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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Newton's second law of motion

HARSH JHA CLASS XI


Newton's first law of motion predicts the behaviour of
objects for which all existing forces are balanced. The
first law - sometimes referred to as the law of inertia -
states that if the forces acting upon an object are
balanced, then the acceleration of that object will be 0
m/s/s. Objects at equilibrium (the condition in which all
forces balance) will not accelerate. According to Newton,
an object will only accelerate if there is a net or
unbalanced force acting upon it. The presence of an
unbalanced force will accelerate an object - changing its
speed, its direction, or both its speed and direction.
Newton's second law of motion pertains to the behavior
of objects for which all existing forces are not balanced.
The second law states that the acceleration of an object
is dependent upon two variables - the net force acting
upon the object and the mass of the object. The
acceleration of an object depends directly upon the net
force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the
mass of the object. As the force acting upon an object is
increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As
the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of
the object is decreased.
Can you define Newton’s Second Law of Motion?
Newton's Second Law of motion states that the rate of
change of momentum of an object is proportional to the
applied unbalanced force in the direction of the force.
ie., F=ma
Where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the body,
and a, the acceleration produced.
What will happen if a body is subject to multiple forces
at the same time?
If a body is subjected to multiple forces at the same
time, then the acceleration produced is proportional to
the vector sum (that is, the net force) of all the
individual forces.
The Second Law can also be shown to relate the net
force and the momentum p of the body:
Therefore, Newton's Second Law also states that the net
force acting on a body is equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the body.

How does momentum affect the net force?

The First Law of Motion indicates that when an


unbalanced external force acts on an object, its velocity
changes, i.e., the object is accelerated. Now, let’s study
how the acceleration of an object depends on the force
applied. Consider the example. A car at rest does not
require much attention when parked along a roadside.
But the moving car, even at a low speed, may kill a
person standing in its path. A small mass, such as a bullet
may kill a person when fired from a gun. From these
examples it is clear that the impact produced by the
objects depends on their mass and velocity. When we
combine the mass and velocity of an object, we get
another quantity called momentum, which was
introduced by Newton.
Let’s define Momentum:

Momentum has both direction and magnitude. Its


direction is the same as that of velocity. When an
unbalanced force is applied on an object, it changes the
velocity of an object, which in turn changes its
momentum. So, it is concluded that the force necessary
to change the momentum of an object depends on the
time rate at which the momentum is changed.
The acceleration of a moving object can be calculated
by:
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in figure.

2. A suitable mass is hung on the weight hanger.

3. Release the weight on the weight hanger.

4. Start the timer to record the time of travel of the cart


as it starts moving.
5. Note the distance moved and the time taken by the
cart.

6. Calculate the acceleration of the object by equation


a= 2S/t2.

7. Calculate M2g and (M1+M2)a.

8. Hence Newton’s Second Law is verified.

Vertical Mass, M2 (g) Cart Mass, M1 (g) Distance


travelled by the cart, S (cm) Time, t (s) Acceleration of
the object, a= 2S/t2 (m/s2)
Calculation:

M1=1 kg
M2= 500g =0.5 kg

Time =3s
S=15m
a= 2S/t2 = 30/9 =10/3

Now
M2g=0.5*10=5
(M1+M2)a = (1+0.5)* (10/3)=1.5*(10/3)=5

Since m2g and (m1+m2)a are equal


Therefore Newtons second law is valid.

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