Envi 10.01 2

01 | WHY STUDY THE ENVIRONMENT?
○ Economics ■ Philippines
■ Cross benefit analysis: if you manage 1) Varying priorities
● IN E.S., EVERY DISCIPLINE IS YOUR FRIEND the environment → payment for 2) We think short term
○ Integration ecosystem services 3) Lack of resources
○ Recognition of overlaps ○ Political Science 4) Policy
○ Law ■ If you were the president, what would
● FROG STORY ○ Humanities (Theology & Philosophy) you prioritize?
○ Some may think that change is normal 1) Incentive
○ Acknowledgement of the problem ● MANAGEMENT 2) Implementation → consistency
○ Sensitivity ○ Environmental Management 3) Proper allocation of funds
○ Resiliency ○ NRM 4) Private sectors
○ Adaptability ○ *IUCN – considers biodiversity as a national 5) Consider the scale: local or
treasure national
● EARTH’S LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS ■ Reforestation program → a dubious
○ Lithosphere - crust, top of the upper mantle ● THE MANY CHALLENGES OF ENVIRONMENTAL management response to environmental
○ Biosphere - living & dead organisms WORK degradation
○ Atmosphere - air ○ East Asia ○ COP (Conference of Parties) – international
○ Hydrosphere - water ■ Center of economic activities treaty
○ You can’t segregate what you want to do to ○ International treaties that we capitalize on
● DOMAIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE the ecosystem ■ Double edged sword
○ Integration of all disciplines ○ Environmental complexity ■ Downside adhering to policies
○ Baseline data ■ Experts are not from us
● APPLIED SCIENCES ■ Very important! ■ Not suited for us
○ Environmental Engineering ■ Must always be established in order to
■ Environmental Sanitation know if you’re progressing or not ● SUSTAINABLE CITIES
■ Waste Management ○ Types of Scale ○ Not dependent on other sources
■ Urban Planning - good land use ■ Spatial ○ Food supply is stable
■ Geographic Information Systems - ■ Temporal ○ Consume less
Diwata 1 & 2? ○ The more people you bring in, the more ○ Pull resources
complex it will be
● ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ○ Constitution loophole ● SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND THE
○ Epidemiology ■ 1 person will cut tree → ILLEGAL ! ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
○ Toxicology ■ Corporation will cut tree → LEGAL :( ○ Precautionary Principle (UNESCO 2005)
■ Assesses toxic level that fish can take ■ When human activities may lead to
for it to be safely consumed by humans morally unacceptable harm that is
Preservation Conservation
■ Tests how humans can tolerate without scientifically plausible but uncertain,
damaging ecosystems actions shall be taken to avoid or
No access
Sustainable use diminish that harm. Morally
No baseline data
● SOCIAL SCIENCE unacceptable harm refers to harm to
○ Sociology humans or the environment that is:
○ Anthropology ● GLOBAL & LOCAL PERSPECTIVES 1) Threatening to human life or earth,
○ Context & solution or
○ Developed vs. Developing Countries
2) Serious and effectively ● LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ● THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT
irreversible; ○ Although different levels of organization
3) Inequitable to present or future have varying & unique features, the linkages
generations, or between/among the various components
4) Imposed without adequate
ensure that what happens in one component
consideration of the human rights
of those affected will have an effect on the other
○ Phenomenon whereby a minute localized
○ Science in ethics? Ethics in science? change in a complex system can have large
■ Fear dahil sa GMOs → possible effects elsewhere
production of human cells ○ Cascading effects of different levels
○ Whatever you do in one place will affect
another
○ Main activities affect everything
02 | THE WAY THE NATURAL WORLD WORKS ○ Example:
■ Loss of Amazon Forest
● UNDERSTAND INTERACTIONS OF LIVING & ➢ Brazil is so big
NONLIVING ORGANISMS ➢ Reducing capacity of forest
➢ As they continue expanding, they
● ECOLOGY export more meat
○ Coined by Ernst Haekel (1896) ■ Forest fire in the Philippines
○ “Oikos” → home ➢ Help with nature
○ “Logos” → study of
○ “By ecology we mean the body of ● ECOLOGY
knowledge concerning the economy of ○ Complexity & magnitude of environmental
nature” problems
○ Study of interactions among organisms & ○ Holistic approach
their physical environment ○ Linkages/level of interactions from 1
ecosystem to another
● DOMAIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE ■ Process that maintains the ecosystem
○ Above organism to biosphere ■ Can create so many ecological
processes/activities
● EARTH’S LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS
○ Lithosphere - crust, top of the upper mantle ● PRINCIPLE OF EMERGENT PROPERTY
○ Biosphere - living & dead organisms ○ As various components (levels) are
○ Atmosphere - air combined to form larger functional wholes, a
○ Hydrosphere - water new property emerges that was not present
or evident at the lower levels

○ New property → result of the functional ○ Moisture
interactions between the components & it ■ Amount of precipitation/rainfall ● TROPHIC LEVELS
can't usually be predicted by just studying ○ Climate factors ○ Wastes = excreted → things that aren’t eaten
the individual components alone ■ Typhoon (eradicates pollutant) ○ Decomposers are very important!
○ “The whole is more than just the sum of its ○ Degree of maturity ■ In between every level
parts” or “The forest is more than just a ■ Function of size
collection of trees” ○ Types of species ● FOOD CHAINS DON’T EXIST IN NATURE
○ Interaction of properties ■ Annual → 1 year ○ T and F
■ Bi-annual → short span ○ Different layers have different food
● ENERGY & MATERIALS ■ Perennial → 2-500 years preferences
○ Transfer of energy & materials → why the ○ Highest primary production ○ Linear but still has options
world is surviving/balanced ■ Estuaries
■ Swamps & marshes ● BIOACCUMULATION
● THE SOURCE OF ENERGY ■ Tropical rainforests ○ If you consume a contaminated fish, you will
○ See printed diagram from Miki! ■ Temperate forest not be affected outright unless you’re
✳ Southeast Asia - highest worldwide consistent with consumption
● PHOTOSYNTHESIS ✳ The colder the place, the lesser the
○ Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration → production ● KELP FOREST ECOSYSTEM
coexist! ○ Uh idk
● PATH OF ENERGY FLOW
○ Energy is distributed in a series of steps → ● KEYSTONE SPECIES
food chains/webs ○ Single species that are very big and occupy
○ What do you need for ecosystems to run a lot of space
efficiently? ○ If you remove the prey, the predator will
dominate the entire system
● FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ○ Species composition will be altered
○ Energy:
● PRIMARY PRODUCTION
■ Neither created nor destroyed ● ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
○ Gross Primary Productivity
■ Only changes form ○ Pyramid of Biomass
■ Rate at which energy is accumulated in
■ Should be transferred ■ Weigh biomass of organisms
the form of biomass (see notes)
○ You can’t get something for nothing! ○ Pyramid of Numbers
○ Organism efficiency
ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT ■ Count number of individuals that are
■ High biodiversity
present at different trophic levels
○ Amount of solar radiation
● SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ○ Pyramid of Energy/Law of Thermodynamics
■ Located in the tropics have higher solar
○ In every transformation, some energy is ■ At any given trophic level, there is a 10%
radiation
converted to heat use ?? / only 10% of energy is transferred
○ Availability of nutrients
■ You cannot break even in terms of ■ Every organism extract/exert different
■ Healthy soil full of nutrients have higher
energy quality! energy levels
growth rate & are more fertile
■ Gives the idea that only 10% of energy ● PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
can be supported (# of animals that can ○ Essential nutrient → plants need phosphorus
consume) (how much of the energy ○ Come from igneous → sedimentary rocks
transfer is consumed and can end up as ○ How does man affect the cycle?
waste) ■ Eutrophication
■ Flow of energy & cycling of materials ■ Sequestration for millions of years
enable an ecosystem to function ➢ Land denuding practices
efficiently ➢ Opening forest to
■ Energy not transferred → pyramid will kaingin/agricultural land
collapse!

● LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER
○ Matter: ● NITROGEN CYCLE
■ Not consumed ○ Nodule → legumes (Rhizobium species:
■ Only changes form present in legumes only) → capable of doing
N2 fixation
● THE EARTH IS A CLOSED SYSTEM ○ Living things cannot use N2 directly
○ Everything that we produce comes from ○ Only Rhizobium sp. Can assimilate N2
within ○ Without N2 → plant will have stunted growth
○ Take a long time ● WATER CYCLE
● BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE ○ Anything produced in nature will end up in ○ N of Manila Bay is a broad tidal delta plain
○ Complete path a chemical takes through the nature with elevations very close to mean sea-level
4 major compartments; energy flow ○ How does man affect the cycle? and with very gentle gradient
■ Eutrophication (in lakes) ○ Aquaculture ponds in coastal plains will be
● MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS ➢ Excessive application of fertilizers more prone to flooding
➢ Too much deposition of N2 ○ Sea-level rise will cause flooding
Gaseous (cycles over Sedimentary cycles
considerable distances) locally ➢ Blocking oxygen’s space ■ Localized areas → not freely flowing;
■ Blue baby syndrome (groundwater) highly possible that the cycle is not
Carbon Cycle Phosphorus Cycle balanced
Nitrogen Cycle ○ The water cycle describes how water
H2O Cycle evaporates from the surface of the earth,
rises into the atmosphere, cools and
● CARBON CYCLE condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and
○ How does man affect the cycle? falls again to the surface as precipitation.
■ Burning fossil fuels & rainforests → The water falling on land collects in rivers
releases huge amounts of CO2 in the and lakes, soil, and porous layers of rock,
atmosphere → global warming and much of it flows back into the oceans,

where it will once more evaporate. The

cycling of water in and out of the ○ KINDS ● LAW OF THE MINIMUM
atmosphere is a significant aspect of the ■ Fundamental Niche ○ For plants: growth of each organism is
weather patterns on Earth. ➢ Total environment which a species limited by whatever essential factor is in
can potentially exploit in the shortest supply or is present in harmful
absence of biotic restraints excess
➢ Potential ○ pH, temperature, water, light, N, P, K
○ 30° - 40°
■ Realized Niche ○ Macronutrients - plant requires large
➢ Resources which a species actually amounts of these
utilizes when other species are ○ *Aquatic environment diagram (i don’t have a
present pic huhu)
➢ Actual ■ When you alter the optimum range, it
➢ Differs for each species becomes stressed → species will die or
become extinct
● COMPETITION
● ECOLOGICAL NICHE ○ Although 2 species may be very similar & ● BROAD AND NARROW NICHES
○ Organism’s survival depends on its ability to their fundamental niche may overlap, they
find and successfully occupy a place in the can’t occupy the same niche in the same Generalist Species Specialist Species
ecosystem community indefinitely
● Cockroach - Polar bear
○ Each individual has a role in the structure ● Can easily survive - Sensitive to stressor
and function of an ecosystem ● PRINCIPLE OF COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION regardless of - A single change of
■ Structure → physical ○ Function of size & adaptability situation or the law of
■ Function → ecosystem services ○ 1 species is excluded from a niche by environmental optimum/limiting
○ Not just space but the ecological role about another as a result of competition setting factor, there will be
structure and function ○ The more adaptive to the environment, the a change in the
○ Example: structural SUMN???
more strategic an organism becomes
of the animal
Mr. Oak Tree 1. Absorbs solar energy ○ Our world → realized niche

100 Acre Wood 2. Absorbs water and
UK nutrients from soil ● LIMITING FACTORS ● COEVOLUTION
3. Acts as source of food ○ Determine the sum of an organism’s ○ When 2 or more species interact so closely
4. Provides shelter structural, physiological, & behavioral that evolutionary changes occurring in one
adaptations (types of adaptation) tend to be followed by evolutionary changes
Mr. Tarsius 1. Hunt insects in the other so that they form an evolving
○ Land → limiting
Syrichta 2. Transfer food from system
○ Aquatic → stressor
2 indiv. per
○ *Diagram (i don’t have complete pic/notes) ○ The evolutionary arms race
hectare
○ Better defense leads to better offense
■ Pheromone → ants sa acacia tree

■ Phenology → timing of birth/reproduction forested ecosystem → flooding → can ✓ Ex: primary succession following
is timed to avoid predators revert back to lake ecosystem the retreat of a glacier
■ Aposematic (warning) coloration ➢ Processes
■ Armor ● CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEMS ✓ Nudation
■ Chemical warfare ○ A community gradually develops over time ✓ Invasion of migration
in a series of stages (successions or seres) ✓ Ecesis
● SYMBIOSIS ✓ Aggregation
○ Any form of intimate relationship between 2 ✓ Competition
Pioneer Community Climax Community
species ✓ Reaction
○ Mutualism → both partners benefit ● Has a small number - Stable stage in ✓ Stabilization
■ Ex: lichens/moss - generalist, pioneer of species that are community ■ Secondary Succession
species? able to migrate development ➢ Started with a previous system
○ Commensalism → one organism benefits quickly and survive ➢ Weeds/sedges → perennial weeds &
without causing harm or benefit to the other under extreme grasses → shrubs → young pine
conditions
partner forest → mature oak-hickory forest
○ Parasitism → one partner benefits while the ➢ Ex: secondary succession from an
other is adversely affected ● SUCCESSION abandoned cornfield
○ Changes that ecosystems and communities ○ Is it primary or secondary?
● RECAP! undergo over time ■ Community
○ Each organism has its own realized niche ○ 2 Kinds ○ Aquatic succession
○ Each organism is capable of forming intimate ■ Primary Succession ■ Hydrosere
relationships ➢ Initial establishment ■ Body full of water → plants → aquatic to
○ Each organism has the ability to adapt to ➢ Development of ecosystem terrestrial
change ➢ Starts from nothing to something ■ More advantageous in the aquatic
➢ Each stage is known as sere or seral system
● CHANGES IN THE NATURAL WORLD stage ➢ Presence of water → system will be
○ Daily changes/rhythms ✓ Disturbance will disrupt the more concise (source comes from
○ Annual cycle within)
○ Bi-annual ✓ Exposed rocks, lichens, and
○ Perennial mosses → pioneer ● SUMMARY
○ Succession (over long periods of time) ➢ Climax → stable stage ○ Pioneer species colonize a bare or disturbed
■ Geological periods ➢ Natural disturbance (severity + site. Soil building.
■ Not just spatial & temporal scale but also magnitude/frequency) ○ Changes in the physical environment occur
time affecting space (spatiotemporal ✓ Will reset the ecosystem to (ex. light, moisture)
aspect) make it more adaptive ○ New species of plants displace existing
○ Example of Lake Ecosystem Succession ✓ Facilitates the continuous plants because their seedlings are better
■ Lake ecosystem → wetland/swamp development & adaptation of able to become established in the changed
ecosystem → meadow ecosystem → environment environment.
○ Newly arriving species alter the physical
conditions, often in ways that enable other
species to become established.
○ Animals come in with or after the plants they
need to survive.
○ Eventually a climax community that is more
or less stable will become established and
have the ability to reproduce itself.
○ Disturbances will start the process of
succession again.
■ Senescence → mortality age
○ Physical environment sets time on which
species will survive

● RECAP ● BIOMES
○ Levels of biological organization ○ Desert
○ Ecosystems & energy flow
■ Law of thermodynamics Almost none; dry
Water
○ Ecosystems & the physical environment (< 20 inches annual rainfall)

○ Biogeochemical cycles ● CLIMATE Temp. Hot or cold
○ Ecosystems & the biological environment ○ Encompasses the statistics of temperature,
■ Niche, competition, limiting factors humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, Soil Poor (low OM)
■ Coevolution & symbiosis rainfall, and other meteorological
○ Changes in ecosystems...succession Sparse - succulents (like cactus),
measurements in a given region over long Plants
■ Climatic effects sage brush
periods of time
Sparse - insects, arachnids, reptiles,
Animals
● WEATHER and birds (often nocturnal)
○ Present condition of these same elements

and their variations over shorter time periods
○ Grassland

● BIOMES Water Wet & dry season
○ We have distinct regions in the biosphere
Temp. Warm to hot (often with a cold season)
which have climatic conditions that support a
particular species of plants & animals Generally fertile but
○ Highest production Soil
low in essential nutrients
■ 25° N - 25° S
Plants Grasses (few or no trees)
● AQUATIC VS TERRESTRIAL
Many mammals, birds, insects,
Animals
arachnids, etc. Aquatic Terrestrial

● Influenced by light - Influenced by
○ Temperate (Deciduous Forests)
and availability of climate and
Water Adequate nutrients temperature

Temp. Cool & warm season
● TYPES OF LAKE: OLIGOTROPHIC

Soil Fertile soil

Plants Deciduous trees ● CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY: ECOLOGICAL
PRINCIPLES
Many mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, ○ Everything is connected to everything else
Animals
arachnids, etc. ■ Food chain, ecological niche
○ Everything must go somewhere
○ Tundra (Arctic Deserts) ■ Biogeochemical cycles
○ Nature knows best
Water Dry
■ Succession, introduced species
○ There is no such thing as free lunch
Temp. Cold
■ Human impacts on nature’s cycles
Soil Permafrost (young soils) ● OCEAN ZONES
○ Euphotic zone → abot ng sun
Plants Lichens & mosses
● COASTAL MACROECOSYSTEM 03 | THE STATE OF THE PHILIPPINE
Animals Migrating animals ○ Mangrove BIODIVERSITY
○ Seagrass
○ Tropical Rainforest ○ Coral Reef ● LEARNING OBJECTIVES
○ Presence of one is affected by one ○ To know the different types of biodiversity
Water Very wet
○ Cannot survive without the other and their importance;
Temp. Always warm ○ To know the kinds of species that exist in
● INTERCONNECTIVITY IN COASTAL the world as well as in the PH;
Soil Poor, thin soil ECOSYSTEMS ○ To be aware of the various threats to
biodiversity;
○ Biological & physical processes are
Plants Many plants ○ To learn which among the many plant and
connected
animal species are considered endangered;
○ Interdependent Aquatic Systems and
Animals Many animals
○ To contribute to the protection of
ecosystems that support biodiversity in the
country

■ 18 major river basins ■ current distribution of land masses
● BIODIVERSITY ■ 211 lakes ○ 3 important periods: 45 Ma, 25 Ma, and 5 Ma
○ Totality of all species on earth & the ○ Wetlands ■ Contributed to the high biodiversity
ecosystems where they thrive ■ Portion of the land either partially or ○ Plate tectonics
■ Genetic diversity completely submerged under water ■ Subsidence (the one that goes down) ->
■ Species diversity ■ *Riparian system - sides or riverbanks; species will lose habitat (loss of
■ Ecosystem diversity distinct because it hosts many species; biodiversity)
○ Evolution, extinction, adaptation ecotone (transition between terrestrial to ■ Upliftment (retained or uplifted) ->
○ Species distribution aquatic; subjected to stresses from species will have to occupy a new
terrestrial & aquatic) habitat
● ENDEMIC SPECIES ○ Ocean basins and basin isolation
○ Found in a particular area only and nowhere ● PHILIPPINES: BIODIVERSITY CENTER & ■ Adjacent islands -> high biodiversity
else HOTSPOT ■ Isolated basin -> low biodiversity; likely
○ Center - highest number of species recorded that endemic species will be high but
● TERRESTRIAL (absolute number) the total species richness is low
○ Dipterocarp Forest ○ Hotspot - highest rate of species extinction ○ Barriers vs. Pathways (or land bridge)
■ 600-1000m altitude (loss of species over time) ■ Species interactions are limited by
■ Source of hardwood ○ Rate of endemicity is at least 60% (species distance or absence of population of
■ Apitong, tangile, lauan can only be seen in the country) interactive species
■ Northern Sierra Madre ○ Myers 1988: ■ Land bridges -> facilitate species
○ Coniferous Forest ■ exchanges
■ 500-1500m altitude ○ Coral Triangle ○ Endemicity - product of??
■ 2 Pinus species in the PH ■ Philippines ○ Dispersal, Migration
➢ P. insularis & P. merkusii ■ Malaysia ■ In the event the species is able to
■ Central/Northern Luzon, Mindoro ■ Papua New Guinea migrate, they will be able to adapt to
○ Molave Forest ○ The center of the center of marine shore fish changes in the environment
■ Low limestone hills, dry soil cover biodiversity: the Philippine Islands ○ Speciation vs Extinction
■ Molave, narra, tindalo ■ HIghest species richness in Indonesia ■ Subjected to stresses -> DNA
■ Western part of Luzon, Mindoro, & but, highest number of species per unit development or genetic changes
Palawan area (species diversity density) belongs overtime (Speciation)
○ Beach Forests to the Philippines ■ Species unable to adjust (extinction)
■ Vegetation can survive salt spray ■ Center of center: Verde Island Passage
■ Ficus, Casuarina, Hibiscus ● 45 Ma
○ Mangrove Forests ● BIOGEOGRAPHY ● 25 Ma
■ Nursery ground for fish & mollusks ○ Study of the distribution of species (biology), ● 5 Ma: Early Pilocene
■ 34/45 known mangrove species organisms, and ecosystems in geographic ○ Plate tectonics
○ Grasslands space and through geological time ○ Volcanic activity
■ Kogon and talahin ○ Latitude: 10 degrees North - 10 degrees
■ Batanes ● KEY TERMS South
■ Alpine grassland (Mt. Pulag) ○ Gondwana ○ Rainfall
■ South of the supercontinent; Lauresia - ○ Temperature
● AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS opposite ● 0 Ma
○ Freshwater ○ Cenozoic
*Visayas -> youngest ■ Mt. Apo World Heritage Site
■ Tubbataha Reef
● 15 GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF THE PH ○ Captive Breeding Programs
○ Abundant supply of rainfall (80 in/year) and ■ I.e. Philippine Eagle, Philippine Crocodile
sunlight ■ Important: preserve genetic variety!
○ ○ Use wildlife species to earn income for local
communities
● IUCN SPECIES CATEGORIES ■ With adequate controls!
○ Extinct (EX) ■ Community Based Resource
○ Extinct in the wild (EW) Management
○ Critically endangered (CR) ■ Ecotourism
○ Endangered (EN) ○ RA 9147: The Wildlife Conservation and
○ Vulnerable (VU) Protection Act
○ Near threatened (NT) ■ To conserve and protect wildlife species
○ Least concern (LC) ■ To regulate the collection and trade of
○ Data deficient (DD) wildlife
○ Not evaluated (NE) ■ To pursue Philippine commitment to
international conventions
● WHY STUDY BIODIVERSITY? ■ To initiate/support scientific studies on
○ Provides shelter, food and clothing the conservation of biological diversity
○ Pharmacological products ○ EO 247: Regulations on Bioprospecting (the
○ Bioremediation research, collection, and utilization of
○ Economic benefits biological and genetic resources)
○ Ecosystem services ■ Biopiracy - the appropriation and
○ Aesthetic & cultural value (existence value) monopolization of traditional
population’s knowledge and biological
● THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY resources
○ Extinction ○ IPRA
■ Natural causes ■ Ancestral domain
■ Anthropogenic ■ FPIC before anyone can have access to
➢ Habitat destruction - loss of habitat resources in their territory
➢ Forest fragmentation ○ Preserve genetic stock
➢ Destructive fishing practices ■ Seed banks (IRRI, Doomsday Vault
➢ Introduced species (accidentally or [Norway])
not) ■ Frozen zoos
✓ Pest control
✓ Remediation
✓ Aesthetic purposes
✓ Predation/competition

● WHAT ARE WE DOING ABOUT IT?
○ RA 7586 - Establish protected areas
■ Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve (1910)
■ Immigration → migrating in
04 | UNDERSTANDING POPULATION ● POPULATION ■ Emigration → migrating out
○ Totality of organisms of the same species ■ Net migration
● OUTLINE occupying the same area at a particular time ■ Temporal, no establishment of
○ Introduction habitat/residence → not migration
○ Population Characteristics ■ Reasons
Population Size Population Density
○ Population Growth and Regulation ➢ Comfort
○ Reproductive Strategies ➢ Avoid war
Total number of Total number of individuals
○ Case study: Estimation of Carrying Capacity ➢ Change in rainfall
individuals per unit area or volume
○ Trends in World and Philippine Population ➢ Poverty
○ Summary ○ Example: ➢ Example: The Great Savannah Race
→ change in environment
● DOUBLING TIME 90 000 000 Filipinos = 300 Filipinos/km2 (not dense) ■ Issues
○ # of years that it doubled in size & weight ------------------------------ ➢ Impact in terms of genetic/cultural
○ Ability to predict at what year the population 300 000 km2 change
will double ➢ “Foreign” diseases
1 km2 = 100 hectare area (ha) ➢ Refugee camps
➢ +/- population
1 billion 1804 * There are places in the country that have
convergence
2 billion 1927 (123) Animals Plants

● POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
3 billion 1960 ● Energy ??? ● Gene flow diagram (phone)
○ Crude Birth Rate (Natality)
● Conducive ○ Can travel 1000km
■ # added annually through
4 billion 1974 (47) ○ Using this, we can know
reproduction/1,000 individuals
the distance a species
○ Crude Death Rate (Mortality)
5 billion 1987 can re-establish their
■ # of individuals who die annually/1,000
population
6 billion 1999 individuals
○ Crude → absolute number; doesn’t take into
7 billion 2011 account factors such as social status,
demographic status, etc.
○ Natural Growth Rate
● WORLD POPULATION CLOCK ■ GR = CBR - CDR
Natural World More Less Dev. Less Dev. ○ EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1
Inc. Dev. Countries Countries ■ In 2005, municipal records show that
Countrie (-China) there were 63 births and 22 deaths for
s every 1,000 residents in the country of
Timbuktu. What is the natural population
Year 82,947M 1,869M 81,078M 71,906M growth rate of Timbuktu?
41/1000 = 4.1%
Day 227,252 5,121 222,132 197,004
○ Migration
Minute 158 4 154 137 ■ Movement of individuals across
boundaries to set up a new residence
➢ Ex: ferns
○ Total Growth Rate ■ Uniform ○ Females select mates
■ TGR = (CBR + Im) - (CDR + Em) ➢ Ex: creosote ■ She can produce better offspring if she
■ Remember: where there are resources, selects a particularly “good” mate
clumping will always happen ■ Survival of the fittest
Pn Projected population
■ Based on the availability of resources
○ Dispersal ● AGE DISTRIBUTION
P0 Original population
○ Range → maximum limit where they can go ○ Number of individuals at each stage of the
e 2.7182 to ?? life cycle
1. Pre-reproductive
r Rate of change (from doubling time) ● LIFE SPAN ■ Larvae, fingerlings, seedlings
○ Maximum/oldest age to which a species is 2. Reproductive
n Time known to survive ■ Sexually mature insects, spawning
fish, plants w/ flowers
● SEX RATIO 3. Post-reproductive
CHECK PHONE FOR FORMULAS ○ # of males relative to # of females ■ Plants that have shed seeds
○ Irrelevant for some species/organisms like
Immigration earthworms & some plants ● POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE
↓ ○ “Operational” sex ratio ○ Replacement level (?)
Natality → Population Size → Mortality ■ Ratio of sexually receptive males to
↓ sexually receptive females
Emigration ■ If equal yung amount, higher
reproduction
○ Growth rate determines doubling time! ○ Males compete for mates
■ Pn = P0ert ■ Often there are many more males than
(receptive) females
↓
○ Animal attraction
Doubling time = 70
■ Sexual selection
------------
■ “It’s his show, but it’s her choice”
GR (in %)
■ Aesthetic display

■ The Rule of 70
➢ Demographic constant

● SAMPLE PROBLEM ● THINGS THAT WILL AFFECT POPULATION
○ Check reviewer (POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS)
○ Fecundity
● POPULATION PATTERN ■ physical ability to reproduce
○ Distribution ○ Fertility
■ Tendency of species to clump together ■ actual production of offspring
➢ Ex: clumped bison ○ Total Fertility Rate
■ Random → no particular arrangement; ■ # of children born to an average female
they will go where resources are in a population during her entire

abundant reproductive life

● DYNAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH ● CARRYING CAPACITY ● K-STRATEGISTS
○ Optimum # of individuals that can survive in ○ Invest a great deal of energy into producing
a specific area over time a few offspring that have a good chance of
○ Exceeding the carrying capacity leads to living to reproduce
population losses ○ Affected by density dependent factors
○ Depends on ○ Longer life span
1. Availability of raw materials ○ They care for their young
2. Availability of energy
3. Accumulation of waste → what goes in ● R-STRATEGISTS
must come out ○ Expend large amounts of energy into
4. Interspecies interactions producing offspring but provide limited care
○ Walang pake sa anak
● BIOTIC POTENTIAL ● ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE ○ Survival rate → shorter
○ Reproductive cap ??? ○ Sum of all these forces acting together ○ Affected by density independent factors

● EXPONENTIAL → HUMAN POPULATION Density Dependent Density Independent
Factors Factors
Get worse as

Not related to
population density
population size
increases
● Climate
● Competition for
● Anthropogenic
resources (food,
destruction of
water, sunlight)
● Diagram na di ko gets habitat
● Territory (breeding
● TYPICAL GROWTH CURVE ● Natural disasters
grounds, nest
(drought, volcanic
○ Phone & notes sites, dens)
eruptions,
● Crowding & stress
tornadoes)

● Human populations often show fluctuations yet it
has increased continually for hundreds of years
○ Reduced environmental resistance
■ Increased food production
■ Controlled diseases
*Check phone for notes sa board ■ Subdued/eliminated competitors

● In the last century, the rate of population ○ Family planning - allows couples to
● On births… increase has resulted more from reduction in determine the number & spacing of their
○ Birth rates death rates than increases in birth rates children
○ Futility rates
● Why are death rates lower in MDCs as compared 05 | ENERGY: AN INDISPENSABLE RESOURCE
● On the average, fertility rates are decreasing! to LDCs?
○ Widespread use of birth control & availability ○ Nutrition: increased food production & more ● ENERGY
of legal abortions efficient distribution ○ Our society is almost entirely dependent on
reliable sources of energy to enhance the
○ Greater social acceptance of childless ○ Infant mortality & life expectancy: improved
quality of life & wellbeing
families sanitation & water supplies, personal ○ Needs individual & society
○ Increasing costs of raising a family hygiene ○ Energy → electricity
○ More working women ○ Medical & public health technology:
antibiotics, immunizations, insecticides ● HOW DO YOU POWER A PLANET?
● Why are birth rates lower in MDCs as compared ○ The earth is a closed system
to LDCs? ● MOST LIVABLE COUNTRIES, 2008 ■ Energy in = energy out
○ Level of education & affluence ○ Iceland ○ Possible to provide energy from outside the
earth’s system
○ Importance of children as part of family labor ○ Norway

force ○ Canada ● THERMODYNAMICS
○ Costs of raising & educating kids ○ Australia ○ Nothing is created
○ Education & employment opportunities for ○ Ireland ○ Nothing is destroyed
women ○ Netherlands ○ Everything is transformed
○ Average age at marriage ○ Sweden
○ Availability of pension systems ○ Japan ● SUN EMITS ENERGY THRU HYDROGEN FUSION
○ Availability of reliable birth control ○ Luxembourg
○ Religious beliefs, traditions, & cultural norms ○ Switzerland
○ France
● On deaths… ○ Finland
○ Death rates ?
● THE AIDS PANDEMIC IN THE 20TH CENTURY
● LIFE EXPECTANCY ○ Decline in life expectancies (30 yrs)
○ Average # of years an infant is expected to ○ Increase in number of deaths ● Earth located at the optimal site (not too hot or
live ○ Increase in infant mortality rates cold)
○ Shortwave radiation to recipient planet
● INFANT MORTALITY RATE ● CURBING GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH ○ 1380 J/m2/s ≈ 2 Hp (Quinn & Frohlich 1999)
○ # of babies out of every 100 born annually ○ Reduce poverty
that are before 1 year old ○ Elevate the status of women
○ Economic rewards & penalties

● Philippine Energy Sources 2007/2008 ● NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ● COAL
○ Fossil Fuels ○ Most abundant fossil fuel source
○ Coal classification

● NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
○ Energy stores with zero or a minute rate of
replenishment relative to its depletion by
human beings
○ High sources of coal material
● RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES ■ An open coal mine exposes soil to
○ Types of natural energy that are replenished erosion
by natural flux within the time frame of ■ China & India account for over half of
conceivable human use incremental energy demand to 2030
○ Can’t be depleted ○ Mining
■ Impacts
● 2016 PHILIPPINE POWER GENERATION ➢ Strip-mining → lose vegetation
➢ Mountaintop removal → lose soil
➢ Acid mine drainage → Hg (mercury)
[persistent metal] used to separate
ore → contaminates ecosystems &
groundwater/lakes/rivers

● SEMIVAVA COAL MINE, ANTIQUE ??
○ Violated environmental laws → shutdown

○ Permit for coal onli pero they mined other
■ Compaction - bulk density increase?? stuff too
■ Alternating heat & pressure →

compaction
● SUAL POWER PLANT, PANGASINAN

○ Needs coal to operate

● MASINLAC POWER PLANT, ZAMBALES ● PROVEN OIL RESERVES, 2007 ● NUCLEAR ENERGY
○ Provides electricity needs to entire Luzon & ○ Data
some parts of Visayas ■ Venezuela

● About 213 of the world’s proven oil reserves are ● OIL CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA
in the Middle East ○ Phone

● US STRATEGIC PETROLEUM RESERVE
○ Oil reserve: 3 days - 1 month

● NATURAL GAS IS ONE OF THE CLEAREST
BURNING FUELS
○ 50%-90% methane ○ We’re only using 40%
○ Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ○ When you design a power plant, you need to
○ Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) be secure (double/triple layer + restore your
○ Largest field: Qatar & Iran nuclear waste)

● PETROLEUM ● Farmers steal natural gas from Sinopec
○ Hyrdocarbons (oil & natural gas) from buried Petrochemical oil field in Puyang, Henan
organic material province, China in large plastic bags. They steal
○ Deposited in geologic time periods the gas from the pipe-line filling a big plastic bag
⁓60-120M years ago in an hour. A bag of natural gas is enough fuel
○ Metamorphosed by mild heat & buried 1-3 for up to one week.
km deep
○ Matured HCs migrate in reservoir rocks ● MALAMPAYA PROJECT, PALAWAN
○ The US$ 45B Malampaya project is intended

to reduce the country’s dependence on ○ Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, Japan
● OIL DISTILLATION
imported fuel for its domestic & industrial ■ Was not spared by natural disaster
○ Distillation process
power requirements (tsunami)
○ Gasoline > diesel [more expensive]
○ Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
■ Built during the Marcos regime
■ Not using it
■ Loan from World Bank

● RENEWABLE SOURCES ● EFFECTS OF DAMS ● Using solar energy to provide heat & electricity
○ Wind Farm ○ Like building a big water tank (phone)
○ Steam ○ Subvergence ● Coal chuchu → phone
○ Solar ■ High water = high energy *animals could
○ Water die ● HARVESTING THE POWER OF THE SUN
○ Electricity from wind ○ Tendency to overflow → adjacent areas are ○ In the PH, the annual mean sunlight is more
■ Performance > size vulnerable to flooding than 1,800 kWh/m2. Over the space of the
■ Bangui Wind Farm, Ilocos Norte (74,482 ○ Where to place them? whole year, this corresponds to approx. 200
MW/yr) ■ Maintenance sites liters of heating oil per square meter of floor
○ Solar Panels ■ Away from a fault line space -- from Batanes to Tawi-Tawi.

● Generate electricity → high & low tidal energy ● GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS ● ENERGY FROM BIOMASS
○ Phone
● ELECTRICITY FROM MOVING WATER ● GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
○ Tidal Water Plant

■ Consider: tide & resources (may damage ● A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY STRATEGY
coral reefs)
○ Wave Power Plant (Magat Hydroelectric
Power Plant)
○ Negative effects
■ Steam (could affect the residents)
■ ***no danger to wildlife

● In less than 9 mins. more energy reaches the
Earth’s surface than can be used by the whole of
mankind in a year

● ENERGY TABLE
● Using solar energy to provide electricity

06 | EVERYONE’S DOWNWIND ● AIR QUALITY ● PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
○ A measure of the condition of air relative to ○ Air pollution sources: natural
● AIR the requirements of one or more biotic ■ Volcanic eruptions → sulfur (can cause
○ Is fluid species to any human need or purpose itchiness, irritation, burns)
○ Air composition (MAY MALI DITO CHECK ■ Terpenes, Isoprenes, Pollen → release
MAX’S NOTES NLNG AHAHHA) ● AIR POLLUTANT 600 Tg/y of Hydrocarbons ≈ ⅓ total HC
○ Any substance released into the atmosphere (not harmful bc they don’t exceed the
at a concentration sufficient to cause harm threshold & they’re part of natural
to humans, other animals, vegetation or to biogeochemical cycles) → recycled from
other materials within (anything not part of the cycles
end up as pollutants = anything released
● If you define air pollutants without defining air by nature can go back)
quality, then air degradation doesn’t exist ■ Pollutant derived from plants vs pollutant
● Air degradation occurs if and only if air pollutants from vehicle emission
go beyond/violate the threshold/rules set by air
○ Naturally occurring, not harmful as long as quality guidelines. In the absence of a ● ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES
they don’t exceed the threshold threshold/a guideline = no air pollution ○ Stationary
○ Atmosphere (check also max’s notes) ■ From factories & industries
■ Thermosphere (shuttles) ● MDGS, US, & WHO have stricter air quality ○ Mobile
■ *Mesopause guidelines vis-a-vis *Philippine guidelines ■ Sources are moving like automobiles
■ Mesosphere ○ *mataas na resistance → able to adapt
■ *Stratopause ○ *lower standards because our industries ● MAJOR AIR & ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS
■ Stratosphere (airplanes) (commerce, industry, & economy at the ○ SO2 (sulfur oxides)
■ *Tropopause expense of the environment) give off lots of ○ Suspended particulates (Total SP)
■ Troposphere pollutants ○ CO (carbon monoxide)
➢ *transition phases ○ “Air pollution in Europe kills even at ○ NOx (nitrogen oxides) → nitrogen dioxide,
guideline levels” - lower resistance nitrogen monoxide, nitrate, nitrite
● ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE (ELR) ○ HCs or VOCs
○ Change in temperature relative to change in ● MAJOR POLLUTANTS
atmospheric height ● SULFUR OXIDES (SOX)
Primary P. Secondary P.
○ Form sulfur-containing fossil fuels
● TROPOSPHERE ○ Can react w/ water → H2SO4
CO
○ 90% of atmosphere + reactant = ○ London Smog of 1952
CO2
○ Weather disturbances form here SO3 ■ Air movement was low = low chance of
SO2
○ Lowest mainly H2O2 dispersion of pollutants
NO
○ Holds most of 2km (?) urban air pollution water HNO3 ■ If you release pollutants you need 1 day
NO2
○ Provides the air we breathe reactants SO42- to clear the air OR a typhoon to cleanse
Particles (TSP)
○ Air is denser here cos pull of gravity is but there H2SO4 the atmosphere
Hydrocarbons
stronger are also O3 (ozone) ○ “Cold weather increases chances of carbon
(doesn’t harm us
○ We swim in the sea of air in the troposphere other kinds PANS? (harming monoxide poisoning” → healthier to have
but it can if they
○ “We are fish swimming under a sea of air” us) natural flow of air para hindi ma-trap yung
are absorbed by
pollutants
clouds)
● What can degrade air quality?
● PARTICULATE MATTER ● ACID RAIN
○ From combustion sources, asbestos, dust, ○ Acid formation in clouds because of
ash chemicals such as sulfur
○ Can accumulate in lungs → respiratory probz ○ Corrosive acid precipitation
○ Acids can also be adsorbed onto surface ○ Acid deposition
Absorption Adsorption
Within system (hard to On the surface only

remove) (can be removed)

○ Max’s notes nalang
● CARBON MONOXIDE
○ Mixing of hot & cool air traps smog? (trapped
○ Due to incomplete combustion
cos nakaharang mountains?)
○ Odorless & colorless
○ U form smog bc of d inversion layer, smog
○ Affinity for hemoglobin → blocks blood
will form in an inversion layer
transport/restricts blood cells from releasing
○ If the ozone is in the stratosphere or
oxygen
○ High temperature increases dissipation of tropopause too = good (traps GHGs)
○ *Monsoons carry polluted air from
pollutants ○ If the ozone is inhaled by humans = bad cos
neighboring countries
○ Different species have different tolerance for detrimental to our health

acids
● NITROGEN OXIDE (NOX)
○ Lower pH = more acidic ● PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs)
○ Due to incomplete combustion
○ Higher pH = more alkaline ○ Toxic chemicals that persist in the
○ Automobiles
○ Monuments keep getting repainted bc of environment for a long time
○ Causes photochemical smog & acid rain
corrosive acid rain ○ Linked to cancer, damage to the nervous

system, reproductive disorders, disruption of
● HYDROCARBONS
● PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG FORMATION the immune system
○ Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels (may
○ Trapping of harmful air ○ Circulate globally via the atmosphere,
residue)
oceans, travel far from origin
○ Refineries & industries

○ Danger: when secondary pollutants are
● INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
formed
○ Harder to disperse because lack of wind

○ Pollutant will stay for a long time
● GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
○ Hydrocarbons: floorwax, glue, ink, paint,
○ Enhanced greenhouse effect
gasoline
○ Ozone layer depletion → wouldn’t be able to
○ Asbestos (insulation)
regulate temperature & climate
○ Biological agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi,

pollen, dust mites, and molds
● LOCAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS
○ Pesticides, herbicides
○ Acid rain

○ Photochemical smog
*what causes the pollution, negative impacts, how to
○ POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants)
counter, how to stop smog, how to stop?? Acid

deposition, process, ways to prevent impacts

● WIND U form smog bc of d inversion layer ■ Electrostatic Precipitator
○ Increase wind and wind speed Smog will form in an inversion layer ■ Open spray tower scrubber
○ Winds force pollutant to move in the same ■ Bioreactors: Cyanobacteria eat polluting
direction ● DISPERSION & THERMAL INVERSION CO2 and can flourish in the blistering
○ Wind speed determines the rate at which ○ Diagram (phone) temperatures of chimneys. Researchers
clean air replaces polluted air (dilution) ○ Solution: green spaces will lessen have designed “bioreactors”
○ Wind movement = no air pollutants atmospheric pollutants; plants will absorb window-screen-like membranes teeming
pollutants with cyanobacteria, for future installation
● TEMPERATURE into power plant smokestacks.
○ Regulate temperature to Influence rates of ● RESULTS OF TSP MONITORING IN METRO
chemical reactions MANILA, 1975-78 ● MOBILE SOURCES
○ Controls mixing height ○ Key findings: ○ Electric vehicles
■ TSP concentrations exhibit a morning ○ Clean fuel
*ENVIRONMENTAL LAPSE RATE (ELR) - temperature and afternoon peak due to traffic rush ■ Removed lead in gasoline
changes with the height; mixing height = high ■ Although traffic is nearly the same, the ■ Introduce low-sulfur fuel
temperature morning peak is about twice as high as ■ Introduce natural gas as fuel
late afternoon peak due to higher ○ Catalytic Converter
stability & lower mixing height in the
Stability is a function of the rate of temperature
morning ● AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MOBILE SOURCES
decrease with height (AKA lapse rate)
■ Current levels: higher average, earlier & ○ Build alternative transport
more pronounced morning peak ■ Railways, bike lanes
STABLE - lower layers UNSTABLE - lower
○ Remove pollutive vehicles
of the atmosphere are layers of the
● ASH CLOUD ■ Emissions testing
nearly the same atmosphere are much
○ At lower altitudes ■ Age limits on vehicles
temperature or cooler warmer (and less
○ Main AQ Regulatory Tool in the PH: RA 8479
than upper layers dense) than upper
POLICY/MANAGEMENT or 1999 Philippine Clean Air Act
(inversion) layers
● AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION MEASURES
*inversion layer will only
○ Montreal Protocol (1989) ● THE 1999 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT Key
happen when air is
■ CFCs Features
trapped
○ Kyoto Protocol ○ CAA sets standards on emissions, ambient
● Suppresses ● Promotes movement pollution levels & fuel quality
exchange of air of pollutants emitted ● STATIONARY SOURCES ○ No more exemptions; penalties set
between surface and near the surface to ○ Reduce energy demand ○ Bans incinerators
upper layers upper layers ○ Use cleaner fuel ○ Creates airsheds to be managed by
● Generation of ● Takes place during ■ Replace high-sulfur coal or bunker oil Governing Boards
turbulences also periods of strong with ○ Differentiates between attainment &
suppressed sunshine & low ➢ Low-sulfur coal or oil non-attainment areas
● Takes place at night; cloudiness ➢ Alternative fuels ○ Sets emission quotas, fees, & allocations
atmosphere is often ● Enhances horizontal ■ Switch to burners or boilers that use LPG ○ Sets up emissions trading
most stable during dispersion by or natural gas
hours before dawn generating turbulent ○ Install equipment with lower emissions ● CHALLENGES TO AIR POLLUTION MNGMNT
energy ○ Install stack emissions control ○ Enforcement is costly
■ Cyclone for dust collection
■ Equipment, trained personnel are *carrying capacity, popu pyramid, operational sex
lacking ratio, adv & dis of energy resources, air, similiarities &
○ Industrial pollution control is expansive diff of atmospheric problems
■ Device cost nearly as much as facility
○ Reducing vehicular emissions likely to hurt
the poor
■ Old dilapidated vehicles more pollutive,
but owners unable to fix or replace them
○ Many LGUs can’t afford to shut down
facilities, or provide incentives to clean
industries
■ Current priority: employment, tax
collection

● SOME GOOD NEWS
○ Attitudes are changing
■ ISO certification promoting voluntary
compliance
■ Stakeholders realizing poor AQ is also
costly (health costs, lost tourism)
○ Old, inefficient industries & power plants
being replaced
■ Industries selling land, moving out of
Manila
○ Funds, equipment, personnel for AQ
management becoming more available

● RECAP
○ Air pollutants
○ Primary vs Secondary Pollutants
○ 5 Primary Pollutants: COx, SOx, NOx, PM, &
HC
○ Problems:
■ Industrial vs photochemical smog
■ Acid rain
■ Depletion of ozone layer
■ Global warming
○ Management: Phil. Clean Air Act

IDENTIFICATION
MATCHING TYPE
MULT CHOICE OR T/F
ESSAY & PROB SOLVING
07 | WATER RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT ➢ Low topography - water ■ Polar! ➔ meaning it can easily absorb
Living on a thirsty planet accumulation/deposition anything
➢ Vulnerability of places to landslide ■ Salts & ionic compounds, sugars and
● LEARNING OBJECTIVES (ex: Cordillera) amino acids
○ To understand the role that water plays in ■ Biodiversity ■ Once you have a contaminant, water will
the environment, its importance for human ➢ High volume of water = High quality always absorb it
development, and how human society must = High species richness/biodiversity ➢ Ex: oil spill
manage its water resources ■ Biochemical processes ○ Water has a high heat capacity!
○ To learn the physico-chemical properties of ➢ Less water volume = pollutants will ■ Microbial pollution will happen ➔
water and the role of water in the geosphere persist pollutants will be easily dispersed
and biosphere ➢ Refers to retention vs resuspension ■ Sun will provide the heat needed by
○ To understand how human societies utilize of pollutants water to disperse pollutants
water and how we have affected the supply ➢ High water volume = High ■ Water pollutant will stay longer in a
of water and its quality dispersion dispersing agent volume system if cold atmosphere
○ To differentiate the different types of water = washing away of pollutant ○ Water has a high heat of vaporization!
and the various threats to each ■ Water affects all processes in the planet ■ Role in global climate and weather
○ To learn various strategies to protect and ➢ Biogeochemical cycle: energy in = patterns, and storm
manage water resources energy out ■ As you heat water, pollutants will be
transformed into vapor
■ Do not inhale vapor water from polluted
● OUTLINE
water!
○ Introduction
■ Cooling system sa plant
○ Physico-chem properties
■ High vaporization capacity of water =
○ Water & society
helps cool off the plant
○ Water resources
■ Desert: Minimal rainfall, consistent
○ Water management ■ Water affects (pic & notes from france)
supply but different volume; once it
➢ Climate & weather
evaporates
● HYDROLOGY ➢ Geology & topography = dictates
■ Can disperse pollutants
○ Study of water how fast & slow water can be
○ Water has a relatively high surface tension!
observed
■ Capillary force
● WATER (H2O) ➢ Steeper slope = faster run-off
➢ Water is easily absorbed
○ Molecular structure ➢ Fast run-off = vulnerable to
➢ Dispersed throughout the plant
■ Gives rise to unique chemical landslides
➢ Test tube: water expansion &
characteristics ➢ More flat = water accumulation =
evaporation capacity of water
○ Moisture vulnerable to flooding
➢ Affected by adhesion & cohesion
■ Aquifer (where moisture is restored???)
forces in the stems
○ Water cycle affects ● WATER PROBLEMS (dictated by water
➢ Attracts water & pulls it up
■ Climate & weather properties)
➢ Can send it down if they want to
➢ Receiving more typhoons compared ○ Pollution
conserve water
to other places ○ Destruction of watersheds
➢ Done if it is subjected to drought &
■ Geology and typography ○ Global climate change
areas with low rainfall
➢ High removal?? Of water because of
■ Top to bottom water flow?
high elevation to low elevation ● WATER PROPERTIES
○ Water is a good solvent!
➢ Naaattract ng water molecules sa ■ People are also more moody
taas yung nasa loob WAHAHAH ● SO, HOW MUCH WATER?
○ Water is the only natural substance that ○ We can go for months without food but not ○ 100 liters = Total Water 100%
expands when it freezes! water ○ 3 liters = Fresh Water 3%
■ Direct implication to water management ○ Same water existed years ago still exists ○ ½ tsp = Readily available freshwater ?
■ Soil formation through freeze-thaw cycle today
■ Facilitates breakdown of ice & soil ○ Water in = water out ● CLEAN WATER ACT
formation (water erodes rock) ○ Water is a balanced system ○ Different parameters we have to follow to
consider if the water is drinkable or not
● TROPICAL CYCLONES
○ Regions where tropical storms from, the ● WATER RESIDENCE TIMES
names given and their typical paths ○ Amount of time wherein a polluted/unclean
■ Cyclone water will have to be replenished by clean
■ Hurricane water
■ Typhoon
○ Intensity of tropical cyclones
■ Tropical depression: <63 km/hr
■ Tropical storm: 63-118 km/hr; assigned a
name
■ Hurricanes: >118 km/hr
○ Revised category of PAGASA
■ Signal 1-3
■ Signal 4-5 ➔ created after Yolanda
Lesser water, slower ○ Biospheric water ➔ natural processes
pace of soil ● HOW MUCH WATER IS THERE ON EARTH? ■ Lakes ➔ 10 years
development ○ 326 million trillion gallons ○ Usability & quality of water
○ Basis for carrying capacity
○ Water, acids and bases ● THE WORLD’S WATER SUPPLY ■ Support the needs of the population
■ Basis for determining acidity and basicity ○ 97% seawater
■ No single ideal pH value (depending on ○ 2% freshwater frozen in polar ice caps ● IS WATER A RENEWABLE RESOURCE?
species) ○ 1% usable freshwater ○ Scientifically, yes!
■ Natural pH value ■ Of the usable freshwater available… ○ But if we keep on polluting it,,,,YIKES
■ H is being measured
■ Different organisms have different pH ● THE USE OF WATER RESOURCES?
level needs ○ Agriculture
○ Industry
● WE ARE ALL WATER CREATURES! ○ Domestic needs?
○ 70% of brain
○ 80% of blood ● HOW MUCH WATER FOR 1KG OF ?
○ Full moon & new moon = high gravitational ○ Life Cycle Analysis (LC)
force & tidal condition ■ How much water you need in the
■ Water is being pulled up by the gravity process
of the moon
○ Solution for sea level rise/SWI
1) Fishery Water for the propagation
● DOMESTIC NEEDS (that we have to meet) ■ Forced to relocate
and growth of fish and other
○ ¼ of household water supply: flushing toilets ■ Somewhere where there is high
aquatic resources;
○ Single load of laundry: 40 gallons elevation
2) Recreational Water Class II.
■ Be adaptive & think as a country Class C
(boatings, etc.)
● MINAMATA DISEASE
3) Industrial Water Supply Class I.
○ Mercury (Hg) ● WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?
(For manufacturing processes after
○ What is Water Quality (R.A. 9275)?
treatment).
● ITAI-ITAI DISEASE ■ The characteristics of water which
○ Cadmium (Cd) define its use in characteristics by terms
1) For agriculture, irrigation, livestock
of physical, chemical, biological,
watering, etc.
● WATER CONTAMINATION bacteriological or radiological
2) Industrial Water Supply Class II.
○ Sewer outfall characteristics by which the acceptability Class D
(e.g. cooling, etc.)
○ Oil spills of water is evaluated.
3) Other inland waters, by their
■ ↑ carbon content contaminates the
quality, belong to this classification
organisms ● WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
○ Fresh Surface Waters (rivers, lakes,
● OUR WATER RESOURCES ARE UNDER reservoirs, etc.) ○ Coastal & Marine Waters
PRESSURE! Classification Beneficial Use Classification Beneficial Use
○ Quality & quantity wise
○ Vulnerability of water resources to 1)
Waters suitable for the
Public Water Supply Class I. This
stressors/contaminants because of propagation, survival, and
class is intended primarily for waters
properties of water harvesting of shellfish for
having watershed which are
○ Easily contaminated & recovered by: commercial purposes
Class AA uninhabited and otherwise protected
■ Hydrolysis 2) Tourist zones and national marine
(*clean) and which require only approved
■ Photochemical degradation parks and reserves established
disinfection in order to meet the
Class SA under Presidential Proclamation
National Standards for Drinking Water
● IN THE PH… No. 1801; existing laws and/or
(NSDW) of the PH
○ We have a problem with quality declared as such by appropriate
○ Almost 10% of Filipinos do not have a Public Water Supply Class II. For government agency
sustainable source of potable water Class A sources of water supply that will 3) Coral reef parks and reserves
○ 13 million do not have access to sanitation (*not as require complete treatment designated by law and concerned
facilities clean as (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, authorities
○ Only 72% of the country’s water demands AA) and disinfection) in order to meet the
are being met NSDW Recreational Water Class I. (Areas
1)
○ Types of water regularly used by the public for
■ Agricultural Recreational Water Class I. For bathing, swimming, skin diving,
■ Industrial primary contact recreation such as Class SB etc.)
○ Threatened by sea level rising Class B bathing, swimming, skin diving, etc. 2) Fishery Water Class I. (Spawning
○ Sea Water Intrusion (SWI) (particularly those designated for areas for Chanos chanos or
■ Causes land subsidence ➔ shoreline tourism purposes) “Bangus” and similar species)
will retreat
■ Affects groundwater ➔ not drinkable
Recreational Water Class II. (e.g.
1)
boating, etc.)
2) Fishery Water Class II.
(Commercial and sustenance
Class SC
fishing);
3) Marshy and/or mangrove areas
declared as fish and wildlife
sanctuaries;
1)
Industrial Water Supply Class II.

(e.g. cooling, etc.);

Class SD 2) Other coastal and marine waters,
● BIOLOGICAL CHANGE (?)
by their quality, belong to this
1) Pathogens
classification.
○ Bacteria
■ Typhoid & Dysentery
● You can only classify SD water if it isn’t suited for ○ Viruses
○ Human consumption ■ Hepatitis-A-E
○ Agricultural ○ Parasites
○ Industrial ■ Cholera
○ Domestic needs ■ Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea
worm)
○ Contamination from human or animal
waste!
○ Mosquitoes ?
● WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION? ○ Fecal coliform
○ Any chemical, biological, or physical change ■ Used as an indicator of biological
in water quality that is harmful to living contamination
organisms or makes water unusable for
desired uses
○ Sources 2) Oxygen demanding waste
○ Use dissolved oxygen value to close
Point Sources Non-point Sources shorelines/beaches

Water contamination 3) Water soluble inorganic compounds
Not direct, traverses to
directly emitted to the ○ Acids, salts, metals
water body
water body
4) Inorganic plant nutrients
○ Nitrates, phosphates excess nutrients
that will deprive water column (?) of
oxygen

5) Organic chemicals
○ Oils, gasoline, pesticides, solvents,
detergents

6) Sediments & suspended matter
○ Decreases water clarity ➔ decreases
photosynthesis
○ Carries pesticides, bacteria, etc.

○ Destroys feeding & spawning sites for

fish & other aquatic organisms
● BIOCHEMICAL (OR BIOLOGICAL) OXYGEN

DEMAND (BOD)
7) Thermal pollution
○ The amount of oxygen required by aerobic
○ Temperature is directly related to
microorganisms to decompose the organic
dissolve oxygen
matter in a sample of water, such as that ○ Solution ➔ water movement will provide
○ High temperature = low dissolved
polluted by sewage moisture ≈ aeration
oxygen ➔ will interfere with fish growth
& reproduction Water Sample BOD (mg/L sample) ○ Plant species that will produce oxygen
○ Lowers dissolved oxygen levels except water hyacinth
Treated domestic sewage 20-60 ○ Species diversity ➔ indicator of extent of
8) Genetic pollution damage or recovery
○ Water bodies contaminated with genetic Raw domestic sewage 300-400
issues ● SPRING OVERTURN
○ Introduction of invasive species Vegetable washings 500-3,000 ○ Ice melt + wind mixing
■ Reduce biodiversity of native
species Cattle slurry 10,000-20,000
■ Commercial losses
○ Agusan marsh, Laguna de Bay Pig slurry 20,000-30,000
○ Can survive 30 hours out of water
○ Fish leather, biofuel, fishmeal
○ Zebra fish raised in tanks with low
concentrations of O2, were more likely to
develop male secondary sexual
characteristics even if they were
genetically female.

● DETERMINING WATER POLLUTION
○ Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ➔ volume of oxygen ● SUMMER STRATIFICATION
that is contained in water ● RUNNING WATER ○ Warming upper layer = stratification
○ Epilimnion
○ Thermocline
○ Hypolimnion
○ Chemical contamination
● TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH
● GROUNDWATER POLLUTION: SOURCES ○ Septic System

● PH CONTEXT
○ Upwelling ➔ warm water goes up which
then recirculates to the surface ➔ easily

cleans water ● ADVANCED 3° SEWAGE TREATMENT
○ Problems
○ Monsoons ➔ amihan, habagat, & transition
■ You put septic tanks near groundwater
(high amount of upwelling)
■ Mining will affect the quality of

groundwater
● LAKE NYOS, CAMEROON

○ Contaminated
● SEPTIC TANKS
○ H2S
○ At 9:30 PM, August 12, 1986
○ Turnover ➔ released CO2 cloud
○ 1,700 people & 3,000 cattle

● THE POLLUTION OF OCEANS
○ Oceans considered to be resilient to
pollution due to their enormity ● WATER EXTRACTION METHODS AND THEIR
○ BUT localized problems can be severe, IMPACTS
especially since the majority of the world’s ○ Dams
population lives in or near coastal areas ■ Allow other uses of the reservoir
■ Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, ● SALTWATER INTRUSION ■ Major ecosystem disruption
Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines ○ Diagram (phone) ○ Groundwater
discharge industrial and municipal ○ Problem ➔ taste (not as fresh as possible) ■ Site-specific (some places have none)
wastes into the ocean without treatment ○ CA, MA, NA, VA (Caloocan, Malabon, ■ Salinity intrusion, ground subsidence
Navotas, Valenzuela) ○ Desalination
● PROBLEMS WITH USING GROUNDWATER ■ High tide makes them vulnerable to ■ Releases hypersaline water into ocean
○ Water table lowering subsidence (sinking of the ground ■ Expensive to purchase and operate, but
■ Aquifer affected because of underground material prices are falling
○ Depletion movement—is most often caused by the
○ Land subsidence removal of water, oil, natural gas, or ● NON-CONVENTIONAL WATER COLLECTION
■ Loss of property mineral resources out of the ground by ○ Rainwater collection (cisterns)
■ Vulnerability of human life pumping, fracking, or mining activities) ■ Feasible in rainy areas
○ Saltwater intrusion ○ Solution ➔ sustainable water management
■ Requires large storage areas ■ POPs 1) Sustains plant & animal life above & below
○ Fog collection ○ Water Management the surface
■ In use in upland areas ■ Improvements on water quantity & 2) Stores & cycles nutrients
■ Limited supply, some water treatment quality 3) Regulates & partitions water flow
required ■ Technological approach ○ In a water body, high water movement
○ Icebergs ○ Water Residence Time ➔ water will continuously flow ➔
■ Minimal treatment required ■ Water availability counter soil ➔ soil will cause friction
■ High transportation costs ■ Water replenishment 4) Filters potential pollutants
■ Carrying capacity - optimum # of 5) Provides support for structure
● DOMESTIC WATER COLLECTION individuals that can survive in a specific
○ Install low flow-toilets area over time; exceeding the carrying ● FOREMOST CRITERION
○ Waterless urinals capacity leads to population losses ○ Provision of food & safety
■ Pollutant retention
● THE ECO CUBE™ ■ Pollutant cleanup ● SOIL FUNCTIONS
○ It works by using naturally occurring ○ Water Pollution
microbes to break down limescale, uric ■ Dissolved oxygen/BOD
scale, and ammonic salts naturally ensuring ■ H2S
there are no bad odors or scale build up that ■ Aeration - perforating the soil with small
could cause future blockages or smells holes to allow air, water and nutrients to
penetrate the grass roots
● CONTAMINATED WATER? ■ Low photosynthesis/low O2
○ Aquatic plants ➔ oxygen ➔ water will have ■ Stagnant water
reduced BOD ■ Aerobic/anaerobic bacteria
■ Shift in species composition
● SUMMARY ■ Mixing/turbulence
○ Water Type ■ Phytoremediation - bioremediation
■ Catchment process that uses various types of
■ Surface water plants to remove, transfer, stabilize,
■ Groundwater and/or destroy contaminants in the soil
○ Water Assessment and groundwater ● SOIL ≠ DIRT
■ Quantity
■ Quality ● WHAT IS SOIL?
○ Uses ○ Thin layer of the Earth’s crust that has been
■ Consumptive: agriculture, industry, 08 | SOIL: A RESOURCE BENEATH OUR FEET modified by the natural action of agents
domestic such as weather & organisms
■ Non-consumptive: hydroelectricity, ● SOIL ○ Soil in ocean ➔ not soil
shipping ○ One resource that we often take for granted ○ Soil is a natural body comprised of solids
○ Pollutants (treatment) but is very essential to our survival (minerals and organic matter), liquid, and
■ Physico-chemical (hydrolysis, oxidation, ○ “We abuse land because we regard it as a gases that occurs on the land surface,
photochemical) commodity belonging to us.” - Aldo Leopold occupies space, and is characterized by one
■ Biological (using bacteria & fungi) or both of the following: horizons, or layers,
○ Major Global Pollutants ● BACKGROUND that are distinguishable from the initial
■ Petroleum material as a result of additions, losses,
transfers, and transformations of energy ■ Run-off, percolation, and mass ■ A Horizon - Topsoil
and matter or the ability to support rooted movement ➢ Zone of eluviation (removal of
plants in a natural environment (USDA 2010). ■ ↓ elevation = ↑ soil accumulation material from a soil layer)
○ Mineral content! ■ ↑ elevation = ↓ soil accumulation ■ B Horizon - Subsoil
(recipient of soil losses) ➢ Zone of illuviation (process of
● SOIL IS COMPOSED OF 4 DIFFERENT ■ Higher elevation = higher soil loss (soil deposition of illuvium; decaying?
ELEMENTS formation process will be slow) ➔ pag ginawa
materials go here) ➔
between = not losing soil/not mong field yung forest (nawawala
accumulating ➔ lower elevation = nutrients)
receives soil loss in highlands ■ C Horizon - Fragmented PM
(accumulation) ■ R Horizon - Parent material
○ Time
■ Rate of soil development
■ Young soil = characteristics of parent
material
■ Mature soil = acquires characteristics
from environment and

○ Solid components ➔ 50% ● SOIL FORMATION

● FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION
○ s = f(c, v, p, r, t)
○ Climate
■ Moisture; temperature
➢ ↑ temp = faster soil formation

■ Evaporation

■ ↑ Precipitation > evaporation = Leaching
● HOW TO KNOW IF SOIL IS HEALTHY?
➢ ↓ leaching = faster soil development
○ Black/brown color ➔ healthy!
○ Vegetation
○ Reddish/yellowish ➔ indicates acidity
■ Micro- and macroscopic bacteria

■ Decomposition of plant litter
● CHANGE IN COLOR
■ Production of humus
○ State of development
■ More plants = more litter material ➔

means ↑ production of humus = faster
● COMPLETE SOIL PROFILE
soil development ○ Soil Profile
○ ABCR
○ Parent Material ■ Sequence of soil horizons or layers from

■ Initial state of the soil system the surface down
● SOIL PROPERTIES (characterize layer??)
■ Influences color, texture, structure, ■ Mature soil, young soil, immature soil
1) Soil texture
mineral composition, drainage (phone)
○ Relief ○ Soil Horizon ● 0.10-2.00 mm; large & relatively
■ Geomorphology ■ Distinct layers of soil which often differ in SAND coarse particles (opposite of sand ➔
■ Soil profile thickness color clay)
■ O Horizon - Organic matter
■ Presence can boost the growth of ● SOIL PROBLEMS
● Less nutrients for plants than smaller
plant or antagonistic can cause ○ Consequence of human activity
particles
stress levels ○ Changes physical & chemical compositions
● Holds little water, prone to drought
of soil if used for industrial purposes
● SOIL COMPONENTS & NUTRIENT CYCLING ■ Plotting mountains to build roads
● 0.002-0.05 mm; medium sized
○ Nitrogen ■ Crop dusting ➔ release of pesticide
particles
■ If limited = problem with plant growth everywhere; too much & too
● Retains more water, slower drainage
■ Needed for cell & leaf formation concentrated
● Easily washed away (erosive)
SILT ■ The more N the better ■ Grazing/herding of farm animals ➔
● Holds more nutrients than sand
○ Phosphorus plants don’t have sufficient time to
● ↑ vulnerability to flooding (silt & clay)
■ Seed & root development regrow
● Advantage of sand is disadvantage of
■ Physical vigor of the plant ■ Massive irrigation ➔ could be
silt & clay
○ Potassium irrecoverable
● <0.002 mm; smallest particles ■ Stem & root development
● Small pore spaces ■ Increases immune system of plant ● THE POPULATION CONNECTION
CLAY ● Shrink/swell ■ Resistance to pests ○ Cause of the aforementioned problems
● Negatively charged = large chemical ■ Physical vigor of the plant ○ ↑ in population = intensive agriculture
adsorption
● THE PLANT-SOIL RELATIONSHIP
○ LOAM - for agriculture; almost equal ○ Plants control erosion & reduces run-off
proportions of sand, silt, clay ○ ↑ plants = ↑ soil stability
○ WHC (Water Holding Capacity) ○ Soil microorganisms decompose plant
○ NHC (Nutrient Holding Capacity) remains to ??
○ Humus increases water & mineral holding
2) Soil color capacity of soil & aerates soil; need for pore
○ Adapts to change in environment spaces to absorb nutrients
■ Aeration - process of providing moisture
3) Soil pH determines ○ Soil provides plants with water, essential
○ What plants can grow minerals, & oxygen ● INCREASING FOOD PRODUCTION
○ Solubility of materials ○ ↑ soil volume = supports more plant growth ○ High-input monoculture
○ Availability of nutrients ○ Selective bred or genetically engineered
○ No ideal pH value but pH value can be ● SOIL CLASSIFICATION crops
gauge for determining which plant is ○ Ultisols - old ○ High inputs of fertilizer
proper ○ Entisols - young ○ Extensive use of pesticides
○ Less than 5 pH ➔ lack of nutrients ○ Vertisols - cracked ○ High inputs of water
○ Andosols - poorly developed soils on young ○ Increased intensity and frequency of
4) Soil nutrients volcanic landscapes cropping
○ Macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) ○ Alisols - acidic soil; widespread in
■ For plant growth (essential nutrients) hilly/mountainous areas ● HOW DO OUR ACTIVITIES ??
○ Micronutrients (B, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl) ○ Gleysols - wetland soils ○ Land clearing ➔ agave production on these
■ Ok within threshold values ○ *Biogeography - places like Luzon & fields in Mexico may (?)
Mindanao contain old soil; soil development ○ Overgrazing ➔ happens when there are too
process many animals on land
○ C ➔ crop ratio ■ Nutrients & water are not absorbed by
● GLOBAL SOIL EROSION ■ Holds the soil together plants
○ Soil erosion ➔ process of detachment, ■ Limits erosion ■ Literal clogging of spaces
movement, and deposition of soil particles ■ Areas w/o crop = ↑ erodible to soil ■ When precipitation & irrigation water
by running water, wind, ice, or other erosion percolates downward, water table rises
geological agents; results to deposition ○ P ➔ soil conservation process ➢ Inadequate drainage
■ Basically do soil conservation process & ➢ Restricted aeration
● UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION plant more vegetation ➢ Asphyxiation (clogging of spaces)
A = erosivity and erodibility (t.ha-1.y-1) ➢ Inhibited water uptake
= R * K * LS * C * P ● PERMANENT PROPERTY OF SOIL
○ Soil texture ➔ cannot be changed

● SOIL STRUCTURE
○ Granular & loam type of soil = ideal soil type
○ Can be changed
○ Grainy = easily washed by typhoon
○ Blocky, platy = stores nutrients, can stick
together after a typhoon
○ Granular = ideal soil structure for typhoons
○ Salinization
■ Salt build up from dissolved salts in
irrigation water
■ Chlorine ➔ toxic for plants
■ Apply fertilizer = salt water stays sa soil
surface (bad)
○ Erosivity ➔ ability of natural forces to erode
existing soil (outside system); made of R & K ○ Fertilizer use & nutrient depletion
○ Erodibility ➔ ease which a soil particle can ■ Natural ecosystem ➔ detritus
become detached & transported by natural composition & reabsorption; weathering
geological agents (inherent to the system) of parent material
○ R, K, LS ➔ can’t be altered by humans ■ Agricultural ecosystem ➔ fertilizer
○ C, P ➔ what we can alter to help addition; nutrient removal with harvest;
○ R ➔ rainfall energy leaching loss
○ K ➔ soil erodibility
○ LS ➔ length of slope ○ Additional stuff
● SOIL PROBLEMS ■ Natural sources & fluctuations = need for
○ Waterlogging food = no need for fertilizers &
■ Soil drowns in water? pesticides
■ If this doesn’t occur, water is released = ■ If no demand for food = national food
evaporation is continued sources are enough
■ Water keeps increasing until it reaches ■ More people = higher demand
the plant ■ Eradicates pesticide use

○ Pesticide Treadmill
● SOIL MANAGEMENT ● SUMMARY
○ Integrated Pest Management ○ Soils: background, soil properties: Soil
■ Managing pests using strategies that are Science
economically & environmentally sound ○ Soil formation: factors
■ Field monitoring of pest population ■ Weathering vs Erosion
■ Use of biological agents ○ Soil components and nutrient cycling
■ Chemical pesticides are last resort ○ Soil classification/taxonomy
■ Crops become pesticide dependent ■ Ex: ipil-ipil ○ Soil problems:
■ Growth will be stunted ➢ Fast-growing, multi-purpose ■ Deficiency, sufficiency, toxicity; role of
■ Killing of pests = deliberately kills ➢ Deep & narrow root cone ➔ holds each nutrient
everything, even natural pests rainwater on the land & directs it ■ Nutrient loss
■ Plants become genetically resistant back into underground aquifers ■ Soil erosion
■ Use biological agents = last resort is the ■ ASS
● PROBLEMATIC SOILS fertilizers ■ Laterization
○ Acid Sulfate Soils ○ Soil management
■ Soil is flooded (conditions) ○ Agricultural Techniques to help prevent
■ Soils formed under waterlogged erosion
conditions ■ Indigenous techniques
■ Main element: FeS2 (pyrite) ≈ naturally ■ Prevent soil loss
benign ■ Crop cover/vegetation cover = nutrient
■ Happens in wetland soils state
■ Will be dangerous/toxic if excavated for ■ Conservation tillage
malls or to build resources ■ Strip cropping
■ If excavated, FeS will react to O2 to form ■ Multi-cropping
FeO and H2SO4 ■ Windbreakers/shelterbelts
■ Solution: remove water, reconnect water ■ Crop rotation
body to original water body ■ Contour plowing/terracing
○ Laterization
■ Laterite soil ➔ problematic soil; usable ○ Soil Restoration
for humans ■ Organic fertilizer
■ Rich in copper & nickel (used to produce ■ Animal manure
gadgets) ■ Green manure
■ Soil process that produces rock-hard soil ■ Compost
■ (1) Happens due to vegetation loss (no ■ Crop rotation
one will hold on to surface nutrients ■ Inorganic fertilizer? Readily available
causing leaching) ➔ (2) minerals nutrients
leached (from soil surface) ➔ (3) Fe and ■ Organic farming improves nutrient,
Al retained ➔ (4) income temp = sun moisture, aeration, water holding
bakes soil ➔ (5) rain ≈ leaching ➔ (6) capacity, biological activities, etc.
summer = leaked solution surfaced
through capillarity ➔ (7) salt
accumulation

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01 | WHY STUDY THE ENVIRONMENT?

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