NATIONAL STANDARDS

TCVN 10304: 2014

PIPE NAIL - DESIGN STANDARDS
Pile Foundation - Design Standard
Preface
TCVN 10304: 2014 "Pile foundations - Design standards" was built on the basis of reference "SP 24.13330.2011 (SNiP
2.02.03-85) Pile foundations".
TCVN 10304: 2014 compiled by the National University of Civil Engineering, proposed by the Ministry of Construction,
appraised by the Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality, announced by the Ministry of Science and
Technology.

PIPE NAIL - DESIGN STANDARDS

Pile Foundation - Design Standard
1 . Scope of application
This standard is applied to the design of pile foundations of houses and structures (hereinafter referred collectively to
as works) for new construction or reconstruction works.
This standard does not apply to the design of pile foundations of constructions on permafrost soils, dynamic load
machine foundations as well as piers of offshore oil and other offshore structures. .
2 . References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
TCVN 2737: 1995 Load and impact - Design standards;
TCVN 3118: 1993 Heavy concrete - Methods of determining compressive strength;
TCVN 4200: 2012 Construction soil - Methods of determining compaction settlement in a laboratory;
TCVN 4116: 1985 Structural concrete and reinforced concrete hydraulic work - Standard design;
TCVN 4419: 1987 Construction survey - Basic principles;
TCVN 5574: 2012 Concrete structures and reinforced concrete - Design standards;
TCVN 5575: 2012 Steel structure - Design standards;
TCVN 5746: 1993 Construction land - Classification;
TCVN 6170-3: 1998 Fixed sea constructions - Design loads;
TCVN 9346: 2012 Concrete structures and reinforced concrete - Requirements for protection against corrosion in
marine environments;
TCVN 9351: 2012 Land for building - Methods of Test scene - standard penetration test;
TCVN 9352: 2012 Construction soil - Static penetration test method;
TCVN 9362: 2012 Design standards of houses and buildings;
TCVN 9363: 2012 Construction survey - Geotechnical survey for tall buildings;
TCVN 9379: 2012 Construction structure and foundation - Basic principles of calculation;
TCVN 9386-1: 2012 Design of earthquake resistant buildings - Part 1: General provisions, earthquake impacts and
regulations for house structures;
TCVN 9386-2: 2012 Design of earthquake-resistant buildings - Part 2: Foundations, retaining walls and geotechnical
issues.
TCVN 9393: 2012 Piles - Testing methods at the site with static static axial load;
TCVN 9402: 2012 Technical guidance on geotechnical engineering for construction in castore areas.
3 . Terminology and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply .
3.1 . Pile (Pile):
Vertical or oblique constructions, lowered on the ground or constructed locally on the ground, to convey load onto the
foundation.
3.2 . Hanging poles (Friction pile):
Piles, conveying load into the ground by friction on the pile body and through the tip of the pile.
3.3 . Pile (End bearing pile):
Piles, carrying loads into the ground mainly through the tip of the pile.
3.4 . Single pile (Single pile):
Piles, transfer the load to the ground in the condition that there is no effect of other piles on it.
3.5 . Pile (Pile ground base):
Part of the ground receiving loads transmitted by the pile and interacting with the pile.
3.6 . Group Pile (Pile group):
Group a number of piles linked together by pile caps, as a rule, transmitted from columns or poles independently on
the ground.
3.7 . Pile Beach (Large pile group):
Many piles, connected by large piles, carry loads from the building to the ground.
3.8 . Pile (Pile foundation):
Pile system is connected together in a unified structure that transports load onto the foundation.
3.9 . Pile - raft composite (piled raft foundation):
The foundation is made up of sheet piles (reinforced concrete slabs) and piles, which are conveyed to the ground.
3.10 . Radio pile (Pile cap):
A girder or sheet connecting the pile heads and distributing the load from the structure above the pile. Distinguishing
pile walls: high stations, if the bottom is higher than the ground and the lower one, if the bottom is right on the ground
or in the ground.
3.11 . Bearing capacity of the pile (Bearing resistance of a single pile):
The ultimate resistance of the foundation to a single pile under conditions that limit the overgrowth of shear strain in the
ground.
3.12 . Friction sound (Negative skin fric tion):
The force appears on the surface of the pile body when the settlement of the soil surrounding the pile is greater than
the settlement of the pile and is directed downwards.
3.13 . Load acting on the pile (Load acting on a pile):
The load value, is equal to the value of force appearing in the pile under the effects of the impacts from the
construction on the foundation in their most unfavorable combinations.
4 . General principles
4.1 . Pile foundations should be designed and calculated based on:
- Construction survey results;
- Documents about earthquakes in the construction area;
- Specific data on the function, special technology structure of the work and the conditions for using the work;
- Load applied to the foundation;
- The status of existing buildings and the impact of new construction on them;
- Ecological requirements;
- Compare economic - technical feasible design options.
4.2 . In the design scheme, the safety, long-term stability and economic efficiency must be considered and met in the
construction and use phase.
4.3 . In the design project, consideration should be given to local construction conditions, as well as experience in
designing, constructing and using the work under similar geological, hydrogeological and ecological conditions.
4.4 . It is necessary to design the pile foundation in relation to the design task and the initial data.
4.5 . When designing, it is necessary to consider the importance of the construction according to Annex F in this
standard.
4.6 . The pile foundations should be designed on the basis of the construction survey results that comply with the
requirements of TCVN 4419: 1987, TCVN 9363: 2012 and in Article 5 of this standard.
The implementation of the construction survey not only provides for the study of the geological conditions of the new
construction works, but also provides data to test the impact of pile foundation construction. to surrounding structures
and also to reinforce the foundations and foundations of existing structures, if necessary.
It is not allowed to design pile foundations without adequate necessary geological database.
4.7 . When constructing piles near existing structures, it is necessary to assess the impact of impact on the structure of
these buildings and the internal equipment. In necessary cases, with the experience of pile construction, it may be
necessary to anticipate the measurement of ground vibration parameters , of works including existing underground
works.
4.8 . In the pile foundation projects, it is required to estimate the field observation work. The composition, volume and
methods of field observation are prescribed depending on the importance of the work and the complexity of the
geological conditions of the work.
The deformation monitoring of foundations and foundations in the field should be estimated when using new or not
thoroughly studied structures and foundations, as well as in cases where special design tasks have been required. for
field monitoring work.
4.9 . Nail pile made of in the environment field invasion really need to be set designed according to love bridge of ISO
5337: 1991, ISO 5338: 1991 and ISO 9346: 2012.
4.10 . When designing and constructing pile foundations from monolithic and assembled concrete, or reinforced
concrete, it is required to comply with TCVN 5574: 2012, as well as the requirements of the foundation and foundation
construction rules, geodetic work, safety techniques, fire safety during construction and protection of the surrounding
environment.
5 . Requirements for engineering geological survey
5.1 . The survey results of the project should include information on topography, geomorphology, earthquakes, as well
as the necessary data to select the type of foundation, determine the type of pile and pile size, the allowable
calculation load. Use the piles and calculate according to the limited states and predict the possible changes (during
the construction and use of the works) of the geological conditions, hydrogeology and ecology of the work.
Construction schools as well as type and volume of technical measures to tame them.
5.2 . Survey work for pile foundations generally includes the following general tasks:
- Drilling for sampling and soil description;
- Studying the mechanical properties of soil and underground water in the laboratory;
- Grounding test: static penetration (CPT) and standard penetration (SPT);
- Horizontal compression test;
- Testing of compression plate (by static load);
- Testing piles in the field;
- Experiments to study the effect of pile foundation construction on the surrounding environment, including nearby
works (according to the professional proposal of the designing unit).
5.3 . Standard combined drilling, cross-section testing, and cross-penetration testing are the main investigations,
regardless of the importance of the construction and the type of pile foundation.
5.4 . For buildings of high and medium importance, in addition to the requirements in 5.3, soil tests such as horizontal
compression tests, seismic shock tests and field pile tests should be supplemented as indicated in the Annex. D, which
takes into account the complexity according to the distribution and properties of the soil.
For constructions being high-importance buildings and deep-underground projects, if necessary, geophysical
exploration may be supplemented to make more accurate structure of the ground among the boreholes, determining
the thickness of the soft soil layers, the depth of the water level, the direction and velocity of the groundwater, while in
the casted areas - the depth of the distribution of rock and soil, the degree of fracture and cast.
5. 5 . When applying new structural piles, according to the design unit's professional proposal, it is necessary to
conduct a piloting experiment with the purpose of adding exactly the assigned design dimensions and the method of
lowering the pile, as well as the work. test pile by static load at the scene.
When applying the pile - raft foundation , it is necessary to put in the soil testing component by compressing table and
testing pile in the field.
5.6 . In the case of a working pile under tension, horizontal loading or a change in payload, it is necessary to carry out
the test work for each specific case with the specified mass taking into consideration which effect is more dominant. .
5.7 . Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to the results of the field test in accordance with 7.3.
5.8 . Testing of pile, plate and horizontal compression, as a rule, is conducted in the selected area on the basis of the
results of drilling (piercing) of the survey in the location where the most characteristic soil conditions, the largest load-
bearing foundation and even where lowering of the pile under soil conditions is unclear.
The test of the soil by a reasonable static load is carried out by a spiral-shaped compression plate with an area of 600
2
cm in the borehole for the purpose of determining the deformation modulus and further correct the conversion
coefficient in the properties. Current standard data between soil deformation modulus and borehole compression and
penetration test data.
5.9 . The survey volume for the recommended pile foundations is from Annex D, depending on the importance of the
construction and the complexity of the foundation.
When studying the diversity of the types of soils encountered at the construction site within the depth of the survey,
particular attention should be paid to the presence, depth and thickness of the soft soil layers (loose sand, soft
cohesive soil, types of organic soil). The presence of these soils affects the determination of the type of pile and the
length of the pile, the location of the joint of the combined pile, the connection of the pile to the tower and the selection
of the pile construction equipment. The disadvantages of these soils also need to be taken into account when the
impact of earthquakes and dynamic loads.
5.10 . Construction geological survey sites (boreholes, pits, soil test sites) should be arranged in such a way that they
are located within the construction design area or in the same ground conditions. more than 5 m far from the project,
and in the case of using piles as a protective structure for the excavation pit, not more than 2 m from their shaft.
5.11 . The depth of the survey, in principle, must be greater than the depth of settlement of the foundation. Normally,
the depth of the survey pits must not be less than 5 m from the design of the tip of the pile in case of arranging piles in
rows and pile groups bearing loads under 3 MN; It shall not be less than 10 m in case of arrangement of piles into an
up to size yard (10 mx 10 m) and group of piles subject to a load of more than 3 MN. In the case of a wider pile pile (10
mx 10 m) and in case of using a pile foundation - raft, the depth of the survey pits should be greater than the depth of
the pile a space smaller than the thickness of the compacted layer and not less than half of the width of the pile yard or
sheet radio and not less than 15 m.
In the presence of special soil layers (subsidence soil, swell soil, cohesive soil, organic soil, loose sandy soil and
artificial soil), the survey pits must penetrate the soil layers. This, go deep into the fine soil layers below and determine
their characteristics.
5.12 . When surveying for pile foundations, it is necessary to determine the physical characteristics, intensity and
deformation necessary to calculate the design of pile foundations in limited states (see Clause 7).
The number of soil characterization determinations for each geological component of the facility should be sufficient for
statistical analysis.
5.13 . For sandy soils, because it is difficult to take undisturbed samples, the main method for determining the density
and strength characteristics should be a static or standard penetration test for all types of structures regardless of
critical level. Weigh.
Transporation test is the main method to determine deformation modulus for both sandy soil and clay of constructions
of importance grade III and is one of the methods of determining deformation modulus (combined with testing).
horizontal compression test and compression plate test) for foundations of importance grade I and II.
5.14 . When conducting geological surveys to design reinforced pile foundations for reconstructed houses and
structures, additional foundation survey and displacement measurement should be supplemented. In addition, it is
necessary to establish a correlation between new survey data and archives (if any) in order to comment on changes in
engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions due to construction and use. constructive triggers.
NOTE:
1) The survey of technical status of foundation and house structure should be conducted according to the survey task
established by a professional organization.
2) Check and evaluate the length of the piles in the properly rebuilt renovated foundation using radar equipment.
5.15 . Baseline survey research should:
- Visually assess the structure of the upper part of the house, including locating cracks (if any), determining the size
and characteristics of cracks and placing landmarks on them;
- Understanding the house use regime with the purpose of identifying factors that cause negative impacts on the
ground;
- Determining the presence of underground equipment and drainage systems and the state of the basil;
- Finding out data on geological surveys of renovated construction areas in archives;
- Taking pictures of the current state of the structures that need to be renovated to assess the possibility of irregular
subsidence (inclination, bending, relative displacement).
When researching and surveying houses, which need to be renovated and / or renovated, they must also examine the
status of neighboring buildings.
5.16 . Investigation of the foundation and the state of the foundation structures is done by digging holes to take the
original soil masses right at the bottom of the foundation and on the pit walls. Investigation of soil deeper into the
bottom of the pit to determine the geological structure and hydrogeological conditions and the properties of the soil
must be done by drilling and piercing method, in which the location of the borehole and the penetration point are
located. along the perimeter of houses and structures and at a distance of not more than 5 m from them.
5.17 . When reinforcing the foundations of renovated construction works with pile driven, pressed piles, bored piles or
underwater drilled piles, the depth of bore holes and cross-sectional survey are taken from 5.11.
5.18 . Newspapers report the results study closely address the quality of the process to set design foundation piles
must be established according to ISO 4419: 1987 and ISO 9363: 2012.
All soil characteristics need to be included in the report, including the forecast of variability of construction geological
and hydrogeological conditions in the area (during construction and use of the project). .
If there is a static load test or a dynamic load test, the results should be included in the report. The report of the results
of static and cross-penetration should include data on pile bearing capacity.
When underground water is aggressive, it is recommended to have measures to protect the pile against erosion.
In case of discovering specific soil layers or dangerous geological processes (cast, sliding, etc.) in the construction
area, data on their distribution and extent must be provided.
5. 19 . In the process of engineering geological survey and soil properties research for the design and construction of
pile foundations, it is necessary to consider additional requirements, stated in Articles 9 to 15 of this standard.
6 . Sorting piles
6.1 . According to the method of lowering the pile to the ground, the main types of piles are distinguished as follows:
a) Precast reinforced concrete piles and steel piles, when digging without digging soil, use hammer to hammer,
vibrator, vibrator or press, including reinforced concrete pipe piles up to 0.8 m in diameter. by vibrator without digging
the soil or partially excavating but not stuffing concrete into the pile bed;
b) Reinforced concrete pipe piles are lowered by vibrator combined with digging soil, using concrete mortar to fill part
or the whole of pile bed;
c) Piles (reinforced) with reinforced concrete, constructed by forced forced ground (compaction) to make holes and
pour concrete into;
d) Reinforced (bored) bored piles are constructed by pouring concrete or lowering reinforced concrete piles into an
existing (bored) bored hole;
e) Screw piles, made up of steel screw tip and pile body are steel pipes with a cross section much smaller than the tip,
lowering the pile by rotating and pressing.
6.2 . Depending on the conditions of interaction with the ground, classify piles into support piles and suspension piles
(friction piles).
6.3 . The piles include all types of piles against the rock foundation, particularly for piles, including piles driven on less
compressed soil. When calculating the bearing capacity of a pile against ground, it may not be necessary to consider
the soil resistance (except negative friction) on the pile body.
Piles include all types of piles on the ground that are compressed and conveyed to the ground through the body and
tip of the pile .
Note 1 to entry: The foundation is called less compressible when coarse soil in the form of coarse debris and sand is in
a compact and compact state, the soil is in a hard, water- saturated state, with a deformation modulus of E 50 Mpa.
0≥

6.4 . Piles (forced) of reinforced concrete with dense sections and hollow hollow pipe piles are classified as follows:
a) According to the structure of the reinforcement classified into: solid piles, pipe piles with pre-stressed vertical steel
bars, with steel bars and rods with steel rods or steel rods (manufactured from high-strength steel fibers and steel
cables) pre-stressed, with or without steel straps;
b) According to the cross-sectional shape, it is classified into: solid section, square section, rectangular section, T
section and H section; square piles with hollow core and hollow round pile (pipe pile);
c) According to the cross-sectional shape classified into: prismatic, cylindrical and beveled piles (pyramid, trapezoidal);
d) According to the structural characteristics, it is classified into: solid-cast piles and combination piles (assembled from
piles);
e) According to the structure of pile tip, classified into: pile with pointed tip or flat tip, pile tip broad open or flat nose (pin
nail), hollow pile with closed tip, open nose or burst nose .
Note 1 to entry: Exploding piles are piles with a bottom widened by blasting, which is constructed by driving hollow
hollow piles, at the tip with an airtight hollow steel tip, creating pots by explosion method, then stuffing concrete mortar.
crash into the pile. In the foundation plan, there must be an instruction on the implementation of the principles of drilling
and explosion construction, in which it is necessary to determine the permitted distance from the existing house or
building at the location of the explosion.
6.5 . Pile (pressed) piles classified according to construction methods include:
a) Closed or pressed piles are constructed by lowering method (closing, pressing or rotating pressing) the hole-making
wall tube, the bottom of the pipe is covered with a concrete base plate or stopper. The baseplate is left in the soil,
gradually draining the tube wall in accordance with the level of concrete mortar packing into the pit;
b) Vibrating bored piles constructed by placing concrete mortar in solid form into ready-made pits, using compactors in
the form of spearhead to attach vibrating vibrators to concrete;
c) Bored piles in settlement pits, constructed by pressing the land subsidence to create pyramid or pyramid holes and
stuffing concrete mortars.
6.6 . Drilling or digging piles classified according to construction methods include:
a) Solid section bored piles with or without opening of the nose, with or without reinforcing pile tip with cement mortar.
When pouring concrete into bore holes in the clay foundation above the water table, it is not reinforced into a pit, but in
any ground below the water table, it is required to use specialized drilling solutions or pipe walls to hold the walls;
b) Bored piles, constructed by technology using continuous reels, hollow drilling;
c) Piling barrettes constructed by digging technology using grabs or ground milling blades;
d) Bored piles, expanding the nose with specialized equipment or causing explosion to expand the nose and stuffing
concrete mortar into the hole;
e) Spraying piles with diameters from 0.15 m to 0.35 m, constructed by spraying (pumping) small-grained concrete
grout or sand-cement mortar into a pre-drilled hole, may be constructed by drilling continuous reel;
f) Piles - piles constructed by drilling to create holes combined with nose expansion or not opening, pouring in place
sand and cement mortar and lowering pile sections to drill holes. The pile sections are prismatic or shaped with sides
or diameters of 0.8 m and larger;
g) Prefabricated reinforced concrete piles are lowered into the existing boreholes or not .
6.7 . Using piles with casing pipes left in the soil in cases where other foundation solution cannot be applied (when
constructing bored piles in the ground with permeability flow greater than 200 m / day and night, when applying using
bored piles to reinforce anti-slip slopes and in other cases with sufficient facilities).
6.8 . Concrete piles and reinforced concrete piles must be designed using heavy concrete according to TCVN 5574:
2012 and TCVN 3118: 1993. Non-standard prefabricated reinforced concrete piles, bored piles and bored piles, must
be cast from concrete with a minimum strength of B15. For prestressed reinforced concrete piles using concrete, the
minimum durability is B30.
6.9 . Reinforced concrete piles for all types of buildings and constructions must be designed from heavy concrete
according to TCVN 5574: 2012, with a minimum durability of B15 for monolithic stations and B 20 for assembled
stations.
6.10 . Concrete poured in place into the cavity connecting reinforced concrete columns to cup-shaped pile stations, as
well as to connect the pile heads to the pile-shaped pile stations must comply with the requirements of TCVN 5574:
2012, but the concrete durability level is not lower than B15.
NOTE : For the bridge abutments and hydro , in-situ concrete joints insert for assembling components of the pile must
be higher than the grade level concrete structures need to splice.
7 . Design of pile foundations
7.1 . Basic instructions on calculation
7.1.1 . Piles and foundations must be calculated according to the following limit states:
a) The first limited state group includes:
- According to the strength of pile materials and pile caps;
- According to the soil resistance to pile (pile bearing capacity by soil);
- According to the load capacity of the ground like pile;
- According to the unstable state of the pile foundation, if the horizontal force transmitted into it is large enough
(retaining walls, foundations of structures with horizontal repulsion ...), including earthquake load, if the project is
located on the slope side c or nearby, or if the soil layers are steep. The calculation should include structural measures
to be able to anticipate and prevent the movement of the foundation.
b) The second limit group includes:
- According to the settlement of the pile foundation and pile foundation under vertical load (see 7.4);
- According to the simultaneous displacement of the pile with the ground is under the effect of horizontal load and
torque (see Annex A);
- According to the formation or expansion of cracks for reinforced concrete structures of pile foundations.
7.1.2 . In the calculation of pile foundations, it is necessary to mention the simultaneous effect of force components
and the adverse effects of the external environment (for example, the influence of groundwater and its status on the
mechanical properties). - Soil ...).
Buildings and foundations should be considered at the same time, ie the reciprocal effect between buildings and the
compressive foundation.
Diagram calculation "works - the background" or "nail - background" should be selected taking into account the factors
most basic determined stress state and deformation of foundation and structural works (the diagram static properties,
construction characteristics, lying characteristics of soil layers, ground properties and the ability to change them during
construction and use of works ...). These include the spatial working of the structure, the geometrical and physical
nonlinearities, anisotropy, the plasticity, the variability of construction materials and soil, the development of deformed
areas. plastic under the nail.
The calculation of pile foundations should be conducted with the development of mathematical models describing the
mechanical behavior of the pile foundations in the first or second limit state. Calculation models can be expressed in
analytic or numerical form. The calculation of large pile foundations or the calculation of pile foundations and rafts
working together should be done numerically.
When calculating the foundation of the pile, taking into account the stiffness of the structure connecting the pile heads,
it must be included in the calculation model. The following should be included in the diagram:
- Ground conditions of construction area;
- Hydrogeological regime;
- Construction characteristics of the pile;
- Presence of sediment under pile tip (for bored piles and barrette).
When performing numerical calculations, the diagram of the "radio - pile - ground" system should be selected,
including the most basic components that determine the resistance of this system. It is necessary to mention the time
factor and the change of load on the pile and pile foundation over time.
The calculation diagram of the pile foundation must be built in such a way that the errors will be inclined towards the
safe reserve for the above structure , if this error cannot be determined in advance, it is necessary to develop plans.
calculate and identify the most adverse impacts on the above structure.
When using a calculator to calculate the foundation of piles, it is necessary to measure the unknown capacity, related
to the function of the calculation model and the selection of deformation parameters and the strength of the ground. To
do this, when performing numerical calculations to determine the possible resistance of a single pile, pile group and
pile-foundation foundation, the calculation results of each element of the calculation diagram should be compared with
the results according to analytical methods, as well as comparison of calculation results according to different
geotechnical programs.
7.1.3 . The load and the impact taken into account, the reliability factors of the load as well as the load combinations
must be taken in accordance with the requirements of TCVN 2737: 1995.
7.1.4 . When calculating piles, foundation and foundation under the first limit state, it must be calculated with basic and
special combination of calculation load, when calculated according to the second limit state, calculated with
mechanical combinations version of the standard payload.
7.1.5 . The loads and impacts, the load combinations and the reliability coefficient of the load when calculating the pile
foundations of bridges and hydraulic structures are taken according to the requirements of industry standards.
7.1.6 . All calculations of piles, pile foundations and foundations must use the calculated characteristics of the material
and ground.
Calculated values of the characteristics of pile materials and pile caps should be taken according to the requirements
of TCVN 5574: 2012.
Value of property accounting of special referendum soil foundation must determine to follow only lead of the ISO 9362:
2012, ISO 9351: 2012 and ISO 9352: 2012, the remaining value calculation of the coefficient of the background
surrounding the pile C z taken as directed by Appendix A.

The strength of the resistance of the ground below the tip of q and on the wall of the pile f determined according to
b i is
the instructions in 7.2, 7.3 and Annex G.
When the results of the field survey are conducted in accordance with the requirements of 7.3, the determination of the
bearing capacity of the pile according to the ground should take into account the static, standard, or the pile test load
data. dynamic. In the event of a test result of a static load, the ground strength of the pile shall be taken from this test,
taking into account the instructions given in 7.3.
For constructions where field test static pile loads cannot be performed, the pile strength should be determined using
some of the methods described in 7.2, 7.3 and Annex G, taking into account the importance. weight of the work.
7.1.7 . Calculation of piles and pile caps according to the strength of materials should comply with the requirements of
the current standards of concrete structures, reinforced concrete and steel.
Calculation of reinforced concrete components of pile foundation according to the formation and expansion of cracks in
accordance with the requirements in TCVN 5574: 2012; for bridges and water facilities according to the corresponding
industry standards.
7.1.8 . For all types of piles, when calculated according to the material strength, it is allowed to treat the pile as a rigid
bar in the soil at an area approximately 1 l from the bottom of the station, determined by the formula:
 (first)
Inside:
l is the length of the pile section from the bottom of the platform to the leveling level;
o

a is the strain factor determined according to the instructions in Annex A.

e

If lowering the bored piles and pipe piles through the soil layer and mount on the stone floor with the ratio :

then take: l = l + h
1 o

Inside:
h is the depth of lowering the pile, calculated from the tip of the pile to the designed ground for the height of the pile
foundation (the station with the bottom is higher than the ground) and to the bottom of the tower for the lower
foundation of the pile (the station with a base that is above the ground) or below the surface of the ground, unless the
soil is heavily deformed.
When calculating according to the intensity of the injection piles material, through much deformed soil, with soil
deformation modulus of E ≤ 5 Mpa, the length of vertical bending pile l d depends on the diameter of the pile d and
0
must take as follows:
when E 0 ≤ 2 Mpa take l d = 25 d;

when 2 <E ≤ 5 Mpa, take l = 15 d.

0 d

In case l greater than the thickness of strongly compressing soil layer , the calculation length must be taken as 2h
d is hg
.
g

7.1.9 . When calculating driven or pressed piles, bored piles and barrettes (except for piles - piles and bored piles -
drop) according to the material strength, the calculated strength of concrete must be multiplied by the working
condition coefficient g cb = 0 , 85, counting concrete placed in the tight space of holes and wall pipes and multiplying
by the coefficient g 'cb including the method of pile construction as follows:
a) In cohesive soil, if it is possible to drill and pour dry concrete, without reinforcing the walls, when the groundwater
level in the construction stage is lower than the pile tip, g 'cb = 1.0;
b) In soils, drilling and pouring concrete in dry conditions, with the use of specialized wall pipes, or hollow coil reels g
'cb = 0.9;
c) In the foundations, the drilling and pouring of concrete into the bottom of the underwater borehole using the
diaphragm wall , g 'cb = 0.8;
d) In the background, the drilling and pouring concrete into the heart borehole drilling fluid under pressure or under
excess water (do not use the casing), g 'cb = 0.7.
NOTE : Pouring concrete under water or under drilling fluid must follow the method of vertical pouring, or using
concrete pumps.
7.1.10 . The structure of all types of piles must be calculated bearing the load from the house or structure. Particularly
for precast piles, it is also required to calculate the load-bearing piles due to their own weight when fabricating,
installing and transporting, as well as lifting the piles to the hammer rack at the point of hook hook 0.3l from the head of
the pile (where l is length of pile section). The internal force due to the weight of the pile itself (similar to the internal
force of the beam) must be multiplied by the shock coefficient taken by:
1.50 - when calculated by intensity;
1.25 - when calculating crack formation and expansion.
In these cases, the weight of the pile itself is equal to 1.
7.1.11 . Piles lying in foundations or single piles under axial load must be calculated according to the load capacity of
the ground, provided that:
For compressive piles:

(2)
For tensile piles:
 (3)
Inside:
N and N t, d are the values for calculating the compressive and tensile loads acting on the pile (the vertical force
c, d
generated by the calculated load is applied to the foundation with the most unfavorable load combination). determined
in accordance with 7.1.13;
R and R t, d are the calculated values of compressive strength and tensile strength of pile;
c, d

Rc and are the standard values of compressive strength and tensile strength of the pile, determined from the
,k Rt, k
values of the maximum compressive strength R and extreme tensile load R (see 7.1.12);
c,u t, u

g is the coefficient of working conditions, taking into account the factor of increasing the homogeneity of the ground
0
when using pile foundation, taking 1 by single pile and taking 1.15 in multi-pile foundation;
g is the reliability coefficient for the importance of the work, equal to 1,2; 1,15 and 1,1 correspond to the importance of
n
buildings I, II and III (see Annex F)
g is the soil reliability coefficient taken as follows:
k

a) In case the suspended pile is subjected to compressive load in the lower foundation of the pile with the base of the
station located on the good soil layer, the compressive resistant pile, regardless of the low station or the high tower, is g
= 1.4 (1,2). Particularly in the case of a pile driven pile under the column, if it is a pile driven or pressed with a load of
k
over 600 kN, or a bored pile with a load of over 2500 kN, then g k = 1.6 (1,4);

b) Where suspended piles are subjected to a compressive load in the foundation of a tall station, or a low station with a
base of the station located on a large deformed soil layer, as well as a suspended pile or a tensile-resistant pile in any
case of the tower foundation or low radio, the value of g depends on the number of piles in the foundation as follows:
k

the foundation has at least 21 piles ………………… .. g = 1.40 (1.25);

k

foundation has 11 to 20 piles ………………… .. g = 1.55 (1.4);

k

foundation has 6 to 10 piles ………………… .. g = 1.65 (1,5);

k

foundation has 1 to 5 piles ………………… .. g = 1.75 (1.6).

k

c) If the pile pile has more than 100 piles, which is located under the works with great rigidity, the limit settlement is not
less than 30 cm, g k = 1, if the pile load capacity is determined by static load test .

The value of g in (...) for the case of the pile load capacity determined by static load tests at the scene; outer value (...)
k
is used for cases where the pile's bearing capacity is determined by other methods.
NOTE:
1) When calculating pile types, the vertical force generated in the pile due to the calculated load N must include the
specific weight of the pile, including the reliability coefficient to increase the internal force of the calculation. However,
in preliminary calculations, the specific gravity of the pile can be ignored.
2) If calculating the pile foundation for a load combination that takes into account the wind or crane load, it is allowed to
increase by 20% of the calculated load on the pile (except the power line pier foundation).
3) If in the direction of the external force, the pile pier foundation is made up of one or several rows, the load
(simultaneously or individually) due to brake braking, wind pressure and ship impact on the pile under maximum load ,
it is possible to increase to 10% when a row has 4 stakes and increase to 20% when a row has 8 stakes or more.
When the number of piles is in the middle, the calculated load increase is determined by interpolation.
7.1.12 . Eigenvalues load capacity extreme pile R c, u and R t, u may be determined by methods based on mechanical
properties of soil under the tables in 7.2, or according to the calculation method used to The results of the field test in
7.3 and Appendix G. For simplicity from now on, call R c, u be the "compressive strength" and R t, u be the "tensile
strength" of the pile.
In the case of the same ground conditions, if the specific value of the maximum load resistance is less than 6, the
standard values of the compressive strength and the tensile strength of the pile are given in equations (2) and (3).
must be equal to the smallest of the individual values g: R c, k = R c, u min and R t, k = R t, u min .
In case, if the specific value of the maximum load capacity under the same conditions is equal to or greater than 6, the
standard bearing capacity of pile R and R t, k is the average value determined from The results of statistical
c, k
treatment of the values of maximum load resistance.
7.1. 13 . When determining the value of the load transmitted to the pile, the foundation of the pile should be considered
as the frame structure receiving vertical load, horizontal load and bending moment.
For the foundation under the column consists of vertical piles, with the same cross section and depth, connected by a
rigid channel, it is allowed to determine the value of load N transferred to the jth pile in the foundation by the formula:
j

(4)
Inside:
N is the force of concentration;
M , M are bending moments, corresponding to the main axis x, y of the pile ground at elevation bottom floor;
x y

n is the number of piles in the foundation;

x , y are coordinates of the ith pile at elevation bottom;
i i

x , y are coordinates of the jth pile to be calculated at the bottom elevation.

j j

7.1.14 . For horizontal load-bearing piles, it is required to calculate soil load as for axial load-bearing piles in 7.1.11.
The horizontal load applied to the foundation has a rigid base consisting of vertical piles of the same cross-section
evenly distributed among all the piles.
7.1.15 . Stability test of pile foundation and foundation must comply with the requirements of TCVN 9362: 2012, taking
into account the effect of horizontal additional jet from pile to sliding soil mass.
7.1.16 . Calculate the pile and pile foundation according to the variation from the requirement that satisfies the
following conditions :
S≤S (5)
gh

Inside:
S is the simultaneous deformation value of pile, pile foundation and structure (settlement, displacement, relative
settlement efficiency of pile, pile foundation ...) including 7.1.4, 7.1.5, 7.4 and Annex continent A;
S is the simultaneous limited strain deformation of the foundation, pile foundations and structures, prescribed in
gh
accordance with the instructions of TCVN 9362: 2012, or refer to Annex E in this standard.
7.2 . Determine the load capacity of the pile according to soil and rock mechanical properties
7.2.1 . Bearing capacity of support pile
The compressive strength R , in kN, of solid section piles, closed or bored piles, and bored piles when they are
c, u
based on rock, including those with less compression (see 6.2) is determined by the formula:
R = g q A (6)
c, u c b b

Inside:
g is the coefficient of working conditions of piles in the ground, g = 1;
c c

q is the resistance intensity of the ground below the tip of the pile;
b

A is the pile-like area on the ground, taken as the cross-sectional area for solid piles and pipe-pile piles; equals the
b
cross-sectional area of the pile to the pipe piles when no concrete is poured into the pile and is equal to the cross-
sectional area of the pile when the concrete is filled to a height of not less than 3 times the diameter of the pile.
For all types of piles driven or pressed, based on less compressed rock and ground, q = 20 Mpa.
b

For pile or laminated stuffed, stuffed bored concrete piles and leaning against the rock is not feng chemical , or less
compression platform (without the weak soil layer sandwiched) and clamped on it less than 0.5 m, q determined by
b is
the following formula:

(7)
Inside:
R is the calculated resistance strength of the rock mass under the pile tip, determined according to Rc , m, n - the
m
standard value of the axial compression resistance strength of a rock block in the state of no water, according to the
principle , identify in the field;
g is the soil reliability coefficient , g = 1.4.
g g

For preliminary calculations of the foundation of all levels of importance, the following:
R =R K (8)
c, m, n c, n s

Inside:
Rc is the standard value of the uniaxial compressive strength of a rock in water saturated state, determined by the
,n
test results (monolithic) in the laboratory;
K is the coefficient, to reduce the intensity by including cracks in the rock, determined in accordance with Table 1.
s

In all cases the value of qb does not exceed 20 MPa.

For driven or driven piles, bored piles and concrete-pile piles resting on a weathered rock bed, or with less
compressive substrate (no layers of weak soil interlaced) and clamping at least 0.5 m into it, q determined by
b is
formula c:

(9)
in which :
R determined by formula (7);
m

l is the depth of the pile to the rock;

d

d is the outside diameter of the rock pile.

f

The value of taking is not more than 3.

For pipe piles resting evenly on the weathered rock surface , covering the underside of the rock layer is a layer of soil
not eroded with a thickness of at least three times the diameter of the pile, the value in formula (9) is equal to 1.

NOTE When bored piles (bored piles), bored piles or pipe piles are based on weathered or soft petrified rock, the
compressive strength of a single axis of rock should be taken from the results of a rock specimen test with a
compression table or according to the results of testing the pile under static load.
Table 1 - coefficient decreased intensity K in the bedrock,
's

Stone quality index, RQD

Degree of cracking Intensity reduction coefficient K
s
%
Very little cracked From 90 to 100 1.00
Cracked little From 75 to 90 From 0.60 to 1.00
Medium cracked From 50 to 75 From 0.32 to 0.60
Strong crack From 25 to 50 From 0.15 to 0.32
Very strong crack From 0 to 25 From 0.05 to 0.15
NOTE:
1) Value RQD greater the value of K as lớ n;
s

2) For intermediate values of RQD K s determined by interpolation;

3) In the absence of data on the K RQD s taken the smallest value in the range change has to.

7.2.2 . Bearing capacity of suspended piles of all kinds, including pipe piles with soil core lowered by the
method of closing or pressing
7.2.2.1 . The compressive load resistance R , in kN, of suspended piles, including pipe piles with soil cores, lowered
c, u
by the method of pressing or pressing, is determined by the total resistance of the soil under the tip of the pile and the
pile body. :
R = g ( g cq q b A b + u S g cf f i l i ) (10)
c, u c

Inside:
g is the coefficient of working conditions of the pile in the soil, g = 1;
c c

q is the resistance strength of the soil below the tip of the pile, taken from Table 2;
b

u is the circumference of the cross section of the pile body;

f is the average resistance intensity of the "i" soil layer on the pile body, according to Table 3;
i

A is the area of the pile against the ground, which is equal to the area of the cross-section of a solid pile tip, a pipe
b
pile with a plugged tip; equal to the maximum cross-sectional area of the expanded pile section and equal to the cross-
sectional area excluding the core of the pipe pile not blocking the tip;
l is the length of the pile segment in the "i" soil layer;
i

g and g are the coefficients of working conditions of the soil under the nose and on the pile body taking into account
cq cf
the effect of the method of lowering the pile on soil resistance (see Table 4).
In equation (10), the total resistance of all soil layers through which the pile is penetrated must be calculated, except
for the part of the soil that is expected to be excavated or possibly eroded. In those cases, the total resistance of all soil
layers must be calculated below the expected elevation (level of excavation) and the height of the local bottom of the
pit after erosion at the calculated flood level.
NOTE:
1) For pile driven piles with wide-opened tip, due to the increased contact area between the tip and the soil, the
resistance component of the soil under the tip of the pile is significantly increased. However, the resistance on the
extended pile pile body will be reduced. When determining the load capacity of the pile according to formula (10), the
value of resistance strength f i of the soil on the extension should be zero.

2) When the pile is driven into loess soil more than 5 m deep, the values of q and f in equation (10) must be taken
b i
from Tables 2 and 3 calculated to a depth of 5 m.
In addition, for this type of soil where it is likely to be waterlogged, the calculated resistance q and f in Tables 2 and 3
b i
must be taken according to the consistency index corresponding to the fully saturated soil .
Table 2 - Strength of soil strength below closed or closed piles q
b

Depth of the Strength of soil resistance under the tip of solid pile and pipe pile with soil core lowered by the
pile m method of closing or pressing q
b

kPa
Medium tight sand
contains pebbles large seeds - medium small seed dust -
grain
Cohesive soils correspond to IL viscosity index
0,0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
3 7 500 6 600 3 000 3 100 2 000 1 100 600
4 000 2 000 1 200

4 8 300 6 800 3 800 3 200 2 100 1 250 700

5 100 2 500 1 600

5 8 800 7 000 4 000 3 400 2 200 1 300 800

6 200 2 800 2 000

7 9 700 7 300 4 300 3 700 2 400 1 400 850

6 900 3 300 2 200
 ten 10 500 7 700 5 000 4 000 2 600 1500 900
7 300 3 500 2 400

15 11 700 8 200 5 600 4 400 2 900 1 650 1 000

7 500 4 000

20 12 600 8 500 6 200 4 800 3 200 1 800 1 100

4 500

25 13 400 9 000 6 800 5 200 3 500 1 950 1 200

30 14 200 9 500 7 400 5 600 3 800 2 100 1 300
≥ 35 15 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 100 2 250 1 400
NOTE:
1) The value of q on the horizontal line is for sandy soil, below the horizontal line is for cohesive soil.
b

2) The value of pile depth and average depth of the soil layer on the ground leveling by soil excavation, backfilling, or
height up to 3m, must be calculated from the height of natural terrain. If excavation, backfilling, or accretion is from 3 m
to 10 m, the standard elevation lying 3 m above the level of excavation or 3 m above the leveling should be calculated.
The depth of the toe of the pile and the average depth of the soil layer in the puddles is calculated from the bottom of
the puddle after erosion due to the calculated flood level, in the swamp spot since the swamp bottom.
3) In the case of pile depth and viscosity index I of cohesive soils, q in Table 2 is determined by interpolation.
L b

4) For compact sand, when the tightness is determined by static penetration, the pile without the method of water
erosion or manual drilling, the value q in Table 2, is allowed to increase to 100%. When the density of soil is
b
determined by the construction survey data by other methods without static penetration, the value of q for the tight
b
sand recorded in Table 2 is allowed to increase to 60%, but not exceeding 20 Mpa. .
5) The strength of resistance q in Table 2 is allowed to be used provided that the minimum depth of pile driving to the
b
ground is not eroded and uncut:
4 m - for bridges and water structures;
3 m - for houses and other structures.
6) For piles with a cross-section of 150 mm x 150 mm and smaller, for use as a foundation under the inside wall of
one-storey houses, the value of q is allowed to increase by 20%.
b

7) For sandy soils corresponding to the plasticity index I ≤ 4 and the hollow coefficient e <0.8, the computational
P
resistance q b and f i is determined as for medium dense sand.

8) In the calculation, the soil viscosity index is based on the forecast value at the use phase of the building.
7.2.2.2 . For piles driven or pressed, the tip of the pile relies on loose sand layers or cohesive soils with a viscosity
index I L > 0.6, so the pile's bearing capacity should be determined according to the results of the static penetration
test.
7.2.2.3 . The tensile strength R , expressed in kN, of suspended piles, including pipe piles with soil cores, lowered
t, u
by the method of pressing or pressing, is determined by the formula:
R = g u S g f l (11)
t, u c cf i i

Inside:
u , g take the formula (10);
i cf

g is the coefficient of working conditions of piles, taken for all types of houses and constructions: when the depth of
c
piling is less than 4 m, g c = 0.6; When the depth of piling is 4 m or more, g c = 0.8. Particularly for cylindrical power
transmission lines, coefficient g c taken as directed by Article 14.

Table 3 - Strength of resistance on pile driven or pressed f

i

Average Strength of resistance on solid pile body and pipe pile with soil core downward by f
i
depth of the
soil layer kPa
 m Medium tight sand
Large and small seed dust - - - - - -
medium
sized
seeds
Sticky soil corresponds to the viscosity index I
L

≤ 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

first 35 23 15 twelfth 8 4 4 3 2
2 42 30 21 17 twelfth 7 5 4 4
3 48 35 25 20 14 8 7 6 5
4 53 38 27 22 16 9 8 7 5
5 56 40 29 24 17 ten 8 7 6
6 58 42 thirty first 25 18 ten 8 7 6
8 62 44 33 26 19 ten 8 7 6
ten 65 forty six 34 27 19 ten 8 7 6
15 72 51 38 28 20 11 8 7 6
20 79 56 41 30 20 twelfth 8 7 6
25 eighty six sixty one 44 32 20 twelfth 8 7 6
30 93 66 47 34 21 twelfth 9 8 6
≥ 35 100 70 50 36 22 13 9 8
NOTE:
1) When determining the resistance intensity value f i on the pile body, each soil layer must be divided into
homogeneous soil layers with maximum thickness of 2 m, the average depth of the layers is calculated in the same
way as in the note. Table 2. For preliminary calculations it is possible to take the thickness of each layer of soil within
the length of the pile.
2 ) In the case of soil depth and viscosity index I L of cohesive soils, the resistance value f i is determined by
interpolation.
3) The intensity of resistance f i for compacted sand increased by 30% compared to the value indicated in this table.

4) Strength of resistance f i of mixed sand and clay with hollow coefficient e <0.5 and clay of hollow factor e <0.6 both
increase by 15% compared to the value in Table 3 for index any paste.
5) For sandy soils corresponding to the plasticity index I P ≤ 4 and the hollow coefficient e <0.8, the computational
resistance q b and f i is determined as for medium dense sand.

6) In the calculation, the soil viscosity index is based on the forecast value at the use phase of the building.
Table 4 - Soil working condition coefficients g and g cf for driven or driven piles
cq

The method of lowering solid piles and pipe piles does not draw soil Coefficient of soil working condition
out by the method of closing or pressing and soil types. when calculating soil resistance
under the tip of the on the pile body
pile
g
cf
g
cq

(first) (2) (3)

1. Close the solid pile and the hollow pile to seal nose using mechanical 1.0 1.0
hammer (suspension), air hammer and oil hammer.
- 2. Close and pile the pile into the pre-drilled directional hole to ensure
the depth of the pile tip is 1 m deeper than the bottom of the hole
corresponding to the hole diameter:
a) Equal to the edge of the square pile. 1.0 0.5
b) 0,05 m smaller than the edge of the pile 1.0 0.6
c) Smaller than edge of square pile or round pile diameter of 0.15 m (for 1.0 1.0
electric transmission poles).
3. Lower the pile to the sand foundation in combination with water 1.0 0.9
erosion, provided that in the last stage, do not use erosion and piling to
lower the pile to a depth of 1 m or more.
4. Lowering the pipe pile by vibration method, lowering the pile (dense)
by the vibration and vibration - pressing method:
a) Medium sand:
Large and medium grain sand 1,2 1.0
small grain sand 1.1 1.0
dust 1.0 1.0
b) Cohesive soils with viscosity index I = 0,5:
L
0.9 0.9
sand mixed
0.8 0.9
clay phase
0.7 0.9
lighting
1.0 1.0
c) Cohesive soils with viscosity index I ≤ 0
L

5. Use any hammer to lower the hollow hollow reinforced concrete piles:
a) When the maximum diameter of a pile core is 0.4 m 1.0 1.0
b) When the core diameter is from 0.4 to 0.8 m 0.7 1.0
6. Using any method to lower the hollow hollow pile to a depth of at least
10 m, in turn, expand the tip of the pile in medium-dense sandy ground
and in sticky soil with viscosity index I ≤ 0.5 corresponding to the
L
diameter of the extension is equal to :
a) 1,0 m regardless of the above soil type 0.9 1.0
b) 1,5 m in sand and mixed sand 0.8 1.0
c) 1,5 m in clay and loam 0.7 1.0
7. Lowering the pile by pressing method:
a) In medium dense fine sand, medium and small grains. 1.1 1.0
b) In the dust 1.1 0.8
c) In cohesive soils, the viscosity index I <0.5 1.1 1.0
L
1.0 1.0
d) In cohesive soils, the viscosity index I ≥ 0.5
L

NOTE At point 4 for cohesive soils when the viscosity index 0 <I <0,5, the coefficient g , g is determined by
L cq cf
interpolation.
7.2.3 . Load bearing capacity of closed or closed piles, bored piles and concrete bored pipe piles
7.2.3.1 . The compressive strength R c, u , in kN, of closed or bored piles and bored or non-expanded bored piles and
inland piles and concrete piles inside, determined by the formula:
R =g (g q A + u S g f l ) (12)
c, u c cq b b cf i i

Inside:
g is the coefficient of working conditions of the pile, when the pile is resting on the sticky soil with saturation S r <0.9
c
and on ocher soil, lấy c = 0.8; for other cases g c = 1;

Q is the working condition coefficient of the soil below the tip of the pile, taking as follows:
cq

g = 0.9 for the case of pouring concrete under water;

cq

for office overhead power transmission lines coefficient g taken as instructed in Article 14;
cq

for other cases g = 1;

cq
q is the resistance strength of the soil below the tip of the pile, taken according to the instructions of 7.2.3.2, and for
b
pile driven (pressed) by construction according to the technology recorded in 6.4a, 6.4b; pre-fabricated piles
constructed according to the technology recorded in 6.5g, piling the head and bored piles with treatment to clean the
humus and cement grout injection pump under the pile tip according to Table 2;
A is the cross-sectional area of the pile tip, taken as follows:
b

For bored or bored piles and bored piles:

- Do not widen the tip: take equal to the cross-sectional area of the pile;
- with nose extension: equal to the largest cross-sectional area of the extension;
- for hollow concrete piles and pile caps: taken by the entire cross-sectional area of the pipe;
u is the circumference of the cross section of the pile body;
g is the coefficient of working conditions of the soil on the pile body, depending on the method of making holes and
cf
concrete pouring conditions - see Table 5;
f is the average resistance intensity of the "i" soil layer on the pile body, according to Table 3;
i

l is the length of the pile segment in the i th soil layer.

i

NOTE:
1) For pile extensions, the soil resistance on the pile body is calculated from the depth range from the designed ground
elevation to the cross-section elevation between the pile shaft and conical surface created by tangent lines to the
surface. The bulb extends at an angle equal to j l / 2 with the axis of the pile, where j l is the average of the friction
angle in the calculation of the soil layers within the aforementioned cone surface.
2) The girth circumference is equal to the pile body of bored pile taken by the circumference of the borehole.
7.2.3.2 . The strength of soil resistance below the tip of qb is determined as follows:
a) For coarse grained soil mixed with sand and sandy soil in the foundation of closed or pressed piles and bored piles
with or without expanding the tip and pipe pile when lowering all the inner soil core, qb is calculated according to
formula (13) ), while in the pile pipe foundation, when retaining the soil, retain the soil core, the above soil types, with a
minimum core height of 0.5 m, q calculated according to formula (14):
b is

qb = 0.75 a ( a g ' I d + a 2 a 3 g I h) (13)

4 1

qb = a ( a g ' I d + a 2 a 3 g I h) (14)
4 1

Inside:
a 1, a , a , and a are dimensionless coefficients depending on the friction angle value in the calculation of j I of the
2 3 4
ground and taken from Table 6, multiplied by the reduction factor 0, 9;
g ' is calculated density of the soil under the pile tip (taking into consideration the effects of land uplift in saturated
I
water);
g is the average calculation density (calculated according to layers) of soil lying on the tip of the pile (taking into
I
account the floating effect in water saturated soil );
d is the diameter of the driven or bored piles, bored piles and pipe piles, the diameter of the extension (for piles with
openings) or the bore diameter for piles - pillars, connected to the soil by cement mortar - sand;
h is the depth of lowering the pile, from the natural ground or the design ground (when there is a digging design) to the
tip of the pile or to the bottom of the nose extension; for abutment h, it is calculated from the height of the pit bottom
after erosion including the calculated flood water level.
b) For cohesive soils, q is taken according to Table 7.
b

NOTE:
1) The instructions given in 7.2.3.2 are for cases where the depth of the pile to the soil layer is used to ensure that the
depth of the pile to be used as the foundation is at least equal to the diameter of the pile (or the diameter of the nose
extension), but not less than 2 m .
2) The values of q b , calculated by equations (13) and (14) should not be taken larger than the values given in Table 2
for driven or pressed piles of the same length and in the same soil type.
7.2.3.3 . For pipe piles, when digging, do not dig the soil core or leave the core after lowering with a minimum core
height equal to three times the diameter of the pipe and without concrete fill (the core has the same characteristics as
the ground soil under the pile tip. ), the calculated resistance of the soil below the pipe tip q is taken from Table 2
b
multiplied by the coefficient of working conditions considering the method of lowering the pile described in Table 4. In
the above case, the value of q is calculated only with cross-sectional area into pipe piles.
b

Table 5 - Operating conditions of soil piles g

cf

Piles and methods of pile construction Coefficient of working condition g in soil

cf

sand sand mixed clay phase lighting

1. Pile or pressed piles according to point 6.4a, lowering wall 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
tube with base plate, or concrete plug
2. Shock-absorbing bored piles 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
3. Bored piles, including nose extensions, concreting in the
following cases:
a) No water (dry method), as well as when using specialized 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
wall pipes
b) Under water or in clay 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
c) Use solid concrete mortar (small slump) in combination with 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
deep compaction (dry method)
4. Barrette pile according to 6.5 c 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
5. Lower pipe piles by vibration method, combined with 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6
digging soil
6. Piles - pillars 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
7. Bored piles using wall pipes or concrete mortar under 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
pressure from 200 kPa to 400 kPa (from 2 atm to 4 atm) or
grouting concrete through hollow hollow reels
NOTE For large-diameter bored piles and load-bearing barettes, the load-bearing capacity of the piles depends greatly
on the type of soil and construction quality. The coefficient of working conditions g cf in Table 5 may not be suitable for
all situations. When there is sufficient basis of practical experience, this coefficient can be increased from 0.8 to 1.0.
The value of pile bearing capacity must be verified by field static load test.
Table 6 - Coefficients a 1, a 2, a 3 and a 4 in formulas (13) & (14)
Friction angle in calculating j of the soil below the tip of the pile
I

Coefficient degree
23 25 27 29 thirty first 33 35 37 39
a 9.5 12.6 17.3 24.4 34.6 48.6 71.3 108.0 163,0
1
18.6 24.8 32.8 45.5 sixty four 78.6 127.0 185,0 260.0
a
2

a corresponds to h / d
3
0.78 0.79 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.87
4.0
0.75 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85
5.0
0.68 0.70 0.71 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84
7.5
0.62 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.81
10.0
0.58 0.61 0.68 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.78 0.80
12.5
0.55 0.58 0.61 0.65 0 , 68 0.71 0.73 0.76 0.79
15.0
0.51 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.78
17.5
0.49 0.53 0.57 0.61 0.65 0.68 0.72 0.75 0.78
20.0
0.46 0.51 0.55 0.6 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.74 0.77
22.5
0.44 0.49 0.54 0.59 0.63 0.67 0.7 0.74 0.77
≥ 25.0
a corresponds to d ≤ 0.8 0.34 0.31 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22
4
m 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17
 4.0
NOTE The calculated value of the internal friction angle should be j = j I ; For intermediate values j I , h / d and d, the
coefficients a 1 , a 2 , a 3 and a 4 are determined by interpolation method.

7.2.3.4 . The load-bearing capacity R , in kN, of closed or bored piles, bored piles and pipe piles is determined by
t, u
the formula:
R = g u S g cf f i l i (15)
t, u c

Inside:
g takes the formula (11);
c

u, g , f , l take the formula (12).

cf i i

Table 7- Strength of resistance q , soil adhered to pile tip

b

Depth of the Strength of resistance q of cohesive soil, except subsidence soil, under closed or pressed
b
pile h, m
piles and bored piles with or without expanding nose and pipe piles by soil excavation and
core concrete according to viscosity index I l

kPa
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
3 850 750 650 500 400 300 250
5 1 000 850 750 650 500 400 350
7 1 150 1 000 850 750 600 500 450
ten 1 350 1 200 1 050 950 800 700 600
twelfth 1 550 1 400 1 250 1 100 950 800 700
15 1 80 0 1 650 1500 1 300 1 100 1 000 800
18 2 100 1 900 1 700 1500 1 300 1 150 950
20 2 300 2 100 1 900 1 650 1 450 1 250 1 050
30 3 300 3 000 2 600 2 300 2 000 - -
≥ 40 4 500 4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 - -
NOTE:
1) The value of the depth of the pile tip and the average depth of the soil layer on the leveling ground by the method of
soil excavation, backfilling, or height up to 3 m, must be calculated from the height of the natural terrain, and If
excavation, backfilling, or accretion is from 3 m to 10 m, the standard elevation lying 3 m above the level of excavation
or 3 m above the level of soil should be calculated. The depth of the toe of the pile and the average depth of the soil
layer in the puddles is calculated from the bottom of the puddle after erosion due to the calculated flood level, in the
swamp spot since the swamp bottom.
2) In the case of pile depth and viscosity index I L of cohesive soils, q b is determined by interpolation.

3) In the calculation, the soil viscosity index is based on the forecast value at the using stage of the building.
7.2.4 . Bearing capacity of screw piles
7.2.4.1 . The compressive strength and tensile strength of screw piles are determined by the formula:
R (R ) = g [R + R ] (16)
c, u t, u c q f

Inside:
g is the coefficient of working conditions, depending on the type of load acting on the pile and the ground condition,
c
taken from Table 8;
R is the soil resistance under the screw tip;
q

R is the soil resistance on pile.

f

The resistance of the soil under the screw tip, in kN, is determined by the formula:
R = ( a c + a g I h I ) A (17)
q 1 I 2
Inside:
a , a are dimensionless coefficients, taken from Table 9, depending on the friction angle value in calculating j of the
1 2 I
working area soil (working area is the area around the screw tip of dimension as thick as d).
c is cohesion unit of cohesive soil or linear parameter of sandy soil in working soil;
I

g is the average effective density of the soil on the screw tip (taking into account the buoyancy effect, if any);
I

h is the depth of the screw tip from the natural ground or from the designed ground (when there is a design of earth
l
excavation);
A is the cross-sectional area of the screw tip, calculated according to the outside diameter when the pile is under
compression. When the pile under tension A is the difference of the horizontal area of the screw tip minus the cross-
sectional area of the shaft.
NOTE:
1) When determining the strength compressive load of piles helical characteristic j i of land recorded in Table 9
corresponds to the land located under the nose screw, when the pile tensile characteristics School ng j I of the land
corresponding to the soil located on the screw tip.
2) The depth of lowering the screw tip from the designed ground must be at least equal to 5d in sticky soil and 6d in
sandy soil (d- screw nose diameter).
7.2.4.2 . The resistance on the screw body, in kN, is determined by the formula:

(18)
in which :
f is the average strength strength of the i th soil layer on the pile body, taken from Table 3;
i

u is the circumference of the stem;

l is the length of pile segment in the ith soil layer;
i

h is the length of the pile body submerged in the soil;

d is the screw tip diameter.
NOTE The resistance f on the length of pile is d immediately above the screw tip to be zero.
i

Table 8 - Operating condition factor g of the ground for screw piles

c

Soil type Coefficient of working condition g when loading

c

compressed drag opposite

1. Lightning and clay mixed
hard, semi-hard and pliable 0.8 0.7 0.7
flexible plasticity 0.8 0.7 0.6
plasticity flowing 0.7 0.6 0.4
2. Sand and mixed sand
Low moisture sand and hard 0.8 0.7 0.5
sand
0.7 0.6 0.4
moist sand and flexible mixed
0.6 0.5 0.3
sand
full sand and flowing sand
Table 9 - Dimensionless coefficients a , a in formula (17)
1 2

Calculation of the internal Coefficient Calculation of the internal Coefficient

friction angle of soil in the friction angle of soil in the
working zone j a1 a2 working zone j I a1 a2
I

degree degree
 13 7,8 2.8 24 18.0 9.2
15 8.4 3.3 26 23.1 12.3
16 9.4 3, 8 28 29.5 16.5
18 10.1 4.5 30 38.0 22.5
20 12.1 5.5 32 48.4 31.0
22 15.0 7.0 34 64.9 44.4
7.2.5 . Considering the effect of negative friction force on the pile body
7.2.5.1 . The ground, in which the pile is located, may be deformed due to consolidation, expansion, due to load ... The
negative friction force (friction force) arises on the pile body due to settlement of the soil mass surrounding the pile,
vertical direction from top to bottom and considered in the following cases:
- Backfill soil layer is thicker than 1.0 m;
2
- Useful loading on the warehouse floor exceeds 20 KN / m ;
2
- Laying equipment with useful load from equipment above 100 kN / m on the floor adjacent to the foundation;
- Increasing effective stress, eliminating the floating effect of water due to lowering of underground water table in soil;
- Land consolidation of modern and artificial sediments has not ended;
- Tightening of loose soil by dynamic load;
- Land subsidence due to flooding;
- When building new works near existing works.
NOTE The consideration of the negative frictional force arising in subsidence ground complies with the requirements of
Clause 9.
7.2.5.2 . The negative friction force is taken into account the depth, where the settlement of the soil surrounding the
pile after construction and loading on the pile foundation is greater than half of the limit settlement value of the
foundation. The calculated soil resistance according to Table 3 bears the "negative" sign, particularly for peat, mud and
thin mud taken as negative 5 kPa .
If within the depth of the pile depth there are peat seams with a thickness of more than 30 cm each seam and can be
filled with soil to create ground or by a load equivalent to embankment, the calculation resistance f of soil lying on the
i
bottom of the bottom peat layer (within the depth of the pile) is taken as follows:
a) In case of embankment with the height of less than 2 m - for embankment and peat layers f i = 0, for non-
embankment soil, other than soil embankment, f i is equal to the positive value according to Table 3 ;

b) In case of embankment with height from 2 m to 5 m - for all types of soil, including filled soil, f is equal to 40% of the
i
value in Table 3 with the "negative" sign, and for peat, equal to negative 5 kPa;
c) In case of embankment higher than 5 m - for all types of soil, including filled soil f i taken equal to the value inscribed
in Table 3 with the "negative" sign, and for peat, it is equal to negative 5 kPa.
Within the lower part of the pile, where after construction and loading on the foundation, the settlement of the land
mass surrounding the pile is less than half of the limit settlement value of the pile foundation, the calculation resistance
f i of the soil is taken by the positive value in Table 3, but for peat, mud and thin mud: f i = 5 kPa.

7.2.5.3 . In the event that at the beginning of construction of the upper structure of a building or structure including
piles, the consolidation of the ground due to embankment or loading has been completed, or after that time, The
possible settlement of the soil surrounding the pile due to residual consolidation will not be greater than half of the limit
value of the settlement of the house and the structure needed, then the soil resistance on the pile body is allowed to be
positive. with or without peat seams. For peat seams, f is equal to 5 kPa.
i

7.2.5.4 . If the coefficients of cohesion and deformation modulus of peat are known within the depth of the pile and it is
possible to determine the settlement of each layer of soil under the effect of loading, when determining the load
capacity of the pile for It is allowed to take the value of soil resistance with the negative sign (negative friction force),
and not from the bottom of the bottom peat layer but from the top of the soil layer with additional settlement due to the
loading (from the time of transmission. weight on pile), accounting for 50% of the limited settlement value of the house
or structure to be designed.
7.3 . Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to field test results
7.3.1 . The bearing capacity of piles can be determined in the field by the methods of testing piles by static load, testing
piles by dynamic loads and testing through soil. In which static load test most accurately assesses the load capacity of
the pile and is used to verify the value of pile strength determined by other methods. The volume of field experiments is
shown in Annex D.
7.3.2 . The testing procedure of static pile load under vertical axial compression complies with the requirements of
TCVN 9393: 2012 Piles - Field test method by axial static compressive load.
If the load under the static load test of the compressive pile reaches a value that causes the "S" settlement of the pile
to increase continuously without increasing the load (with S ≤ 20 mm), the pile falls into the state of being destroyed
and the price The value of the previous load is taken as the specific value of the bearing capacity R of the pile.
c, u

In all other cases for foundation foundations and structures (except bridges and hydraulic structures ), the specific
value of the compressive strength of the pile R c, u , is equal to the pile test load corresponding to the subsidence S is
determined by the following formula:
S=xS (19)
gh

Inside:
S is the average limit subsidence of the foundation or structure to be designed and is specified in TCVN 9362: 2012
gh
Floor design standards of buildings and structures, or in Annex E of this standard;
x is the transition coefficient from the average limit settlement to the static load test settlement subsidence with
conventional settlement settlement (subsidence subsidence).
Coefficient x is equal to 0.2 when testing pile with conventional stable settlement as prescribed in TCVN 9393: 2012.
If the settlement determined according to formula (19) is greater than 40 mm, the specific value of the bearing capacity
of pile R is equal to the load corresponding to the settlement S = 40 mm.
c, u

For bridges and works hydraulic , compressor load bearing capacity of the pile R get lower load levels compared to
c, u
levels at which the load caused:
a) The difference in settlement after one load (with the total settlement exceeding 40 mm) is at least 5 times greater
than the difference in settlement after the preceding load.
b) Subsidence does not subside throughout a day and night and longer (with total subsidence over 40 mm).
If testing the pile with a maximum load of 1,5 R (where R c, u - pile load capacity is calculated by the formula (6),
c and u
(10), (12) and (16) ), and the settlement of the pile S is lower than the value determined by formula (19), particularly for
bridges and hydraulic works S <40 mm, the specific load capacity of the pile R c, u is allowed to be equal to Maximum
load value when reducing.
NOTE:
1) Normally, the pile static load test to the destructive state must be tested, when there are sufficient arguments to
allow the maximum pile test load to be equal to the estimated R c, u value.

2) When testing static compression piles, specify the loading of the load to the maximum load capacity R c, u estimated

pile.
3) For piles with large lengths, especially when the tip of the pile is inserted into the soil layer is less compressed, the
deformation of the pile itself is significant, the compressive strength of the pile can be equal to the pile test load
corresponding to Settlement S, whose value is equal to settlement determined by formula (19) plus the elastic
deformation of the pile:
S=xS + S , (20)
gh e

Inside:
Se is the actual elastic deformation of the pile, determined by the formula :
e

(21)
Inside:
N is the standard value of compressive load acting on the pile;
E is modulus of elasticity of pile materials;
l is the length of the pile;
A is the cross-sectional area of the pile.
b is a coefficient depending on the compressive stress distributed along the length of the pile, it is possible to take b in
the range of 0.3 to 0.7 - a large value for the case of piles penetrating weak soil layers into the layer less compression,
small values for the case of pile head on heavily deformed soil.
If there is a test to measure the pile strain, it is recommended to take the elastic strain value of the pile S from the
e
actual measured data.
4) In all cases, the deformation of the pile foundation must satisfy the condition (5).
7.3.3 . Tests of static load under tension or horizontal loads are conducted according to each level as pile static load.
The pullout capacity and extreme horizontal load capacity are taken one level lower than the load level where the
displacement of the pile is constantly increasing despite stopping the load.
NOTE The results of static test of pile under horizontal load can be used to directly determine the calculation
parameters of the “pile-base” system needed for calculation according to Annex A.
7.3.4 . Bearing capacity R of pile, in kN, according to pile driving test data with a hammer with actual residual
c, u
(measured) S ≥ 0.002 m, is determined by the formula:
a

(22)
If S <0.002 m is the design plan foundations to proposed hammer enough energy shock to earthquakes seesaw S ≥
a a
0.002 m, while in the case can not replace the hammer and measuring equipment refusal , then the bearing capacity of
pile R c, u is determined by the formula:

(23)
in formulas (22) and (23):
h à coefficient depends on the materials used as piles according to Table 10;
A is the cross-sectional area of the pile body (excluding the tip of the pile);
M is the factor taken by 1 when hammering. When using a vibratory hammer M is taken according to Table 11,
depending on the type of soil below the tip of the pile;
E is the calculated shock energy, kJ of the closed hammer according to Table 12, or the vibrating hammer energy
d
according to Table 13;
S is the actual redundancy, taken by the displacement of the pile due to a hammer blow or after a minute of vibration;
a

S is the elasticity of the pile (elastic displacement of the soil and the pile) determined by a displacement meter;
el

m is the mass of machine hammers or vibrating hammers;

1

m is the weight of pile and pile head;

2

m is the weight of driving piles (when using vibrating hammer m = 3 );

3

m is the weight of the hammer;

4

2
e à shock recovery coefficient, when driving reinforced concrete piles using wooden pile head pads e = 0.2, while
2
using vibrating hammer e = 0;
q à shock recovery factor, 1 / kN, determined by the formula:

(24)
Inside:
A, m , m taken as in equations (22) and (23);
4 2 are

n , n are conversion coefficients from soil dynamic resistance to static resistance of soil and are taken: for soil under
p f
pile tip n p = 0.00025 sm / kN; for soil on pile body n f = 0.025 sm / kN;

A is the contact area between the pile body and soil;

f

2
g is the gravitational acceleration equal to 9.81 m / s ;
H is the actual drop height of the hammer;
h is the first turning height of the diesel hammer taken according to Point 2, note Table 12, for other hammers taken h
= 0.
In addition to formulas (22) and (23) it is allowed to use other proven pile driving formulas to determine the pile bearing
capacity.
For reinforced concrete piles with a length greater than 20 m, as well as any steel piles of any length according to the
elastic and residual rejection when testing piles with a hammer, it should be determined with the help of a machine
program. calculated, according to the calculation method based on shock wave theory (PDA method). These computer
programs allow testing of the load of bored piles using large mass hammers.
Table 10 - Coefficient h of pile material
Case calculation Coefficient h
2
kN / m
Test by closing and piling reinforced concrete piles with pile head seals (including denial 1500
cases)
Table 11 - Coefficient M in the formula (20)
Land under the tip of the pile Coefficient M
1. Raw coarse sand and sand 1.3
2. Medium grained sand and medium dense sand and hard sand mixed 1,2
3. Small to medium sized fine sand 1.1
4. Medium compact sand 1.0
5. Flexible sand, clay and hard clay 0.9
6. Lightning phase and semi-hard clay 0.8
7. Set clay and hard plastic clay 0.7
NOTE In a compact sand bed, the M coefficients at points 2, 3 and 4 in Table 11 are increased by 60%.
Table 12 - Calculated shock energy of a hammer strike E
d

Hammer Mathematical energy of a hammer E

d

kJ
1. Single hammers or hammers GH
2. Tubular diesel hammer 0.9 GH
3. Weighed diesel hammer 0.4 GH
4. Diesel hammer closed and closed to check for a free drop G (H - h)
of the hammer.
NOTE:
1) G is the weight of the hammer.
2) h is the first turning height of the diesel hammer from the air cushion, determined in measurement, m. For
approximate calculations can be obtained:
h = 0.6 m for balance hammer;
h = 0.4 m for pipe hammers.
Table 13 - Calculated energy equivalent to a hammer blow of a vibrator
The shocking force of the vibrator The calculated energy is equivalent to a hammer blow of a vibrator
kN kJ
100 45
200 90
300 130
400 175
500 220
600 265
 700 310
800 350
NOTES : When piling through the soil layer will be dug to create a foundation pit or close through the soil layer that
can be eroded at the bottom of the water hole, the calculation refusal must be determined according to the pile bearing
capacity minus the layer of soil, and places where negative friction force can occur - not to mention this negative
friction.
7.3.5 . The bearing capacity R c, u of the driven, or pressed pile, in kN, at the static point is determined by the formula :

R = q A u S f l (25)
c, u b b i i

Inside:
q is the resistance strength of the soil below the tip of the pile according to the penetration results at the test site;
b

f is the average value of the strength intensity of the soil layer " i " on the pile body according to the results of
i
penetration;
l is the length of the pile segment in the "i" soil layer;
i

u is the circumference of the cross section of the pile body.

The value of q is determined by the formula:
b

q = b q (26)
b 1 C

Inside:
b is the conversion factor from q c to q b , irrespective of the type of penetrating nose shape, taken from Table 14 ;
1

q is the average of the resistance of the soil under the penetration nose, according to the experimental results. The
C
value q is taken within the thickness of 1d or more and 4d or less from the design height of the pile tip (d is equal to
C
the diameter of the round pile or square pile edge or the long side of the pile with rectangular cross section. ).
Average value of resistance on pile f is determined:
a) When using piercing type I:
f = b f (27)
2 s

b) When using piercing type II:

(28)
Inside:
b , b are the coefficients taken from Table 14;
2 i

f is the average value of the strength of the soil resistance on the friction tip of the penetration nose. Value f s
s
determined by the quotient between the total resistance of the soil on a regular body with a surface area within the
depth from the ground at the cross points to the pile tip elevation in design bearing soil;
f is the average resistance intensity of the 'i' soil layer on the trunk body;
si

l is the length of the pile segment in the "i" soil layer;

i

7.3.6 . The compressive strength and tensile load of the screw according to the results of the static penetration test are
determined by formula (25) with the depth of the pile reduced partly by the diameter of the screw edge as described in
7.2.4.3. . The resistance of the soil below (or above) the screw edge of the pile is determined by the formula (26),
where b I - the coefficient taken from Table 14 depends on the average of the resistance of the soil below the
penetration nose. Working area is calculated by screw edge diameter. The average value of the soil resistance on the
body of a screw, according to the results of penetrating the soil at the pier location, is determined by the formula (27) or
(28).
7.3.7 . For bored-working bored piles, constructed in accordance with 6.5a, allows determining the load capacity of the
pile at the static point R c, u , without using data on soil resistance on the friction pipe. of a piercing nose, follow the
formula:
R = q b A b + u S g cf f i l i (29)
c, u
Inside:
q is the intensity of the resistance of the soil under the pile tip, taken from Table 15, depending on the average tip
b
resistance frequently q c , in paragraph 1d upwards and 2d to the bottom elevation of the pile tip, d - road pile glass;

A is the cross-sectional area of the pile tip;

b

u is the circumference of the cross section of the pile body;

f is the average resistance intensity of the "i" soil layer, taken from Table 15;
i

l is the length of the pile segment in the "i" soil layer;

i

g is a coefficient dependent on pile construction technology, taking the following:

cf

a) for concrete piles in dry drilling hole g = 1;

cf

b) for concrete piles underwater or with clay solutions, as well as in the case of a wall tube
g = 0.7.
cf

NOTE When determining the friction on the pile body, it is not possible to use the friction value f measure directly on
s to
the friction pipe of the piercing nose, but to determine the friction on the pile body through the value of q can also be
c
for Annex G.4
7.3.8 . The bearing capacity of the pile is determined according to the results of standard penetration test (SPT) as
shown in Annex G.3.
Table 14 - Conversion factors for b , b and b i
1 2

Mean value of b - conversion factor from q to q f ,f b 2 - conversion factor b i - conversion factor

C s si
soil resistance at 1 b from f s to f for type I from f to f for type II
nose point q kPa si
C
Pile Screw piles piercing cross-penetration
kPa closed compressible bear pull sand sticky soil sand sticky soil
≤ 1000 0.90 0.50 0.40 ≤20 2.40 1.50 0.75 1.00
2500 0.80 0.45 0.38 40 1.65 1.00 0.60 0.75
5000 0.65 0.32 0.27 60 1.20 0.75 0.55 0.60
7500 0.55 0.26 0.22 80 1.00 0.60 0.50 0.45
10000 0.45 0.23 0.19 100 0.85 0.50 0.45 0.40
15000 0.35 - - ≥ 1 20 0.75 0.40 0.40 0.30
20000 0.30 - - - - - - -
≥ 30000 0 , 20 - - - - - - -
NOTE:
1) Type I piercing is a type of mechanical penetration, a conical nose made of a conical cone of a diameter of 35.7 mm
°
with an angle at the top of 60 and an upper piercing shell for 74 mm length friction. The type II piercing is a piercing
°
cross made of a conical tip of a diameter of 35.7 mm with an angle at the top of 60 and an upper friction tube of 90
mm to 210 mm long.
2) When using a screw stake in a water- saturated sand base , the factor b 1 must be reduced by 2 times.

Table 15 - Strength of resistance q b and f i , of the soil for bored piles according to q C

Intensity of soil resistance at Strength of soil resistance below pile Average strength of soil resistance on pile
nose point q tip q f
C b i

kPa kPa kPa

sand sticky soil sand sticky soil
1 000 - 200 - 15
2 500 - 580 - 25
5 000 900 900 30 35
 7 500 1100 1200 40 45
10 000 1300 1400 50 60
12 000 1400 - 60 -
15 000 1500 - 70 -
20 000 2000 - 70 -
NOTE:
1) The values of q b and f i for intermediate values q c determined by interpolation.

2) The values of q b and f i are given in the tables used for bored piles from 600 mm to 1200 mm in diameter, lowered to
the soil at least 5 m. When there is a possibility of negative friction on the pile body, the value of f i for the submerged
soil layer is taken as a "negative" sign.
3) For the values of q b and f i in the table, the settlement of the pile corresponding to the value of R c, u does not
exceed 0.03d.
7.4 . Calculation of piles and pile foundations under deformation
7.4.1 . The calculation of settlement of the pile foundation (according to the second limit state) allows to perform with
calculation diagrams based on linear deformation foundation model, but must satisfy condition (2) in 7.1.11 .
The settlement of a single pile can be calculated according to 7.4.2. The settlement of each pile in the foundation and
the settlement of the foundation can be calculated by a method that takes into account the reciprocal effect between
the piles conducted according to 7.4.3. Settlement of large groups of piles can be determined with conventional
foundation model on natural ground according to 7.4.4. The settlement of the foundation of pile - raft mixture should
proceed according to 7.4.5.
Settlement of pile groups can also be determined by Vesic's empirical method in Annex B. Calculation of piles under
strain under the simultaneous effect of vertical, horizontal and torque loads can be done according to Annexes.
continent A.
In addition to the methods and models calculated in this International Standard, it is possible to calculate the
deformation of pile foundations in a nonlinear state with recognized background models and numerical methods.
The calculated settlement of the foundation of the pile shall not exceed the limit under condition (5).
7.4.2 . Calculate the settlement of a single pile
The calculation of single pile settlement, through the soil layer with the sliding module G , the poatxong coefficient u
1 1
and the ground-based is considered as a half linear deformation space, characterized by the sliding module G 2 and
the coefficient poatxong u 2 , can be done with the condition that l / d> G 1 l / G 2 d> 1, where l is the length of the pile,
and d is the diameter of the pile, according to the following formulas:
a) For single suspension piles without opening of the nose:

(30)
Inside:
N is the vertical load acting on the pile, in MN;
b is the coefficient determined by the formula:

(thirty first)
Inside:
b '= 0.17 ln (k G l / G d) is the coefficient of absolute stiff pile (EA = ¥ );
n 1 2

a '= 0.17 ln (k l / d) is the same as b ' but for homogeneous background cases with characteristics of G and g ;
n 1 1

2
c = EA / G 1 l is the relative stiffness of the pile;

EA is the compressive shaft stiffness, in MN;

(32)
k ,k is the coefficient is determined by the formula:
n n1

2
k = 2.82 - 3.78 u + 2.18 u (33)
n

corresponding to u = ( u + u ) / 2 and when u = u .

1 2 1

b) For single posts with an extended nose:

(34)
Inside:
d is the expanded tip diameter;
b

G and u are the characteristics averaged over all soil layers in the range of pile depth ;
1 1

G and u are taken within the range of 0,5 l, from a depth of l to a depth of 1,5 l from the top of the pile provided that
2 2
the soil below the tip of the pile is not peat, mud or flowing soil.
It is allowed to take the sliding module G = E0 / 2 (1 + n) equal to 0.4E , and the coefficient equals 2.0 (where E 0 is
0 kn
the soil deformation module).
The calculated value of pile diameter d for types of piles with non-circular cross sections, including piles manufactured
at the factory, is determined by the following formula:

(35)
where A is the cross-sectional area of the pile.
NOTE When the results of static pile loads are obtained at the site, the settlement values of single piles should be
taken according to the load test results.
7.4.3 . Calculate the settlement of pile group from settlement of single pile
The settlement of the pile group can be calculated from the settlement of the pile in the group, taking into account the
mutual effect between them. The additional settlement of the "i" pile due to the "j" pile is a distance from the "i" pile , a
bearing load N j is equal to:

(36)
Inside

if (37)

and if (37)
The settlement of the 'i' pile in the n-pile group knowing the load applied to each "j" pile is determined by the formula:

(39)
Inside:
s (N ) is the settlement of pile "i", determined by formula (30);
i

d are coefficients, calculated according to formulas (37) and (38), depending on the distance between the "i" pile and
i, j
the "j" pile;
N is the vertical load acting on the "j" pile.
j

If the load distribution between piles has not been determined, Equation (39) can be used to calculate the
simultaneous working between the pile foundation and the body structure, whereby the force method of structural
mechanics used smoothly.
The settlement of the pile group is equal to the average of the settlement of the pile in the group.
7.4.4 . Calculating the settlement of pile foundation according to the prescribed foundation model :
Normally, the calculation of suspended pile foundation and its foundation under deformation is conducted as for a
conventional foundation foundation on natural ground as required by TCVN 9362: 2012. The settlement of the pile
foundation includes the elastic deformation of the pile itself and the settlement of the conventional foundation pile.
The outline of a conventional foundation is determined as follows (see Figure 1a):
At the bottom is a plane ABA'B 'passing through the piles. The sides are vertical planes ABCD, A'B'C'D ', ADA'D' and
BCB'C 'which are approximately the same distance from the boundary of the vertical pile row:

(40)
but taking no more than 2d in the case of the pile tip is sticky soil with plasticity index I > 0.6 (d is the diameter of the
L
cross-section of the pile), but when the foundation has oblique piles, the planes ABCD, A ' B'C'D ', ADA'D' and BCB'C
'go through the legs of these piles (see Figure 1b). At the top is the ground leveling CDD'C '.

Figure 1 - Conventional block foundation boundary when calculating pile settlement

The friction angle in the average calculation of soil j is determined by the formula:
ll, mt

(41)
Inside:
j is the friction angle in the calculation of each layer of soil thickness i that the pile penetrates;
II, i

l is the length of the pile segment in the i th soil layer.

i

When determining the settlement of the entire foundation block, the specific gravity of the foundation foundation
includes the weight of pile and pile foundation including soil in that block.
The settlement of the pile foundation shall not exceed the limit value according to condition (5).
7.4.5 . In addition to the conventional foundation foundation model in 7.4.4, other recognized conventional foundation
foundation models (see Annex C) are allowed to calculate settlement for pile foundations.
7.4.6 . Calculation of foundation of pile - raft mixture . The pile-raft foundation (referred to as MHH for short) is a
foundation that combines the pile and sheet (raft) to work together to reduce the overall settlement and the settlement
of the foundation. Allow the arrangement of piles evenly or unevenly in the foundation.
In the case of a multi-pile foundation, if the foundation of the pile is medium-dense sand, or cohesive soil with a
viscosity index I <0.5, a mixed pile-raft foundation can be designed. When the pile is based on a rock foundation or a
L
half stone is connected by a pile foundation, it can only be considered as a simple pile foundation, which cannot be
transferred to the foundation through the pile foundation.
Calculation of foundation of pile - raft mixture includes:
- Determination of internal force in the components of the structural system (in piles and in sheet piles);
- Determination of displacement of the overall structure and of individual components;
- Determining the load applied to the piles and the loads received by the pile caps.
The selection of the length and distance between the piles in MHH is based on the calculation of the deformation so
that the settlement, inclination and settlement are within the permissible limits according to Annex E.
The compressive layer thickness when determining the settlement of MHH should be determined according to TCVN
9362: 2012.
The calculation of MHH can be performed as a sheet on an elastic substrate with a variable background factor. The
mean value of the base coefficient can be determined directly from nonlinear spatial calculations or by solving axial
symmetry problems for cylindrical elements, including piles and surrounding soil. When determining the value of the
ground coefficient in the boundary areas and other stress concentration locations, the spatial working element of the
foundation should be considered. The distribution of stiffness features on the ground in this case is determined on the
basis of a digitized model with the use of geotechnical programs or other solutions.
7.4.7 . When calculating the preliminary settlement of the S MHH foundation, it should be noted that its value should
MHH
not exceed the settlement of the raft foundation (slabs) and smaller than the settlement of the foundation pile according
to the conventional block diagram.
7.5 . Design characteristics of large pile pile and sheet pile
7.5.1 . The calculation of the structural system "pile foundation - bending sheet - upper structure" generally needs to be
done for the spatial problem taking into account the interaction of the body structure and the underground, pile
foundation and foundation. The determination of the internal forces in piles and sheet piles should be done numerically
on computers with validated programs describing this interaction.
7.5.2 . When calculating large pile foundations (multi-pile foundations), it is allowed to use the elastic deformation
characteristics of pile materials, radios and the above structures, limiting internal force within linear strain limits. For
soil mechanical behavior, it is best to use a nonlinear model.
7.5.3 . When determining internal forces in piles of large-sized pile foundations, the working structure of the soil is best
described by models, in which soil characteristics are determined by standards. To clarify the characteristics of the
structure of work of the foundation and superstructure, in the particular case may use the model above - plastic
complex (above - flexible parameters) mention the increase or decrease durability of soil and other factors. Perhaps
the choice of this model must be determined by the size of the geological survey and the importance of the
construction. When calculated according to the above model - flexible parameters, should have compared the results
calculated according to the different models and internal resources to increase in all components of the building
structure.
7.5.4 . When building the calculation models of the ground, it is necessary to set the scope of the calculation and the
form of finite element or finite difference. The size of the scope of the foundation in contact with the pile foundation,
which is included in the calculation of the pile foundation, must be such that the influence of boundary conditions on
the calculation results is excluded.
7.5.5 . When calculating the foundation, it is necessary to mention the impact of the opening of the excavated pit, the
protective structures, the order of execution of the blocks, the parts of the work and the degree of heterogeneity of the
stratum.
7.5.6 . The calculation model of multi-pile foundations should be built in such a way that the errors will favor the safety
of the foundation structure and the upper structure of the building. If these deviations cannot be forecasted, a number
of additional calculations and the most adverse impacts to the construction must be performed. It is also necessary to
mention the uncertainty that may be related to the selection of the calculation model and the deformation
characteristics and strength characteristics of the ground. To do this, when performing calculations of large size pile
foundations, MHH on a computer should compare the calculation results of the elements in the calculation scheme to
the analytical results. This comparison needs to follow the different geotechnical programs.
7.5.7 . For each i th soil layer, in the calculation, only use standard values of deformation characteristics (E -
0, i
deformation module of i class according to the first loading branch, E 0, e, I - modulus of deformation of class i according
to the second compression branch and u i - poatxong coefficient of layer i). It is allowed to set the calculation depth of
the ground as in the case of settlement settlement according to the conventional foundation diagram in 7.4. When
calculating a multi-parameter model, the compressive depth should be determined on the basis of calculation.
7.5.8 . Based on the calculation results, it is necessary to clarify the quality and quantity of group and boundary effects,
ie the characteristics of the working of piles at different positions in the pile pile. Consideration should be given to the
increase in the softness of working piles in the group of piles compared to the isolated working piles as well as the
varying resistance of the piles and the soil depending on their position (pile at the corner or the side; in the middle or
halfway ...) in the group.
7.5.9 . When calculating the structure of the top and the foundation of the structure, it is allowed to describe the pile
foundation with the contact elements being linear or nonlinear. These elements characterize the relationship of "load -
settlement" for pile head and plate bottom between piles should be determined by calculating the deformation of the
ground according to spatial diagram . In this way, the ability to redistribute the reaction on the top of the pile and the
soil between the piles can be determined . Lets describe the working of non-linear contact elements by repeated
calculations with the hardness change of non-linear contact elements.
7.5.10 . To determine the stiffness characteristics of the foundation, it is allowed to replace the spatial calculation of the
entire pile foundation by the calculation of its characteristic parts. When performing these calculations, it is possible to
assume that soft radio is absolutely hard.
7.5.11 . Allow described shear strain and plastic flow of marginal land on "Pile - e à t" in the use of contact elements,
or elements - finite or difference - finite.
7.5.12 . For large-sized pile foundations under works of importance class I, it is necessary to calculate the radio
according to the nonlinear state. For works of importance class II and III, it is allowed to calculate soft stations with
elastic base model, characterized by variable background coefficients. These ground coefficients are determined
according to the results of calculating the pile foundations under deformation according to 7.4. Accordingly, when
designing the sheet pile structure, it is necessary to select the most unfavorable cases for the resistance of the pile in
the foundation. Choose the thickness of pile caps according to durable conditions against puncture.
7.5.13 . Arrange reinforcement in a castle wall or separate bars according to TCVN 5574: 2012. The amount of
reinforcement working in the station is determined by the internal force acting in the required sections given in this
chapter.
7.5.14 . The calculation according to the strength of the material of the pile body in the pile - raft foundation of large
pile groups should be made taking into account the load redistribution between the piles. To do this, the calculation of
the piles based on material needs to be carried out for a load 1.5 times larger than the calculated value of internal force
in the pile. When calculating according to this instruction, the location of piles in the foundation should be considered.
7.5.15 . Large groups of piles should be designed taking into account the possibility of direct transfer to the ground via
the bottom of the plate, related to this, in the design project, a measure of ground preparation should be included.
7.5.16 . In the design of the foundation of the piles and pile - foundations of works of importance grade I, it is
necessary to plan to place specialized measuring heads to measure internal force in the largest load-bearing piles. The
measuring heads must be placed in at least 2 inner piles, 2 at the corner and 2 at the foundation edge and in the
largest load-bearing areas of the project.
7.5.17 . When constructing large-diameter bored piles, specialized pipes must be placed together with steel cages to
serve to check the uniformity and intensity of concrete piles by non-destructive method. The minimum number of piles
must be installed with specialized pipes according to the quality assurance regulations in the current construction and
acceptance standards.
7.6 . Design characteristics of pile foundations when renovating and rebuilding houses and structures
7.6.1 . The pile foundations are used to renovate and rebuild houses and structures largely when the load has
increased significantly and in the ground there are weak soil layers.
Piles can be used, injection piles, spray drills and other types of piles depending on the specific situation.
7.6.2 . It is necessary to design pile foundations for reconstructed houses and structures according to the requirements
of this Article 7.6 and Articles 7.1 to 7.4. The initial data used for the design mentioned in 4.1 should contain the results
of the survey of the foundations, foundations and structures of the works to be renovated; requirements from 5.14 to
5.17 also apply to both existing buildings and buildings located in the affected areas of renovated and renovated
buildings.
7.6.3 . Geological survey of engineering works for design and improvement must comply with the requirements of
Article 5 and the instructions in Articles 9 to 13 of this standard.
7.6.4 . When designing, renovating and rebuilding works, it is necessary to apply solutions, thereby taking full
advantage of the available foundation structures and the load capacity of the foundation.
7.6.5 . Designing projects of pile foundations for renovated and reconstructed works located near other works should
be inspected according to safety conditions for these works under the effect of dynamic load according to the
requirements in 4.8 and both. Safe under the conditions of soil movement around the pile.
To ensure safety under impact conditions, the distance r from the driving piles to the structure should, in principle, not
be less than 25 m.
7.6.6 . If the distance from the nearest driven pile to the work is less than 25 m, the permissible safe distance should
be established from such a condition that the vertical oscillation of the foundation v, cm / s, located a distance from the
pile r is not Exceeding the permissible limits of houses and structures. Permissible limits of buildings and structures
depend on their structural characteristics and current conditions. The permissible vibration velocity V so that the
a
project is not affected in the case of pile driving with hammers is given in Table 16. In necessary cases, including a
lowering pile with a vibrating hammer, the safe distance should be accurately determined according to the parameters
of soil and foundation fluctuations by monitoring equipment when lowering piles.
Velocity V, in cm / s, of buildings and structures is determined by the formula:
V = 2p a d (42)
in which: a and d, respectively, are amplitude and frequency of oscillation, determined experimentally when driving
piles.
Note 1 to entry: The negative impact of pile driving on existing structures can be reduced by conducting guide drills,
using high volume hydraulic hammers, small drop hammers, lowering the pile with vibrators, etc.
7.6.7 . In case it is impossible to use pile driven close to the existing buildings due to impact conditions , the pile can be
driven and lowered using a special pile pressing device thanks to hydraulic jacks.
Minimum pressure F, for lowering piles, it must be determined from the test pile in the field, preliminary can be
determined by the formula:
F=g R (43)
c c, u

in which:
g is the coefficient of working conditions, the pile with speed of 3 m / min, g c ≥ 1.0;
c

R is the estimated maximum load capacity of the pile.

c, u

When using piles to reinforce the foundations of newly renovated construction, it is necessary to check the foundations
and underground structures for pressure resistance and, if necessary, reinforce them.
Table 16 - Allowable oscillation velocity V in the soil
a

House and building structure The speed of oscillation allows V in the soil
a

cm / s
Sand
chop Medium tight loose foam
Soil sticky with viscous index
I <0.5 0.5 ≤ I ≤ 0.75 I > 0.75
L L L

Reinforced concrete block and 4.5 3.0 1.0

steel frame
Structure of reinforced concrete 3.0 1.5 0.5
frame with whole block
Brick and panel houses 2.0 1.5 0.4
7.6.8 . In case of using bored piles for the reconstruction work, it is necessary to check the settlement that may occur
during the construction of the pile, caused by machinery and equipment, causing the nearby foundations to sink.
7.6.9 . When reinforcing the foundations of a rebuilding work by adding piles to the existing pile caps, the pile caps
must be checked according to the strength in relation to the change of load and the action point. In case the pile cap is
not capable of bearing, it is necessary to design the reinforcement
7.6.10 . The additional settlement of reconstructed works, not bigger than the permitted additional settlement, is
prescribed according to the requirements of specific technical conditions depending on the importance of the
renovated works. and nearby buildings.
7.6.11 . The selection of piles, materials and construction methods should include:
- Ground conditions and hydrography of the construction area, including the possibility of having or without foreign
bodies in the ground;
- Stress in the pile during lowering process;
- Ability to protect and check the integrity of piles during construction;
- The effect of method and order of pile construction on the piles which have been constructed and on the adjacent
works and roads;
- Tolerance for the construction of piles, taking into account the settlement caused by the construction process;
- destructive chemical effects in the background;
- Relevance of horizontal water courses underground;
- Loading and unloading, transportation of piles;
- Impact of pile construction on surrounding structures.
7.6.12 . When considering instructions from 7.6.5 to 7.6.11, special attention should be paid to the following:
- Nearby constructions are shifted and fluctuated during pile construction;
- The type of hammer hammer and vibrator used;
- Dynamic stress in piles when closed;
- When constructing bored piles, people use liquid solution in the hole, need to keep the fluid pressure at a stable level
to ensure the wall of the hole and eliminate the possibility of wall erosion;
- The cleaning of the pit bottom and the whole pit wall (if any) from drilling mud, especially when pouring concrete
mortar on site;
- Local instability into a borehole when concreting, can cause soil to fall into the pile body;
- Soil and water falling into the pile (pressed) pile body can damage concrete by water flow;
- Influence of unsaturated soil layers around piles, water in concrete can be absorbed by these layers;
- Impact of chemicals contained in soil and water;
- The phenomenon of soil tightening and pore water pressure appears when constructing piles with soil compaction;
- Destroying soil when drilling piles.
8 . Requirements on structure of pile foundation
8.1 . Pile foundations are designed, depending on the loading capacity in the form of:
a) A single pile under an independent column or pillar;
b) The pile under the wall or the building is bearing load distributed along the length of the wall, the pile is arranged into
one, two or more rows;
c) Group of stakes located at the bottom of the column, arranged in a square, rectangle, trapezoid or another shape;
d) The pile of piles distributed under the whole heavy construction is connected by solid rafts, the bottom of the raft is
resting on the ground;
e) Foundation - raft.
8.2 . Ice piles, coke piles and sheet piles are used, depending on the structure of the facility. Ice pile piers , as a rule,
are used for structures with load-bearing walls, or load-bearing columns.
8.3 . The width of the radio depends on the number of piles and the width of walls and columns. The reach of the pile
outside the edge of the pile should be selected taking into account the allowable deflection of the pile, usually the
minimum reach of the pile post is about 25 cm.
Pile radio is calculated as reinforced concrete beams. The height of the tower and the reinforcement in the station is
determined by calculation according to TCVN 5574: 2012. Concrete for the radio, in principle, is concrete B15 and
above. Concrete lining B7.5.
8.4 . Coc piles are composed of plates and stilts - the cup part is used in constructions using assembled reinforced
concrete frames. The prescribed height of the radio is 40 cm higher than the bottom of the cup. Calculation of bending
station (plate, cup part) and puncture resistance (due to column and pile at angle) as required by TCVN 5574: 2012.
Put flat mesh reinforcement for the plates and space frame for the cup.
8.5 . For heavy constructions, as a rule, use a large-sized panel. Determine the height of the radio according to shear
strength (according to anti-puncture calculation).
Reinforcing bars in panels are placed in the form of upper and lower wire mesh, with supports. Concrete piles with
large size sheets are poured on the concrete foundation.
8.6 . When designing a pile foundation design, the following must be taken into account: structural diagrams of the
building or design works, sizes of load-bearing structures and materials used for the design; the distance of
underground works to the heart of the house or structure to be built and to their foundations, the floor structure and the
load used on the floor, the load transmitted by the construction structures to the foundation, the distribution of
equipment. equipment and load transmitted into the construction structure, while considering the requirements on
limited subsidence and inclination of the structure and foundation.
8.7 . The number of piles in the foundation must be determined according to the conditions to take full advantage of the
characteristics of material strength as piles corresponding to the calculated load to be allowed to be transferred into the
pile, including the permissible overload load for the pile when being subjected to instantaneous load as required by
7.1.11.
The selection of structures and dimensions of piles must take into account the value and direction of the load acting on
the foundation (including technological load) as well as the construction technology of houses and works.
When arranging piles on the ground try to minimize the number of piles in the group, the distance in the pile is the
largest, making the most of the pile capacity.
8.8 . The pile link with the pile base can be either free hand or hard link.
The free-standing link of the station to the head of the pile in the calculation is conventional as a joint link and in the
case of the pile-shaped tower, it is made by inserting a pile head into the station from 5 cm to 10 cm.
The rigid connection between pile caps and piles is designed in the case when:
a) Piles lying in soft soil (such as loose sand, in sticky soil, mud, peat soil)
b) On the spot the compression load transfer link on the pile is eccentricly placed outside the pile core area.
c) In case of horizontal load, if using free-standing linkage, the displacement value is greater than the limit value for the
house or building to be designed.
d) In the foundation, there are oblique stakes or combined piles connecting each vertical segment.
e) Tensile working piles.
8.9 . Rigid connection between reinforced concrete piles and reinforced concrete block cast stations is designed with
the depth of the pile head to the tower corresponding to the length of reinforced anchors or with the length of anchors
of reinforcement waiting to be inserted into the station. Requirements of TCVN 5574: 2012. For rigid connection in
prestressed pile head, pre-tensioned rebar structure must be made to continue as anchor reinforcement.
It is also possible to create hard links by welding pre-buried steel parts provided that the strength requirements are
met.
NOTE:
1) Anchor tensile piles (see 8.8e) into the pile station by attaching the reinforcement column of the pile to the station
with the depth determined by calculating the tensile strength.
2) When reinforcing the foundation of the existing foundations with spray piles, the length of the clamps to the
foundation must be taken as calculated or taken according to the structure equal to five times the pile diameter (when
this condition cannot be achieved. (Expected to expand the pile body at the position connected to the pile station).
3) In case of rigid bonding by placing the pile body into the station, it is necessary to calculate the anti-puncture station
and have appropriate structure.
8.10 . The rigid connection between the pile and the mounting station must be secured by a bell-shaped connector. For
assembly stations, it is allowed to cast on the spot joints of piles in specially designed holes located in the stations.
8.11 . For the eccentric load foundation, the piles in the pile group are distributed so that the total static load acting on
the foundation can reach the center of the pile ground.
8.12 . A. To pile under vertical load , torque and force ngan g ( depending on the value and direction of them) allow
designers standing piles, piles and piles oblique cross.
8.13 . The distance between the heart of the closed piles without extending the nose at the pile head plane shall not be
less than 3d (where d is the diameter of the round pile or the square side or the long side of a pile with a rectangular
section). For piles against this distance of at least 1.5d.
The space between the pile piles, bored piles and pipe piles and the space between the bore walls of piles must be at
least 1 m.
The space between the nasal extensions when executing in hard and semi-rigid soil is equal to 0.5 m, in other soil
types (except stone) ..., it is 1.0 m.
The distance between oblique piles or between oblique piles and vertical piles at the bottom of the station must be
based on the characteristics of the foundation structure and ensure reliability when lowering the pile to the ground as
well as the arrangement of reinforcement and placing concrete of the pile caps.
8.14 . The selection of pile length must be based on geological conditions at the construction site, at the bottom
elevation taking into account the actual capacity of the pile foundation construction equipment. As a rule, the tip of the
pile must be penetrated through the soft soil layers into the solid soil layer with the depth of lowering the pile to at least
0.5 m when it is packed into coarse gravel , gravel , big sand and medium sand, soil Adhesive with viscosity index I L ≤
0.1; When it is closed to other soil layers, except for rocks, it is at least 1.0 m. It is not allowed to rest the tip of piles on
loose loose sand and soils with a flowing state.
8.15 . Depth of the pile foundation must be specified based on the underground structure solutions of the house or
structure, (with underground floors, technical tunnels) and the leveling design (excavation or embankment) and the
design height of radio.
For bridge foundations, the bottom of the base must be higher or lower than the surface of the water, the bottom of a
lake, or the ground, provided that the load-bearing capacity and durability over time come from local climatic
conditions, structural characteristics of the foundation, ensuring the requirements for navigation and drifting trees,
sufficient reliability when using effective preventive measures for the pile when being adversely affected due to the
changing ambient temperature, the iceberg, Abrasive effect or wash away sediments of riverbed and other factors.
8.16 . When preparing a pile foundation project, the possibility of piling the ground (gradually rising) must be
considered. This phenomenon can usually occur in the following cases:
a) At the construction site, there is a structure of soil that is sticky and soft and flexible, or sand and dust and water-
saturated small sand ;
b) Lower the pile starting from the bottom of the foundation pit;
c) The structure of pile foundation has the form of pile pile or group of piles with the distance between the boundary
piles of these two groups or two groups of piles is less than 9 m.
The average value of the raised ground h is determined by the formula:

(44)
Inside:
k is the factor, taken to be 0.6 when the soil moisture is greater than 90%;
V is the volume of all the piles in the soil;
P

A is the area of the pile or pit bottom area.

c

8.17 . Need to arrange reinforcement in bored piles, spray drilling in the form of cages to create hardness for them.
The vertical reinforcement must be connected not only by the rings but also rings welded erected throughout the length
of the steel cage in steps not greater than 5 times the diameter (but not less than 2 m). To ensure the thickness of the
protective concrete layer between the ground and the reinforced cage, the steel cage must be located by the figures
and also the cross anchors placed at the bottom of the steel cage to eliminate the possibility of the cage being pushed
up when drain the wall tube.
8.18 . For the foundation of a pile under the column or pillar, there should be bracing in two directions, for the pile
foundation arranged in a row, it should be arranged in a direction perpendicular to that row of piles. When designing
earthquake-resistant constructions, foundation bracing must be arranged in two directions, detailed bracing design
complies with the requirements of TCVN 4386: 2012. In case the house has a basement, due to structural
requirements or load-bearing requirements, a thick-walled basement floor design may not need the bracing of the
foundation.
8.19 . When constructing pile foundations, additional requirements in Article 7 and Article 9 to Article 14 should be
considered.
9 . Design characteristics of pile foundation in subsidence ground (wet settlement)
9.1 . When conducting geological survey at the construction site with subsidence land, it is required to determine the
type of soil with specific values and the maximum possible value of the land subsidence due to self weight (if there is
embankment) The weight of the embankment must also be included.
Along with the survey of soil by drilling, it is necessary to dig more survey pits to get solid soil.
When studying the hydrogeological rule of groundwater level in the waterlogged field site and making predictions about
its possible fluctuations during construction and use of the work, the possibility of wetting the subterranean soil should
be forecasted. The effect of various factors.
Physical and mechanical characteristics, including the intensity and deformation characteristics of both land
subsidence, should be determined in a state of natural moisture and complete saturation . Relative subsidence of soil
should be determined under water infiltration. This type of water circulates according to temperature and chemical
compounds within buildings and adjacent structures.
9.2 . When designing the foundation of piles in the condition of type II subsidence land with the settlement of the soil
due to its own weight greater than 30 cm, it is necessary to follow the principle that it is necessary to use measures to
convert type II soil into type I by excavation or compaction of soil, such as pre-wetting the soil, moistening by
explosion, deep compaction with soil piles or other measures. The above measures must ensure the settlement of the
ground layer due to its own weight within the area of the house or structure occupied by a distance equal to half the
thickness of the settlement layer surrounding the house or structure.
NOTE Definition of subsidence (wet) type I and type II see Article 5.3 of TCVN 9362: 2012.
9.3 . Pile foundations should be used in subsidence areas when it is likely to get wet, in case it is possible to lower the
pile through the entire subsidence layer and through soils where the strength and deformation characteristics can be
reduced. impaired by moisture.
As a rule, the tip of the pile should be lowered into the rocky, tight and medium-dense sand substrate, the soil is sticky
with a paste in a saturated state :
a) I <0.6 for all types of piles in type I subsidence ground;
L

b) I <0.4 for bored piles and I <0.2 for bored piles when S ≤ S gh in type II subsidence ground;
L L sl, g

c) I <0.2 for driven piles and I L ≤ 0.0 for bored piles when S sl, g ≤ S gh in type II subsidence ground (where S sl, g is the
L
settlement due to weight of the soil itself taking into account the embankment or loading on the ground).
The lowering of the pile to the above-mentioned ground must be specified according to calculations with the maximum
settlement requirement of the pile not exceeding the settlement limit of S and ensuring the load bearing capacity of
gh
the pile.
NOTE:
1) If it is uneconomical in specific cases to pier a pile through the above ground, then houses and constructions of
importance class II and III built on grade I subsidence may allow the construction of the pile (except for piles ) so that
the tip of the pile is at least 1 m deep into the soil layer with a relative subsidence e s1 <0.02 (with a minimum pressure
of 300 kPa and not less than the pressure due to the soil weight itself and load on the surface of the soil) provided that
the strength of the pile is guaranteed. Total settlement could also x Arab Health to include subsidence of the settlement
shall not exceed the limits of home and work when soil moisture is uneven.
2) Piles - pillars of low-rise one-storey buildings in class I subgrade are allowed to rest on the base of the piles on soil
with e s1 ≥ 0.02 if the load-bearing capacity of the piles is verified experimentally.

9.4 . In case, if the construction survey results have concluded that it is difficult to pile into the subsidence ground, the
design must consider the conductive drilling method, in the type I settlement hole of the borehole diameter Conductors
must be smaller than the pile cross-section dimensions (up to 50 mm), while in grade II subgrade the bore hole
diameter shall be equal to or smaller than (up to 50 mm) the pile section size. In the case after the lead hole is not
beyond the scope of subsidence layer.
9.5 . The piles used in type I subsidence ground are calculated according to the instructions in 7.2 with the values of
soil resistance below the tip q b and on the wall of the pile f i (see Tables 2, 3 and 7), the ratio of K ratio (see Annex A),
strain modulus E 0 , friction angle in j , and cohesion force c shall be determined in the following conditions:

a) If it is possible to moisten the soil, when the soil is completely saturated with water, the characteristics of calculation
in the table must be taken with a consistency index according to the following formula:

(45)
Inside:
e is the void coefficient at the soil natural density;
3
g is the density of water g w = 10 kN / m ;
w

g is the grain density;

s

W , W is the plasticity and yield strength of the soil in percentage units.

P L

If in the formula (45) I <0.4, then I = 0.4.

L L

b) If you can not make it moist soil moisture values W and consistency index I of the land in its natural state (when W
L
<W is taken as W ).
P P

9.6 . When there is sufficient amount of field test data of soil strength and deformation characteristics for statistical
work, the load bearing capacity of piles under grade I and II subsidence conditions should be determined according to
the this metric.
9.7 . The bearing capacity of the pile in the condition of type I subsidence, with localized soil moisture within the entire
length of the pile, determined by the static test method required by 7.3.
In the condition of type I subsidence, if the construction area has experience in construction and the results of static
testing of piles under similar conditions, it is allowed to not conduct pile testing.
It is not allowed to determine the bearing capacity of piles and pipe piles according to the dynamic test results in
subsidence soils, nor to determine the calculated resistance of the soil under the pile foot qb and on the body of the
pile according to the results of penetration. dynamic.
It is allowed to apply the static penetration method to the bottom of the subsidence layer to select the pile-like soil layer
and: determine the calculated resistance of the soil below the tip of the pile q and the soil resistance on the pile body f
b
in soil conditions subsidence type I; determine the negative friction force on the pile body in settlement grade II
i
according to 9.10.
9.8 . In addition to the piles mentioned in Article 6, it is possible to apply the concrete piles and reinforced concrete
cast in the pre-drilled holes, the bottom of the hole is compacted with a layer of macadam at a minimum depth of 3d (d
is the road (borehole glass), or with a cone-shaped pile tip.
9.9 . The calculation according to the load capacity of the ground in the condition of settlement of grade II should
comply with the following conditions:

(forty six)
Inside:
N is the calculated load transmitted on the pile;
c, d

R is the calculated bearing capacity of the pile determined in accordance with 7.1.11 from the individual values
c, d
according to 9.11;
g , g are coefficients, taken according to instructions 7.1.11;
0 n

g is a coefficient of working conditions depending on the possible settlement value of S sl :

c

with S = 5 cm g c = 0;
sl

with S ≥ 2 S gh g c = 0.8;
sl

for intermediate values S , g is determined by the interpolation method;

sl c

P is negative friction determined by 9:10.

n

NOTE:
1) According to the principles, values P n to determine the soil is saturated water altogether (as can moisten the land
from above).
2) Pile material strength is calculated with load N + P n .

9.10 . The negative friction force acting on the pile body, denoted by P in water saturated soil and P ' n in natural moist
n
soil, is taken to be the maximum value of the extreme resistance of the pile with length h s1 when testing the pile
Tensile strength in water saturated soils and naturally moist soils.
Before testing the tensile piles, it is allowed to determine P :
n

a) According to her formula:

(47)
Inside:
u is the circumference of the cross section of the pile body;
l is the length of the pile segment in the settlement layer of “i” when it is waterlogged ;
i

h is the calculation depth, on which the total friction force is determined, which is equal to the depth that the soil
s
subsidence is caused by the specific gravity of the soil, which is equal to the value of the ground subsidence under the
effect of gravity. The amount of self, determined in accordance with TCVN 9362: 2012, is equal to the smallest value of
the allowed deformation of the platform;
f is the resistance strength on the pile body, is determined by the formula:
i

f = V s z g t g j I + c 1 (48)
i

Inside:
V is the empirical value of the horizontal pressure coefficient and is determined from :

(49)
Inside:
n is the maximum value of porosity of land subsidence, which is equal to 0.55;
max

n is the porosity of the " i" soil layer ;

i

H is the average depth of the "i" layer ; H 0 = 1,0 m;

i

s is the vertical stress due to specific gravity of water saturated soil ;

zg

j , c is the calculated value of internal friction angle and cohesion force of soil layer " i " , determined by the method
I I
of cohesive soil cutting;
b) According to the results of the static penetration of saturated soil and natural moist soil at the depth of calculation h
according to 7.3.
s1

9.11 . The bearing capacity of the compressive piles R in the condition of type II subsidence is determined:
c, u
a) According to the result of static test combined with local soil moisture, R c, u is equal to the difference between the
compressive strength of piles of length l and the tensile strength of piles of length h s1 . In necessary cases, it is
possible to test piles with measuring heads (to determine internal force and deformation at cross sections);
b) By calculation according to the instruction of 9.5 provided that the soil in the layers below the depth s is completely
s1
saturated with water.
9.12 . It is necessary to test the stakes in class II subsidence ground in the absence of the above data.
9.13 . For works of particular importance and when they are simultaneously constructed in uncharged geological
areas, it is required to experiment with continuous wet conditions until the subsidence has subsided and the
procedures under the outline specific conditions with the participation of specialized scientific research agencies.
9.14 . If the negative friction force on the body of a pile can appear, the settlement of the foundation including
suspended piles must be determined as a conventional foundation block according to 7.4.
When calculating the load, it is necessary to add to the specific gravity of the foundation the conventional negative
friction force (frictional force) determined by the formula (47), taking the value u by the circumference of the pile in the
dimensional range. Its height and is equal to the circumference of the pile group according to the outside of the pile.
9.15 . Determining the offset of the pile foundation in the subsidence ground to calculate the structure of buildings and
structures must take into account the forecast of changes in hydrogeological structure at the construction site and the
most likely disadvantages due to The status and distribution of soil moisture sources related to the foundation need to
be calculated as well as to the whole project.
9.16 . The use of pile foundations does not eliminate the need for measures to retain water. In this case, in type II
subsidence ground, it is expected to separate the buildings by settlement into simple bricks. In addition, in production
workshops of industrial enterprises equipped with cranes, structural measures are required to ensure the ability to
straighten the cranes with a value twice the calculated settlement of the pile foundation but not less than half of the
land subsidence due to the soil weight itself. In cases where the pile foundation does not prevent the structural
deformation and the inclination of the work to exceed the permissible limits, the design of the measures to reduce the
settlement and inclination of the structure will be allowed.
9.17 . When the settlement of the soil caused by its own weight is greater than 30 cm, the ability to move the horizontal
foundation of the pile foundation into the surface of the settlement funnel must be considered.
9.18 . In the condition of type II subsidence, when determining the load acting on the pile foundation, the negative
friction force arising on the side wall of the submerged structure shall be considered higher than the bottom of the pile
foundation of the house or structure.
9.19 . When using the foundation of piles in areas with subsidence land, only allow embankment to create ground
higher than 1 m when there are separate bases.
9.20 . When designing pile foundations in category II soil conditions, the reliability coefficient specified in 7.1.3 is not
taken into account.
10 . Design characteristics of pile foundation in swell ground
10.1 . When designing the pile foundation in expanded soil, the pile can be penetrated through the entire expanded
soil layer (the pile foot is leaning against the non-expanded soil layer) or through a part (the pile tip is directly attached
to the expanded soil). .
10.2 . When calculating the load-bearing capacity of the pile, the resistance of the expanded soil under the tip of q
b
and on the body of the pile f i must be based on the results of the static test of the pile in the expanded soil combined
with wetting in the construction area or in the area. Nearby has similar soil architecture. In the absence of the above
static test results, the calculated resistance q b and f i of piles of diameter less than 1 m is allowed to be taken
according to Tables 2, 3 and 7 as for non-expanded soil types. bloom, but must be multiplied by the soil condition
coefficient g c = 0.5 regardless of the coefficients shown in Tables 4 and 5.

10.3 . When calculating piles in swells in accordance with the limit of deformation in accordance with 7.4, it is
necessary to calculate the expansion of the piles due to soil expansion corresponding to the requirements from 10.4 to
10.6.
10.4 . For piles driven into pre-drilled guide holes, bored piles that do not extend the tip, and also pipe piles that do not
penetrate the swollen soil, the emergence of piles h , are determined by the following formula:
sw, p

h = (h -h' ) W + h' - (50)

sw, p sw sw, p sw, p

Inside:
h is the swell of the swell ground;
sw
h' is the elevation of the soil layer at the height of the pile tip (in case the pile penetrates the expanded soil h' sw, p =
sw, p
0);
W , w is the coefficient taken according to Table 17, which W dependent and index a , characteristic for reducing the
-1 -1
variable d ạng depth soil mass hatching, a rather exchange between 0.31 m to 0.42 m ;
u is the circumference of the cross-section of the pile;
N is the load acting on the pile, taking into account the reliability of the load g f = 1.
c, d

The limit value of the elevation of the structure, as well as the elevation of the swelled soil surface h and the
sw
elevation of the soil layer at the elevation of the pile tip h ' sw, p, should be determined in accordance with TCVN 9362:
2012.
Table 17 - Coefficient W in the formula (50)
Depth of lowering Coefficient W corresponds to value a Coefficient w
pile -1 2

m m m / kN
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
3 0.72 0.62 0.53 0.46 0.40 -
4 0.64 0.53 0.44 0.31 0.31 1.5
5 0.59 0.46 0.36 0.29 0.24 1.1
6 0.53 0.40 0.31 0.24 0.19 0.7
7 0.48 0.35 0.26 0.20 0.15 0.5
8 0.44 0.31 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.4
9 0.40 0.27 0.19 0.14 0.11 0.3
ten 0.37 0.24 0.17 0.12 0.09 0.2
11 0.34 0.21 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.2
twelfth 0.31 0.19 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.15
10.5 . When lowering the pile through the swelled soil layer to an unopened foundation, the actual phenomenon of pile
rise will be ignored when the following conditions are satisfied :

N ≥ F sw - (51)
c, d

Inside:
N as in formula (50);
c, d

F is the total force exerted on the pile body, F is determined by the field test results in swell soil or is equal to the
sw sw
value shown in Table 3, multiplied by the coefficient of swelling force reliability soil g f = 1,2;

R is the load capacity of the pile section in the unexpanded soil under the influence of the tensile force calculated
t, d
according to 7.1.11;
g ,g as in formula (3).
0 n are

10.6 . For piles with a diameter greater than 1 m, which does not penetrate the expanded soil layer, the pile elevation
must be determined as for a foundation on a natural foundation according to TCVN 9362: 2012. Then the emergence
of the pile with an open nose must be determined with an effective load F equal to:
u

F =N + g Vg - F (52)
u c, d II sw

Inside:
N ,F as in formula (51);
c, d sw are

g is the calculated density of the soil;

II

V is the soil volume of the pile and is taken by the soil mass of the dead-end cone with height h, the lower diameter
g
(small diameter) is taken by the extended diameter d, and the upper diameter d '= h + d (where h is the distance from
the natural ground to the middle of the extension of the tip of the pile).
10.7 . When designing pile foundation in expanded soil, between the ground and the bottom of the pile foundation
must arrange a slot equal to or larger than the maximum emergence of the soil when it is expanded.
When the thickness of the expanded soil layer is less than 12 m, the pile caps can be rested directly on the soil if
conditions (51) are satisfied .
When piles are arranged in groups or bunds, the emergence of the pile foundation should be calculated taking into
account the mutual effects between the piles.
11 . Design characteristics of pile foundations in mining areas
11.1 . When designing pile foundations in the mining area, along with the construction survey data for the foundation
design, the geological geological survey documents and the forecast of possible deformation of the earth's crust
should be used.
In the task of designing pile foundations in the mining land, it is necessary to calculate the maximum possible
deformation of the crust that may occur in the construction area, including subsidence, inclination, relative horizontal
deformation when contraction or expansion, radius of curvature of the earth's crust, undulation of the ground.
11.2 . The pile foundations of buildings and structures are calculated according to the limit states with special load
combination taking into account the impacts of ground deformation upon exploitation.
11.3 . Based on the characteristics of connecting the pile head to the station and the interaction between the
foundation and the ground during the development of horizontal deformation under the ground due to exploitation, the
pile foundation diagrams can be classified as follows:
a) Rigid joint model: has a rigid pile head to the station by anchoring the reinforced arm or a head of the pile directly to
the station as required by 8.9;
b) Model of soft link: conventional pile heads fit into the station by plugging into the station a distance of 5 cm to 10 cm
or linked through a slide.
11.4 . When calculating the foundation and pile foundations in a mining area, the following factors must be considered:
a) Changes in physical and mechanical properties of the land due to exploitation as required by 11.6.
b) Redistribution of vertical load on each pile due to inclined, curved and undulating shapes of the ground, conforming
to the requirements of 11.7.
c) Additional loads on the horizontal plane caused by the relative horizontal deformations of the ground as required by
11.8.
11.5 . In the mining area, the compressive load capacity of each type of pile is determined by the formula:
R = g R c, u (53)
cr cr

Inside:
g is a factor of service conditions taking into account the change in the physical and mechanical properties of the soil
cr
and the redistribution of the vertical load due to the two deforestation and is taken as follows :
for supporting piles in the foundation of all types of houses and constructions g = 1;
cr

for hanging piles of houses and soft structures (such as a one-story frame leaning on joints) g = 0.9;
cr

for suspended pile foundations of houses and hard structures (for example, multi-storey buildings not in the form of
solid button frames, solid monadors ) g cr = 1.1;

R is the pile load capacity, calculated according to 7.2 or determined according to the results of the field survey such
c, u
as pile test under static and dynamic loads or through earth as required by 7.3.
NOTE In the case of steep pavement, the right side of formula (53) must be multiplied by the additional factor taking
into account the relative horizontal deformation value e h ( mm / m): g cr = 1 / ( 1 + 100 e h )

11.6 . The extra vertical load ± D N transmitted to the pile or pipe pile of houses and structures with hard structure
diagrams needs to be determined based on the calculation of the vertical displacement of the pile caused by the
skewed, bending. curvature and undulating morphology of the earth's crust, as well as by the horizontal deformation of
the ground in these conditions :
a) Suspended pile foundations and their foundations are replaced by conventional foundation foundations in
accordance with 7.4;
b) The foundation of the conventional foundation is considered to be linear deformation with deformation module and
stable ground coefficient according to the length of the building (works) or each individual unit.
The extra vertical load is determined corresponding to the vertical and horizontal axes of the building.
11.7 . In mining lands, the calculation of pile foundations must take into account the additional forces generated in the
piles due to their bending bending performance under the influence of the horizontal displacement of the soil during
mining.
11.8 . When reclaiming soil, the calculated horizontal displacement of soil u , in mm, is determined by the formula:
cr

u = g . g c ' . e h .x (54)
cr f'

Inside:
g .g , respectively, is the reliability coefficient of the load and the working condition factor for the relative horizontal
f' c'
strain (refer to TCVN 9362: 2012 standard).
e is the relative horizontal deformation value determined by the results of the mine measurement, in mm / m;
h

x is the distance from the center of the pile under consideration to the central axis of the house (structure) with pile
caps spread all the length of the house (unit), or to the hard center of the frame house (unit) with separate pile caps. ,
in m.
11.9 . The design of the pile foundations of houses and construction works in the mining land must derive from the
condition of the transmission piles due to the minimal deformation of the ground to the radio.
To achieve the above requirement, the plan must consider:
a) Separating buildings or structures into units to reduce the effect of horizontal displacement of the ground.
b) The superiority of using solid links for suspended piles to make nails for houses and constructions to reduce the
additional force generated in the vertical plane due to the bent base.
c) Using piles of small stiffness, for example, prismatic piles with a cross-section are square or rectangular , in which
the following type needs to arrange small sides in the longitudinal direction of each unit.
d) Superiority using soft link between pile and radio as indicated in 11.4;
e) Use jacks or other balancing equipment to balance the home.
When separating houses or structures into monuments at pile stations, a slot (deformation slot) must be designed. The
slot size is determined in accordance with the requirements of TCVN 9362: 2012 as for low-rise buildings.
11.10 . As a rule, it is necessary to use pile foundations in land exploitation areas of groups I to IV, where:
a) Using hanging piles in the land of Group I to Group IV for all types of structures of houses and works.
b) Using support piles in areas of groups III and IV for buildings and constructions designed according to the soft
structure diagram when the base is bent, and for group IV - using supporting piles for houses and constructions
according to profiles Rigid hardware.
NOTE:
1) The division of mining land into groups is taken according to TCVN 9362: 2012.
2) Pipe piles, solid (pressed) bored piles and bored piles larger than 600 mm in diameter and other types of rigid piles
are, in principle, only used in foundation with soft link between the pile and the radio by sliding slot ( see 11.4).
3) The depth of the piles in the excavated soil should be at least 4 m excluding the case of leaning piles on rock.
11.11 . In the mining areas belonging to the Ik-IVk group, there are undulating tectonics, as well as the destructive
stratigraphic area is only allowed to use the pile foundation when there are sufficient specific arguments.
11.12 . Structural pile with radio connection must be specified depending on the value of the horizontal displacement
piles, not exceed the following values when the pile with the radio link (see 11.4) are:
hard link 2 cm;
soft joints, conventional joints of 5 cm;
soft link, by means of an 8 cm slide .
NOTE To reduce the force generated in the pile and pile caps due to the horizontal displacement effect of the ground
simultaneously to ensure the overall stability of the pile foundation of the house (construction), the piles belonging to
the pile group are affected of non-large ground displacements (maximum of 2 cm) must be rigidly connected to the
radio, the remaining piles use a soft joint (joint or slit).
11.13 . Pile stations must be tested for tensile and eccentric compression and torsion under the effects of pile head
horizontal reaction (shear force and bending moment) generated by pressure due to horizontal deformation of the
ground during excavation. .
11.14 . When using a pile foundation to cast a whole block of concrete on a group of piles or other hard structures on
the ground, the gap must be designed according to the entire circumference of the pile, the slot width must not be less
than 8 cm throughout the thickness. of hard structure. The joints must be filled with flexible or elastic materials so as
not to form a stiff post for each pile when subjected to horizontal displacement of the ground.
12 . Design characteristics of pile foundations in earthquake zones
12.1 . When designing pile foundation in an earthquake zone, in addition to the requirements of this standard, it must
comply with the requirements of TCVN 9386-1: 2012 and TCVN 9386-2: 2012, which need to be added to the survey
survey file. foundation design of seismic partitioning materials of construction area.
12.2 . When considering the earthquake effect, the pile foundations of houses and structures must be calculated with
special load combinations according to the limit states of group one, then:
a) Determine the compressive and tensile strength of the pile as required in 7.2.
b) Checking the stability of the ground under conditions to control the pressure transmitted to the soil through the side
of the pile according to the instructions in Appendix A.
c) Calculate the pile according to the strength of the material under the simultaneous action of the calculated forces
(such as longitudinal force, bending moment and transverse force), and their values are determined in accordance with
the instructions in Appendix A, depending on the calculation value. math of earthquake load.
The calculation according to the instructions in points a to c must be made simultaneously with the requirements stated
in 12.3 to 12.8.
NOTE When determining the calculated values of earthquake load on a building or structure, the height of the pile cap
is considered as the lower level of the frame.
12.3 . When calculating the load bearing capacity of the earthquake-proof pile R or the tensile strength of the pile
c, u , eq
R , the values of q and f according to 7.2 need to be multiplied by the conditions weakening factors. the working
t, u , eq b i
of the ground soil g and g in Table 18, or determine them by testing piles and pile foundations affected by
eq1 eq2 is shown
earthquake simulation. In addition, within the depth of calculation h (see 12.4), take the strength of soil resistance on
d
the pile body f i = 0.

12.4 . Regardless of the soil resistance on the pile body to a depth h , determined by formula (55), but not greater
d
than 3 / a Î

(55)
Inside:
a , a , a are dimensionless coefficients taken equal to 1.5; 0.8; and 0.6 when the station is tall and the pile is
1 2 3
independent and equal to 1,2; 1,2 and 0,0 when stubborn mounts to low spout;
H, M are the calculated values of the horizontal force and bending moment, applied to the pile at the ground level
calculated with a special combination of loads taking into account the impact of the earthquake;
a is the deformation coefficient, calculated as 1 / m, is defined as directed Appendix A;
Î

b is the width of the pile, determined according to the instructions in Appendix A;

p

g is the calculated density of the soil, determined in water saturated soil , including the repulsive force of the water;
I

j is the internal friction angle of the soil;

l

c is the unit cohesion of the soil.

I

In the project, it is expected to test the pile under horizontal load.

12.5 . Determining the calculated depth h , under the impact of the earthquake load, should be carried out with a
d
0 0 0
treatment of friction in the calculation angle j reduce: 2 to level 7 earthquake; 4 for earthquake level 8 and 7 for
I
earthquake level 9.
12.6 . When calculating the foundation of the bridge, the impact of earthquake on the condition of the pile foundation in
water saturated sandy and sandy soils with sticky soil I > 0,5 must be considered by reducing the value of 30% the
L
ratio factors k for them are given in Annex A.
12.7 . The compressive strength R and tensile strength of pile R according to pile test results in the field
c, u , eq t, u , eq
must be determined taking into account the earthquake effect by the formula:
R =k .R (56)
c, u , eq eq c, u
 and R t, u , eq = k eq . R t, u (57)

Inside:
k is the weak load reduction factor of the pile when there is an earthquake effect, calculated by the ratio of the pile's
eq
load taking into account the earthquake effect calculated according to the instructions from 12.2 to 12.4 and the load
capacity of piles without taking into account the earthquake effect determined according to 7.2;
R and R respectively compressive load bearing capacity or towing load of poles determined by calculation or test
c, u t, u
results under static or dynamic testing piles (not consider the impact of the earthquake).
12.8 . The calculation of the pile in subsidence and swell soil according to special load combination considering the
impact of earthquakes must be done under natural moist conditions, if it is not possible to wet the soil and in stormy
soil. complete harmony with a viscosity index determined by formula (45), if it is possible to wet the soil; then
determining the bearing capacity of the pile in the class II subsidence ground does not take into account the possibility
of developing the negative friction force of the soil.
NOTE When calculating piles affected by earthquakes it is still required to calculate the piles according to Clauses 9 to
11.
12.9 . For pile foundations in earthquakes, it is allowed to apply all types of piles, except non-structural reinforced piles
and dotted piles.
It is not allowed to use non-reinforced piles along the entire length of the pile.
In earthquake-stricken areas, construction of bored piles is strictly forbidden under conditions of excess water pressure
without walls.
12.10 . When designing pile foundations in pile head earthquake zones, it must be based on rocky, coarse grained soil,
tightly compacted sand ground, cohesive soil with viscosity index I ≤ 0.5. Do not allow the tip of the pile to rest on the
L
sand, saturated with water and cohesive soil with the viscosity index I L > 0.5.

12.11 . The depth of the pile to the earthquake floor must not be less than 4 m, and when under the tip of the pile is
water saturated sand in medium density, the pile depth should not be less than 8 m. The reduction of the depth of the
pile piles is only allowed when an appropriate argument has been made based on the results of the pile test in the field
subject to dynamic simulation. For single-stage agricultural houses do not place valuable and in the case of a pile head
based on a rocky foundation, the depth of lowering the pile to the soil is the same as in an earthquake-free area.
12.12 . Radio piles supporting the load-bearing walls of the building houses within each unitary, monolithic and must be
on the same pitch. The pile head must be plugged into the station with a calculated depth, taking into account the
impact of the earthquake. For houses and structures not allowed to use pile foundation without pile structure.
Table 18 - Conditions for making g and g eq2
eq1

Earthquake Working condition coefficient g to adjust the Coefficient of working conditions g

eq1 EQ2
level
value of q b corresponding to the soil to correction value f i with land
calculation
of houses
and tight sand Medium tight Cohesive tight and Cohesive soil with
structures sand soil with medium sand viscous index
viscous
index
little water little water I 0≤I little water I 0≤I 0.75
L L L
moisture saturation wet saturation ≤ wet saturation ≤IL
<0 L <0 <0.75
and and and <1.0
0.5
moisture moist moist
first 0.9 0.95 0.8 first 0.95 0.95 0.9 0.95 0.85 0.75
7
0.9 0.5 0.85 0.4 first 0.9 0.85 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.75
0.9 0.8 0.85 0.7 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7
8
0.8 0.4 0.75 0.35 0.95 0.8 0.75 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.65
0.8 0.7 0.75 - 0.90 0.85 0.75 0.7 0.85 0.7 0.6
9
0.7 0.35 0.60 - 0.85 0.7 0.65 0.35 0.65 0.6 -
NOTE:
1) The values g eq1, and g eq2 above are for the driven piles, the values g eq1, and g eq2 below are for the bored piles.
 2) The coefficients g eq1, and g eq2 must be multiplied by 0.85; 1,0 or 1,15 for houses and structures, built in areas with
an earthquake frequency of 1 ; 2 or 3 ( excluding transportation and waterway constructions ).
3) When determining the bearing capacity of the support pile on rough rock and rubble ground, the coefficients g eq1
and g eq2 are not counted .

12.13 . Once the technical and economic feasibility studies are available, it is allowed to use the pile foundation with
padding in the middle with loose materials (such as macadam, big sand and medium grain sand). These types of
foundations must not be used in organic ground, class II subsidence ground, in mining areas, in stratum instability
areas (which may occur slip, rocky mud flow, caso ... ) and in unstable soil architectural areas. For piles with a cushion
in the middle, all types of piles will be used as if they were in an earthquake-free area (except for dagger-shaped piles).
12.14 . No horizontal load piles are required for cases where there is an intermediate buffer in the foundation. The
compressive strength of those piles taking into account the impact of the earthquake is determined in accordance with
12.3, where the soil resistance along the entire pile body must be calculated, which means that h d = 0 and the
coefficient working condition of pile toe is affected by earthquake g eq1 = 1.2.

12.15 . When calculated according to the deformation of the piles with middle buffer, the settlement of the foundation is
calculated by the total settlement of the conventional foundation block as instructed in 7.4 and settlement of the middle
buffer.
13 . Design characteristics of pile foundations in Castro area
13.1 . The pile foundations of houses and buildings in the casted area need to be designed taking into consideration
the possibility of forming surface deformation - settlement, sinking as well as development characteristics of the casting
process.
13.2 . Predictive parameters of deformation and surface manifestations are determined by calculation based on the
analysis of geological and hydrogeological conditions and their ability to change throughout the life of the work. with
the participation of specialized organizations.
13.3 . The volume of geological survey of works in the areas where there is a cast should be specified in accordance
with the requirements of TCVN 9362: 2012 and TCVN 9402: 2012 on the basis of a preliminary assessment based on
the data of dangerous level of castors. . It is expected to conduct at least two boreholes surveying the soil to the
specified depth depending on the degree of mechanization, engineering geological conditions and hydrological
literature, but not less than 5 m.
13.4 . When surveying, it is necessary to collect information about the surface expression of the process of
mechanization (subsidence, subsidence) at both the time of the survey and the data in the archives as well as the
information collected in the survey. the process of drilling caves, fill soil in caves in the construction area and
classifying their danger level.
13.5 . It is necessary to describe the forms and expressions of the cast in the results of the geological survey of the
works, to determine the danger level of the mining operations to new constructions or to renovate and forecast the
development of the castors. during the construction and use of future works.
13.6 . In the castle area, suspended piles should be used only when it is necessary to penetrate the top soil layer of
the ground including fill soil, organic soil and other soft soils. In this case, it is necessary to use sheet piles, or cross
beams, to link the piles together. Attention must be paid to the location of the pile and radio connection, to prevent the
possibility of the pile being slipped from the radio to eliminate the possibility that the foundation and structure of the
works depend on the link located on the position of the settlement hoppers subjected to additional load.
13.7 . When the soil layer is not too thick, you can use it to pierce it. In this case, when calculating the pile and the
mass station, it is necessary to mention the additional adverse internal force that appears on the side of the pile due to
the displacement of the soil on the ground floor.
13.8 . The main parameter in calculating the foundation design of the settlement area is the diameter of the funnel. Its
determination is made according to the data of mechanical and physical characteristics of the soil and the load
transmitted from the building to the ground.
13.9 . When determining the possible location of the submerged suspension funnels below the building, accept
conditions that adversely affect the operation of the facility. In which there must be cases of subsidence funnels located
under the peeling, under the intersection of walls, under the corners, between the short and long sides of the building.
13.10 . When calculating the deformation of the concrete as surface subsidence, it is allowed to use the calculation
method such as the work located in the mining area according to Article 11, taking into account the development of the
deformed deformation.
13.11 . The calculation of pile foundations in casted areas should be in accordance with Article 7. When existing in the
area of construction of soils of special nature (subsidence soil, swell soil, etc.), it is required to comply with Article 9
and Article 10, and in areas with earthquakes, according to Article 12.
13.12 . When designing works in the trough region, it is necessary to anticipate geotechnical observation in the
construction process, and in necessary cases, even in the course of using works.
14 . Design characteristics of pile foundations for overhead power transmission poles
14.1 . For piles foundations for overhead power transmission poles (LEP) and power distribution stations (ORU), it is
allowed to use different types of piles (Article 6), except for pin nails, pyramid and diamond piles.
14.2 . The depth of lowering the pile to pull or horizontal load into the soil must be at least 4.0 m.
14.3 . The compressive strength of closed, bored and bored piles is determined according to formulas (10) and (12)
taking into account the directions given in 14.5 and 14.6, where The working conditions in formulas (10) and (12) are
taken as follows:
For conventional intermediate posts: = 1,2;
For other pillars: = 1.0.
14.4 . The tensile strength of the driving piles and bored (pressed) piles is determined by formula (11) and formula (15)
taking into account the instructions from 14.5 to 14.7, in which the condition factor the g in the formula (11) v A (15) is
c
taken as follows :
- For normal posts and intermediate pillars ……………… ... .... g c = 1,2

- For anchors and angular transmission posts with large apertures ……….… g c = 1.0

- If the holding force due to weight of pile and pile cap is equal to calculated tensile force ... g c = 1.0

- If the holding force is 65% and smaller than the calculated tensile force ... ............... g c = 0.6

In other cases calculated on the basis of interpolation.

14.5 . For piles driving the piles of overhead power transmission piles, the resistance strength of the soil below the tip q
and on the pile body f i is taken from Table 2 and Table 3, in which for the foundation of conventional piers in cohesive
p
soils with a viscosity index I L ≥ 0.3, the calculated resistance value is increased by 25%.

14.6 . Intensity of land resistance bodily fi piles per guidance of 14.5 multiplied by the coefficient of working conditions
g c supplement indicated in Table 19.

Table 19 - Additional factors for working conditions g

c

Foundation type, soil characteristics and load Additional working conditions g corresponding to the length
c
of the pile
L ≥ 25 L <25d and the ratio

<0.1 = 0.4 = 0.6

1. Normal middle pier foundation when calculating
a) The single piles are tensile
in sand and mixed sand 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.55
in clay and loam when I ≤ 0.6 1.15 1.15 1.05 0.7
L
1.5 1.5 1.35 0.9
when I > 0.6
L

b) Single compressive piles and piles in tensile pile

group
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
in sandy and mixed sand
1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
in clay and clay phase when I ≤ 0.6
L 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
when I > 0.6
L

2. Foundation under anchored pillar, convex corner

post transits a large aperture when calculating:
a) The single piles are tensile
in sandy and mixed sand 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6
in clay and clay phase 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.6
b) Piles in tensile pile group
in sandy and mixed sand 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
in clay and clay phase 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
c) Compressive in all types of soil 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
NOTE:
d is the diameter of the round pile, square or long side of pile with rectangular section;
H is the calculated horizontal force; N is the calculated standing force.
o
When lowering the single pile to the force of horizontal force, the angle of inclination to the vertical is greater than 10
the additional coefficient of working conditions to be taken as for the vertical pile under load in the pile group
(according to points 1b or 2b ).
14.7 . When calculating tensile piles in the group less than or equal to 4 piles, the calculated bearing capacity of the
pile must be reduced by 20%.
14.8 . For tensile piles, it is allowed to lower them in conductive holes, where the difference between the dimensions of
the cross-section of the pile and the diameter of the conducting hole should not be less than 0.15 m.
15 . Design characteristics of low-rise houses
15.1 . Design characteristics of pile foundations for low-rise buildings are low-rise houses, dormitories and agricultural
production houses.
15.2 . Proposal to use the following types of piles:
- Precast reinforced concrete piles, diameter (or edge of cross section) of 200 mm and greater by lowering or pressing
method;
- Bored piles from 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter;
- bored piles with diameter from 300 mm to 600 mm;
- Spraying piles with diameter from 150 mm to 350 mm;
- Steel pipe piles with diameter from 159 mm to 325 mm;
- Piles - columns.
NOTE:
1) For low-rise buildings located in the earthquake zone, it is allowed to use piles and piles when the depth to lower
them into the ground is at least 2 m.
2) For pile foundations of low-rise buildings placed in subsidence ground, when the settlement due to the self weight of
the foundation is up to 15 cm, it is allowed to design the piles not through the entire settlement layer if the structure On
the ground of the house, it is designed to apply structural measures to ensure the normal operation of a house when
uneven settlement and subsidence of the foundation are calculated .

Appendix A
(Refer)
Calculation of piles under simultaneous vertical, horizontal and torque forces
A.1 . When calculating the independent piles under simultaneous vertical, horizontal and bending moments according
to the diagram in Figure A.1, it is required to distinguish two stages of stress and deformation state of the "pile -
ground" system.
 Figure A.1 - Diagram of load applied to pile
A.2 . Computer programs that describe the mutual mechanical effects between beams and platforms (beams on elastic
platforms) are allowed. In particular, the soil surrounding the pile is considered to be a typical linear deformation elastic
3
environment by the base coefficient C Z , in kN / m , increasing with depth.

The calculated ground coefficient of the pile body, C , is determined by the formula:
Z

(A.1)
Inside :
4
k is a ratio factor, in kN / m , taken depending on the type of soil surrounding the pile according to Table A.1;
z is the depth of the pile section in the soil, where the ground coefficient is determined, from the ground in the case of
the pile footing, or from the bottom of the tower in the case of the low pile foundation;
g is the coefficient of working conditions (for independent pile g = 3).
c c

A.3 . The calculation of the pile under the simultaneous action of vertical, horizontal and torque forces includes:
a) Checking soil stability according to A.7;
b) Calculation of pile under strain, including checking to ensure conditions allow the calculated value of horizontal
displacement of pile head u and its rotation angle Ψ :
p h

u ≤ u u (A.2)
p

Ψ ≤ Ψ u (A.3)
p

Inside:
u and Ψ are the corresponding computed values of pile head displacement and its rotation angle;
p p

u and Ψ are the corresponding limit values of pile head displacement and its rotation angle.
u u

Tr ị u v à Ψ u should be given in the design plan from the conditions to ensure the normal use of the work;
u

c) Checking the pile section for material strength according to the first limit state and the second limit state (in terms of
strength, formation and expansion of cracks), subject to simultaneous vertical and horizontal forces and bending
moment.
A.4 . The calculation of strength of pile types should be made according to formula (1) of this standard with the use of
strain coefficient a e , calculated by 1 / m, determined by the formula:

(A.4)
Inside:
k is the same as in formula (A1);
E is the elastic modulus of piling material, in kPa;
4
I is the moment of inertia of the cross-section of the pile, in m ;
b is the conventional width of the pile, in m: for piles with a minimum diameter of 0.8 m, get b = d + 1; for the
p p
remaining cases: b = 1,5 d + 0,5, m;
p

g is the factor of working conditions according to A.2;

c

d is the outside diameter of a circular section pile or the side of a square section pile or the edge of a rectangular
section pile in the plane perpendicular to the direction of force effect.
A.5 . When calculating piles in a group by static method, the interaction between piles should be considered. In this
case the calculation is done as for single pile but the rate coefficient k must be multiplied by the coefficient rebate a i ,
determined by the formula :

(A.5)
Inside:
g is the coefficient considering soil compaction when lowering the pile and taking as follows:
c

g = 1.2 for solid section piles;

c

g = 1.0 for the remaining types of piles;

c

d is the diameter or the edge of the cross-section of the pile;

(A.6)
x , y are the coordinates of the i th pile in the plane, where the horizontal force is applied in the x-axis direction;
i i

x , y are the coordinates of the jth pile on the plane, where the horizontal force is set in the x-axis direction.
j j

In formula (A.5) area Õ i ¹ j only x Arab Health with the adjacent pile pile things "i".

A.6 . To determine the reaction force at the top of the piles, connected by a common station, specific calculations
should be performed, in which the piles are modeled as beams interacting with the elastic foundation, while the ends
are connected. together with the foundation structure modeling elements.
A.7 . Calculate soil stabilization around the pile should be conducted under conditions of limited pressure calculation
math s z transmitted through body pile up soil:

(A.7)
Inside :
s is the calculated pressure on the pile body on the surrounding soil determined at the depth Z from the ground when
z
the foundation foot is high and from the bottom of the pile when the foundation foot is low (when a e l ≤ 2.5 - at two

depths, respectively and Z = l; when a e l> 2.5 - at the depth , where a e is determined by the formula (A.5).
g is the computational density of structurally soil, which is determined in water saturated soil with consideration of
I
buoyancy;
j , c is the calculated value corresponding friction angle and cohesion of e Land ;
i i

x is the coefficient taken by 0.6 for pile and pipe piles; equals to 0 and 3 for the remaining types of piles ;
h is a coefficient of 1, except in the case of calculation of the grounding work, take h 1 = 0.7 ;
1

h is a coefficient that takes into account the ratio between the dead load and the total load and is determined by the
2
formula:

(A.8)
Inside:
M & M is the torque caused by the static and live loads at the cross section of the foundation;
c t

is a coefficient equal to 2.5 except for the following cases :

a) Particularly important constructions, when a l ≤ 2.6 taken = 4 and when a e l ≥ 5 taken = 2.5; for the treatment of
e

intermediate determined by interpolation.

b) The foundation consists of a row of piles bearing vertical compression, eccentricity taken = 4, regardless of the
index a e l.

NOTE : If the calculated horizontal pressure s does not meet the condition (A.7), but it has not yet fully utilized the
z
load capacity of the pile according to the material and the displacement of the pile is still less than the limit value for
allowed at that time, with depth converted a e l> 2.5 to recalculate the value of the coefficient k smaller. For the new K
value, the strength of the pile must be checked according to the material and the displacement of the pile and must
meet the condition (A.7).
Table A.1 Ratio k factor according to formula (A.1)
Scale factor k
Earth q uanh piles of stone and features t 4
kN / m
Big sand (0.55 ≤ e ≤ 0.7);
From 18000 to 30000
Lightning and hard clay (I <0).
L

Fine grained sand (0.6 ≤ e ≤ 0.75); Medium grain sand (0.55 ≤ e ≤ 0.7);
Hard sand (I <0); clay, hard plastic clay
L
From 12 000 to 18 000
and half hard (0 ≤ I ≤ 0.5)
L

Sand and dust (0.6 ≤ e ≤ 0.8); plastic sand mixed (0 ≤ I ≤ 1) and

L
From 7 000 to 12 000
Soft clay and soft clay (0.5 ≤ I ≤ 0.75)
L

Lightning and soft clam clay (0.75 ≤ I ≤ 1) From 4 000 to 7 000

L

Gravel sand (0.55 ≤ e ≤ 0.7); Large grained soil mixed with sand From 50 000 to 100 000

Appendix B
(Refer)
Empirical method of determining the settlement of pile foundations
Experience shows that the settlement of a single pile depends on the size of the load and the diameter of the pile.
Once the foundation has been safely designed to withstand the load, the settlement of the pile in sandy soil is usually
small. In this case, the settlement of the single pile can be empirically calculated according to the expression of Vesic
(1977):
 (B.1)
Inside:
D is the diameter of the pile;
Q is the load applied to the pile;
A is the cross-sectional area of the pile;
L is the length of the pile;
E is the abundant modulus of pile material.
Settlement of group piles s may be determined by the formula of Vesic:
g

(B.2)
Inside
B is the width of pile group;
g

D is the width or diameter of the pile;

s is the settlement of a single pile under the effect of the load on the construction phase.

Appendix C
(Refer)
Some conventional block foundation models
In addition to the conventional block foundation model in 7.4.7, the following recognized conventional foundation
models can also be used :
C.1 . Conventional block foundation model in the case of homogeneous foundations (Figure C.1a)
In case the pile is in the same homogeneous foundation, the foundation size is limited by:
- The surrounding surface of the conventional foundation coincides with the outer surface of the outer edge of the pile
group;
- The conventional foundation of the foundation block is located at a depth equal to 2/3 of the length of the pile from
the bottom of the station.
The additional stress (subsidence) in the ground is roughly approximated according to the assumption of uniform
distribution on each horizontal plane within the opening angle of 300 from the bottom edge of the conventional
foundation.
C.2 . Conventional block foundation model in case of heterogeneous background (Figure C.1b)
In case the pile is in an inhomogeneous foundation, when the pile penetrates the soft soil layer, it is inserted into the
good soil layer The conventional foundation size is limited by:
- The surrounding surface of the conventional foundation coincides with the outer surface of the outer edge of the pile
group;
- The conventional foundation of the foundation is located at a depth of 2/3 of the length of the pile section in the good
soil layer from the surface of this good soil layer.
The additional stress (subsidence) in the foundation is roughly approximated according to the assumption of uniform
0
distribution on each horizontal plane within the opening angle of 30 from the base of the conventional foundation.
 Conventional foundation model for homogeneous Conventional block foundation model for case of
background case heterogeneous background
Figure C.1- Conventional block foundation models

Appendix D
(Refer)
Determining the volume of engineering geological survey to design the pile foundation
D.1 . To determine the survey volume for pile foundations, three types of complexity of ground conditions are
determined, depending on the homogeneity, lying position and soil properties.
Type one: the foundation is a homogeneous layer or a structure made of many layers which are almost parallel to each
other or negligible inclination (inclination does not exceed 0.05), within each homogeneous soil property layer.
Type two: a single-layer foundation or a multi-layer foundation, the boundaries between the layers are not very regular
(the inclination of the layers does not exceed 0.1), within each soil layer properties are not homogeneous.
Type three: the base consists of many heterogeneous layers according to properties, the boundary between the layers
is unstable (the inclination exceeds 0.1), the individual layers can be beveled.
D.2 . The assessment of the complexity of the ground conditions of the construction site is made on the basis of
engineering geological data.
D.3 . The determination of type and volume of survey for pile foundations depends on the importance of the
construction and the complexity of the ground conditions. General recommendations about the survey volume are
given in Table D.1. It is not always necessary to include the survey categories given in this table, the specific survey
volume proposed by the Design Consultant on the basis of ensuring adequate supply of necessary data for the design
of pile foundations. .
Table D.1 - Survey volume for types of houses and buildings (reference)
The degree of complexity of the ground condition
Survey type
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Houses and structures of importance level III
Sample drilling and The distance between The distance between About the way between the holes
standard penetration boreholes must not be larger boreholes must not be larger drilled no larger than 30 m, but
test than 70 m, but not less than 1 than 50 m, but not less than 2 not less than 3 holes for each
per hole pits for each project building
Experiments in room No less than 6 experiments for each indicator within a geological elements of the
Static penetration testAbout the way between the About the way between the The distance between
point of no greater cross 35 point of no greater cross 25 m, penetration points must not be
m, but not less than 2 points but not less than 3 points for greater than 15 m, but not less
for each work each work than 6 points per building
Houses and structures of secondary importance
Sample drilling and The distance between The distance between the The distance between boreholes
standard penetration boreholes must not be larger boreholes is not greater than 40 must not be larger than 30 m, but
test
 than 50 m, but not less than 2 m, but not less than 3 pits for not less than 4 pits for each
pits for each project each construction project
Laboratory No less than 6 experiments for each indicator within a geological engineering factor
experiments
Static penetration testThe distance between The distance between The distance between
penetration points must not penetration points must not be penetration points must not be
be larger than 25 m, but not larger than 20 m, but not less larger than 15 m, but not less
less than 6 points per building than 7 points per building than 10 points per building
Horizontal - No less than 6 experiments for each indicator within a geological
compression engineering factor
TN pile at the scene The number of test piles is specified by the design consultant. Particularly, static load testing is
about 1% of the total number of piles, but not less than 2 piles for each project, when there are
sufficient professional facilities to allow testing a pile at the position with the most unfavorable
conditions. Static load test should be combined with pile strain test.
Houses and structures of importance class I
Sample drilling and The distance between the The distance between The distance between boreholes
standard penetration boreholes is not greater than boreholes must not be larger must not be larger than 20 m, but
test 40 m, but not less than 3 pits than 30 m, but not less than 4 not less than 5 pits for each
for each construction pits for each project project
Laboratory No less than 6 experiments for each indicator within a geological engineering factor
experiments
Static penetration testThe distance between The distance between The distance between
penetration points must not penetration points must not be penetration points must not be
be larger than 25 m, but not larger than 15 m, but not less larger than 10 m, but not less
less than 6 points per building than 8 points per building than 10 points per building
Horizontal No less than 6 experiments for each indicator within a geological engineering factor
compression test
Experiment on No less than 2 experiments for each geological component of the project when the results do
compression plates not differ by more than 30% from the average.
TN pile at the scene The number of test piles is specified by the design consultant. Particularly static load test of
about 1% of the total number of piles, but not less than 2 piles for each project. Static load test
should be combined with pile strain test.

Appendix E
(Refer)
Limited deformation of the building foundation
(according to Appendix D in CP 22.13330.2011 - Floors and constructions).
Construction Limited deformation of the foundation
Settlement degree tilt Subsidence absolute
deviation relative s gh or average
i
u
Ds/L
settlement
cm
1. Manufacturers, single-storey houses and multi-storey
houses with frame structure:
- Reinforced concrete frame; 0.002 - ten
- Reinforced concrete frame with reinforced concrete bracing 0.003 - 15
or roof blocks or blocks and monolithic constructions
- Steel frame 0.004 - 15
- Steel frame with reinforced concrete bracing or cubic roof 0.005 - 18
floor
2. Buildings and constructions do not appear to have 0.006 - 20
additional internal force in the structure when suffering from
subsidence
3. Multi-storey buildings without frame structures, bearing
structures are:
- Large panels 0.0016 - twelfth
- Large blocks or non-reinforced masonry blocks 0.0020 - twelfth
- As above, but reinforced, including reinforced concrete 0.0024 - 18
braces or roofs as well as structural blocks
4. Tubular structure of reinforced concrete:
- Manufacturer and structural block silos on a foundation - 0.003 40
plate;
- As above for assembled structures - 0.003 30
- Independent silo block structure - 0.004 40
- As above, assembled structure - 0.004 30
5. Chimney height H, m:
H ≤ 100 - 0.005 40
100 <H ≤ 200 - 1 / (2H) 30
200 <H ≤ 300 - 1 / (2H) 20
H> 300 - 1 / (2H) ten
6. Structure of hard structures up to 100 m, except for works - 0.004 20
in points 4 and 5
7. Communication antenna works:
- The body of the tower is fixed to the ground - 0.002 20
- As above, insulated - 0.001 ten
- Radio station 0.002 - -
- Shortwave radio station 0.0025 - -
- Individual stations 0.002 - -
8. Head line of overhead transmission line:
- Intermediate tower 0.003 - -
- Head anchors, corner anchors, intermediate angle posts, 0.0025 - -
pillars in the arc, pillars of open-type distribution devices
- Special transfer posts 0.002 - -
NOTE:
1) Tri limit subsidence s for the construction work on the nails individually based on natural (artificial) or on the pile
gh
with the radio pile individually (tape piles or pile foundation under column ...).

2) Average settlement limits for constructions on reinforced concrete foundations for continuous structures
(crossings or raft foundations on natural or artificial foundations, pile foundations with continuous raft stations, raft
foundation - pile ...).

Appendix F
(Refer)
The importance of houses and structures
The importance of houses and structures specified in GOST 27751-88 is divided into 3 levels:
- Class I importance : types of houses and buildings whose damage can have serious economic, social and ecological
consequences (oil and oil products tanks with a capacity of 10,000 m3 or more up, main pipelines, manufacturers with
a step of 100 m or more and buildings and works of special requirements);
- Grade II importance: types of houses and large constructions: houses, public houses, manufacturers, houses and
agricultural constructions;
- Importance of level III: temporary works (temporary houses, large warehouses, and similar constructions).
 Appendix G
(Refer)
Other methods determine the bearing capacity of the pile
G.1 . The general formula for determining the load capacity of piles: the methods given in this annex are based on
different foundations and methodologies, used to determine the maximum load capacity of piles according to soil R c, u .
When calculating the limit state with own factors, clause 7.2 of this standard is required. Note that the method of
calculating the bearing capacity of the pile is predictive, a static load test is needed to verify the value of R c, u . The
calculation and treatment of static load test results are in accordance with instruction 7.3.3. of this International
Standard.
The general formula for determining the maximum load capacity R , in kN, of the pile in soil is:
c, u

R = q b A b + u S f i l i (G.1)
c, u

Inside:
q is the resistance strength of the soil below the tip of the pile ;
b

A is the cross-sectional area of the pile tip;

b

u is the circumference of the cross-section of the pile;

f is the average resistance intensity (unit friction) of the “i” soil layer on the pile body.
i

l is the length of the pile in the soil layer " i".

i

How to determine the resistance strength of the soil below the tip of qb and the average resistance intensity of the "i"
soil layer on the pile body according to some methods are presented below.
G.2 . Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to the strength indicators of the ground
G.2.1 . The maximum load capacity of the pile according to soil is determined by the formula G.1. The strength of soil
resistance under the tip of a pile is determined by the formula:
q = (c N ' + q' N ' ) A , (G.2)
b c g,p q b

Inside:
N ' , N' are the load bearing factors of the soil below the tip of the pile;
c q

q' is the effective coating pressure at the pile tip elevation (the value is equal to the vertical vertical effective stress
g,p
due to soil at the pile tip elevation).
Strength of pure soil which does not drain under the pile tip:
q = c N ' (G.3)
b u c

Usually take N ' = 9 for the driven pile, for large-diameter bored piles, N' = 6.
c c

Strength of resistance of loose soil (c = 0) under pile tip:

q =q' N' A b , (G.4)
b g,p q

If the depth of the pile tip is less than Z then q ' taken as the value of coating pressure at the depth of the pile tip;
L g , p is

If the pile tip depth greater than Z then takes the value q ' g , p by pressure coating in depth Z L . The values of Z L and
L
the coefficients k and N ' q can be determined in Table G.1, quoted from AS 2159-1978.

G.2.2 . The average resistance intensity on the pile body f i can be determined as follows:

For cohesive soils, the average resistance strength on the pile body in the ith soil layer can be determined by the
method, whereby f is determined by the formula:
i

f = a c u, i (G.5)
i

Inside:
c is the strength of the non-draining resistance of sticky soil layer "i";
u, i

a is a coefficient depending on the characteristics of soils located on the adhesive layer, piles and piles method,
consolidation of land in the construction process and the method of determining c . When this information is
u
incomplete, we can look up a on the chart of Figure G.1 (according to Appendix A of AS 2159-1978).

Cutting resistance without drainage C , kPa

u

Figure G.1 - Graph for determination of coefficient a

For loose soil, the average resistance intensity on the pile body in the sand layer "i":

f =k d (G.6)
i i tg i

Inside:
k is the horizontal pressure coefficient of the soil on the pile, depending on the type of pile: displacement piles (closed,
i
pressed) or replacement piles (bored or barrette drilling);

is the vertical vertical mean effective stress in the i th soil layer;

d is the angle of friction between soil and pile, usually on concrete piles d i degree in soil friction angle j i , for steel
i
piles d i degree 2 j i / 3.

According to the formula (G.6), the deeper the worm, the stronger the resistance strength on the pile body. However, it
only increases to a certain depth Z by approximately 15 to 20 times the diameter of the pile, d, and then stops
L
increasing. Therefore, the strength of resistance on pile bodies in loose soil can be calculated as follows:

On piles with depth less than Z , fi = k

L

On the pile section, the depth is equal to and greater than Z , fi = k .

L

Table G.1 - Value of coefficients k, Z and N ' for piles in sandy soil
L q

Ground state Relative tightness D Z /d k N'

L q

Piles are Bored piles and Piles are Bored piles and
closed Barrette closed Barrette
Leaves From 0.2 to 0.4 6 0.8 0.3 60 25
Tightly fit From 0.4 to 0.75 8 1.0 0.5 100 60
Chop From 0.75 to 0.90 15 1.5 0.8 180 100
NOTE For Barrette piles, d is the diameter converted from the rectangular section of the barrette to a circular section of
the same area.
G.3 . Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to SPT standard test results
G.3.1 . Meyerhof's recipe:
The maximum load capacity of the pile is determined by soil according to the formula (G.1)
For the case of loose soil Meyerhof (1976), the formula is proposed to determine the resistance strength of the soil
below the tip of the pile q and the strength of the soil resistance on the body of the pile f directly from the results of
b i
the penetration test. Standard as follows:
q = k N (G.7)
b 1 P

fi = k N (G.8)
2 s, i

Inside:
k is the coefficient, taking k 1 = 40 h / d ≤ 400 for driven piles and k 1 = 120 for bored piles;
1

N is the average SPT in the range 4d below and 1d above the tip of the pile;
P

k is a coefficient equal to 2.0 for bored piles and 1.0 for bored piles;
2

u is the circumference of the cross-section of the pile;

h is the depth of the pile;
N is the average SPT index of the "i" soil layer on the pile body.
s, i

NOTES: If the pile tip is lowered into the loose soil layer which is still in the range of pile length with both soil and
cohesive soil, f in the loose soil layer is calculated according to the formula G.8, and f in the soil layer is calculated by
i i
method a according to formula G.5, or according to formula G.11.
G.3.2 . Recipe of Japanese Institute of Architecture (1988)
The maximum pile bearing capacity determined by the formula G.1 is rewritten as:

R = q b A b + (G.9)
c, u

Inside:
q is the resistance strength of the soil below the tip of the pile determined as follows:
b

When the tip of the pile is in loose soil q = 300 N for pile driven (pressed) and q = 150 N for bored pile.
b p b p

When the tip of the pile is in the sticky soil q = 9 c for the driven pile and q = 6 c for the bored pile.
b u b u

For pile driven, the average resistance intensity on the pile segment is in the ith loose soil layer:

(G.10)
and the strength of resistance on the pile segment is in soil layer i ":"
f = a f L c u, i (G.11)
c, i p

Inside:
a is the adjustment coefficient for pile, depending on the ratio between the shear resistance in undrained soil sticky c
p

u
and average value of the stresses efficient upright, determined according to the graph on Figure G .2 a;

f is the adjustment coefficient according to the h / d slenderness of the driven pile, determined according to the graph
L
in Figure G.2b;
The graph for determining the factors f and a in Figure G2 is established by Semple and Rigden (1984).
L p

For bored piles, the resistance strength on the pile segment is in the ith loose soil layer calculated by the formula
(G.10)), while the resistance strength on the pile segment is in the i th soil layer calculated by the formula (G.11) with f
= 1;
L

N is the average SPT index between 1d below and 4d on the tip of the pile;
P

c is the intensity of shear resistance in undrained soil sticky, when no data shear strength undrained c u defined on
u
devices shear test soil directly or laboratory triaxial may determine from the free horizontal expansion axis test (c u = q
u
/ 2), or from the SPT index in cohesive soils: c u, i = 6.25 N c, i , in kPa, where N c , i is the SPT index in cohesive soils.
N is the average SPT index in the loose soil layer "i";
s, i

l is the length of the pile segment in the loose soil layer "i"
s, i

l is the length of the pile segment in the sticky soil layer "i";
c, i

u is the circumference of the cross-section of the pile;

d is the diameter of the round pile section, or the side of the square pile section.
NOTE:
1) For sandy soils, if N P value > 50, only N P = 50 is taken; if the number N S, i is greater than 50, then take N S, i = 50.

2) For rocky foundation and less compacted ground such as gravel in compact state, when N P value > 100, q b = 20
Mpa can be taken for pile driving. Particularly for bored piles and barrette, the resistance of the nose depends largely
on the quality of the pile construction, if reliable measures are taken to clean the pile tip and the cement pump to
reinforce the soil under the tip of the pile, the value can be taken. q b as the case of pile driving.

Effective vertical shear / shear strength: c / s ' Pile depth / pile diameter: L / d
u v

Fig. G.2 - Graph for determining the coefficient a and f

p L

G.4 . Determine the load capacity of the pile according to the static penetration resistance q
c

In addition to the method of determining the bearing capacity of the pile according to the results of the static
penetration test in Articles 7.3.6 - 7.3.9, it is possible to determine the load capacity of the formula pile G.1:

R = q b A b + (G.12)
c, u

Inside:
q is the resistance strength of the soil below the tip of the pile determined by the formula:
b

q = kq (G.13)
b c

q is the average penetration strength of the soil between 3d above and 3d below the tip of the pile, d is the diameter,
c
or the side of the cross-section of the pile;
l as in the formula (G.1);
i

k is the coefficient to convert the penetration resistance to pile tip, see Table G2;
c

f is the average resistance strength on the pile body in the " i" soil layer , determined by the formula:
i

(G.14)

is the average penetration strength in the “ i” soil layer ;

a is the coefficient of conversion from a regular tip resistance to the resistance of the body pile, Table G2
i
investigation.
 Table G2 - Coefficient Kc and a
Soil type Strength Kc coefficient Coefficient a Maximum resistance strength on
resistance pile body f max
in the
nose kPa
frequently
Bored pile Piles are closed Bored pile Piles are closed
QC
pile Piles Into Into Into List of Into List of Into List of
kPa
stuffing are concrete tube t concrete steel concrete steel concrete steel
closed cardboard hép pipes pipes pipes
Sticky soil, Mud <2000 0.4 0.5 30 30 30 30 15 15 15
(*)
Land adhesive From 2000 0.35 0.45 40 80 40 80 (80) (80) (80) 35
plastic soft - hard to 5000
35 35 35
plastic
Soil is hard and > 5000 0.45 0.55 60 120 60 120 (80) (80) (80) 35
hard
35 35 35
Sand flowing From 0 to 0.4 0.5 (60) 150 (60) (120) 35 35 35 35
2500
120 80 60
Medium tight From 2500 0.4 0.5 (100) (200) 100 (200) (120) (80) (120) 80
sand to 10000
180 250 250 80 35 80
The sand is tight > 10000 0.3 0.4 150 (300) 150 (300) (150) (120) (150) 120
to very tight
200 200 120 80 120
Soft chalk > 5000 0.2 0.3 100 120 100 120 35 35 35 35
Chalk style > 5000 0.2 0.4 60 80 60 80 (150) (120) (150) 120
merchandise ,
120 80 120
debris
NOTE:
1) Extreme caution should be taken when taking resistance values on pile stems in soft clay and mud because
negative friction can occur when subsidence due to the load acting on it or by the weight of the soil itself.
2) The values in parentheses can be used when:
- For bored piles, the pit wall is well maintained, when the pit wall is not damaged and the pile concrete is of high
quality;
- For driving piles, the effect of soil tightening.
3) The value of soil resistance at the penetration point in the table corresponds to a simple cone.

Bibliography REFERENCES
References in Russian:
- SP 14.1330.2011 SNiP II-7-8 * Construction in earthquake zones;
- SP 16.13330.2011 SNiP II-23-81 * Steel structure;
- SP 20.1330.2011 SNiP 2.01.07-85 Load and impact;
- SP 21.13330.2010 SNiP 2.01.09-91 Houses and structures in mining and subsidence areas;
- SP 22.13330.2011 SNiP 2.02.01-83 * Floors and structures;
- SP 28.13330.2010 SNiP 2.03.11-85 Protection of construction works against erosion;
- SP 35.13330.2011 SNiP 2.05.03-84 Bridges and pipes';
- SP 38.13330.2010 SNiP 2.06.04-82 * Loads and impacts on water structures (waves, ice and boats);
- SP 40.13330.2010 SNiP 2.06.06-85 Concrete dam and reinforced concrete;
- SP 41.13330.1010 SNiP 2.06.08-87 Concrete structures and reinforced concrete of hydraulic works;
- SP 47.13330.2010 SNiP 11-02-96 Survey of buildings for construction. The basic principles;
- SP 58.13330.1010 SNiP 33-01-2003 Water Works. The basics;
- SP 63.13330.2010 SNiP 52.01-2003 Concrete structures and reinforced concrete. The basics;
- GOST 5686-94 Land. Method of testing piles at the site;
- GOST 12248-96 Land. Method of determining the intensity and deformation characteristics in a laboratory;
- GOST P 53231-2008 Concrete. Principles of testing and evaluation of intensity;
- GOST 19804-91 Reinforced concrete piles - technical conditions;
- GOST 19804.6-83 Special sectional piles and piles - pre-stressed reinforced concrete pipes. Structure and
dimensions;
- GOST 19912-2001 Land. Experimental method of static and dynamic penetration in the field;
- GOST 20276-99 Land. Field test method for determining strength and deformation characteristics;
- GOST 20522-96 Land. Methods of statistical analysis of experimental results;
- GOST 25100-95 Land. Classify;
- GOST 26633-91 Heavy concrete and small-grained concrete;
- GOST 27751-88 Reliability of structural structures and foundations. Basic calculation principles ;
- GOST P 53778-2010 Houses and structures. Principles of surveying and monitoring of technical state.
References in English:
- AS 2159-1978 Rules for the Design and Installation of Piling - Australian Standard;
- Recommendations for Design of Building Foundation (Architectural Institut of Japan 1988).

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
1. Scope of application
2. Normative references
3. Terminology and definitions
4. General principles
5. Requirements on construction geological surveys
6. Classification of piles
7. Design of pile foundations
7.1. Basic instructions on calculation
7.2. Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to physical and mechanical properties
7.3. Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to field test results
7.4. Calculation of piles and pile foundations under deformation
7.5. Design characteristics of large size piles and sheet plates
7.6. Design characteristics of pile foundations when renovating and rebuilding houses and structures
8. Requirements on structure of pile foundation
9. Design characteristics of pile foundation in subsidence ground
10. Design characteristics of the pile foundations in expanded soil
11. Design characteristics of pile foundations in mining areas
12. Design characteristics of pile foundations in earthquake areas
13. Design characteristics of pile foundations in the area where there is a Caves cave
14. Design characteristics of pile foundations for overhead power transmission lines
15. Design characteristics of pile foundations of low-rise buildings
Appendix A (reference) - Calculate the pile under simultaneous vertical, horizontal and torque forces
Appendix B (reference) - Experimental method of determining settlement of pile foundations
Appendix C (reference) - Some conventional block foundation models
Appendix D (Reference) - Determining the volume of engineering geological survey to design the pile foundation
Appendix E (reference) - Limited deformation of the foundation of the building
Appendix F (reference) - Importance of houses and structures
Appendix G (reference) - Other methods for determining the bearing capacity of piles
G1 - General formula determining pile bearing capacity
G2 - Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to the strength indicators of the ground
G3 - Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to the standard penetration test results
G4 - Determine the bearing capacity of the pile according to the transverse nose resistance q
c

Bibliography reference