CE 5347 Advanced Hydrology

Lecture 2

Yu Zhang

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Today’s Lecture
1. Review of Differential Equations
2. Review of fluid mechanic laws
a. Hydrostatics
b. Mass conservation law
c. Momentum and energy conservation
d. Bernoulli’s equation

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Differential equation

● Derivative of variable(s) appear in the equation

dx/dt = 1

Note this implies x is a function of t, and the derivative

exists.

What values of x would satisfy the equation?

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Differential equation

● Derivative of variable(s) appear in the equation

dx/dt = 1

Unlike algebraic equation, solution is not a constant value

What function x(t) that has constant derivative?

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Differential equation

● Derivative of variable(s) appear in the equation

dx/dt = 1 x

t
x=t apparently satisfies

What about x=t+1?

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Differential equation

● We know from calculus:

dx/dt = 1 for x=t+c, c is a constant

Solution for differential equation is

a group of functions

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Order of Differential Eqn

Order is the highest

numbered derivatives in
the equation

2nd order
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Linear vs. nonlinear

1st order linear: only derivative and

linear function of y present

dy/dt + P(t) y2 = Q(t)

This is a non-linear equation,

(dy/dt)2 + P(t) y = Q(t) What about this?

d2y/dt2 + P(t) y = Q(t) And this?

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How to solve Differential Eqn.

== ==

Again, the right hand side is an indefinite integral and does not yield a
unique function

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Initial Value

== = atan(t) +C

How to make the solution unique?

● We may add a constraint, say y(t=0) =0.

● This is called an initial value
● In general, first order ODE requires one initial value to be unique

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Initial Condition Example

dy/dt = t == t = t2/2 +C

Initial condition: y(t=0) = 1

1=02/2 +C -> C = 1

y= t2/2 +1

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Separation of Variable

dy/dt = g(y,t) If g(y,t) = f(y)h(t)

Then: dy/dt = f(y) h(t)

Separation of
dy/f(y) = h(t) dt variables

dy/f(y) = h(t) dt

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Separation of Variable Example

dy/dt = y2t Initial value: y(t=0) = 2

dy/y2 =t dt
1/y= t2/2+C -> y = 1/(t2/2+C)

dy/y2 = t dt t=0: 1/2= 02/2+C

C= 1/2

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Hydrostatics
1. Pressure of fluid at rest:
a. Gravity of fluid + atmospheric
b. Identical in each direction
i. Isotropic
2. Buoyancy
a. Pressure difference at upper/lower
surfaces

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Hydrostatics
How to calculate the pressure at ‘a’
a

Closed tank

b
Gauge pressure: pressure
relative to atmospheric pressure
Open tank
What is gauge pressure at ‘b’?

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Hydrostatics

1 atm b
Gauge pressure Pb=0

Pb - Pa = ρgh Pa = 0-ρgh=-ρgh
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Piezometric Head

● Definition
○ H = P/γ +z (unit of length)
● Constant through incompressible static fluid

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Capillary-pressure and head
A

Pressure at B, C, and A?

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Capillary-pressure and head
A

Pressure at B, C, and A?

P at C = Atmospheric pressure

P at B: close to Atmospheric pressure

P at A: lower than atmospheric pressure

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Capillary-pressure and head
A

Head at A, B and C?

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Mass Conservation (Continuity)

I(t) A Q(t)
S(t) Storage change = inflow - outflow

S(t): Storage at time t

I(t): inflow at t
Q(t): outflow at t
Steady State:

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Energy Conservation
1. Total energy = internal +kinetic + potential

Extensive: E = Eu + ½ mv2+mgz

Intensive (specific energy): e=eu+ ½ v2+gz

2. 1st Law of thermodynamics: E = H-W

Change in energy = net heat transfer - work performed to surrounding

Rate of change in system:

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Bernoulli’s Equation

1. A result of Momentum equation

2. Looks like energy conservation (strictly speaking not)
a. Density remains constant
b. Flow being isoenthalpic

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Example Problem:

A Q1: What is the velocity v at the outlet?

Ha
Ho a Q2: How long it takes for water level to
drop to H1
A
S(t): Storage at time t
Q(t): outflow at t
H1 a
a: x-section area of faucet
A: area of container

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Example Problem :

A Q1: What is the velocity v at the outlet?

Ho
Pick point 1 inside the tank, point 2 at the outlet.
(p1,v1) a Pressure p1? and velocity v1?
(p2,v2)

S(t): Storage at time t

Q(t): outflow at t
a: x-section area of faucet
A: area of container

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Example Problem:

A Q1: What is the velocity v at the outlet?

Assumptions:
Ha
Ho
(p1,v1) a 1. Hydrostatic pressure
2. Velocity inside tank is close to zero
(p2,v2)

S(t): Storage at time t Then: p1= ρgHa and v1=0

Q(t): outflow at t
a: x-section area of faucet
A: area of container

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Example Problem:

A Q1: What is the velocity v at the outlet?

Ha
Ho
(p1,v1) a At the outlet: p2= atmospheric pressure
(p2,v2)

S(t): Storage at time t

Q(t): outflow at t
a: x-section area of faucet
A: area of container

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Example Problem:

A Q1: What is the velocity v at the outlet?

Ho Bernoulli’s Eqn:
(p1,v1) a

(p2,v2)

S(t): Storage at time t

Q(t): outflow at t
a: x-section area of faucet
A: area of container p1= ρgHa -> V2= (2gHa)1/2

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Example Problem - Part 2

A
How long it takes for height to reach H1
Ho a

From previous question: we know:

S(t): Storage at time t
velocity: v(t) =(2gh(t))½ for any h(t)
Q(t): outflow at t
a: x-section area of faucet
A: area of container

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Example Problem - Part 2
Velocity: v(t) =(2gh(t))½

A Let c= (2g)½, v(t)=ct1/2

Ho a S(t)= h(t)*A
Q(t) = v(t)*a
S(t): Storage at time t
Q(t): outflow at t dS(t)/dt = -Q(t)
a: x-section area of faucet Adh(t)/dt = - ca*h(t)½
A: area of container Is is ordinary or partial
differential eqn?
What is the order?

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Example Problem - Part 2

Ho a

H1 a

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Example Problem - Part 2

Ho a

H1 a

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Readings
Chow: Chapter 3.

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