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Name : MAZADUL HASAN SHESHIR
ID: 2010000400008
Batch: 13th Batch (Session 2009-2013)
Department: Wet Processing Technology
Email: mazadulhasan@yahoo.com (FB)
Blog: www. Textilelab.blogspot.com
Southeast University,Bangladesh
Department of Textile Engineering
Knit fabric Finishing
The term finishing, in a broad sense it covers all the processes of making
the fabric good looking, good hand feeling, luster and of course for buyer
requirement. It is done after dying and before delivery to market. Various
types of parameters are controlled during finishing section considering
buyer requirement. The term also includes bleaching, dyeing, mercerizing
etc. But normally the term is restricted to the final stage in the sequence
of treatment of Knit fabrics after bleaching and dyeing. However, fabrics
which are neither bleached nor dyed are also finished.
Objects of finishing:
The aim of finishing is to render textile goods fit for their purpose or end
use. Besides that, finishing can be done for achieving the following
purposes-
Achieving finishing target of knit fabric means to achieve the finished fabric with all the
quality or parameters that is required by the customer.
In case of knit fabric, target quality refers to the shade, GSM, shrinkage, spirality, color
fastness etc. When order is placed, at first fabric structure, GSM, shade is considered.
Depending on the parameters yarn count, m/c gauge, stitch length, machine dia, yarn
type are selected all those factors are related with target quality.
Grey fabric gsm should be lower than finished gsm. In case of knitting fabric at least
15% weight will increase during wet processing.
Grey gsm will depend on the shade percentage, lycra %, type of yarn used and type of
finishing pequired for that particular fabric. For light shade stitch length will be more
than deep shade.
In case of spirality, it will depend on the yarn count, compactness, feeder no. of the
knitting machine. If count (Ne) is high, compactness of the fabric is more and feeder
no. of the m/c is lower than fabric spirality and shrinkage will be less.
Finishing & Finishing Target:
Yarn count and m/c gauge are related to each other and if those two factors are
not matched then faults will be occurred on the fabric. For example, 20’s for
20G/18G, 30’s for 24G, 40’s/28G will yield lower spirality and shrinkage.
In case of wet processing, shade must be developed in the dyeing laboratory and
should be approved by the buyer. The recipe that is developed in lab is used by
reducing in quantity for bulk production. Because dye pick up percentage is always
high in dyeing m/c.
Shade should be kept in deeper condition before dropping of dye liquor from
dyeing m/c. because shade could be lighter during soaping. In case of finishing
process, padder pressure, temperature, fabric speed, chemicals and finishing line
should be determine by considering the finishing target because, all those factors
may affect fabric shade.
When fabric is unloaded from m/c water content is about 200% in case of knit
fabric. Thus hydro-extractor, de-watering m/c are used before drying the fabric.
Otherwise heat consumption for drying process will be huge and that is not cost
effective. In this section finishing chemicals can be applied to the fabric.
Finishing & Finishing Target:
Drying machine is used to evaporate water remaining in the fabric after de-
watering process and to obtain fully dried fabric. Fabric dia will reduce during relax
drying process and tube fabric is finished in this machine.
Thus tubular fabric dia should be kept more than the required finished dia in de-
watering machine. This dia will be reduced in drying machine. After that tube
compactor is finally used to achieve target quality of the fabric. gsm can be
controlled up to 10%.
But in case of open line, stenter machine is used, which may control most of the
parameters in knit fabric. But fabric should be in open form. Thus open squeezer is
used to slitting the fabric. Then the fabric is feed on stenter where chemicals can
also be applied. Fabric shrinkage, spirality, Gsm, shade, bowing effect, slanting etc
can be controlled by stenter m/c. Maximum 20% gsm can be controlled by stenter
m/c.
Fabric shade can be controlled by maintaining temp. if shade is dark then temp.
should be high and 15-20% light shade can be obtained.
Finishing & Finishing Target:
If shade is light in fabric then temp. should be lowered and silicon softener is
used in large quantity.Then the fabric is finally finished with open compactor
m/c. Maximun 14% gsm of the fabric can be controlled.
If ultra-soft fabric is required by the buyer, then gsm of the fabric should be kept
at least 5% more after finishing process. Softening action is done on the back
side of the fabric and the fabric is again finished on stenter m/c.
In case of brushing, the back side of the fabric is brushed. Loops of the fleece
fabric are brushed. Fabric may feed on the m/c for 5-8 times until the target
brushing action is achieved.
After all those operations, quality control process of the fabric is done in
online and off-line process. In online process gsm, shade, shade variation,
hole patta, bowing, slanting, oil mark, chemical spot etc are checked and
graded with 4 points system. In off-line QC shrinkage, spirality, gsm, color
fastness, wash fastness etc are done which are required by the buyer.
Finishing & Finishing Target:
Sometimes problem can appear such as shrinkage, spirality, gsm of the fabric
which cannot be controlled by those finishing process. In this case fabric is
wetted and tumble dried to overcome those problems.
By this process, sample fabric is finished at first then required tests are done on
the fabric. Sometimes it is not possible to control shrinkage, gsm, spirality, and
other knitting faults due to knitting m/c and yarn. In this situation, the knitting
department should take necessary actions to overcome those problems. If any
faults or quality problem is appeared due to dyeing or finishing the fabric should
be reprocessed, such as re-dyeing, topping, stripping are done and finished
again. But target should be to finish the fabric without re-processing.
Above all those factors, target finished date must not exceed to finish the fabric.
If the fabric is achieve with all the required quality within the target finished date
then that will be said that we have achieved the finishing target of knit fabric for
a particular batch.
PRODUCTION PARAMETER
OF
STENTER
STANDARD OPERATING PARAMETER FOR DIFFERENT FABRIC IN STENTER
Single jersey 160-220 2”+ 120-170 40-45% 2.5 bar 25-30 1200-1400
Lycra Single
160-200 4”+ 130-160 50% 2 bar 25-30 1200-1400
jersey
Lycra Single
200-250 4”+ 140-160 50% 2 bar 24-28 1200-1400
jersey
If the fabric is to be Enzyme washed, the stitch length should be kept (10%) less than the
normal range. Because, enzyme wash reduces the total weight of the fabric by removing the
floating fibre and hairy fibre.
For light color, the finished GSM varies near about 15-20% from grey GSM For average color,
the finished GSM varies 20-25%
For dark color, grey GSM is kept less (i.e. the stitch-length is large) because take up%
of dark color is more and the weight of dyed fabric will be increased.
If the GSM varies 25-30%, it is not only necessary to control the VDQ pulley dia but also yarn
tension & take up roller.
Parameters for cotton Fabric:
N.B: Fabric speed is controlled on the fabric dia. Here, Dia less or More fully
depends on yarn count and buyer order. Dia is done less or more by using
expander rod.
Fabric Dia(Increase)
Single jersey 1.5 – 2 ) inch +.
Rib fabric 2 – 2.5 inch +.
Interlock 3 – 3.5 inch +.
Pique 3 – 3.5 inch +.
Procedure for Heat set for Lycra s/j fabric:
LESS
AFTER
HEAT DELIVERY OVER SPEED FROM
GSM COLOR HEAT
SET TEMP DIA FEED m/min REQUIRED
SET GSM
GSM
2x2 Rib White 12-15 25-30 100 110- 1.5-2bar 36psi As required
Colour 12-15 25-30 120
S/J Mercerized
Mercerized 2.5 2.5 35 120 12
Dyed 2.5 2.5 30 120-130 8-12
Up to 120 14-15%
120-140 12%
140-200 7-8%
200-250 5-6%
Work Instruction:
Type of Fabric Over feed (%) Temperature Stretch (%)
(oC)
Non-Mercerized -10/60 100-180 35
S/J
Mercerized -10/60 100-180 45
Dyed (Yarn) -10/60 160-180 35
Dyed Mercerized -10/60 160-180 45
White -10/60 100-150 50
PK
Dyed -10/60 160 50
White -10/60 100-150 20
1X1 Rib
Dyed -10/60 160-180 Maximum
White -10/60 100-150 50
P.I.L.
Dyed -10/60 160 50
M/C set up for Ruckh relax dryer:
Mar = Mercerization
PRODUCTION PARAMETER
OF
SLITTER
Feed roller pressure:
2 29 205 450
4 58 425 940
6 87 650 1440
Work instruction:
Parameters Value
Squeeze pressure 1.5-2 bar (by compressed air)
Temperature of washing 800-900c
PH after mercerizing 7-7.5
In mixing tank : 80-900c