1.

Some early psychological theories support the idea that a person’s personality fully
develops by the age of 6. According to Heraclitus’ “It is impossible to step twice into the
same river.” Heraclitus believed that nothing is ever set but rather becoming more or
less. For example, he would say that a person’s personality is not developed by the age
of 6 because it is always becoming either better or worse. He believed that nothing ever
stays the same and is always constantly changing.

2. Hippocrates was an early contributor who impacted the world of health psychology and
medicine. Hippocrates believed that all disorders that were both mental and physical
were impacted by natural factors and therefore our bodies had the power to heal certain
diseases. An example is epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder that is
caused by head trauma or people may be born with it because of genetic forms. His idea
that some disorders naturally happen has helped physicians today because they now
understand that a patient’s natural factors should be taken into consideration when
being treated.

3. I have had the privilege of traveling back in time and had a conversation with Socrates.
He begins the conversation encouraging my group of team members and I “to develop
an inductive definition of jealousy.” To do this, we have decided that we must first ask
ourselves what jealousy is and what exactly causes it. We should know all the different
aspects of it in order to create an inductive definition of it, which was what Socrates
recommended.

4. Plato was a student of Socrates, which means many of his ideas came from the teachings
of Socrates and the Pythagoreans. One of Plato’s contributions that is still important
today is his theory about forms. He said, “Everything in the empirical world is a
manifestation of a pure form that exists in the abstract.” Matter constantly changes, and
for this reason is why Plato said that everything is “inferior manifestations of pure
forms.” For example, everything we sense is simply less than the pure form because it is
always changing, and we may have a different individual manifestation.

5. Aristotle embraced both rationalism and empiricism and believed it was impossible that
nature and knowledge were not related to each other. Through these ideas, the
hierarchy of souls was formed which included vegetative, sensitive, and rational souls.
Sensitive souls were animals’ souls which meant they were ore responsive to the
environment while on the other hand, rational souls (humans) allowed the ability to
have thoughts as well as rational thoughts. The difference between these two is the
ability to think rationally, since humans are the only ones able to according to Aristotle.

6. According to Aristotle, active reason is the highest form of thinking. This is the faculty of
the soul that seeks to synthesize experiences in the material world into “essences” also
known as “abstract principles.”

7. William James was a philosopher and psychologist that suggested that practicing every
day rather than 2 days a week or so, increased chances of being able to master a task.
William James’ suggestion is consistent with Aristotle’s law of frequency. Aristotle said
 that if something occurred many times in a small gap of time, the association between
those two would be stronger. For example, if I wanted to learn how to play soccer, I
would be more successful if I practiced every day. Reinforcing my experiences day after
day rather than days later builds a stronger association and I am therefore able to
perform better.

8. Aristotle impacted people’s perceptions of motivation and emotion. One of his

contributions that included both motivation and emotion was motivation and happiness.
Happiness is reached when our needs are met. If we are hungry, there is a likelihood we
may be feeling down, and our happiness will not be reached. Happiness really is
something that is needed in life but reached only if our motives and needs are met. This
has taught the world of psychology a lot about how humans’ lives work and how it helps
us understand how fulfillment is achieved.