Physical science chapter 3

How the properties of - chemical bonds

matter relate to their - polar and non-polar

molecules

chemical structure -intermolecular force

 Objectives

❖ At the end of the session, students will be able to:

❖ Determine if a molecule is polar or non polar
given its structure S11/12PS-IIIc-15 


❖ Relate the polarity of a molecule to its

properties S11/12PS-IIIc-16
 Introduction

❖ Molecules can be grouped as polar and non-polar

❖ When atoms combine, a bond is formed between them,
this is called chemical bond
❖ A chemical bond may be Ionic or Covalent.
 Difference between Ionic and Covalent bond

❖ An ionic bond involves the transfer

of electrons to achieve a stable
configurations.
❖ An ionic bond bond exists
between a metal that has a
tendency to lose electrons and
a non-metal that has the
tendency to accept electrons
❖ A covalent bond on the other hand
involves the sharing of the electron
pair. This type of bonding occurs
between non-metals.
❖
Chemical bonding Understanding Octet rule
Ionic Bonding and Electronegativity

❖ Ionic bonds are formed

between a metal and a non
metal due to the large
difference in their
electronegativities.
❖ Electronegativity is a measure
of the tendency of an atom to
attract electrons towards itself
 Covalent Bonds and Polarity of Molecules
❖ Using electronegativity, molecules and
substances can be identified.
❖ In a covalent bond, if the ❖ a. If the electronegativity difference is
between 0.0 to 0.4, the molecule is non
sharing of the electron pair is polar
unequal, it results into a polar ❖ b. If the electronegativity difference is
bond. between 0.5 to 1.6 the molecule is polar

❖ A molecule is nonpolar if the ❖ c. If the electronegativity difference is

between 1.6 to 2.0 and nonmetals are
electrons are evenly involved the molecule is polar
distributed. ❖ d. If the electronegativity difference is
between 1.6 to 2.0 and metals are involved
the molecule is ionic
❖ e. If the electronegativity difference is
above 2.0, the molecule is ionic.
 Bond Polarity

❖ The electronegativity values of atoms can predict if the

molecule is polar or non polar. Electronegativity is the
tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in
a compound.
❖ In the periodic table, the electronegativity increases
from left to right across a period and decreases for top
to bottom in a group.
 Sample and exercises
Chemical Elements Electronegativity 𝚫EN Polar, Non Polar
Compound
Formula involved Values or Ionic
Cl 3.2
Chlorine Gas Cl2 0 Nonpolar
Cl 3.2

Water H 2O

Hydrogen
HCl
chloride

Ammonia NH3

Oxygen Gas O2

Zinc Chloride ZnCl2

 Polarity and structure
❖ If a molecule has a positive and negative
centers in different places, it is said to be a
dipole or a polar molecule. A dipole
moment represented by is defined
as the product of the charges at one center
times the distance between the positive
and negative centers. In molecules
consisting of more than two atoms like
Carbon dioxide (CO2). Using the
electronegativity differences between C
and O atoms, it would tell that the bond is
polar.
❖ However, the molecular geometry of
carbon dioxide is linear. The dipole
moment cancels each other therefore CO2 is
non-polar
 Polarity and Structure

❖ In the case of water H2O the

shape is V-shaped and has
dipole moments since they do
not cancel each other due to
the shape of water
Molecular
geometries
Molecular geometry, also known as the molecular
structure, is the three-dimensional structure or
arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Understanding the
molecular structure of a compound can help determine
the polarity, reactivity, phase of matter, color,
magnetism, as well as the biological activity.

To determine the shapes of molecules, we

must become acquainted with the Lewis
electron dot structure. Although the Lewis
theory does not determine the shapes of
molecules, it is the first step in predicting
shapes of molecules. The Lewis structure
helps us identify the bond pairs and the lone
pairs. Then, with the Lewis structure, we
apply the valence-shell electron-pair
repulsion (VSPER) theory to determine the
molecular geometry and the electron-group
geometry.
Lewis Dot Structure Understanding valence
electrons
 QUIZ
Quiz 5 items:
1. This is described as the measure of tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards
itself?
a. Electronegativity c. Osmolarity
b. Intermolecular force d. Polarity
2. What type of bonding is formed between a metal and a non-metal due to their large
difference on their electronegativities?
a. Covalent c. Non-Polar
b. Ionic d. Polar
3-5 Determine Polarity of the following compound
-Water

-Carbon Dioxide
-Salt (Sodium Chloride)
-