.05 5.13 5.17 5.20 5.22 5.24
T5:Pakala Round 5.76 5.81 5.83 12.05 12.09 12.12 5.25 5.29 5.32 5.53 5.54 5.63
T6:Seedless 4.28 4.30 4.39 11.23 11.26 11.28 4.85 4.90 4.95 5.34 5.38 5.40
T7:Badami 5.27 5.29 5.31 11.97 11.98 12.01 4.84 4.86 4.88 4.93 4.94 4.97
T8:Cricket Ball
3.65 3.67 3.69 10.98 11.08 11.13 4.92 4.96 4.99 5.01 5.04 5.06
(Sirsi)
S.Em± 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.18
CD(5%) 0.44 0.43 0.47 1.03 1.09 1.11 0.47 0.50 0.50 0.56 0.55 0.56
CV (%) 5.27 5.17 5.57 5.02 5.31 5.39 5.24 5.50 5.56 6.36 6.20 6.26
92
maximum shoot length was found in Calcutta Round (16.67 cm) followed by Pakala
Round (14.97 cm) and Gholwad sapota (14.03 cm). The minimum shoot length was
found in Badami (11.87 cm).
maximum shoot length was found in Calcutta Round (16.73 cm) followed by Pakala
Round (15.01 cm) and Gholwad sapota (14.08 cm). The minimum shoot length was
found in Badami (11.91 cm).
and 270 days of observation (Table-23). The shoot girth at 90 days of observation
varied from 0.45 cm to 0.52 cm. The maximum shoot girth was found in Seedless and
Badami (0.52 cm) followed by Dwarapudi (0.51 cm) and Cricket Ball: Sirsi (0.50 cm).
The minimum shoot girth was found in Pakala (0.45 cm).
maximum shoot girth was found in Seedless (0.53 cm) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi
(0.47 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in Pakala (0.42 cm).
maximum shoot girth was found in Seedless (0.54 cm) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi
(0.48 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in Pakala (0.44 cm).

observation varied from 13.70 m3 to 60.08 m3. The maximum canopy volume was found
in Dwarapudi (60.08 m3) followed by Pakala Round (41.81 m3) and Badami (31.37 m3).
The minimum canopy volume was found in Calcutta Round (13.70 m3).
The maximum canopy volume was found in Dwarapudi (60.29 m3) followed by Pakala
93
Table 23: Shoot length, shoot girth and canopy volume in different cultivars of sapota (10-11 years old)
T1:Dwarapudi 11.47 12.87 13.05 0.51 0.46 0.47 60.08 60.29 60.46
T2:GholwadSapota 10.50 14.03 14.08 0.48 0.46 0.47 29.54 29.75 29.92
T3:Calcutta Round 14.60 16.67 16.73 0.49 0.45 0.46 13.70 13.89 14.05
T4:Pakala 12.47 13.67 13.71 0.45 0.42 0.44 28.25 28.39 28.62
T5:Pakala Round 13.43 14.97 15.01 0.48 0.45 0.46 41.81 41.95 42.08
T6:Seedless 13.90 13.98 14.03 0.52 0.53 0.54 27.76 27.88 28.07
T7:Badami 11.77 11.87 11.91 0.52 0.45 0.46 31.37 31.60 31.73
T8:Cricket Ball
11.97 12.05 12.09 0.50 0.47 0.48 22.52 22.75 22.91
(Sirsi)
S.Em± 0.47 0.52 0.53 0.01 0.02 0.02 1.50 1.51 1.51
CD(5%) 1.44 1.58 1.60 0.04 0.05 0.05 4.55 4.57 4.57
CV (%) 6.56 6.54 6.62 5.06 6.12 6.02 8.16 8.13 8.10
94
Round (41.95 m3) and Badami (31.60 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in
Calcutta Round (13.89 m3).
The maximum canopy volume was found in Dwarapudi (60.46 m3) followed by Pakala
Round (42.08 m3) and Badami (31.73 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in
Calcutta Round (14.05 m3).
from 4.91 cm to 7.50 cm. The maximum leaf length was found in Badami (7.50 cm)
followed by Dwarapudi (7.21 cm) and Gholwad sapota (6.95 cm). The minimum leaf
length was found in Calcutta Round (4.91 cm).
maximum leaf length was found in Badami (7.61 cm) followed by Dwarapudi (7.34 cm)
and Gholwad sapota (7.06 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in Calcutta Round
(5.03 cm).
maximum leaf length was found in Gholwad sapota (8.87 cm) followed by Dwarapudi
(8.85 cm) and Badami (8.76 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in Cricket Ball:
Sirsi (6.57 cm).
varied from 1.67 cm to 2.70 cm. The maximum leaf breadth was found in Badami (2.70
cm) followed by Seedless (2.59 cm) and Gholwad sapota (2.46 cm). The minimum leaf
breadth was found in Cricket Ball: Sirsi (1.67 cm).
maximum leaf breadth was found in Badami (2.79 cm) followed by Seedless (2.69 cm)
95
and Gholwad sapota (2.53 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in Cricket Ball:
Sirsi (1.80 cm).
maximum leaf breadth was found in Gholwad sapota (3.31 cm) followed by Seedless
(3.15 cm) and Dwarapudi (3.08 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in Cricket
Ball: Sirsi (2.11 cm).
6.79 cm2 to 15.23 cm2. The maximum leaf area was found in Badami (15.23 cm2)
followed by Dwarapudi (14.22 cm2) and Seedless (13.69 cm2). The minimum leaf area
was found in Calcutta Round (6.79 cm2).
maximum leaf area was found in Badami (15.31 cm2) followed by Dwarapudi (14.38
cm2) and Seedless (13.48 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in Calcutta Round
(6.88 cm2).
maximum leaf area was found in Dwarapudi (22.21 cm2) followed by Badami (22.07
cm2) and Gholwad sapota (21.99 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in Calcutta
Round (15.33 cm2).

leaves per shoot was found in Pakala Round (12.00) followed by Pakala (11.00) and
Dwarapudi (10.33). The minimum number of leaves per shoot was found in Seedless
(7.33).
13.00. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Pakala Round (13.00)
96
Table 24: Leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and number of leaves per shoot in different cultivars of sapota (10-11 years old)
From July 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270 90 180 270
T1:Dwarapudi 7.21 7.34 8.85 2.41 2.52 3.08 14.22 14.38 22.21 10.33 11.00 11.67
T2:GholwadSapota 6.95 7.06 8.87 2.46 2.53 3.31 13.12 13.24 21.99 8.33 9.33 12.33
T3:Calcutta Round 4.91 5.03 7.20 1.71 1.83 2.68 6.79 6.88 15.33 8.67 9.00 12.33
T4:Pakala 6.09 6.17 7.87 2.08 2.20 2.76 10.52 10.61 18.12 11.00 12.00 15.67
T5:Pakala Round 5.43 5.52 7.49 1.74 1.85 2.83 8.28 7.41 16.77 12.00 13.00 14.00
T6:Seedless 6.85 6.97 8.11 2.59 2.69 3.15 13.69 13.48 19.90 7.33 8.33 12.67
T7:Badami 7.50 7.61 8.76 2.70 2.79 3.05 15.23 15.31 22.07 8.33 9.33 15.00
T8:Cricket Ball
5.51 5.64 6.57 1.67 1.80 2.11 7.74 7.94 16.39 9.33 10.33 15.00
(Sirsi)
S.Em± 0.24 0.26 0.41 0.11 0.11 0.20 0.69 0.72 1.63 0.80 0.82 0.71
CD(5%) 0.74 0.78 1.23 0.33 0.33 0.61 2.09 2.17 4.95 2.43 2.48 2.14
CV (%) 6.69 6.97 8.84 8.64 8.36 12.17 10.66 11.10 14.79 14.72 13.76 9.02
97
followed by Pakala (12.00) and Dwarapudi (11.00). The minimum number of leaves per
shoot was found in Seedless (8.33).
15.67. The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Pakala (15.67) followed
by Badami and Cricket Ball: Sirsi (15.00). The minimum number of leaves per shoot
was found in Dwarapudi (11.67).

shoot (Table-25, Fig-38). Among eight cultivars, the number of fruits per shoot ranged
from 1.67 to 4.00. The maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in Dwarapudi
(4.00) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi (3.33) and Seedless (3.00). The minimum number
of fruits per shoot was found in Calcutta Round (1.67).

Fig-39). Among eight cultivars, the fruit weight ranged from 66.24 g to 110.08 g. The
maximum fruit weight was found in Dwarapudi (110.08 g) followed by Pakala (108.84
g) and Pakala Round (91.76 g). The minimum fruit weight was found in Badami (66.24
g).

Fig-40). Among eight cultivars, the fruit girth ranged from 4.83 cm to 6.09 cm. The
maximum fruit girth was found in Pakala (6.09 cm) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi
(6.00 cm) and Dwarapudi (5.97 cm). The minimum fruit girth was found in Badami
(4.83 cm).

Fig-41). Among eight cultivars, the fruit length ranged from 5.06 cm to 6.02 cm. The
98
maximum fruit length was found in Calcutta Round (6.02 cm) followed by Seedless
(5.70 cm) and Pakala (5.53 cm). The minimum fruit length was found in Cricket Ball:
Sirsi (5.06 cm).

Fig-42). Among eight cultivars, the fruit volume ranged from 51.77 ml to 87.20 ml. The
maximum fruit volume was found in Dwarapudi (87.20 ml) followed by Pakala (83.27
ml) and Cricket Ball: Sirsi (71.87 ml). The minimum fruit volume was found in
Seedless (51.77 ml).
Treatments differed significantly among themselves for fruit yield (kg/tree)

(Table-25, Fig-43). Among eight cultivars, the fruit yield (kg/tree) ranged from 13.67 to
43.67 (kg/tree). The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) was found in Dwarapudi (43.67
kg/tree) followed by Gholwad sapota (29.67 kg/tree) and Pakala Round (20.17 kg/tree).
The minimum fruit yield (kg/tree) was found in Badami (13.67 kg/tree).
(Table-25, Fig-44). Among eight cultivars, the fruit yield per hectare ranged from 1.37
to 4.37 t/ha. The maximum fruit yield per hectare was found in Dwarapudi (4.37 t/ha)
followed by Gholwad sapota (2.97 t/ha) and Pakala Round (2.02 t/ha). The minimum
fruit yield per hectare was found in Badami (1.37 t/ha).
maturity (Table-25). Among eight cultivars, the days required for fruit maturity ranged
Dwarapudi (292.33) followed by Pakala Round (279.33) and Cricket Ball: Sirsi
(275.67). The minimum days required for fruit maturity was found in Badami (246.33).
99
Table 25: Yield and yield attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (10-11 years old)
maturity
T1:Dwarapudi 4.00 110.08 5.97 5.46 87.20 43.67 4.37 292.33
T2:GholwadSapota 2.33 79.63 5.46 5.41 61.93 29.67 2.97 261.67
T3:Calcutta Round 1.67 73.27 5.15 6.02 59.57 19.67 1.97 269.67
T4:Pakala 2.00 108.84 6.09 5.53 83.27 14.67 1.47 265.00
T5:Pakala Round 2.67 91.76 5.86 5.22 70.83 20.17 2.02 279.33
T6:Seedless 3.00 70.55 5.08 5.70 51.77 16.50 1.65 259.33
T7:Badami 2.00 66.24 4.83 5.26 68.53 13.67 1.37 246.33
T8:Cricket Ball
3.33 90.12 6.00 5.06 71.87 17.33 1.73 275.67
(Sirsi)
S.Em± 0.29 4.47 0.19 0.16 5.05 0.65 0.06 7.95
CD(5%) 0.86 13.54 0.57 0.50 15.31 1.97 0.20 24.10
CV (%) 18.82 8.96 5.83 5.21 12.60 5.12 5.12 5.12
100

(Table-26). Among eight cultivars, the fresh weight of pulp ranged from 60.40 g to
84.60 g. The maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in Dwarapudi (84.60 g)
followed by Pakala Round (78.00 g) and Calcutta Round (72.07 g). The minimum fresh
weight of pulp was found in Seedless (60.40 g).

(Table-26). Among eight cultivars, the dry weight of pulp ranged from 13.13 g to 24.23
g. The maximum dry weight of pulp was found in Dwarapudi (24.23 g) followed by
Calcutta Round (20.47 g) and Pakala Round (20.23 g). The minimum dry weight of
pulp was found in Pakala (13.13 g).

Fig-45). Among eight cultivars, the peel weight ranged from 6.60 g to 10.97 g. The
maximum peel weight was found in Dwarapudi (10.97 g) followed by Pakala Round
(9.30 g) and Badami (8.53 g). The minimum peel weight was found in Seedless (6.60
g).

(Table-26). Among eight cultivars, the pulp to peel ratio ranged from 5.83 to 7.09. The
maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in Pakala (7.09) followed by Dwarapudi (6.97)
and Pakala Round (6.86). The minimum pulp to peel ratio was found in Badami (5.83).

Among eight cultivars, the TSS ranged from 21.17 oBrix to 24.83 oBrix. The maximum
101
TSS was found in Gholwad sapota (24.83 oBrix) followed by Seedless and Badami
(23.83 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in Cricket Ball: Sirsi (21.17 oBrix).
4.4.3.6 Acidity (%)

Among eight cultivars, the acidity ranged from 0.27 % to 0.37 %. The maximum acidity
was found in Badami (0.37 %) followed by Gholwad Sapota (0.36 %) and Pakala (0.34
%). The minimum acidity was found in Calcutta Round and Pakala Round (0.27 %).

26, Fig-47). Among eight cultivars, the TSS:acid ratio ranged from 64.05 to 85.49. The
maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Calcutta Round (85.49) followed by Pakala
Round (84.11) and Seedless (74.80). The minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in Pakala
(64.05).

Among eight cultivars, the seed weight ranged from 2.00 g to 5.90 g. The maximum
seed weight was found in Pakala (5.90 g) followed by Badami (3.50 g) and Pakala
Round (2.87 g). The minimum seed weight was found in Seedless (2.00 g).

fruit. Among eight cultivars, the number of seeds per fruit ranged from 2.67 to 6.00.
The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in Pakala (6.00) followed by Pakala
Round and Badami (4.33). The minimum number of seeds per fruit was found in
Gholwad sapota (2.67).

26, Fig-48). Among eight cultivars, the shelf-life of fruit ranged from 3.00 days to 5.00
days. The maximum shelf-life of fruit was found in Dwarapudi (5.00 days) followed by
102
Table 26: Quality attributing parameters in different cultivars of sapota (10-11 years old)
T1:Dwarapudi 84.60 24.23 10.97 6.97 23.00 0.32 72.16 2.37 3.00 5.00
T2:GholwadSapota 64.73 18.47 8.00 6.46 24.83 0.36 69.35 2.40 2.67 3.33
T3:Calcutta Round 72.07 20.47 7.87 6.15 22.63 0.27 85.49 2.83 3.33 3.33
T4:Pakala 65.53 13.13 8.20 7.09 21.83 0.34 64.05 5.90 6.00 3.00
T5:Pakala Round 78.00 20.23 9.30 6.86 22.67 0.27 84.11 2.87 4.33 3.67
T6:Seedless 60.40 16.90 6.60 6.08 23.83 0.32 74.80 2.00 3.00 4.00
T7:Badami 66.53 17.83 8.53 5.83 23.83 0.37 64.58 3.50 4.33 3.00
T8:Cricket Ball
70.00 19.60 7.53 6.67 21.17 0.31 67.78 2.47 3.67 4.33
(Sirsi)
S.Em± 4.57 1.42 0.58 0.22 0.67 0.01 4.39 0.22 0.31 0.29
CD(5%) 13.85 4.32 1.77 0.68 2.04 0.04 13.32 0.67 0.94 0.89
CV (%) 11.26 13.08 12.06 5.98 5.06 6.28 10.45 12.61 14.10 13.64
103
Cricket Ball: Sirsi (4.33 days) and Seedless (4.00 days). The minimum shelf-life of fruit
was found in Pakala and Badami (3.00 days).

(Table-27). Among eight cultivars, the organoleptic evaluation of fruit ranged from 6.00
to 8.00. The maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in Seedless (8) and minimum
organoleptic evaluation was found in Gholwad sapota, Calcutta Round, Pakala Round
and Badami (6).

incidence (Table-28). Among eight cultivars, the disease incidence ranged from 0.90 %
to 1.64 %. The maximum disease incidence was found in Seedless (1.64 %) and
minimum disease incidence was found in Gholwad sapota (0.90 %). The maximum pest
count was found in Pakala (11) and minimum pest count was found in Badami (4).
104
Table 27: Organoleptic characters in different cultivars of sapota (10-11 years old)
appearance
T1:Dwarapudi 8 7 8 7 7
T2:GholwadSapota 7 6 6 6 6
T3:Calcutta Round 6 7 6 6 6
T4:Pakala 7 7 7 6 7
T5:Pakala Round 7 6 6 6 6
T6:Seedless 8 8 8 8 8
T7:Badami 7 6 7 6 6
T8:Cricket Ball (Sirsi) 8 7 7 7 7
105
Table 28: Percentage of disease incidence (leaf spot) and pest count (fruit fly) in different cultivars of sapota (10-11 years old)

(numbers)
T1:Dwarapudi 1.47 9.00
T2:GholwadSapota 0.90 8.00
T3:Calcutta Round 1.19 10.00
T4:Pakala 1.17 11.00
T5:Pakala Round 1.20 10.00
T6:Seedless 1.64 5.00
T7:Badami 1.17 4.00
T8:Cricket Ball (Sirsi) 1.40 6.00
106
V. DISCUSSION
Sapota is an important dessert fruit of tropical region and is commonly known as

Chikku in India. It is becoming a commercial fruit crop in many parts of India due to its
hardy nature and wider adoptability to diverse agro climatic conditions. Trees are
medium sized, erect to spreading evergreen plant with milky latex, growing to a height
of 20 m. Growth parameters such as plant height, stem girth, canopy spread, shoot
length, shoot girth, leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area and number of leaves per shoot
were recorded to have genetic association with fruit characters and these associations
would be valuable in predicting the quality parameters (Shikhamany et al., 1978).
Sapota tree adds large amount of biomass to the soil through leaf fall and
considered as one of the best eco-friendly fruit crop. Ripe fruit is delicious, rich in
sugars and used as dessert. In India, it is commercially grown in Karnataka, Gujarat,
Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Kerala. A number of varieties has been
recommended for commercial cultivation in different states. While recommending a
variety, fruit yield and its quality parameters play a vital role as regard to consumer’s
acceptability.
The present investigation entitled, “Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota

(Manilkara achras L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka” was undertaken to find
out the suitable cultivar for cultivation. The observations regarding the growth
characters, fruit parameters and quality attributes have been presented in preceding
chapter. The findings are discussed below under the appropriate headings.
5.1 Experiment 1: Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara achras L.)

under northern dry zone of Karnataka (22 years old trees).
5.1.1 Growth parameters :
Among fourteen cultivars, DHS-1 recorded the highest plant height (8.10 m)
followed by CO-1 (8.09 m) and Gavarayya (8.04 m). The minimum plant height was
found in PKM-1 (6.00 m). The maximum stem girth was found in DHS-1 (60.60 cm)
followed by DHS-2 (58.80 cm) and PKM-1 (52.65 cm). The minimum stem girth was
found in Kirthbarthi (40.75 cm).
107
The results were in accordance with Saraswathy et al. (2010) and Gunaki et al.
(1998). The variation could be due varietal nature and environmental influence. The
results in the present investigation on stem girth were higher and even lower when
compare to the findings of Siddaramayya (2005). This could be attributed to different
cultivars used in the study.
The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in DHS-1 (12.53 m)

(north-south) was found in PKM-1 (8.11 m). The maximum canopy spread (east-west)
was found in DHS-1 (12.21 m) followed by Long Oval (11.71m) and Kalipatti (11.60
m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in PKM-2 (8.14 m).
The results for canopy spread were higher compared to the findings of
Sidaramayya (2005) and Suhasini et al. (2011). This could be attributed to varietal
nature and environmental influence.
The maximum shoot length was found in Gavarayya (18.60 cm) followed by
Oval (17.20 cm) and Kirthbarthi (16.10 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in
DHS-2 (12.05 cm). The maximum shoot girth was found in PKM-3 (0.59 cm) followed
by DHS-1, PKM-2, Kalipatti and Kirthbarthi (0.57 cm). The minimum shoot girth was
found in CO-1 and Cricket Ball (0.45 cm). Shoot length and girth results are in
agreement with the findings of Gunaki et al. (2000).
The maximum canopy volume was found in DHS-1 (305.25 m3) followed by
Long Oval (241.65 m3) and DHS-2 (216.99 m3). The minimum canopy volume was
found in PKM-1 (104.56 m3). The results of canopy volume were higher compare to the
findings of Patel et al. (2018) and Shirol et al. (2009).
The maximum leaf length was found in Tagarampudi (9.74 cm) followed by
PKM-2 and Oval (8.74 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in PKM-1 (6.94 cm).
The maximum leaf breadth was found in DHS-2 (4.11 cm) followed by PKM-3 (3.71
cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in PKM-1 (2.54 cm).
The maximum leaf area was found in Tagarampudi (28.58 cm2) followed by
PKM-2 (25.53 cm2) and Kalipatti (24.28 cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in
Kirthbarthi (15.99 cm2). The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in Oval,
108
Kirthbarthi and Tagarampudi (13.50) followed by CO-1 (13.00). The minimum number
of leaves per shoot was found in DHS-1 (10.00).
The results of leaf area were in agreement with the findings of Hegde (1997) and
Gunaki (1998). The large leaf area may have higher photosynthetic efficiency which
determines yield and growth of plant. The variation in the leaf area is due to the
differences in the leaf length and breadth of the leaves. Patel et al. (2018) reported that
highest number of leaves per shoot was recorded under the DHS-1 (19.66). This might
be due to genetic constituent which differs with variety.
5.1.2 Yield and yield attributing parameters :
Among fourteen cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in
Cricket Ball (6.00) followed by PKM-2 and PKM-3 (5.50). The minimum number of
fruits per shoot was found in Kalipatti (2.50). The maximum fruit weight was found in
DHS-1 (139.82 g) followed by DHS-2 (138.66 g) and Kalipatti (136.18 g). The
minimum fruit weight was found in Oval (103.02 g). The maximum fruit girth was
found in CO-2 (6.04 cm) followed by Kirthbarthi (5.97 cm) and Kalipatti (5.78 cm).
The minimum fruit girth was found in PKM-1 (4.76 cm). The maximum fruit length
was found in Long Oval (6.48 cm) followed by PKM-3 (6.40 cm) and PKM-1 (6.32
cm). The minimum fruit length was found in DHS-1 (5.19 cm). The maximum fruit
volume was found in DHS-1 (77.40 ml) followed by CO-2 (74.20 ml) and PKM-3
(70.30 ml). The minimum fruit volume was found in Oval (54.24 ml).
There are no results found for number of fruits per shoot. This study itself is
only source for this parameter. The variation in number of fruits per shoot may be due
to varietal nature. The results were higher compared to the findings of Shakti et al.
(2017). The difference in respect of fruit weight recorded in present study indicates that
there is variation in different cultivars. The results for fruit girth were in accordance
with the findings of Chundawat and Bhuva (1982), Mulla (1986) and Ghosh et al.
(2002). Mathew et al. (2001) reported that the fruit length varied from 2.88 cm to 6.20
cm, these results were in accordance with the present investigation. Jadhav et al. (2018)
reported that the volume of the sapota fruits range is 20 to 70 ml, these results were in
agreement with the present study. The variation in fruit volume is due to difference in
fruit weight, fruit girth and fruit length values.
109
The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in DHS-1 (156.25
kg/tree, 15.63 t/ha) followed by DHS-2 (151.25 kg/tree, 15.13 t/ha) and CO-1 (147.75
kg/tree, 14.78 t/ha). The minimum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in
Kirthbarthi (77.00 kg/tree, 7.70 t/ha). The maximum days required for fruit maturity
was found in Long Oval (263.50) followed by CO-2 (262.15) and Gavarayya (257.46).
The minimum days required for fruit maturity was found in Kirthbarthi (190.63).
Chavan et al. (2009) recorded the maximum fruit yield per plant in DHS-1
(169.20 kg), this result was in agreement with the present investigation. The variation in
yield is due to environmental conditions and better absorption of nutrients from
different cultivars. Shirol et al. (2009) reported that the fruit yield per hectare varied
from 0.94 t/ha to 5.12 t/ha. Similar results were reported by Gunaki et al. (1999).
Sulladmath et al. (1979) reported that fruits of cv. Kalipatti took about 10½ months
(315.00 days) from fruit set to maturity. The differences observed by different workers
may be due to different climatic conditions such as temperature, relative humidity and
rainfall.
5.1.3 Quality parameters :
Among fourteen cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in Long
Oval (94.50 g) followed by Tagarampudi (82.60 g) and DHS-1 (82.10 g). The minimum
fresh weight of pulp was found in PKM-1 (56.55 g). The maximum dry weight of pulp
was found in Long Oval (26.30 g) followed by CO-2 (22.70 g) and Tagarampudi (22.65
g). The minimum dry weight of pulp was found in Gavarayya (15.90 g). The maximum
peel weight was found in Tagarampudi (12.10 g) followed by PKM-3 (11.55 g) and
PKM-2 (11.50 g). The minimum peel weight was found in CO-1 (4.70 g). The
maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in CO-1 (14.62) followed by Oval (12.89) and
DHS-1 (12.65). The minimum pulp to peel ratio was found in PKM-2 (5.96).
The readings were in accordance with the observations of Chundawat and Bhuva
(1982), they reported that highest pulp weight was recorded in DHS-1 (125.04 g)
followed by CO-1 (123.00 g). This might be attributed to different genetic stock used in
the present study. Shakti et al. (2017) reported that the peel weight varied from 2.80 g to
5.12 g, these results were lower compared to the present investigation. Ramadoss and
Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the highest pulp to peel ratio was recorded in
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Kirthbarthi oval variety (8.06) and the lowest pulp to peel ratio was in PKM-1 variety
(4.62).
The maximum TSS was found in Oval (24.00 oBrix) followed by Kalipatti
(23.75 oBrix) and Long Oval (23.25 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in
Tagarampudi (19.25 oBrix). The maximum acidity was found in Oval (0.37 %) followed
by Long Oval (0.33 %). The minimum acidity was found in PKM-2 (0.20 %). The
maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in PKM-2 (106.45) followed by PKM-1 (84.76)
and Cricket Ball (84.49). The minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in PKM-3 (60.85).
The results for TSS were in accordance with the reports of Siddaramayya (2005)
and Shirol et al. (2006). The results for acidity were higher compared to the reports of
Avaiya and Singh (1991) and Gunaki (1998). Ankalagi et al. (2017) reported that the
TSS to acid ratio varied from 101.50 to 113.64, these results were in accordance with
the present study.
The maximum seed weight was found in Long Oval and Kalipatti (4.10 g)
followed by Oval (3.55 g) and Kirthbarthi (3.50 g). The minimum seed weight was
found in PKM-3 (1.60 g). The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in PKM-1
(4.50). The minimum number of seeds per fruit was found in DHS-1, DHS-2, CO-1 and
Oval (2.00). The maximum shelf-life of fruit was found in Cricket Ball (6.50 days)
followed by DHS-2, PKM-2, Kirthbarthi and Tagarampudi (6.00 days). The minimum
shelf-life of fruit was found in Kalipatti (3.50 days), this might be due to more juice
content in fruit. The maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in DHS-2, PKM-2,
Cricket Ball, Long Oval and Kalipatti (8) and minimum organoleptic evaluation was
found in PKM-1(5).
Similar results for seed weight were reported by Sidaramayya (2005). This
might be due to metaxinia effect i.e. effect of pollen on fruit. The results for number of
seeds per fruit were in accordance with the findings of Shirol et al. (2006) and Shirol et
al. (2009). Vishwanath (2001) reported that the organoleptic score of sapota cultivars
DHS-1, DHS-2, Kalipatti and Cricket Ball irrespective of cultivars differed significantly
only in colour, appearance and flavour. Higher mean score for overall acceptability
recorded in DHS-2 (4.50) followed by DHS-1 (4.30). The variation in organoleptic
evaluation may be due to varietal nature.
111
The maximum disease incidence was found in PKM-3 (2.02 %) and minimum
disease incidence was found in PKM-1(0.81 %). The maximum pest count was found in
Cricket Ball (60) and the minimum pest count was found in Kalipatti (9).
in PKM-3 (26.78%). The leaf spot index was lowest in case of Kirthbharthi (2.89%).
Nandre and Shukla (2014) reported that the maximum (172.1 flies per trap) and the
minimum activity (11.1 to 21.3 flies per trap) were recorded during March to August
and December to January, respectively. The variation in the disease and pest incidence
is may be due to environmental conditions.

Among seven cultivars, the maximum plant height was found in Cricket Ball:
ARSA (6.84 m) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.28 m) and Singapore (5.99 m). The
minimum plant height was found in Mohangootee (4.87 m). The maximum stem girth
was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (30.90 cm) followed by Murabba (28.19 cm) and
Guthi (28.13 cm). The minimum stem girth was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (26.36
cm).
The results were in accordance with Suhasini et al. (2011). The plant height
varies with their growth habit and varietal nature. The results in the present
investigation on stem girth were higher and even lower when compared to the findings
of Siddaramayya (2005). This could be attributed to different varieties used in the study.
The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA

canopy spread (north-south) was found in Guthi (6.76 m). The maximum canopy spread
(east-west) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (9.48 m) followed by Singapore (7.77 m)
and Cricket Ball:Udupi (7.28 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in
Murabba (6.51 m). The maximum shoot length was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (16.03
cm) followed by Guthi (15.24 cm) and Murabba (14.20 cm).
112
The results were higher compared to the findings of Sidaramayya (2005) and
Suhasini et al. (2011). This could be attributed to varietal nature and environmental
influence.
The minimum shoot length was found in Mohangootee (12.47 cm). The
maximum shoot girth was found in Guthi (0.55 cm) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi
(0.54 cm) and Virudhnagar (0.51 cm). The minimum shoot girth was found in
Singapore and Murabba (0.44 cm). The maximum canopy volume was found in Cricket
Ball:ARSA (154.90 m3) followed by Singapore (95.66 m3) and Cricket Ball:Udupi
(77.84 m3). The minimum canopy volume was found in Murabba (55.79 m3).
The results for shoot length were in agreement with the findings of Gunaki et al.
(2000). The variation in the shoot length is due to varietal nature of the different age
grouped trees. The results for canopy volume were higher compare to the findings of
Patel et al. (2018) and Shirol et al. (2009). The variation might be due to different
genetic stock used in the study.
The maximum leaf length was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (9.41cm) followed
by Singapore (6.85 cm) and Virudhnagar (6.65 cm). The minimum leaf length was
found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (5.39 cm). The maximum leaf breadth was found in
Cricket Ball:Udupi (3.36 cm) followed by Singapore (3.17 cm) and Virudhnagar (2.96
cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found in Guthi (2.54 cm).
The maximum leaf area was found in Singapore (21.92 cm2) followed by
Virudhnagar (18.61 cm2) and Cricket Ball:ARSA (18.54 cm2). The minimum leaf area
was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (12.18 cm2). The maximum number of leaves per
shoot was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (17.00) followed by Mohangootee (14.33). The
minimum number of leaves per shoot was found in Singapore (11.33).
The results were in agreement with the findings of Hegde (1997) and Gunaki
(1998). The large leaf area may have higher photosynthetic efficiency which determines
yield and growth of plant. The variation in the leaf area is due to the differences in the
leaf length and breadth of the leaves. Suhasini et al. (2011) reported that the number of
leaves per shoot varied from 10.13 to 15.00. The same results were recorded in the
present study.
113
Among seven cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in
Murabba (7.00) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.67) and Guthi (6.33). The minimum
number of fruits per shoot was found in Mohangootee (5.33). The maximum fruit
weight was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (102.83 g) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi
(98.89 g) and Guthi (75.89 g). The minimum fruit weight was found in Mohangootee
(59.81 g). The maximum fruit girth was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (5.98 cm)
followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (5.97 cm) and Murabba (5.15 cm). The minimum fruit
girth was found in Mohangootee (4.73 cm). The maximum fruit length was found in
Singapore (5.83 cm) followed by Guthi (5.75 cm) and Virudhnagar (5.55 cm). The
minimum fruit length was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (4.98 cm). The maximum fruit
volume was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (84.07 ml) followed by Cricket Ball:ARSA
(77.13 ml) and Singapore (61.07 ml). The minimum fruit volume was found in
Mohangootee (43.47 ml).
to varietal nature. The results for fruit weight were higher compare to the findings of
Shakti et al. (2017). The difference in respect of weight observed in present study
indicates that there is variation in different cultivars. The differences recorded in fruit
weight may be due to varietal character and environmental influence. The results for
fruit girth were in accordance with the findings of Chundawat and Bhuva (1982), Mulla
(1986) and Ghosh et al. (2002). The significant difference among varieties for size of
fruit during different developmental stage is may be due to their varietal character.
Shirol et al. (2009) reported that fruit length was highest in Singapore (6.50 cm) and
least in Cricket Ball (5.30 cm). The differences recorded in length of fruits may be due
to genetic make-up. Jadhav et al. (2018) reported that the volume of the sapota fruits
range is 20 to 70 ml, these results were in agreement with the present study. The
variation in fruit volume is due to difference in fruit weight, fruit girth and fruit length
values.
The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(111.67 kg/tree, 11.17 t/ha) followed by Virudhnagar (99.00 kg/tree, 9.90 t/ha) and
Singapore (80.00 kg/tree, 8.00 t/ha). The minimum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was
114
found in Mohangootee (47.83 kg/tree, 4.77 t/ha) respectively. The maximum days
required for fruit maturity was found in Singapore (278.00) followed by Cricket Ball:
Udupi (276.67) and Virudhnagr (276.00). The minimum days required for fruit maturity
was found in Guthi (208.67).
Saraswathy et al. (2010) reported that the highest yield of 139.00 kg/tree was
recorded in PKM-4 followed by Virudhunagar local which recorded a yield of 135.75
kg/tree. The variation in yield is due to more number of fruits per plant and
environmental conditions. Shirol et al. (2009) reported that the fruit yield per hectare
varied from 0.94 t/ha to 5.12 t/ha. Sulladmath et al. (1979) reported that fruits of cv.
Kalipatti took about 10½ months (315.00 days) from fruit set to maturity. The
differences observed by different workers may be due to different climatic conditions
such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.
Among seven cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in Cricket
Ball:ARSA (92.40 g) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (78.30 g) and Virudhnagar (69.17
g). The minimum fresh weight of pulp was found in Murabba (49.23 g). The maximum
dry weight of pulp was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (22.97 g) followed by Singapore
(18.13 g) and Guthi (17.43 g). The minimum dry weight of pulp was found in Murabba
(13.43 g). The maximum peel weight was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (9.57 g)
followed by Cricket Ball:ARSA (9.47 g) and Guthi (7.97 g). The minimum peel weight
was found in Mohangootee (4.93 g). The maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in
Mohangootee (12.05) followed by Singapore (11.36) and Virudhnagar (10.08). The
minimum pulp to peel ratio was found in Guthi (7.12).
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that highest pulp weight was
recorded in Virudhnagar variety (149.27 g, 146.70 g) over both season I and season II.
The variation might be due to different genetic stock used in the present study. The
results for dry weight of pulp were lower compare to the findings of Ramadoss and
Arivazhagan (2016). Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the highest peel
weight was recorded in Virudhnagar variety (23.13 g, 22.86 g) both season I and season
II. The variation might be due varietal nature and environmental influence. Pulp to peel
ratio noticed in accordance with Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016).
115
The maximum TSS was found in Virudhnagar (23.00 oBrix) followed by

Singapore (22.67 oBrix) and Murabba (21.83 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in
Cricket Ball:Udupi (16.83 oBrix). The maximum acidity was found in Murabba (0.36
%) followed by Guthi (0.35 %), Mohangootee and Cricket Ball:ARSA (0.34 %). The
minimum acidity was found in Singapore (0.27 %). The maximum TSS:acid ratio was
found in Singapore (84.06) followed by Virudhnagar (75.01) and Murabba (60.97). The
minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in Guthi (55.36).
Anonymous (2019) reported that among the 19 sapota germplasm at

Periyakulum, Virudhnagar recorded highest TSS (24.82°Brix). Significant difference
among varieties in terms of TSS might be due to varietal characters in combination with
agro-climatic condition of the area. The results for acidity were higher compare to the
reports of Avaiya and Singh (1991) and Gunaki (1998). Ankalagi et al. (2017) reported
that the TSS to acid ratio varied from 101.50 to 113.64, these results were in accordance
with the present study.
The maximum seed weight was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (4.13 g) followed
by Guthi and Singapore (3.13 g). The minimum seed weight was found in Murabba
(1.53 g). The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(5.33) followed by Guthi (4.00) and Virudhnagar (3.67). The minimum number of seeds
per fruit was found in Singapore (2.67). The maximum shelf-life of fruit was found in
Murabba (7.00 days) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.67 days) and Singapore (6.00
days). The minimum shelf-life of fruit was found in Mohangootee (5.33 days). The
maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in Virudhnagar, Singapore, Mohangootee
and Cricket Ball:ARSA (7) and minimum organoleptic evaluation was found Guthi (5).
Similar results for seed weight were reported by Chundawat and Bhuva (1982).
They observed that maximum seed weight was recorded in Kalipatti (0.931 g) followed
by cv. Cricket Ball (0.87 g), Mohangootee (0.812 g). This might be due to metaxinia
effect i.e. effect of pollen on fruit. The results for number of seeds per fruit were in
accordance with the findings of Shirol et al. (2009). Vishwanath (2001) reported that
the organoleptic score of sapota cultivars DHS-1, DHS-2, Kalipatti and Cricket Ball
irrespective of cultivars differed significantly only in colour, appearance and flavour.
Higher mean score for overall acceptability recorded in DHS-2 (4.50) followed by
DHS-1 (4.30). The variation in organoleptic evaluation may be due to varietal nature.
116
The maximum disease incidence was found in Virudhnagar (1.73 %) and

minimum disease incidence was found in Cricket Ball:Udupi (0.74 %). The maximum
pest count was found in Guthi and Murabba (6) and the minimum pest count was found
in Mohangootee (0).
Nandre and Shukla (2014) reported that the maximum (172.1 flies per trap) and the
minimum activity (11.1 to 21.3 flies per trap) was recorded during March to August and
December to January, respectively. The variation in the disease and pest incidence is
may be due to environmental conditions.

under northern dry zone of Karnataka (14-15 years old trees).
Among five cultivars, the maximum plant height was found in PKM-4 (5.56 m)
followed by CO-3 (5.51 m) and Kalipatti: Udupi (5.21 m). The minimum plant height
was found in Pala (3.57 m). The maximum stem girth was found in CO-3 and PKM-4
(51.28 cm) followed by Variegated sapota (49.45 cm) and Kalipatti:Udupi (48.65 cm).
The minimum stem girth was found in Pala (38.08 cm).
Gunaki (1998) revealed that the maximum plant height was in cultivar DHS-1
(5.18 m) while Kalipatti showed minimum plant height (3.15 m). The plant height
varies with their growth habit and varietal nature. The results in the present
investigation on stem girth were higher and even lower when compare to the findings of
Siddaramayya (2005).
The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in CO-3 (7.21 m)

followed by PKM-4 (7.05 m) and Kalipatti:Udupi (6.54 m). The minimum canopy
spread (north-south) was found in Pala (5.45 m). The maximum canopy spread (east-
west) was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (6.96 m) followed by Variegated Sapota (6.93 m)
and PKM-4 (6.59 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Pala (4.85
m).
117
The results were higher compare to the findings of Sidaramayya (2005) and
Suhasini et al. (2011). This could be attributed to different cultivars, varietal nature and
environmental influence.
The maximum shoot length was found in Pala (15.85 cm) followed by Kalipatti:
Udupi (15.07 cm) and PKM-4 (14.14 cm). The minimum shoot length was found in
Variegated sapota (13.74 cm). The maximum shoot girth was found in Pala (0.55 cm)
followed by CO-3 (0.54 cm) and PKM-4 (0.53 cm). The minimum shoot girth was
found in Variegated sapota (0.46 cm). The maximum canopy volume was found in
PKM-4 (63.71 m3) followed by CO-3 (60.95 m3) and Kalipatti:Udupi (58.31 m3). The
minimum canopy volume was found in Pala (23.23 m3).
The results for shoot length were in agreement with the findings of Gunaki et al.
(2000). The variation in the shoot length is due to varietal nature of the different age
grouped trees. The results were higher compare to the findings of Patel et al. (2018) and
Shirol et al. (2009). The variation might be due to different genetic stock used in the
study.
The maximum leaf length was found in CO-3 (9.18 cm) followed by Kalipatti:
Udupi (8.60 cm) and PKM-4 (8.57 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in Pala
(7.14 cm). The maximum leaf breadth was found in CO-3 (3.75 cm) followed by
Kalipatti:Udupi (3.38 cm) and PKM-4 (3.34 cm). The minimum leaf breadth was found
in Pala (2.55 cm). The maximum leaf area was found in CO-3 (27.81 cm2) followed by
PKM-3 (25.61 cm2) and Kalipatti:Udupi (22.79 cm2). The minimum leaf area was
found in Pala (14.14 cm2). The maximum number of leaves per shoot was found in
Kalipatti:Udupi (12.00) followed by CO-3 and Variegated sapota (10.00). The
minimum number of leaves per shoot was found in Pala (9.00).
leaf length and breadth of the leaves. Patel et al. (2018) reported that the highest number
of leaves per shoot was recorded under the DHS-1 (19.66). This might be due to genetic
constituent which differs with variety.
118
Among five cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in
PKM-4 (5.25) followed by Pala (4.00) and CO-3 and Kalipatti:Udupi (3.75). The
minimum number of fruits per shoot was found in Variegated sapota (2.50). The
(88.73 g) and Pala (87.50 g). The minimum fruit weight was found in Variegated sapota
(83.26 g). The maximum fruit girth was found in Variegated sapota (7.11 cm) followed
by CO-3 (5.58 cm) and Pala (5.50 cm). The minimum fruit girth was found in PKM-4
(5.26 cm). The maximum fruit length was found in PKM-4 (7.92 cm) followed by Pala
(6.62 cm) and Kalipatti:Udupi (5.73 cm). The minimum fruit length was found in CO-3
(4.88 cm). The maximum fruit volume was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (75.05 ml)
followed by PKM-4 (74.70 ml) and Variegated sapota (67.80 ml). The minimum fruit
volume was found in Pala (56.15 ml).
to varietal nature. The results were higher compare to the findings of Shakti et al.
(2017). The difference in respect of weight observed in present study indicates that there
is variation in different cultivars. The differences recorded in fruit weight may be due to
varietal character and environmental influence. The results were in accordance with the
findings of Chundawat and Bhuva (1982), Mulla (1986) and Ghosh et al. (2002). The
significant difference among varieties for size of fruit during different developmental
stage is may be due to their varietal character. Mathew et al. (2001) observed that the
fruit length varied from 2.88 cm to 6.20 cm, these results were in accordance with the
present investigation. Jadhav et al. (2018) reported that the volume of the sapota fruits
range is 20 to 70 ml, these results were in agreement with the present study. The
variation in fruit volume is due to difference in fruit weight, fruit girth and fruit length
values.
The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in PKM-4 (70.63
kg/tree, 7.06 t/ha) followed by Pala (44.00 kg/tree, 4.40 t/ha ) and CO-3 (43.25 kg/tree,
4.33 t/ha ). The minimum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in Variegated sapota
(21.25 kg/tree, 2.13 t/ha). The maximum days required for fruit maturity was found in
119
PKM-4 (277.75) followed by CO-3 (260.25) and Kalipatti:Udupi (257.75). The

minimum days required for fruit maturity was found in Pala (222.50).
Chavan et al. (2009) recorded the maximum fruit yield per plant in DHS-1
(169.20 kg), this result was in agreement with the present investigation. Shirol et al.
(2009) reported that the fruit yield per hectare varied from 0.94 t/ha to 5.12 t/ha. The
variation might be due to environmental influence and different genetic stock used in
the study. Similar results were observed by Gunaki et al. (1999). Sulladmath et al.
(1979) reported that fruits of cv. Kalipatti took about 10½ months (315.00 days) from
fruit set to maturity. The differences observed by different workers may be due to
different climatic conditions such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.
Among five cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in PKM-4
(79.28 g) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (76.53 g) and Pala (71.45 g). The minimum fresh
weight of pulp was found in Variegated sapota (52.50 g). The maximum dry weight of
pulp was found in Variegated sapota (25.73 g) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (20.83 g)
and PKM-4 (19.73 g). The minimum dry weight of pulp was found in CO-3 (14.60 g).
The maximum peel weight was found in PKM-4 (9.95 g) followed by CO-3 (9.40 g)
and Kalipatti:Udupi (8.93 g). The minimum peel weight was found in Pala (7.65 g). The
maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (9.63) followed by Pala (9.27)
and PKM-4 (8.09). The minimum pulp to peel ratio was found in Variegated sapota
(6.54).
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the pulp weight varied from
49.63 g to 146.70 g in Pala and Virudhnagar respectively. The variation might be due to
different genetic stock used in the present study. The results were lower compare to the
findings of Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016). This might be attributed to different
genetic stock used in the present study. Shakti et al. (2017) reported that the peel weight
varied from 2.80 g to 5.12 g, these results were lower compared to the present
investigation. Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that highest pulp to peel ratio
was recorded in Kirthbarthi oval variety (8.06) and the lowest pulp to peel ratio was in
PKM-1 variety (4.62). The variation might be due to varietal nature and environmental
influence.
120
The maximum TSS was found in Variegated sapota (22.25 oBrix) followed by
Pala (21.00 oBrix) and Kalipatti:Udupi (20.00 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in
CO-3 (17.38 oBrix). The maximum acidity was found in CO-3, PKM-4 and Variegated
sapota (0.35 %). The minimum acidity was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (0.27 %). The
maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Pala (75.33) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (74.26)
and Variegated sapota (64.82). The minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in CO-3
(50.74).
The results were in accordance with the reports of Mathew et al. (2001),
Siddaramayya (2005) and Shirol et al. (2006). Significant difference among varieties in
terms of TSS might be due to varietal characters in combination with agro-climatic
condition of the area. The results were higher compare to the reports of Avaiya and
Singh (1991) and Gunaki (1998). The variation might be due to different cultivars used
in the present investigation. Ankalagi et al. (2017) reported that the TSS to acid ratio
varied from 101.50 to 113.64, these results were in accordance with the present study.
The maximum seed weight was found in CO-3 (5.80 g) followed by PKM-4
(3.33 g) and Pala (2.68 g). The minimum seed weight was found in Variegated sapota
(2.43 g). The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in CO-3 (5.25) followed
by PKM-4 (3.75) and Variegated sapota (3.25). The minimum number of seeds per fruit
was found in Pala and Kalipatti:Udupi (3.00). The maximum shelf-life of fruit was
found in PKM-4 (6.25 days) followed by Pala (5.00 days). The minimum shelf-life of
fruit was found in Variegated sapota (3.50 days). The maximum organoleptic evaluation
was found in CO-3 and Kalipatti:Udupi (8) and minimum organoleptic evaluation was
found in Pala (5).
might be due to metaxinia effect i.e. effect of pollen on fruit. The results for number of
seeds per fruit were in accordance with the findings of Shirol et al. (2006) and Shirol et
al. (2009). Vishwanath (2001) reported that the organoleptic score of sapota cultivars
DHS-1, DHS-2, Kalipatti and Cricket Ball irrespective of cultivars differed significantly
only in colour, appearance and flavour. Higher mean score for overall acceptability
recorded in DHS-2 (4.50) followed by DHS-1 (4.30). The variation in organoleptic
evaluation may be due to varietal nature.
121
The maximum disease incidence was found in CO-3 (1.90 %) and minimum
disease incidence was found in PKM-4 (1.17 %). The maximum pest count was found
in PKM-4 (10) and minimum pest count was found in Kalipatti: Udupi (3).
Nandre and Shukla (2014) reported that maximum (172.1 flies per trap) and minimum
activity (11.1 to 21.3 flies per trap) was recorded during March to August and

Among eight cultivars, the maximum plant height was found in Dwarapudi (5.87
m) followed by Pakala Round (5.83 m) and Badami (5.31 m). The minimum plant
height was found in Cricket Ball: Sirsi (3.69 m). The maximum stem girth was found in
Dwarapudi (19.47 cm) followed by Pakala Round (12.12 cm) and Badami (12.01 cm).
The minimum stem girth was found in Calcutta Round (6.72 cm).
Gunaki (1998) revealed that the plant height ranged from 3.15 m to 5.18 m. The
plant height varies with their growth habit and varietal nature. The results in the present
investigation on stem girth were higher and even lower when compare to the findings of
Siddaramayya (2005). This could be attributed to different varieties used in the study.
The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Dwarapudi (6.28 m)

canopy spread (north-south) was found in Calcutta Round (4.34 m). The maximum
canopy spread (east-west) was found in Dwarapudi (6.37 m) followed by Pakala Round
(5.63 m) and Seedless (5.40 m). The minimum canopy spread (east-west) was found in
Calcutta Round (3.15 m).
The results for canopy spread were higher compare to the findings of
Sidaramayya (2005) and Suhasini et al. (2011). This could be attributed to different
cultivars, varietal nature and environmental influence.
122
The maximum shoot length was found in Calcutta Round (16.73 cm) followed
by Pakala Round (15.01 cm) and Gholwad sapota (14.08 cm). The minimum shoot
length was found in Badami (11.91 cm). The maximum shoot girth was found in
Seedless (0.54 cm) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi (0.48 cm). The minimum shoot girth
was found in Pakala (0.44 cm). The maximum canopy volume was found in Dwarapudi
(60.46 m3) followed by Pakala Round (42.08 m3) and Badami (31.73 m3). The
minimum canopy volume was found in Calcutta Round (14.05 m3).
The results were in agreement with the findings of Gunaki et al. (2000). The
variation in the shoot length is due to varietal nature of the different age grouped trees.
The results for canopy volume were higher compared to the findings of Patel et al.
(2018) and Shirol et al. (2009).
The maximum leaf length was found in Gholwad sapota (8.87 cm) followed by
Dwarapudi (8.85 cm) and Badami (8.76 cm). The minimum leaf length was found in
Cricket Ball: Sirsi (6.57 cm). The maximum leaf breadth was found in Gholwad Sapota
(3.31 cm) followed by Seedless (3.15 cm) and Dwarapudi (3.08 cm). The minimum leaf
breadth was found in Cricket Ball: Sirsi (2.11 cm). The maximum leaf area was found
in Dwarapudi (22.21 cm2) followed by Badami (22.07 cm2) and Gholwad sapota (21.99
cm2). The minimum leaf area was found in Calcutta Round (15.33 cm2). The maximum
number of leaves per shoot was found in Pakala (15.67) followed by Badami and
Cricket Ball: Sirsi (15.00). The minimum number of leaves per shoot was found in
Dwarapudi (11.67).
leaf length and breadth of the leaves. Suhasini et al. (2011) reported that the number of
leaves per shoot varied from 10.13 to 15.00. The same results were recorded in the
present study.
Among the eight cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found
in Dwarapudi (4.00) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi (3.33) and Seedless (3.00). The
minimum number of fruits per shoot was found in Calcutta Round (1.67). The
123
g) and Pakala Round (91.76 g). The minimum fruit weight was found in Badami (66.24
g). The maximum fruit girth was found in Pakala (6.09 cm) followed by Cricket Ball:
Sirsi (6.00 cm) and Dwarapudi (5.97 cm). The minimum fruit girth was found in
Badami (4.83 cm). The maximum fruit length was found in Calcutta Round (6.02 cm)
followed by Seedless (5.70 cm) and Pakala (5.53 cm). The minimum fruit length was
found in Cricket Ball: Sirsi (5.06 cm). The maximum fruit volume was found in
Dwarapudi (87.20 ml) followed by Pakala (83.27 ml) and Cricket Ball: Sirsi (71.87 ml).
The minimum fruit volume was found in Seedless (51.77 ml).
to varietal nature. The results were higher compare to the findings of Shakti et al.
(2017). The difference in respect of weight recorded in present study indicates that there
is variation in different cultivars. The differences recorded in fruit weight may be due to
varietal character and environmental influence. The results were in accordance with the
findings of Chundawat and Bhuva (1982), Mulla (1986) and Ghosh et al. (2002). The
significant difference among varieties for size of fruit during different developmental
stage is may be due to their varietal character. Shirol et al. (2009) reported that fruit
length was highest in Singapore (6.50 cm) and least in Cricket Ball (5.30 cm). The
differences observed in length of fruits may be due to genetic make-up. Jadhav et al.
(2018) reported that the volume of the sapota fruits range is 20 to 70 ml, these results
were in agreement with the present study. The variation in fruit volume is due to
difference in fruit weight, fruit girth and fruit length values.
The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in Dwarapudi (43.67
kg/tree, 4.37 t/ha) followed by Gholwad sapota (29.67 kg/tree, 2.97 t/ha) and Pakala
Round (20.17 kg/tree, 2.02 t/ha). The minimum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was
found in Badami (13.67 kg/tree, 1.37 t/ha). The maximum days required for fruit
maturity was found in Dwarapudi (292.33) followed by Pakala Round (279.33) and
Cricket Ball: Sirsi (275.67). The minimum days required for fruit maturity was found in
Badami (246.33).
At Arabhavi 8 cultivars were evaluated and among them Dwarapudi (48.50

kg/plant) recorded maximum fruit yield (Anon., 2018). Shirol et al. (2009) reported that
124
the fruit yield per hectare varied from 0.94 t/ha to 5.12 t/ha. The variation might be due
to environmental influence and different genetic stock used in the study. Sulladmath et
al. (1979) reported that fruits of cv. Kalipatti took about 10½ months (315.00 days)
from fruit set to maturity. The differences recorded by different workers may be due to
different climatic conditions such as temperature, relative humidity and rainfall.
Among eight cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in
Dwarapudi (84.60 g) followed by Pakala Round (78.00 g) and Calcutta Round (72.07
g). The minimum fresh weight of pulp was found in Seedless (60.40 g). The maximum
dry weight of pulp was found in Dwarapudi (24.23 g) followed by Calcutta Round
(20.47 g) and Pakala Round (20.23 g). The minimum dry weight of pulp was found in
Pakala (13.13 g). The maximum peel weight was found in Dwarapudi (10.97 g)
followed by Pakala Round (9.30 g) and Badami (8.53 g). The minimum peel weight was
found in Seedless (6.60 g). The maximum pulp to peel ratio was found in Pakala (7.09)
followed by Dwarapudi (6.97) and Pakala Round (6.86). The minimum pulp to peel
ratio was found in Badami (5.83).
Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that the pulp weight varied from
49.63 g to 146.70 g in Pala and Virudhnagar respectively. Shakti et al. (2017) reported
that the maximum pulp weight (73.78 g) was recorded in variety CO-2 and the
minimum pulp weight (46.36 g) was recorded in PKM-1 variety. The variation might be
due to different genetic stock used in the present study. The results were lower compare
to the findings of Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016). This might be attributed to
different genetic stock used in the present study. Shakti et al. (2017) reported that the
peel weight varied from 2.80 g to 5.12 g, these results were lower compare to the
present investigation. Ramadoss and Arivazhagan (2016) reported that highest pulp to
peel ratio was recorded in Kirthbarthi oval variety (8.06) and the lowest pulp to peel
ratio was in PKM-1 variety (4.62). The variation might be due to varietal nature and
environmental influence.
The maximum TSS was found in Gholwad sapota (24.83 oBrix) followed by
Seedless and Badami (23.83 oBrix). The minimum TSS was found in Cricket Ball: Sirsi
(21.17 oBrix). The maximum acidity was found in Badami (0.37 %) followed by
125
Gholwad sapota (0.36 %) and Pakala (0.34 %). The minimum acidity was found in
Calcutta Round and Pakala Round (0.27 %). The maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in
Calcutta Round (85.49) followed by Pakala Round (84.11) and Seedless (74.80). The
minimum TSS:acid ratio was found in Pakala (64.05).
Chadha (1992) recorded the highest TSS per cent in hybrid 2/4 (27.40 °Brix)
where as cv. Dwarapudi recorded lowest (13.00 °Brix) TSS. Significant difference
among varieties in terms of TSS might be due to varietal characters in combination with
agro-climatic condition of the area. The results were higher compared to the reports of
Avaiya and Singh (1991) and Gunaki (1998). The variation might be due to different
cultivars used in the present investigation. Ankalagi et al. (2017) reported that the TSS
to acid ratio varied from 101.50 to 113.64, these results were in accordance with the
present study.
The maximum seed weight was found in Pakala (5.90 g) followed by Badami
(3.50 g) and Pakala Round (2.87 g). The minimum seed weight was found in Seedless
(2.00 g). The maximum number of seeds per fruit was found in Pakala (6.00) followed
by Pakala Round and Badami (4.33). The minimum number of seeds per fruit was
found in Gholwad sapota (2.67). The maximum shelf-life of fruit was found in
Dwarapudi (5.00 days) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi (4.33 days) and Seedless (4.00
days). The minimum shelf-life of fruit was found in Pakala and Badami (3.00 days).
The maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in Seedless (8) and minimum
organoleptic evaluation was found in Gholwad sapota, Calcutta Round, Pakala Round
and Badami (6).
might be due to metaxinia effect i.e. effect of pollen on fruit. The results were in
accordance with the findings of Shirol et al. (2006) and Shirol et al. (2009). Rokhade et
al. (1989) reported that the number of seeds varied between 2.00 to 6.00 per fruit in
different sapota varieties and hybrids. The differences recorded in number of seeds per
fruit may be due to varietal character. Vishwanath (2001) reported that the organoleptic
score of sapota cultivars DHS-1, DHS-2, Kalipatti and Cricket Ball irrespective of
cultivars differed significantly only in colour, appearance and flavour. Higher mean
score for overall acceptability recorded in DHS-2 (4.50) followed by DHS-1 (4.30). The
variation in organoleptic evaluation may be due to varietal nature.
126
The maximum disease incidence was found in Seedless (1.64 %) and minimum
disease incidence was found in Gholwad sapota (0.90 %). The maximum pest count was
found in Pakala (11) and minimum pest count was found in Badami (4).
Nandre and Shukla (2014) reported that maximum (172.1 flies per trap) and minimum
activity (11.1 to 21.3 flies per trap) were recorded during March to August and
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VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Sapota is a hardy fruit crop is commercially grown on a large area in Karnataka.

Area under this crop is increasing due to its wider adaptability to varied agro-climatic
conditions and higher productivity. However, one of the major limiting factors for the
expected level of expansion of the area under this crop is specific variety with ideal
characters. The present investigations were carried out to evaluate the different cultivars
of sapota (Manilkara achras L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka. The experiment
was including 34 different age grouped germplasm collections.
The present experiment was conducted at the ‘All India Co-ordinated Research
Project on Fruits’, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi,
Karnataka during the period from 2018-2019 in order to study the plant growth, fruit
characters, yield and quality evaluation in sapota. The present study was conducted into
four separate experiments based on different age grouped trees; (i) To evaluate cultivars
of sapota for their growth and development, (ii) To evaluate cultivars of sapota for yield
and quality parameters, (iii) To identify the suitable cultivar for northern dry zone. The
experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with different
replications. The data was recorded on different parameters such as plant height, canopy
volume, leaf area, number of leaves, fruit development etc.

Among fourteen cultivars, DHS-1 recorded the highest plant height (8.10 m)
followed by CO-1 (8.09 m) and Gavarayya (8.04 m). The maximum stem girth was
found in DHS-1 (60.60 cm) followed by DHS-2 (58.80 cm) and PKM-1 (52.65 cm).
The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in DHS-1 (12.53 m) followed by
DHS-2 (11.68 m) and Long Oval (11.43 m). The maximum canopy spread (east-west)
was found in DHS-1 (12.21 m) followed by Long Oval (11.71m) and Kalipatti (11.60
m). The maximum canopy volume was found in DHS-1 (305.25 m3) followed by Long
Oval (241.65 m3) and DHS-2 (216.99 m3). The maximum leaf area was found in DHS-2
(21.51 cm2) followed by PKM-2 (18.62 cm2) and PKM-3 (18.56 cm2).
128
Among fourteen cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in
Cricket Ball (6.00) followed by PKM-2 and PKM-3 (5.50). The maximum fruit weight
was found in DHS-1 (139.82 g) followed by DHS-2 (138.66 g) and Kalipatti (136.18 g).
The maximum fruit volume was found in DHS-1 (77.40 ml) followed by CO-2 (74.20
ml) and PKM-3 (70.30 ml). The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in
DHS-1 (156.25 kg/tree, 15.63 t/ha) followed by DHS-2 (151.25 kg/tree, 15.13 t/ha) and
CO-1 (147.75 kg/tree, 14.78 t/ha).
Among fourteen cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in Long
Oval (94.50 g) followed by Tagarampudi (82.60 g) and DHS-1 (82.10 g). The
maximum TSS was found in Oval (24.00 oBrix) followed by Kalipatti (23.75 oBrix) and
Long Oval (23.25 oBrix). The maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in PKM-2 (106.45)
followed by PKM-1 (84.76) and Cricket Ball (84.49). The maximum organoleptic
evaluation was found in DHS-2, PKM-2, Cricket Ball, Long Oval and Kalipatti (8) and
the maximum disease incidence was found in PKM-3 (2.02 %). The maximum pest
count was found in Cricket Ball (60).

Among seven cultivars, the maximum plant height was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(6.84 m) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.28 m) and Singapore (5.99 m). The
(28.19 cm) and Guthi (28.13 cm). The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was
found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (9.67 m) followed by Singapore (8.31 m) and Virudhnagar
(7.65 m). The maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(9.48 m) followed by Singapore (7.77 m) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (7.28 m). The
maximum canopy volume was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (154.90 m3) followed by
Singapore (95.66 m3) and Cricket Ball:Udupi (77.84 m3). The maximum leaf area was
129
found in Singapore (21.92 cm2) followed by Virudhnagar (18.61 cm2) and Cricket Ball:
ARSA (18.54 cm2).
Among seven cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in
Murabba (7.00) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (6.67) and Guthi (6.33). The maximum
fruit weight was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA (102.83 g) followed by Cricket Ball:
Udupi (98.89 g) and Guthi (75.89 g). The maximum fruit volume was found in Cricket
Ball:Udupi (84.07 ml) followed by Cricket Ball:ARSA (77.13 ml) and Singapore (61.07
ml). The maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in Cricket Ball:ARSA
(111.67 kg/tree, 11.17 t/ha) followed by Virudhnagar (99.00 kg/tree, 9.90 t/ha) and
Singapore (80.00 kg/tree, 8.00 t/ha).
Among seven cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in Cricket
Ball: ARSA (92.40 g) followed by Cricket Ball:Udupi (78.30 g) and Virudhnagar
(69.17 g). The maximum TSS was found in Virudhnagar (23.00 oBrix) followed by
Singapore (22.67 oBrix) and Murabba (21.83 oBrix). The maximum TSS:acid ratio was
found in Singapore (84.06) followed by Virudhnagar (75.01) and Murabba (60.97). The
maximum organoleptic evaluation was found in Virudhnagar, Singapore, Mohangootee
and Cricket Ball:ARSA (7). The maximum disease incidence was found in Virudhnagar
(1.73 %) and maximum pest count was found in Guthi and Murabba (6).

Among five cultivars, the maximum plant height was found in PKM-4 (5.56 m)
followed by CO-3 (5.51 m) and Kalipatti:Udupi (5.21 m). The maximum stem girth was
found in CO-3 and PKM-4 (51.28 cm) followed by Variegated sapota (49.45 cm) and
Kalipatti:Udupi (48.65 cm). The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in
CO-3 (7.21 m) followed by PKM-4 (7.05 m) and Kalipatti:Udupi (6.54 m). The
maximum canopy spread (east-west) was found in Kalipatti:Udupi (6.96 m) followed by
Variegated sapota (6.93 m) and PKM-4 (6.59 m). The maximum canopy volume was
130
found in PKM-4 (63.71 m3) followed by CO-3 (60.95 m3) and Kalipatti:Udupi (58.31
m3). The maximum leaf area was found in CO-3 (15.66 cm2) followed by Kalipatti:
Udupi (15.15 cm2) and PKM-4 (12.75 cm2).
Among five cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found in
PKM-4 (5.25) followed by Pala (4.00) and CO-3 and Kalipatti:Udupi (3.75). The
(88.73 g) and Pala (87.50 g). The maximum fruit volume was found in Kalipatti:Udupi
(75.05 ml) followed by PKM-4 (74.70 ml) and Variegated sapota (67.80 ml). The
maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in PKM-4 (70.63 kg/tree, 7.06 t/ha)
followed by Pala (44.00 kg/tree, 4.40 t/ha ) and CO-3 (43.25 kg/tree, 4.33 t/ha ).
Among five cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in PKM-4
(79.28 g) followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (76.53 g) and Pala (71.45 g). The maximum TSS
was found in Variegated sapota (22.25 oBrix) followed by Pala (21.00 oBrix) and
Kalipatti:Udupi (20.00 oBrix). The maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Pala (75.33)
followed by Kalipatti:Udupi (74.26) and Variegated sapota (64.82). The maximum
organoleptic evaluation was found in CO-3 and Kalipatti:Udupi (8) and maximum
disease incidence was found in CO-3 (1.90 %). The maximum pest count was found in
PKM-4 (10).

Among eight cultivars, the maximum plant height was found in Dwarapudi (5.87
m) followed by Pakala Round (5.83 m) and Badami (5.31 m). The maximum stem girth
was found in Dwarapudi (19.47 cm) followed by Pakala Round (12.12 cm) and Badami
(12.01 cm). The maximum canopy spread (north-south) was found in Dwarapudi (6.28
m) followed by Gholwad sapota (5.45 m) and Pakala Round (5.32 m). The maximum
canopy spread (east-west) was found in Dwarapudi (6.37 m) followed by Pakala Round
(5.63 m) and Seedless (5.40 m). The maximum canopy volume was found in Dwarapudi
131
(60.46 m3) followed by Pakala Round (42.08 m3) and Badami (31.73 m3). The
maximum leaf area was found in Badami (15.31 cm2) followed by Dwarapudi (14.38
cm2) and Seedless (13.48 cm2).
Among the eight cultivars, the maximum number of fruits per shoot was found
in Dwarapudi (4.00) followed by Cricket Ball: Sirsi (3.33) and Seedless (3.00). The
g) and Pakala Round (91.76 g). The maximum fruit volume was found in Dwarapudi
(87.20 ml) followed by Pakala (83.27 ml) and Cricket Ball: Sirsi (71.87 ml). The
maximum fruit yield (kg/tree) and (t/ha) was found in Dwarapudi (43.67 kg/tree, 4.37
t/ha) followed by Gholwad sapota (29.67 kg/tree, 2.97 t/ha) and Pakala Round (20.17
kg/tree, 2.02 t/ha).
Among eight cultivars, the maximum fresh weight of pulp was found in
Dwarapudi (84.60 g) followed by Pakala Round (78.00 g) and Calcutta Round (72.07
g). The maximum TSS was found in Gholwad sapota (24.83 oBrix) followed by
Seedless and Badami (23.83 oBrix). The maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Calcutta
Round (85.49) followed by Pakala Round (84.11) and Seedless (74.80). The maximum
organoleptic evaluation was found in Seedless (8) and maximum disease incidence was
found in Seedless (1.64 %). The maximum pest count was found in Pakala (11).
Conclusion :
Among 22 years old sapota cultivars, DHS-1 followed by DHS-2 showed better
results for growth parameters. DHS-1 followed by CO-2 showed better results for fruit
parameters including yield, but for quality attributes the cultivar Long Oval followed by
Oval showed better results compared to other cultivars.
Among 17 years old sapota cultivars, Cricket Ball (ARSA) followed by Cricket
Ball (Udupi) showed better results for growth, fruit parameters including yield and for
quality attributes Cricket Ball (ARSA) followed by Murabba compared to other
cultivars.
132
Among 14-15 years old sapota cultivars, CO-3 showed better results for growth
parameters and for fruit parameters including yield and quality attributes the cultivar
PKM-4 showed better results compared to other cultivars.
Among 10-11 years old sapota cultivars, Dwarapudi followed by Badami

showed better results for growth. Dwarapudi also showed better results for fruit
parameters including yield and even for quality attributes compared to other cultivars.
Future line of work :

In light of results obtained from the present investigation, the following suggestions are
made for the future research programme.
• The study on varietal evaluation may not give clear indication of the variety for yield
potential since fruit drop and fruit retention are also important. Hence fruit drop per cent
and fruit retention per cent has to be studied in sapota.
• With regard to flowering and fruit set, scope lies for the development of procedure to
control the fruit drop to ensure the retention of crossed specificity could still be
extended to other varieties and a chart can be drawn out with regard to their combining
ability.
• As present investigation was done on different age grouped sapota cultivars hence
works may be carried out on sapota under different locations.
133
VII. REFERENCES
Ankalagi, N., Krishna, B., Banik, A. K. and Momin, M. C., 2017, Effect of packaging
material on quality and storability of sapota(Manilkara achras Mill. Fosberg)
var. Kalipatti. Int. J. Pure App. Biosci., 5(6): 234-240.
Anonymous, 2000, Research Report, All India Coordinated Research Project and ICAR
Ad-hoc Schemes on Tropical Fruits, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeet, Rahuri,
Maharashtra, pp. 50-87.
Anonymous, 2004, Research Report (All India Coordinated Research Project and ICAR
Ad-hoc Schemes on Tropical Fruits), S. V., Agri. College, Tirupati, pp. 49-92.
Anonymous, 2014, Research Report, All India Coordinated Research Project, KRCCH,
Arabhavi, Karnataka, pp. 63-66.
Arabhavi, Karnataka, pp. 8-10.
Arabhavi, Karnataka, pp. 65.
Anonymous, 2019, Research Report, All India Coordinated Research Project, ICAR,
pp. 55.
Avaiya, Y. V. and Singh, S. P., 1991, Physico-chemical study of mature sapota (Achras
sapota L.) fruits of different cultivars. Orissa J. Hort., 19: 83-86.
Bharatkar, S. R., 1969, Studies on floral biology, palynology, fruit set and fruit
development in chiku. M.Sc. Thesis Submitted to College of Agriculture,
Nagpur.
Bojappa, K. M., Kariyanna, A. and Reddy T. V., 1990, Studies on maturity standards of
Kalipatti sapota fruits. Acta Hort., 131-133.
Chadha, K. L., 1992, Horticultural Research-changing Scenario. Indian J. Hort., 49(1):

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139
VIII. APPENDICES
Appendix I. Meteorological data recorded during the period of experimentation

(2018-19) at Agricultural Research Station, Arabhavi
Temperature oC Relative
Rainfall No. of Rainy
Month humidity
(mm) days
Maximum Minimum (%)
June-18 31.60 19.80 83.60 38.40 03
July-18 29.50 19.60 87.60 74.30 09
August-18 29.60 19.10 89.20 40.20 07
September-18 29.70 20.40 91.60 47.50 04
October-18 31.20 18.60 90.10 22.60 01
November-18 30.20 15.00 86.70 3.20 01
December-18 30.00 12.70 79.30 0.00 00
January-19 30.00 13.20 80.80 0.00 00
February-19 32.30 14.60 72.00 0.00 00
March-19 35.70 17.80 73.40 10.60 00
April-19 37.20 20.80 68.80 23.40 02
May-19 37.30 20.20 78.50 37.60 04

140
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF SAPOTA

(Manilkara achras L.) UNDER NORTHERN DRY ZONE OF
KARNATAKA
RASHMI INGALAGAVI 2019 Dr. S.N.PATIL
Major Advisor
ABSTRACT
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota

(Manilkara achras L.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka” was carried out during
2018-2019 using RCBD design under AICRP on fruits, KRCCH, Arabhavi. The
investigation consisted of four experiments based on trees age. First experiment
consisted 14 cultivars of 22 years old, second experiment consisted 7 cultivars of 17
years old, third experiment consisted 5 cultivars of 14-15 years old and fourth
experiment consisted 8 cultivars of 10-11 years old.
In the first experiment, DHS-1 recorded the maximum plant height (8.10 m),
canopy volume (305.25 m3), fruit weight (139.82 g), fruit volume (77.40 ml), fruit yield
(156.25 kg/tree). The maximum TSS was found in Oval (24.00 oBrix), the maximum
TSS:acid ratio was found in PKM-2 (106.45).
In the second experiment, Cricket Ball (ARSA) recorded the maximum plant
height (6.84 m), canopy volume (154.90 m3), fruit weight (102.83 g), fruit yield (111.67
kg/tree). The maximum fruit volume was found in Cricket Ball (Udupi) (84.07 ml). The
maximum TSS was found in Virudhnagar (23.00 oBrix), the maximum TSS:acid ratio
In the third experiment, PKM-4 recorded the maximum plant height (5.56 m),
canopy volume (63.71 m3), fruit weight (94.07 g), fruit yield (70.63 kg/tree). The
maximum fruit volume was found in Kalipatti (Udupi) (75.05 ml). The maximum TSS
was found in Variegated sapota (22.25 oBrix), the maximum TSS:acid ratio was found
in Pala (75.33).
In the fourth experiment, Dwarapudi recorded the maximum plant height (5.87
m), canopy volume (60.46 m3), fruit weight (110.08 g), fruit volume (87.20 ml), fruit
yield (43.67 kg/tree). The maximum TSS was found in Gholwad sapota (24.83 oBrix),
the maximum TSS:acid ratio was found in Calcutta Round (85.49).
Apart from DHS-1 and Cricket Ball (ARSA), PKM-4 and Dwarapudi are found
to be superior cultivars for northern dry zone of Karnataka.
141
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(24.00 rVæ ©æPïì) ºÉÆA¢zÉ. ¦PÉJA-2 vÀ½AiÀÄÄ UÀjµÀ× ¸ÀPÀÌgÉ CA±À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ D«ÄèÃAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀ
(106.45) ºÉÆA¢zÉ.
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«ÄÃ.), ªÉÄÃ¯ÁªÀgÀt ¥ÀjªÀiÁt (154.90 WÀ£À «ÄÃ.), ºÀtÂÚ£À vÀÆPÀ (102.83 UÁæA.), ºÀtÂÚ£À E¼ÀÄªÀj
(111.67 PÉf/ªÀÄgÀ) ºÉÆA¢zÉ. QæPÉÃmï ¨Á¯ï(GqÀÄ¦) vÀ½AiÀÄÄ UÀjµÀ× ºÀtÂÚ£À ¥ÀjªÀiÁt (84.07
«Ä.°Ã.) ºÉÆA¢zÉ. «gÀÄzsÀÄ£ÀUÀgÀ vÀ½AiÀÄ UÀjµÀ× ¸ÀPÀÌgÉ CA±À (23.00 rVæ ©æPïì) ºÉÆA¢zÉ.
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ªÀÄÆgÀ£É ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀzÀ°è ¦PÉJA-4 vÀ½AiÀÄÄ UÀjµÀ× ªÀÄgÀzÀ JvÀÛgÀ (5.56 «ÄÃ.), ªÉÄÃ¯ÁªÀgÀt
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¥ÀjªÀiÁt (60.46 WÀ£À «ÄÃ.), ºÀtÂÚ£À vÀÆPÀ (110.08 UÁæA.), ºÀtÂÚ£À ¥ÀjªÀiÁt (87.20 «Ä.°Ã.),
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(24.83 rVæ ©æPïì) ºÉÆA¢zÉ. PÁå®ÄÌmÁÖ gËAqï vÀ½AiÀÄÄ UÀjµÀ× ¸ÀPÀÌgÉ CA±À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ D«ÄèÃAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄ
C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀ (85.49) ºÉÆA¢zÉ.
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JAzÀÄ w½zÀÄ§A¢zÉ.

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1

Sapota fruit is climacteric in nature therefore, matured fruit is harvested and

In any introduced crop, genetic variation depends on the number of introduced

1) To study cultivars of sapota for their growth and development

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Growth parameters

2.2 Yield and yield attributing parameters

2.3 Quality parameters, organoleptic evaluation and pest disease incidence

2.1 Growth parameters

Shirol et al. (2009) conducted an experiment at Arabhavi to evaluate the seven

Suhasini et al. (2012) studied performance of sapota (Achras sapota L.)

Roy et al. (2014) studied performance of BAU sapota–1 at three selected

Islam et al. (2016) conducted an experiment to evaluate the morphological

Patel et al. (2018) studied the vegetative characters of different sapota

2.1.1 Plant height

Siddaramayya (2005) reported that plant height was significantly maximum in

2.1.2 Stem girth

2.1.3 Canopy spread (North-South and East-West)

2.1.4 Shoot length and girth

2.1.5 Canopy volume

An experimental study of sapota cultivars was initiated by Shirol et al. (2009)

2.1.6 Leaf length and breadth

2.1.7 Leaf area

Kamraju (2007) reported that, among 14 sapota cultivars studied, cv.

2.1.8 Number of leaves per shoot

2.2 Yield parameters

2.2.1 Fruit weight

At Arabhavi condition the maximum individual fruit weight (110.50 g) was

At Arabhavi condition the maximum individual fruit weight (109.00 g) was

Among 24 varieties conserved at Gandevi, maximum fruit weight (100.89 g)

Among the 19 sapota germplasm at Periyakulum, Cricket Ball recorded highest

2.2.2 Fruit girth

2.2.4 Fruit volume

2.2.5 Fruit yield per tree

Chavan et al. (2009) conducted an experiment to study the effect of growth

Saraswathy et al. (2010) has carried out an investigation on nineteen sapota

Among 8 cultivars evaluated at Arabhavi, Dwarapudi (48.50 kg/plant) recorded

Among 24 varieties conserved at Gandevi, maximum yield (108.10 kg/tree/year)

Among the 19 sapota germplasm at Periyakulum, Virudhnagar recorded highest

2.2.6 Fruit yield per hectar

2.2.7 Days required for fruit maturity

2.3 Quality parameters

2.3.1 Fresh weight of the pulp

2.3.2 Dry weight of the pulp

2.3.3 Peel weight

2.3.4 Pulp to peel ratio

2.3.5 Total Soluble Solids

Lakshminarayan and Subramanyam (1966) reported that TSS in sapota

Siddaramayya (2005) recorded the highest TSS in cv. DHS-1(22.73 °Brix)

Among the 19 sapota germplasm at Periyakulum, Virudhnagar recorded highest

2.3.7 TSS:acid ratio

Ponnuswamy and Irulappan (1987) reported TSS:acid ratio in Cv. PKM-1

2.3.8 Seed weight

2.3.9 Number of seeds per fruit

2.3.10 Organoleptic evaluation

2.3.11 Disease and pest incidence

Nandre and Shukla (2014) conducted an experiment on population dynamics of

III. MATERIAL AND METHODS

An experiment entitled “Evaluation of different cultivars of sapota (Manilkara

3.1 Geographical location of the experimental site

The experiment was conducted in Arabhavi, which is situated in northern dry

Arabhavi lies on zone-3 of region-2 of agro-climatic zones of Karnataka, where

3.4 Details of the treatments