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1 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
The reliability is increased with parallel operation than to have single larger
unit.
The cost associated with maintaining the spares is less when two
transformers are connected in parallel. It is usually economical to install
another transformer in parallel instead of replacing the existing transformer by
a single larger unit.
The cost of a spare unit in the case of two parallel transformers (of equal
rating) is also lower than that of a single large transformer. In addition, it is
preferable to have a parallel transformer for the reason of reliability.
2 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
3 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
The current will be quite high as the leakage impedance is low. When the
secondary windings are loaded, this circulating current will tend to produce
unequal loading on the two transformers, and it may not be possible to take
the full load from this group of two parallel transformers (one of the
transformers may get overloaded).
Now when the secondary of these transformers are connected to same bus,
there will be a circulating current between secondary’s and therefore between
primaries also. As the internal impedance of transformer is small, a small
voltage difference may cause sufficiently high circulating current causing
unnecessary extra I2R loss.
4 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
A difference in the ratio of the reactance value to resistance value of the per
unit impedance results in a different phase angle of the currents carried by
the two paralleled transformers; one transformer will be working with a higher
power factor and the other with a lower power factor than that of the
combined output. Hence, the real power will not be proportionally shared by
the transformers.
From the above two statements it can be said that impedance of transformers
running in parallel are inversely proportional to their MVA ratings. In other
words percentage impedance or per unit values of impedance should be
identical for all the transformers run in parallel.
When single-phase transformers with the same KVA ratings are connected in
a Y-∆ Bank, impedance mismatches can cause a significant load unbalance
among the transformers
5 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
and KVA.
6 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
with 5.75% impedance, each with the same turn ratios, connected to a
common 4000 kVA load.
7 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
they cannot be loaded to their combined kVA rating. Load division between
the transformers is not equal. At below combined rated kVA loading, the 4%
impedance transformer is overloaded by 3.2%, while the 5.75% impedance
transformer is loaded by 72%.
If the percent impedance and kVA ratings are different, care should be taken
when loading these transformers.
Two transformers in parallel with one 3000 kVA (kVA1) with 5.75%
impedance, and the other a 1000 kVA (kVA2) with 4% impedance, each with
the same turn ratios, connected to a common 3500 kVA load.
8 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
This type of parameter would be unlikely in practice. If both the ratios and
the impedance are different, the circulating current (because of the unequal
ratio) should be combined with each transformer’s share of the load current to
obtain the actual total current in each unit.
For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios)
results in only half percent to the total current. At lower power factors, the
circulating current will change dramatically.
9 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
10 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
11 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
Transformers of unequal kVA ratings will share a load practically (but not
exactly) in proportion to their ratings, providing that the voltage ratios are
identical and the percentage impedances (at their own kVA rating) are
identical, or very nearly so in these cases a total of than 90% of the sum of
the two ratings is normally available.
Transformers having different kva ratings may operate in parallel, with load
division such that each transformer carries its proportionate share of the total
load To achieve accurate load division, it is necessary that the transformers
be wound with the same turns ratio, and that the percent impedance of all
transformers be equal, when each percentage is expressed on the kva base
of its respective transformer. It is also necessary that the ratio of resistance to
reactant in all transformers be equal.
For satisfactory operation the circulating current for any combinations of ratios
and impedance probably should not exceed ten percent of the full-load rated
current of the smaller unit.
12 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
switches must be at same position for all the three transformers and
should check and confirm that the secondary voltages are same.
When the voltage tap need change all three tap changing switches should be
operated identical for all transformers. The OL settings of the SF6 also should
be identical. If the substation is operating on full load condition, tripping of
one transformer can cause cascade tripping of all three transformers.
Both the Transformers should have same voltage ratio at all the taps and
when you run transformers in parallel, it should operate as same tap position.
If we have OLTC with RTCC panel, one RTCC should work as master and
other should work as follower to maintain same tap positions of transformer.
13 of 15 8/14/2018, 6:03 AM
Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
impedances of the two transformers are different or if the taps of the on-load
tap changer (OLTC) are mismatched temporarily due to the mechanical delay.
The circulating current may cause the malfunction of protection relays.
References
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Principles of Transformers in Parallel Connection (1) https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/principles-of-transformers-in-pa...
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