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1.0 Introduction & Reference Codes
1.1 Design Calculations of Minor Bridge
2.0 Load Calculations
3.0 Effective Width Calculation for Live Load
4.0 Calculation of Modulous of Subgrade Reaction
5.0 Calculation of Temperature Effect
6.0 Calculation of Creep Coefficient
7.0 Bending Moment & Shear Force Calculation & their checks
8.0 Calculation of Base Presssure
9.0 Staad Input
1
1.0 Introduction and Reference Codes
1) Structure Details
a) Structure Type :‐ RCC Box Minor Bridge
b) Proposed Design Chainage :‐ 21060
c) Size :‐ 1 x 4.5 x 2.5
d) Box Width upto centre of Median :‐ 5.3 m
e) Earth Cushion (max) :‐ 0.0 m
2) Materials Used
a) Grade of Concrete for Box Structure :‐ M 30
b) Grade of Steel : :‐ M 415
3) Codes Used :
a) IRC 6 : 2014 Code of Practice for Road bridges, Sec‐II : Loads & Stresses
b) IRC 112 : 2011 Code of Practice for Concrete Road bridges
c) IRC 78 : 2014 Code for Practice for Road bridges, Sec‐VI : Foundations & Substructure
4) Modeling and Analysis considerations :
a) Structure is idealized as plane frame centre to centre of components, of unit width and analysed using STAAD
Pro.
b) Bottom slab is assumed to be spported on number of springs.
c) Modulus of Subgrade Reaction has been calculated as per J. E. Bowles
d) For analysis, the box model is subjected to Dead loads, SIDL ,Earth pressures,Surcharge loads on the side walls,
and Live Loads.
e) 3 Lane vehicle loading conforming to IRC‐6 :2014 is used.
f) The dispersion of live load is calculated using effective slab width method as per Annexure B‐3 of IRC 112‐2011.
5) Design Philosophy :
Various combination of loads are adopted for checking structural strength & Serviceability Limit State
a) Ultimate Limit State (ULS) :‐
For structural strength of various components.
b) Seviceability Limit State (SLS) :‐
Rare combination are adopted to check the stresses in various components
Quasi‐permanent Combinations adopted for checking the crack width.
6) Environment Condition Considered:
Environmental exposure condition for the structure is considered as Moderate
(as defined in Table 14.1 of IRC ‐112 )
7) Construction Sequence Considered:
The following construction sequance has been considered in the design.
Lay the bottom slab‐ then side wall‐ then cast the Top slab.
Filling shall be done behind both end wall or abutment walls simultaneously.
2
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF MINOR BRIDGE
1.0 DESIGN DATA
1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION
3
RCC Box Minor Bridge
Wearing Coat = 0.065m
Earth Cushion 0.000
0.400
Haunch of
0.25 x 0.25
0.000 2.50 0.000
4.50
0.400
4.500 0.000
4.500
1.2 DIMENSION DETAILS
No of cells = 1 No.s
Skew Angle = 0 deg.
Effective Span C/C = 1 x 4.900 m
Effective Span C/C (Skew) = 1 x 4.900 m
Clear Span = 1 x 4.500 m
Clear Span (Skew) = 1 x 4.500 m
Clear Height (Max) = 2.50 m
Width of Box = 5.30 m
Width of Box (Skew) = 5.30 m
Wearing coat thickness (Overlaying taken into consideration) = 0.065 m
Max Ht of fill (W.C / P.C.C / pavement layers) over the top slab = 0.000 m
Min Ht of fill (W.C / P.C.C / pavement layers) over the top slab = 0.000 m
Thickness of Top slab = 0.400 m
Thickness of Bottom slab = 0.400 m
Thickness of External Vertical Wall = 0.400 m
Thickness of Internal Vertical Wall = 0.000 m
Size of Haunch = 0.250 m
x 0.250 m
Width of Parapet Wall/ Crash Barrier = 0.450 m
Width of Safety kerb = 0.000 m
Distance of edge of parapet wall/Crash Barrier from edge of box = 0.225 m
Height of surcharge = 1.200 m
Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil = 10.0 t/m2
Permissible Settlement = 10 mm = 0.01 m
4
1.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Density of concrete = 25 KN/m3
Density of soil = 20 KN/m3
Density of wearing coat = 22 KN/m3
Angle of internal friction (in degree) = 18 deg
Coefficient of earth pressure at rest = 0.691
Coefficient of active earth pressure = 0.528
1.4 DESIGN PARAMETERS
Grade of Concrete = M 30
Grade of Reinforcement = Fe 415
Clear Cover for earth face structural component = 0.075 m
Clear Cover for inside face/ top slab structural component = 0.040 m
Clear Cover for bottom slab = 0.075 m
5
2.0 LOAD CALCULATIONS FOR THE BOX STRUCTURE
2.1 DEAD LOAD
Self weight of the structure has been calculated directly in STAAD file by the comment "SELFWEIGHT ‐1".
2.2 SUPER IMPOSED DEAD LOAD
Wearing coat thickness = 0.065 m
Load (UDL) on top slab due to Wearing coat = 1.430 kN/m
Ht of fill (Thickness of W.C / P.C.C / pavement layers)(Considering Avg. Ht. of fill) = 0.00 m
Load (UDL) on top slab = 0.00 kN/m
Wt of Parapet Wall/Crash Barrier = 8.00 kN/m
Wt of Safety kerb = 5.00 kN/m
Footpath Loading = 0.00 kN/m
Total UDL load due to S.I Dead Load = 13.0 kN/m
2.3 EARTH PRESSURE
Thickness of top slab = 0.400 m
Height of top haunch = 0.250 m
Clear height between top & bottom slab = 2.500 m
Height of bottom haunch = 0.250 m
Thickness of bottom slab = 0.400 m
Earth Pressure at Rest
Height from top Intensity of Earth pressure
(m) (KN/m2)
0.200 0.200 0.690983005625053 x 20 x 0.200 = 2.764
0.200 0.200 0.690983005625053 x 20 x 0.200 = 2.764
Active Earth Pressure
Height from top Intensity of Earth pressure
(m) (KN/m2)
0.200 0.200 0.527864045000421 x 20 x 0.200 = 2.112
0.200 0.200 0.527864045000421 x 20 x 0.200 = 2.112
6
2.4 LIVE LOAD SURCHARGE
Equivalent height = 1.20 m
2
Uniform Intensity of loading (for Active condition) = 1.2 x 0.528 x 20 = 12.67 kN/m
3
Uniform Intensity of loading (for Rest condition) = 1.2 x 0.691 x 20 = 16.6 kN/m
2.5 BRAKING LOAD
Carriageway Live Load (700*0.2) = 140 kN
Width of the box = 5.3 m
Braking Load = 26.4 kN
2.6 CALCULATING BRIDGE TEMPERATURE :
Maximum air shade temperature = 45 oC
Minimum air shade temperature = 7.5 oC
Bridge Temperature = 36.3 oC
7
3.0 Effective width of tyres and load distribution for different vehicular loadings:
Effective span lo = 4.90 m
Total Width of Box culvert b = 5.30 m
Ht of fill (W.C / P.C.C / pavement layers) = 0.065 m
Thickness of deck slab = 0.400 m
Width of Crash barrier / Kerb = 0.45 m
Dist. of edge of crash barrier/guard stone from edge of box = 0.23 m
As per Cl. B3.2 of IRC:112‐2011(Page‐278), for continous slab
For b / lo = 1.08 ; a = 2.27
8
9
10
3.2 Class ‐A vehicle:
Transverse Longitudinal
Total Load = = 22.80 t
Impact factor = (Refer Cl.208.2 of IRC:6‐2014) = 1.413
Minimum clear distance from Crash Barrier to the edge of the end wheel = 0.15 m
Distance between the axles in the direction of traffic = 1.20 m
c/c distance between end wheels in transverse direction = 1.80 m
Contact width of tyre = 500 mm
Contact breadth of tyre = 250 mm
Contact area = 500 x 250 mm
Contact width of tyre in a direction perpendicular to the span = 0.50 m
Wheel dimension perpendicular to span = 0.50 m
Distance from outer edge of kerb to c.g of wheel = 0.63 m
a = the distance of c.g of concentrated load from nearer support
= 4.9 / 2 ‐ 1.2 / 2 = 1.850 m
b1 = 0.5 + 2 x 0.065 = 0.63 m
Effective load in transverse direction = 11.40 t
0.85 1.800
Crash Barrier
0.45 0.15 0.50 1.30 0.50
Effective width for design = 4.049 m
(In transverse direction)
Total load = 11.4 t
Dispersion area = 4.049 x 1.18 = 4.78 m2
Load per unit area = 11.4 / 4.778 = 2.39 t/m2
11
12
13
3.4 Summary of Intensity of Loads:
Loading Intensity of Load (t/m2)
1 Lane Class A 3.377
2
Design LL intensity for analysis = 3.377 t/m
2
= 33.77 kN/m
14
Calculation of Vertical Subgrade Reaction:
The structure as shown is idealised in STAAD. The vertical soil resistance at bottom has been applied in the form of
springs. The value of spring constants has been calculated based on the permissible settlement and bearing capacity.
The bottom slab of structure is idealised as shown in following figure. The equivalent spring is applied at each node
according to subgrade reaction.
4.700
2.900
Input Data
Thickness of outer wall = 400 mm
Thickness of top slab = 400 mm
Thickness of bottom slab = 400 mm
Thickness of intermediate wall = 0 mm
Haunch = 250 mm
Clear span (Skew) = 4500 mm
Clear Height = 2500 mm
2
SBC = 10 t/m
Permissible settlement = 10 mm
15
Support No K Value
1 250
2 500
3 362
4 1379
5 2534
6 2233
7 1931
8 1931
9 1931
10 2233
11 2534
12 1379
13 362
14 500
15 500
16 500
17 362
18 1379
19 2534
20 2233
21 1931
22 1931
23 1931
24 2233
25 2534
26 1379
27 362
28 500
29 250
16
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE OVER BOX STRUCTURE
CALCULATING BRIDGE TEMPERATURE :
Maximum air shade temperature = 45 oC
Minimum air shade temperature = 7.5 oC
Bridge Temperature = 36.25 oC
Calculating equivalent Temperature for gradient temperature effect :
F = Ec α Δt A
Ec = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete = 3.18E+06 t/m2
α= Coefficient of Thermal expansion = 1.20E‐05 /oC
Δt = Temperature differential
A = Cross‐sectional Area of section where temperature differential is Δt
T hickness of top slab = 400 mm
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE RISE:
17.8
1 2
0.12
4
S No. Δt b t A F Acting at e Moment
0.120
3 degree m m m 2 t m From m tm
1 4.0 1.00 0.12 0.12 18.31 0.06 top 0.34 6.226
2 13.8 1.00 0.12 0.12 63.17 0.04 top 0.36 22.743
3 4.0 1.00 0.12 0.12 18.31 0.160 top 0.240 4.395
4 2.1 1.00 0.12 0.12 9.613 0.04 bottom ‐0.36 ‐3.461
∑F = 109.4 29.902
e* = Eccentricity of force F from centroid axis of Section
0.12
4 27
2.1 M
= F.e = Ec x α x (Δt/2) x A x e
=> 29.902 = 15.26 x Δt/2 x
/ 0.15 400
=> Δt = 27.03 oC
Idealised Temp Gradient ( +ve )
E FFECT OF TEMPERATURE FALL:
9.9 0.7
2 1
80
S No. Δt b t A F Acting at e Moment
degree m m m2 t m From m tm
3 100.0 1 0.7 1.00 0.080 0.08 2.136 0.04 top 0.36 0.769
2 9.9 1.00 0.080 0.08 30.21 0.027 top 0.373 11.280
3 0.7 1.00 0.100 0.1 2.67 0.113 top 0.287 0.766
4 5.8 1.00 0.080 0.08 17.7 0.027 bottom ‐0.373 ‐6.608
40
5 0.8 1.00 0.080 0.08 2.442 0.04 bottom ‐0.360 ‐0.879
6 0.8 1.00 0.100 0.1 3.052 0.113 bottom ‐0.287 ‐0.875
∑F = 58.21 4.452
100.0
6
M
= F.e = Ec x α x (Δt/2) x A x e 4.02
4 5 80 => 4.452 = 15.259 x Δt/2 x 0.15
5.8 0.8 => Δt = 4.02 oC 400
Idealised Temp Gradient ( ‐ve )
17
S howing Temperature differences For Box ( + ve temperature gradient)
Temp = 27.03 oC
Temp = 0 oC
Temp = 13.5
Temp = 13.5
Temp = 0
Temp = 0
S howing Temperature differences For Box ( ‐ ve temperature gradient)
Temp = 4.024 oC
Temp = 0 oC
Temp = 2.01
Temp = 2.01
Temp = 0
Temp = 0
S howing Temperature for overall for expansion / contrac on
Temp = + 36.25 oC
Note: For +ve temperature case top slab will be Hotter than bottom, as shown in Fig., For side wall Inner side
Temperature is kept same as that of bottom of top slab, and as earth is present behind the walls, hence
outer side of wall will be cooler than the Inner side of wall. Temperature difference of side wall is
assumed as half of the temperature of the top slab. For bottom slab No Temperature difference is
considered as it is embedded in earth. The Same Philosophy is adopted for ‐ve temperature difference.
For Overall Bridge Temperature elongation/ contraction is considered only for the top slab, on the
conservative side.
18
Finding Creep Co‐Efficent : APPENDIX A2.5
fck = 30 Mpa
fcm = 40 Mpa
t = 25550 days
to = 90 days
f (t, to) = fo bc( t , to )
fo = fRH b(fcm) b(to)
RH = Relative humidity
= 80 %
α1 = [ 43.75 / fcm ]0.7 = 1.065
(As per IRC 112‐2011, pg 239)
α2 = [ 43.75 / fcm ]0.2 = 1.018
β(fcm) = 18.78 / √fcm
= 2.969
β(to) = 1/ (0.1+ to0.2)
= 0.391
βc( t , to) = [ (t‐to) / (βH + t ‐to) ]0.3
α3 = [ 43.75 / fcm ]0.5 = 1.046
Ac U ho
Member ΦRH Φo bH bc( t , to) Φ (t, to)
mm2 mm mm
19
Summary of Bending Moment and Shear Force from STAAD File
Bending Moment (KN‐m) Shear Force (KN)
Member Case Section
ULS SLS (Rare) SLS (QP) ULS
Sagging Mid Span 25 23 15 70
Side Wall
Hogging Face of Support 192 132 25 148
20
Intermedi Sagging Mid Span 4 3 0 22
ate Wall Hogging Face of Support 75 50 5 40
21
DESIGN OF TOP SLAB
MIDSPAN ‐ SAGGING
Depth of member (D) = 400 mm
Width of the member (b) = 1000 mm
MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Grade of concrete, fck = 30 MPa PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Mean value of concrete compressive strength, fcm = 40 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = 415 MPa Load Combination Permissble Stress
fywd 0.8 fyk = 332 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 14.4 MPa
Clear cover of top slab = 40 mm SLS QP 0.36 fck = 10.8 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 MPa
For short Term loading Ecm = 31187 MPa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 12651 MPa 2) Permissble Tensile stress in steel (Rare) 0.6 fy = 249 MPa
fctm = 2.50 MPa (QP) 0.8 fy = 332 MPa
fcteff = Max of 2.9 Mpa or fctm = 2.90 MPa 3) Permissible crack width wk
fcd = 13.50 MPa SLS QP Load combination = 0.3 mm
Cross sectional Area, Ac = 1.960 m2
Perimeter in contact with atmosphere u = 10.60 m Maximum Reinforcement
Notational size ho = 370 mm [ Tension Reinf. ] ≤ 0.025AC At section other than Laps
Age of concrete at the time of loading = 90 days [ Tension + Compression ] ≤ 0.04AC At any section
t∞ considered = 25550 days Where AC = Gross Cross section Area of Concrete
Creep factor Φ= 1.465
εuk = 0.00208 f
Minimum Reinforcement :
εud = 0.0018675 Ast min = Max [ 0.26 fctm / fyk bt d , 0.0013 bt d ] (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.5.1.1)
εcu2 = 0.0035 bt = Mean width of Tension zone.
xumax/d = 0.6521
A) ULS CAPACITY CHECK (Top Slab Sagging)
Ast,cal =M/ 0.87 fyk
Check Check
xu = 0.87 fyk Ast /
Check
MRd =0.87 fyk Ast
D
istance Area of steel provided
MRD/z > MED/z +
(d'‐0.416 xu)
MED
(d‐0.416 xu)
from Ast Calc. <
Ast Max Ast min Ast,provid
0.36 fck b
∆Fd
2 2 2 2
kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm kN m kN kNm kNm/m
Mid Span 165 1000 400 350 20 175 1795 228 60 UR, OK 1406 78400 OK 525 OK 99 325 606 211 648 OK
0 175
22
Distribution steel at bottom of top slab: (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.6.1.1)
2
D
istribu on Reinforcement : At Least 20% of the main Reinforcement = 359 mm
Provide 12 @ 175 mm c/c = 646 mm2 OK
B) SLS STRESS CHECK
Rare Load combination. Quasi Permanent Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
2
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) m = Es / Ecm' dc (depth of neutral axis) = .‐m x As + √ ( m2 x AS + 2 x m x As x b x d )
MST + (1+ Φ)* MQP b
3 2
MST = MRARE ‐MQP INA (Transformed) = b x dc /3 + m x As x (d ‐ dc)
m = Es / Ec,eq
Flexural tensile Strength: Compressive stress in concrete σc = MRARE x dc / INA
where, Tensile stress in steel σs = m x MRARE x (d ‐ dc ) / INA
fctm,fl = mean Flexural tensile strength of solid beam
h = total depth of member in mm
Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations
Checking Section
D
istance Cracked or Uncracked
Finding Stresses considering Cracked Section
from
N.A.
Section centreline of Modular Comp Max C. Tensile Max T
MED Ast, σ Cracked/ ratio depth INA
side wall (m) stress Stress Check stress Stress Check
(Sagging) b d Provided I Y = d/2 (Stress) fctm,fl Uncracked (dc)
kNm mm mm mm
2
mm
4
mm Mpa Mpa mm mm4 Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
SLS (Rare Combination)
SLS (R C bi ti )
Mid Span 0.000 110 1000 350 1795 4E+09 200 6.2 3.0 Cracked 16 115 2E+09 6.1 14.4 OK 197 249 OK
SLS (Quasi Permanent Combination)
Mid Span 0.000 18 1000 350 1795 4E+09 200 1.0 3.0 Uncracked 16 115 2E+09 1.0 10.8 OK 32 332 OK
23
C
) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)
1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control h k
D
istance from centreline
Act =bh/2 σs = fyk
As,min =kc k fct,eff
As,provided
0.00 1.00
b h d Check
Section of side wall (m) k kc Act /σs 0.30 1.00
mm mm mm mm2 Mpa mm2 mm2 0.80 0.65
Mid Span 0.000 1000 400 350 200000 415 1.00 0.4 559 1795 OK 3.00 0.65
2) CHECK FOR MAXIMUM SPACING b/w bars.
D
istance from centreline Spacing b/w bars
Bar diameter Cover
Section of side wall (m) Provided Calculated Check
mm mm mm mm
Mid Span 0.000 20 40 175 250 OK
3) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
x =
istance from centreline hc,eff = Min [ 2.5 (
D ρpeff = Srmax =3.4c + 0.17 Φ neutral αe = esm ‐ ecm =Max [ [ σ sc ‐ kt fct,eff ( 1+ αe
Aceff = hc,eff *b As provided σsc (QP) kt wk Check
Section of side wall (m) h ‐ d ) , ( h ‐ x/3 ) , As/Ac,eff /ρPeff axis Es/Ecm' ρP,eff ) / ρP,eff ] /Es , 0.6 σsc/Es ]
h/2] depth
mm mm2 mm2 mm Mpa mm mm
Mid Span 0.000 125 125000 1795 0.0144 373 32 115 0.5 15.8 0.00010 0.036 OK
D) CHECK FOR SHEAR : ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
Check of Shear Reinforcement Requirement
k= Min [ 1 + √200/d ρ1 = Min [ Asl/bw d , νmin = 0.031 k3/2 VRdc =Max [ ( 0.12 k (80 ρ1 fck )0.33 +
VED β βVED d bw Asl 1/2
σcp Check
Load combination , 2 ] 0.02 ] fck 0.15 σcp ) bw d , (νmin +0.15σcp ) bw d ]
kN kN mm mm 2 Mpa kN
mm
ULS
Mid Span 197.0 0.50 98.5 350 1000 1.756 1795 0.005 0.395 0 168.865 No Shear reinf. Required
24
DESIGN OF TOP SLAB
SUPPORT ‐ HOGGING
Depth of member (D) = 400 mm
Width of the member (b) = 1000 mm
MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Grade of concrete, fck = 30 MPa PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Mean value of concrete compressive strength, fcm = 40 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = 415 MPa Load Combination Permissble Stress
fywd 0.8 fyk = 332 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 14.4 MPa
Clear cover of top slab = 40 mm SLS QP 0.36 fck = 10.8 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 MPa
For short Term loading Ecm = 31187 MPa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 12651 MPa 2) Permissble Tensile stress in steel (Rare) 0.6 fy = 249 MPa
fctm = 2.50 MPa (QP) 0.8 fy = 332 MPa
fcteff = Max of 2.9 Mpa or fctm = 2.90 MPa 3) Permissible crack width wk
fcd = 13.50 MPa SLS QP Load combination = 0.3 mm
Cross sectional Area, Ac = 1.960 m2
Perimeter in contact with atmosphere u = 10.60 m Maximum Reinforcement
Notational size ho = 369.81 mm [ Tension Reinf. ] ≤ 0.025AC At section other than Laps
Age of concrete at the time of loading = 90 days [ Tension + Compression ] ≤ 0.04AC At any section
t∞ considered = 25550 days Where AC = Gross Cross section Area of Concrete
Creep factor Φ= 1.465
εuk = 0 00208
0.00208 Minimum Reinforcement :
Minimum Reinforcement :
εud = 0.0018675 Ast min = Max [ 0.26 fctm / fyk bt d , 0.0013 bt d ] (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.5.1.1)
εcu2 = 0.0035 bt = Mean width of Tension zone.
xumax/d = 0.6521
A) ULS CAPACITY CHECK (Top Slab Hogging)
Ast,cal =M/ 0.87 fyk
Check Check
xu = 0.87 fyk Ast /
Check
MRd =0.87 fyk Ast
D
istance
Ast,provided > Ast
from
MRD/z > MED/z +
(d'‐0.416 xu)
(d‐0.416 xu)
Provided < Ast
0.362 fck b
centreline Area of steel provided
Ast Calc. < Ast
Ast Max
Section
of side wall
Ast min
MED Overall Ast, z = d‐ MED/z
(m) (Hogging) b depth D d Dia Spacing Provided xmax Check ∆Fd 0.416 xu +∆Fd MRD/z
Max
min
∆Fd
2 2 2 2
kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm kN m kN kNm kNm/m
Face of 130 1000 483 435 16 175 1149 284 38 UR, OK 858 78400 OK 653 OK 99 419 408 174 415 OK
Support
0 175
25
Distribution steel at bottom of top slab: (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.6.1.1)
2
D
istribu on Reinforcement : At Least 20% of the main Reinforcement = 230 mm
Provide 12 @ 175 mm c/c = 646 mm2 OK
B) SLS STRESS CHECK
Rare Load combination. Quasi Permanent Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
2
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) m = Es / Ecm' dc (depth of neutral axis) = .‐m x As + √ ( m2 x AS + 2 x m x As x b x d )
MST + (1+ Φ)* MQP b
3 2
MST = MRARE ‐MQP INA (Transformed) = b x dc /3 + m x As x (d ‐ dc)
m = Es / Ec,eq
Flexural tensile Strength: Compressive stress in concrete σc = MRARE x dc / INA
where, Tensile stress in steel σs = m x MRARE x (d ‐ dc ) / INA
fctm,fl = mean Flexural tensile strength of solid beam
h = total depth of member in mm
Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations
D
istance Checking Section
Cracked or Uncracked
Finding Stresses considering Cracked Section
from
centreline N.A.
Section Modular Comp Max C. Tensile Max T
of side wall MED Ast, σ Cracked/ ratio depth INA
(m)
stress Stress Check stress Stress Check
(Hogging) b d Provided I Y = d/2 (Stress) fctm,fl Uncracked (dc)
kNm mm mm mm
2
mm
4
mm Mpa Mpa mm mm4 Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
SLS (Rare Combination)
SLS (R C bi ti )
Face of
0.000 91 1000 435.33 1149 7E+09 241.67 3.199 2.7917 Cracked 15.8 109 2E+09 4.188 14.4 OK 198 249 OK
Support
SLS (Quasi Permanent Combination)
Face of
0.000 40 1000 435.33 1149 7E+09 241.67 1.406 2.7917 Uncracked 15.8 109 2E+09 1.841 10.8 OK 87 332 OK
Support
26
C
) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)
1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control h k
D
istance from centreline
Act =bh/2 σs = fyk
As,min =kc k fct,eff
As,provided
0.00 1.00
b h d Check
Section of side wall (m) k kc Act /σs 0.30 1.00
mm mm mm mm2 Mpa mm2 mm2 0.80 0.65
Face of 0.000 241666.6667 676 1149
1000 483 435.33 415 1.0 0.4 OK 3.00 0.65
Support
2) CHECK FOR MAXIMUM SPACING b/w bars.
D
istance from centreline Spacing b/w bars
Bar diameter Cover
Section of side wall (m) Provided Calculated Check
mm mm mm mm
Face of 0.000 16 40 87.5 240 OK
Support
3) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
x =
istance from centreline hc,eff = Min [ 2.5 (
D ρpeff = Srmax =3.4c + 0.17 Φ neutral αe = esm ‐ ecm =Max [ [ σ sc ‐ kt fct,eff ( 1+ αe
Aceff = hc,eff *b As provided σsc kt wk Check
Section of side wall (m) h ‐ d ) , ( h ‐ x/3 ) , As/Ac,eff /ρPeff axis Es/Ecm' ρP,eff ) / ρP,eff ] /Es , 0.6 σsc/Es ]
h/2] depth
mm mm2 mm2 mm Mpa mm mm
Face of
0.000 120 120000 1149 0.0096 420 87.2 109 0.5 15.8 0.00026 0.110 OK
Support
27
D) CHECK FOR SHEAR : ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
Check of Shear Reinforcement Requirement
k= Min [ 1 + √200/d ρ1 = Min [ Asl/bw d , νmin = 0.031 k3/2 VRdc =Max [ ( 0.12 k (80 ρ1 fck )0.33 +
VED β βVED d bw Asl 1/2
σcp Check
Load combination , 2 ] 0.02 ] fck 0.15 σcp ) bw d , (νmin +0.15σcp ) bw d ]
kN kN mm mm 2 Mpa kN
mm
ULS
Face of Support 197 0.50 99 435.333 1000 1.678 1149 0.003 0.369 0 161 No Shear reinf. Required
Check for Maximum Shear Capacity :
Vrd max = αcw * bw * z *ν1 * fcd θ = 0.5 sin‐1 [ 2*VNS / (αcw * bw * z * v1
VED bw d z =0.9d αcw ν1 Check θ adopted ∆Fd = 0.5 VED cotθ
Section D
istance from centreline /2 * fcd) ]
of side wall (m) kN mm mm mm kN deg deg kN
Face of 391.8 1586.79 3.566 45 98.5
197 1000 435.33 1 0.6 OK
Support
28
DESIGN OF SIDE WALL
MIDSPAN ‐ SAGGING
Depth of member at mid span (D) = 400 mm
Width of the member (b) = 1000 mm
MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Grade of concrete, fck = 30 MPa PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Mean value of concrete compressive strength, fcm = 40 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = 415 MPa Load Combination Permissble Stress
fywd 0.8 fyk = 332 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 14.4 MPa
Clear cover of inner face of side wall = 40 mm SLS QP 0.36 fck = 10.8 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 MPa
For short Term loading Ecm = 31187 MPa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 12608 MPa 2) Permissble Tensile stress in SLS Rare 0.6 fy = 249 MPa
fctm = 2.50 MPa steel SLS QP 0.8 fy = 332 MPa
fcteff = Max of 2.9 Mpa or fctm = 2.90 MPa 3) Permissible crack width wk
fcd = 13.50 MPa SLS QP Load combination = 0.3 mm
Cross sectional Area, Ac = 1.000 m2
Perimeter in contact with atmosphere u = 5.80 m Maximum Reinforcement
Notational size ho = 345 mm [ Tension Reinf. ] ≤ 0.025AC At section other than Laps
Age of concrete at the time of loading = 90 days [ Tension + Compression ] ≤ 0.04AC At any section
t∞ considered = 25550 days Where AC = Gross Cross section Area of Concrete
Creep factor Φ= 1.474
εuk = 0 00208
0.00208 Minimum Reinforcement :
Minimum Reinforcement :
εud = 0.0018675 Ast min = Max [ 0.26 fctm / fyk bt d , 0.0013 bt d ] (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.5.1.1)
εcu2 = 0.0035 bt = Mean width of Tension zone.
xumax/d = 0.6521
A) ULS CAPACITY CHECK (Side Wall Sagging)
Ast,cal =M/ 0.87 fyk
Check Check
xu = 0.87 fyk Ast /
Check
MRd =0.87 fyk Ast
D
istance
Ast,provided > Ast
Area of steel provided
MRD/z > MED/z +
(d'‐0.416 xu)
(d‐0.416 xu)
Provided < Ast
from
0.362 fck b
Ast Calc. < Ast
Ast Max
Section centreline of
MED Ast, z = d‐ MED/z
Ast min
side wall (m) Overall
(Sagging) b depth D d Dia Spacing Provided xmax Check ∆Fd 0.416 xu +∆Fd MRD/z
Max
min
∆Fd
2 2
kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm2 mm2 kN m kN kNm kNm/m
Mid Span 25 1000 400 352 16 175 1149 230 38 UR, OK 206 40000 OK 528 OK 35 336 109 139 415 OK
0 175
29
Distribution steel at inner face of Side Wall: (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.6.1.1)
2
D
istribu on Reinforcement : At Least 20% of the main Reinforcement = 230 mm
Provide 12 @ 175 mm c/c = 646 mm2 OK
B) SLS STRESS CHECK
Rare Load combination. Quasi Permanent Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
.‐m x As + √ ( m2 x AS + 2 x m x As x b x d )
2
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) m = Es / Ecm' dc (depth of neutral axis) =
MST + (1+ Φ)* MQP b
3 2
MST = MRARE ‐MQP INA (Transformed) = b x dc /3 + m x As x (d ‐ dc)
m = Es / Ec,eq
Flexural tensile Strength: Compressive stress in concrete σc = MRARE x dc / INA
where, Tensile stress in steel σs = m x MRARE x (d ‐ dc ) / INA
fctm,fl = mean Flexural tensile strength of solid beam
h = total depth of member in mm
Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations
Checking Section
D
istance Cracked or Uncracked
Finding Stresses considering Cracked Section
from
N.A.
Section centreline of Modular Comp Max C. Tensile Max T
MED Ast, σ Cracked/ ratio depth INA
side wall (m) stress Stress Check stress Stress Check
(Sagging) b d Provided I Y = d/2 (Stress) fctm,fl Uncracked (dc)
kNm mm mm mm
2
mm
4
mm Mpa Mpa mm mm4 Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
SLS (Rare Combination)
Mid Span 23 1000 352 1149 4E+09 200 1.271 3 Uncracked 15.9 97 1E+09 1.50 14.4 OK 63 249 OK
SLS (Quasi Permanent Combination)
Mid Span 0.000 15 1000 352 1149 4E+09 200 0.825 3 Uncracked 15.9 97 1E+09 0.97 10.8 OK 41 332 OK
30
C
) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)
1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control
D
istance from centreline
Act =bh/2 σs = fyk
As,min =kc k fct,eff
As,provided
h k
b h d Check
Section of side wall (m) k kc Act /σs 0.00 1.00
mm mm mm mm2 Mpa mm2 mm2 0.30 1.00
Mid Span 0.000 1000 400 352 200000 415 1.0 0.4 559 1149 OK 0.80 0.65
2) CHECK FOR MAXIMUM SPACING b/w bars.
D
istance from centreline Spacing b/w bars
Bar diameter Cover
Section of side wall (m) Provided Calculated Check
mm mm mm mm
Mid Span 0.000 16 40 175 240 OK
3) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
x =
istance from centreline hc,eff = Min [ 2.5 (
D ρpeff = Srmax =3.4c + 0.17 Φ neutral αe = esm ‐ ecm =Max [ [ σ sc ‐ kt fct,eff ( 1+ αe
Aceff = hc,eff *b As provided σsc kt wk Check
Section of side wall (m) h ‐ d ) , ( h ‐ x/3 ) , As/Ac,eff /ρPeff axis Es/Ecm' ρP,eff ) / ρP,eff ] /Es , 0.6 σsc/Es ]
h/2] depth
mm mm2 mm2 mm Mpa mm mm
Mid Span 0.000 120 120000 1148.93 0.01 420 41 97 0.5 15.9 0.0001 0.051 OK
D) CHECK FOR SHEAR : ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
Check of Shear Reinforcement Requirement
k= Min [ 1 + ρ1 = Min [ Asl/bw d , νmin = 0.031 k3/2 VRdc =Max [ ( 0.12 k (80 ρ1 fck )0.33 +
VED β βVED d bw Asl 1/2
σcp Check
Load combination √200/d , 2 ] 0.02 ] fck 0.15 σcp ) bw d , (νmin +0.15σcp ) bw d ]
2
kN kN mm mm mm Mpa kN
ULS
Mid Span 70 0.50 35 352 1000 1.754 1149 0.003 0.394 0 146.119 No Shear reinf. Required
Check for Maximum Shear Capacity :
D
istance from centreline Vrd max = αcw * bw * z *ν1 * fcd ‐1
VED bw d z =0.9d αcw ν1 Check θ = 0.5 sin [ 2*VNS / (αcw * bw * z * θ adopted ∆Fd = 0.5 VED cotθ
Section of side wall (m) /2 v1 * f d) ]
kN mm mm mm kN deg deg kN
Mid Span 0.000 70 1000 352 316.8 1 0.6 1283 OK 1.564 45 35
31
DESIGN OF SIDE WALL
SUPPORT ‐ HOGGING
Depth of member at mid span (D) = 400 mm
Width of the member (b) = 1000 mm
MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Grade of concrete, fck = 30 MPa PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Mean value of concrete compressive strength, fcm = 40 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = 500 MPa Load Combination Permissble Stress
fywd 0.8 fyk = 400 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 14.4 MPa
Clear cover to the earth face of side wall = 75 mm SLS QP 0.36 fck = 10.8 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 MPa
For short Term loading Ecm = 31187 MPa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 12608 MPa 2) Permissble Tensile stress in SLS Rare 0.6 fy = 300 MPa
fctm = 2.50 MPa steel SLS QP 0.8 fy = 400 MPa
fcteff = Max of 2.9 Mpa or fctm = 2.90 MPa 3) Permissible crack width wk
fcd = 13.50 MPa SLS QP Load combination = 0.3 mm
Cross sectional Area, Ac = 1.000 m2
Perimeter in contact with atmosphere u = 5.80 m Maximum Reinforcement
Notational size ho = 344.83 mm [ Tension Reinf. ] ≤ 0.025AC At section other than Laps
Age of concrete at the time of loading = 90 days [ Tension + Compression ] ≤ 0.04AC At any section
t∞ considered = 25550 days Where AC = Gross Cross section Area of Concrete
Creep factor Φ= 1.474
εuk = 0 00250
0.00250 Minimum Reinforcement :
Minimum Reinforcement :
εud = 0.00225 Ast min = Max [ 0.26 fctm / fyk bt d , 0.0013 bt d ] (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.5.1.1)
εcu2 = 0.0035 bt = Mean width of Tension zone.
xumax/d = 0.6087
A) ULS CAPACITY CHECK (Side Wall Hogging)
Ast,cal =M/ 0.87 fyk
Check Check
xu = 0.87 fyk Ast /
Check
MRd =0.87 fyk Ast
D
istance
Ast,provided > Ast
Area of steel provided
MRD/z > MED/z +
(d'‐0.416 xu)
(d‐0.416 xu)
Provided < Ast
from
0.362 fck b
Ast Calc. < Ast
Ast Max
Section centreline of
Ast min
side wall (m) MED Overall Ast, z = d‐ MED/z
(Hogging) b depth D d Dia Spacing Provided xmax Check ∆Fd 0.416 xu +∆Fd MRD/z
Max
min
∆Fd
2 2 2 2
kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm kN m kN kNm kNm/m
Face of Support 124 1000 483 400.33 16 175 1149 244 46 UR, OK 748 40000 OK 601 OK 37 381 362 191 500 OK
0 175
32
Distribution steel at bottom of top slab: (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.6.1.1)
2
D
istribu on Reinforcement : At Least 20% of the main Reinforcement = 230 mm
Provide 12 @ 175 mm c/c = 646 mm2 OK
B) SLS STRESS CHECK
Rare Load combination. Quasi Permanent Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
.‐m x As + √ ( m2 x AS + 2 x m x As x b x d )
2
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) m = Es / Ecm' dc (depth of neutral axis) =
MST + (1+ Φ)* MQP b
3 2
MST = MRARE ‐MQP INA (Transformed) = b x dc /3 + m x As x (d ‐ dc)
m = Es / Ec,eq
Flexural tensile Strength: Compressive stress in concrete σc = MRARE x dc / INA
where, Tensile stress in steel σs = m x MRARE x (d ‐ dc ) / INA
fctm,fl = mean Flexural tensile strength of solid beam
h = total depth of member in mm
Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations
Checking Section
D
istance Cracked or Uncracked
Finding Stresses considering Cracked Section
from
N.A.
Section centreline of Modular Comp Max C. Tensile Max T
MED Ast, Cracked/ ratio depth INA
side wall (m) stress Stress Check stress Stress Check
(Hogging) b d Provided I Y = d/2 σ (Stress) fctm,fl Uncracked (dc)
2 4 4
kNm mm mm mm mm mm p
Mpa p
Mpa mm mm Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
SLS (Rare Combination)
Face of
0.000 132 1000 400.33 1149 5E+09 241.67 5.966 2.792 Cracked 15.9 103.9 2E+09 6.9 14.4 OK 314 300 Check
Support
SLS (Quasi Permanent Combination)
Face of
0.000 25 1000 400.33 1149 5E+09 241.67 1.130 2.792 Uncracked 15.9 103.9 2E+09 1.3 10.8 OK 60 400 OK
Support
33
C
) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)
1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control h k
D
istance from centreline
Act =bh/2 σs = fyk
As,min =kc k fct,eff
As,provided
0.00 1.00
b h d Check
Section of side wall (m) k kc Act /σs 0.30 1.00
mm mm mm mm2 Mpa mm2 mm2 0.80 0.65
Face of 0.000 241666.6667 561 1149
1000 483.33 400.3 500 1.00 0.4 OK 3.00 0.65
Support
2) CHECK FOR MAXIMUM SPACING b/w bars.
D
istance from centreline Spacing b/w bars
Bar diameter Cover
Section of side wall (m) Provided Calculated Check
mm mm mm mm
Face of 0.000 16 75 175 415 OK
Support
3) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
x =
hc,eff = Min [ 2.5 (
D
istance from centreline ρpeff = Srmax =3.4c + 0.17 Φ neutral αe = esm ‐ ecm =Max [ [ σ sc ‐ kt fct,eff ( 1+ αe
h ‐ d ) , ( h ‐ x/3 ) , Aceff = hc,eff *b As provided σsc kt wk Check
Section of side wall (m) As/Ac,eff /ρPeff axis Es/Ecm' ρP,eff ) / ρP,eff ] /Es , 0.6 σsc/Es ]
h/2]
depth
mm mm2 mm2 mm Mpa mm mm
Face of
0.000 208 207500 1148.93 0.006 746.24 60 104 0.5 15.863 0.000179 0.133 OK
Support
34
D) CHECK FOR SHEAR : ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
Check of Shear Reinforcement Requirement
3/2
k= Min [ 1 + √200/d ρ1 = Min [ Asl/bw d , νmin = 0.031 k VRdc =Max [ ( 0.12 k (80 ρ1 fck )0.33 +
VED β βVED d bw Asl 1/2
σcp Check
Load combination , 2 ] 0.02 ] fck 0.15 σcp ) bw d , (νmin +0.15σcp ) bw d ]
2
T T mm mm mm Mpa Tonne
ULS
Face of Support 148 0.50 74 400.33 1000 1.707 1148.9 0.003 0.379 0 155 No Shear reinf. Required
Check for Maximum Shear Capacity :
VED bw d z =0.9d αcw ν1
Vrd max = αcw * bw * z *ν1 * fcd
Check θ = 0.5 sin‐1 [ 2*VNS / (αcw * bw * z * θ adopted ∆Fd = 0.5 VED cotθ
Section D
istance from centreline /2
of side wall (m) v1 * f d) ]
kN mm mm mm kN deg deg kN
Face of #REF! 360.3 1459 1.453 45 37
74 1000 400.3 1 0.6 OK
Support
∆Fd = Additional Tensile force, to be accounted in longitudinal reinforcement
35
DESIGN OF BOTTOM SLAB
MIDSPAN ‐ SAGGING
Depth of member at mid span (D) = 400 mm
Width of the member (b) = 1000 mm
MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Grade of concrete, fck = 30 MPa PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Mean value of concrete compressive strength, fcm = 40 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = 415 MPa Load Combination Permissble Stress
fywd 0.8 fyk = 332 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 14.4 MPa
Clear cover of bottom slab = 75 mm SLS QP 0.36 fck = 10.8 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 MPa
For short Term loading Ecm = 31187 MPa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 12651 MPa 2) Permissble Tensile stress in SLS Rare 0.6 fy = 249 MPa
fctm = 2.50 MPa steel SLS QP 0.8 fy = 332 MPa
fcteff = Max of 2.9 Mpa or fctm = 2.90 MPa 3) Permissible crack width wk
fcd = 13.50 MPa SLS QP Load combination = 0.3 mm
Cross sectional Area, Ac = 1.960 m2
Perimeter in contact with atmosphere u = 10.60 m Maximum Reinforcement
Notational size ho = 369.81 mm [ Tension Reinf. ] ≤ 0.025AC At section other than Laps
Age of concrete at the time of loading = 90 days [ Tension + Compression ] ≤ 0.04AC At any section
t∞ considered = 25550 days Where AC = Gross Cross section Area of Concrete
Creep factor Φ= 1.465
εuk = 0 00208
0.00208 Minimum Reinforcement :
Minimum Reinforcement :
εud = 0.0018675 Ast min = Max [ 0.26 fctm / fyk bt d , 0.0013 bt d ] (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.5.1.1)
εcu2 = 0.0035 bt = Mean width of Tension zone.
xumax/d = 0.6521
A) ULS CAPACITY CHECK (Bottom Slab Sagging)
Ast,cal =M/ 0.87 fyk (d'‐
Check Check Check
MRd =0.87 fyk Ast (d‐
D
istance
xu = 0.87 fyk Ast /
Area of steel provided
MRD/z > MED/z + ∆Fd
Provided < Ast Max
from
Ast,provided > Ast
centreline of
0.362 fck b
Ast Calc. < Ast
Section
0.416 xu)
0.416 xu)
Ast Max
bottom slab
MED Ast, z = d‐ MED/z
Ast min
(m) Overall
(Sagging) b depth D d Dia Spacing Provided xmax Check ∆Fd 0.416 xu +∆Fd MRD/z
min
2 2 2 2
kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm kN m kN kNm kNm/m
Mid Span 159 1000 400 315 20 175 1795 205 60 UR, OK 1518 78400 OK 473 OK 41.5 290 589 188 648 OK
0 175
36
Distribution steel at bottom of bottom slab: (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.6.1.1)
2
D
istribu on Reinforcement : At Least 20% of the main Reinforcement = 359 mm
Provide 12 @ 175 mm c/c = 646 mm2 OK
B) SLS STRESS CHECK
Rare Load combination. Quasi Permanent Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
.‐m x As + √ ( m2 x AS + 2 x m x As x b x d )
2
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) m = Es / Ecm' dc (depth of neutral axis) =
MST + (1+ Φ)* MQP b
3 2
MST = MRARE ‐MQP INA (Transformed) = b x dc /3 + m x As x (d ‐ dc)
m = Es / Ec,eq
Flexural tensile Strength: Compressive stress in concrete σc = MRARE x dc / INA
where, Tensile stress in steel σs = m x MRARE x (d ‐ dc ) / INA
fctm,fl = mean Flexural tensile strength of solid beam
h = total depth of member in mm
Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations
D
istance Checking Section
Cracked or Uncracked
Finding Stresses considering Cracked Section
from
centreline of N.A.
Section Modular Comp Max C. Tensile Max T
bottom slab MED Ast, σ Cracked/ ratio depth INA
(m)
stress Stress Check stress Stress Check
(Sagging) b d Provided I Y = d/2 (Stress) fctm,fl Uncracked (dc)
kNm mm mm mm
2
mm
4
mm Mpa Mpa mm mm4 Mpa Mpa Mpa Mpa
SLS (Rare Combination)
Mid Span 108 1000 315 1795 3E+09 200 8.29 3 Cracked 15.8 108 2E+09 7.2 14.4 OK 216 249 OK
SLS (Quasi Permanent Combination)
Mid Span 32 1000 315 1795 3E+09 200 2.46 3 Uncracked 15.8 108 2E+09 2.1 10.8 OK 64 332 OK
37
C
) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)
1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control h k
D
istance from centreline As,min =kc k fct,eff 0.00 1.00
b h d Act =bh/2 σs = fyk As,provided Check
Section of bottom slab (m) k kc Act /σs 0.30 1.00
mm mm mm mm2 Mpa mm2 mm2 0.80 0.65
Mid Span 0.000 1000 400 315 200000 415 1.0 0.4 559 1795 OK 3.00 0.65
2) CHECK FOR MAXIMUM SPACING b/w bars.
D
istance from centreline Spacing b/w bars
Bar diameter Cover
Section of bottom slab (m) Provided Calculated Check
mm mm mm mm
Mid Span 0.000 20 75 175 425 OK
3) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
x =
istance from centreline hc,eff = Min [ 2.5 (
D ρpeff = Srmax =3.4c + 0.17 Φ neutral αe = esm ‐ ecm =Max [ [ σ sc ‐ kt fct,eff ( 1+ αe
Aceff = hc,eff *b As provided σsc kt wk Check
Section of bottom slab (m) h ‐ d ) , ( h ‐ x/3 ) , As/Ac,eff /ρPeff axis Es/Ecm' ρP,eff ) / ρP,eff ] /Es , 0.6 σsc/Es ]
h/2] depth
mm mm2 mm2 mm Mpa mm mm
Mid Span 0.000 200 200000 1795 0.009 634 64 108 0.5 15.8 0.000192 0.122 OK
38
DESIGN OF BOTTOM SLAB
SUPPORT ‐ HOGGING
Depth of member at mid span (D) = 400 mm
Width of the member (b) = 1000 mm
MATERIAL PROPERTIES :
Grade of concrete, fck = 30 MPa PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
Mean value of concrete compressive strength, fcm = 40 MPa 1) Permissble concrete compressive stresses
Grade of Reinforcement = 415 MPa Load Combination Permissble Stress
fywd 0.8 fyk = 332 MPa SLS Rare 0.48 fck = 14.4 MPa
Clear cover of bottom slab = 75 mm SLS QP 0.36 fck = 10.8 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity steel Es = 200000 MPa
For short Term loading Ecm = 31187 MPa
For long Term loading Ecm' = 12651 MPa 2) Permissble Tensile stress in SLS Rare 0.6 fy = 249 MPa
fctm = 2.50 MPa steel SLS QP 0.8 fy = 332 MPa
fcteff = Max of 2.9 Mpa or fctm = 2.90 MPa 3) Permissible crack width wk
fcd = 13.50 MPa SLS QP Load combination = 0.3 mm
Cross sectional Area, Ac = 1.960 m2
Perimeter in contact with atmosphere u = 10.60 m Maximum Reinforcement
Notational size ho = 369.81 mm [ Tension Reinf. ] ≤ 0.025AC At section other than Laps
Age of concrete at the time of loading = 90 days [ Tension + Compression ] ≤ 0.04AC At any section
t∞ considered = 25550 days Where AC = Gross Cross section Area of Concrete
Creep factor Φ= 1.465
εuk = 0 00208
0.00208 Minimum Reinforcement :
Minimum Reinforcement :
εud = 0.0018675 Ast min = Max [ 0.26 fctm / fyk bt d , 0.0013 bt d ] (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.5.1.1)
εcu2 = 0.0035 bt = Mean width of Tension zone.
xumax/d = 0.6521
A) ULS CAPACITY CHECK (Bottom Slab Hogging)
Check Check Check
MRd =0.87 fyk Ast (d‐
Ast,cal =M/ 0.87 fyk
D
istance
xu = 0.87 fyk Ast /
Area of steel provided
MRD/z > MED/z + ∆Fd
Provided < Ast Max
from
Ast,provided > Ast
(d'‐0.416 xu)
centreline of
0.362 fck b
Ast Calc. < Ast
Section
0.416 xu)
Ast Max
bottom slab
MED Ast, z = d‐ MED/z
Ast min
(m) Overall
(Hogging) b depth D d Dia Spacing Provided xmax Check ∆Fd 0.416 xu +∆Fd MRD/z
min
2 2
kNm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm2 mm2 kN m kN kNm kNm/m
Face of Support 192 1000 483 398.333 20 175 1795 260 60 UR, OK 1424 78400 OK 598 OK 113 374 627 242 648 OK
0 175
39
Distribution steel at bottom of top slab: (Refer IRC:112 clause 16.6.1.1)
2
D
istribu on Reinforcement : At Least 20% of the main Reinforcement = 359 mm
Provide 12 @ 175 mm c/c = 646 mm2 OK
B) SLS STRESS CHECK
Rare Load combination. Quasi Permanent Load Combination Formula used for calculation of stress
.‐m x As + √ ( m2 x AS + 2 x m x As x b x d )
2
Ec,eq = Ecm*(MQP+MST) m = Es / Ecm' dc (depth of neutral axis) =
MST + (1+ Φ)* MQP b
b x dc /3 + m x As x (d ‐ dc)2
3
MST = MRARE ‐MQP INA (Transformed) =
m = Es / Ec,eq
Flexural tensile Strength: Compressive stress in concrete σc = MRARE x dc / INA
where, Tensile stress in steel σs = m x MRARE x (d ‐ dc ) / INA
fctm,fl = mean Flexural tensile strength of solid beam
h = total depth of member in mm
Stress Check for SLS Load Combinations
D
istance Checking Section
Cracked or Uncracked
Finding Stresses considering Cracked Section
from
centreline of N.A.
Section Modular Comp Max C. Tensile Max T
bottom slab MED Ast, σ Cracked/ depth INA
(m)
ratio stress Stress Check stress Stress Check
(Hogging) b d Provided I Y = d/2 (Stress) fctm,fl Uncracked (dc)
4
kNm
k mm mm mm2
2
mm4 mm Mpa Mpa mm mm4 Mpa Mpa
Mpa Mpa Mpa
SLS (Rare Combination)
Face of
132 1000 398.33 1795.2 5E+09 241.67 6.1 2.792 Cracked 15.8 125 3E+09 5.9 14.4 OK 206 249 OK
Support
SLS (Quasi Permanent Combination)
Face of
48 1000 398.33 1795.2 5E+09 241.67 2.2 2.792 Uncracked 15.8 125 3E+09 2.2 10.8 OK 75 332 OK
Support
40
C
) SLS CRACK WIDTH CHECK (QUASI PERMANENT LOAD COMBINATION)
1) CHECK Ast,min for crack control
D
istance from centreline
Act =bh/2 σs = fyk
As,min =kc k fct,eff Act
As,provided
h k
of bottom slab (m)
b h d Check
Section k kc /σs 0.00 1.00
2
mm mm mm mm Mpa mm2 mm
2
0.30 1.00
Face of 0.000 241666.6667 676 1795
1000 483.33 398.33 415 1.00 0.4 OK 0.80 0.65
Support
2) CHECK FOR MAXIMUM SPACING b/w bars.
D
istance from centreline Spacing b/w bars
of bottom slab (m)
Bar diameter Cover
Section Provided Calculated Check
mm mm mm mm
Face of 0.000 20 75 175 425 OK
Support
3) CHECK FOR CRACK WIDTH ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
x =
hc,eff = Min [ 2.5 (
D
istance from centreline ρpeff = Srmax =3.4c + 0.17 Φ neutral αe = esm ‐ ecm =Max [ [ σ sc ‐ kt fct,eff ( 1+ αe
h ‐ d ) , ( h ‐ x/3 ) , Aceff = hc,eff *b As provided σsc kt wk Check
Section of bottom slab (m) As/Ac,eff /ρPeff axis Es/Ecm' ρP,eff ) / ρP,eff ] /Es , 0.6 σsc/Es ]
h/2]
depth
mm mm2 mm
2
mm Mpa mm mm
Face of
0.000 213 212500 1795 0.008 657.46 75 125 0.5 15.809 0.000225 0.148 OK
Support
41
D) CHECK FOR SHEAR : ( IRC 112 / clause 10.3.2 (2) )
Check of Shear Reinforcement Requirement
3/2
k= Min [ 1 + ρ1 = Min [ Asl/bw d , νmin = 0.031 k VRdc =Max [ ( 0.12 k (80 ρ1 fck )0.33 +
VED β βVED d bw Asl 1/2
σcp Check
Load combination √200/d , 2 ] 0.02 ] fck 0.15 σcp ) bw d , (νmin +0.15σcp ) bw d ]
2
T T mm mm mm Mpa Tonne
ULS
Face of Support 225 0.50 113 398.333 1000 1.709 1795.2 0.005 0.379 0 179 No Shear reinf. Required
Check for Maximum Shear Capacity :
D
istance from centreline ‐1
VED bw d z =0.9d αcw ν1 Vrd max = αcw * bw * z *ν1 * fcd /2 Check θ = 0.5 sin [ 2*VNS / (αcw * bw * z * θ adopted ∆Fd = 0.5 VED cotθ
Section of bottom slab (m)
v1 * f d) ]
kN mm mm mm kN deg deg kN
Face of #REF! 359 1452 4.457 45 112.5
225 1000 398.33 1 0.6 OK
Support
∆Fd = Additional Tensile force, to be accounted in longitudinal reinforcement
42
Calculation of Base Pressure
Load Factor for Base Pressure
IRC 6:2014 Table 3.4 Column 2
Permanent Loads (Dead Load, SIDL except Surfacing = 1
Surfacing = 1
Live Load(Leading Load) = 1
Overall Span of Box = 5.30 m
Box Barrel Length Considered = 5.30 m
3
Unit Weight of Concrete = 25 kN/m
1) Self Weight of Box:
Box cross sectional area = 3.7 m2
Total Box Weight = 494 kN
Factored Total Weight of Box = 494 kN
2) SIDL (Wearing Coat,Crash Barrier, Footpath etc)
2
Earth Fill/Wearing Coat = 1.430 kN/m
Crash Barrier = 13.0 kN/m
Width of Crash Barrier = 0.5 m
Total Weight of Wearing Coat over box = 40.2 kN
Total Weight of Crash barrier = 251.8 kN
Total SIDL = 291.9 kN
Factored SIDL Load = 291.9 kN
3) Live Load
(70R Tracked Load) = 324 kN
Factored Live Load = 324 kN
Maximum Eccentricity of LL from c/l of carriageway = ‐0.170 m
Eccentric Moment in Transverse Direction = ‐55.04 kNm
4
Inertia of base about Longitudinal axis = 65.75 m
Area of Base = 28.09 m2
2
Maximum Base Pressure due to SIDL = 291.92 = 10.39 kN/m
28.09
43
FACTORS USED IN COMBINATION OF FORCES
SLS
L oads ULS
Rare QP
DL 1.35 1.00 1.00
44
Table 6.5 Stress and Deformation Characteristics for Normal Concrete
Strength classes for Concrete
fck fcm fctm fctk,0.05 fctk,0.95 Ecm
e cl (0/00) e cul (0/00) e 2 (0/00) e cu2 (0/00) h e 3 (0/00) e cu3 (0/00)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (GPa)
M15 15 25 1.6 1.1 2.0 27 1.8 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M20 20 30 1.9 1.3 2.5 29 1.9 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M25 25 35 2.2 1.5 2.9 30 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M30 30 40 2.5 1.7 3.2 31 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M35 35 45 2.8 1.9 3.6 32 2.1 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M40 40 50 3.0 2.1 3.9 33 2.2 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M45 45 55 3.3 2.3 4.3 34 2.3 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M50 50 60 3.5 2.5 4.6 35 2.3 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M55 55 65 3.7 2.6 4.9 36 2.4 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M60 60 70 4.0 2.8 5.2 37 2.4 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 1.8 3.5
M65 65 75 4.1 2.9 5.4 38 2.5 3.4 2.1 3.3 1.9 1.8 3.3
M70 70 80 4.3 3.0 5.6 38 2.5 3.2 2.2 3.1 1.7 1.8 3.1
M75 75 85 4.4 3.1 5.7 39 2.6 3.0 2.3 2.9 1.6 1.9 2.9
M80 80 90 4.5 3.2 5.9 40 2.6 2.9 2.3 2.8 1.5 1.9 2.8
M85 85 95 4.7 3.3 6.1 40 2.7 2.9 2.4 2.7 1.5 2.0 2.7
M90 90 100 4.8 3.3 6.2 41 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.6 1.4 2.1 2.6
1 Strength designation of concrete,(based on charactristic strength) and corresponding properties to be used in the design are
given below. The strains are expressed in per thousand by 0/00 sign.
2 The tabulated values of Ecm are for quartzite/granite aggregate. For other aggregates, they should be multiplied by factors as
given below
Lime stone = 0.9 , Sand Stone = 0.7 , Basalt = 1.2
Table 6.1 Grades of Reinforced Steel
Type of Steel Grade/Designation Fy
Mild Steel(MS) Grade I
Fe 415 415
Fe 415D 415
High yield strength Fe 500 500
deformed steel Fe 500D 500
(HYSD Steel) Fe 550 550
Fe 550D 550
Fe 600 600
45
Design of Box Culvert
SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF MINOR BRIDGE 1 x 4.5 x 2.5 with 0.0 m Earth Cushion
Shape of Bar
Sr.No. Bar Mark Diameter Spacing
(Not to Scale)
5 ts5 12 4 ‐ Nos
6 ts6 12 2 ‐ Nos
7 ts7 16 175
1700
9 w1 16 175
1700
290
10 w2 16 175
290
19 bs5 12 4 ‐ Nos
20 bs6 12 2 ‐ Nos
21 bs7 20 175
200
22 h1 12 175
200
200
23 h2 12 175
200
46