Understanding Latitude and Longitude

Latitude and Longitude: Your Global Address

Every location on earth has a global address. Because the address is in numbers, people can
communicate about location no matter what language they might speak. A global address is given as
two numbers called coordinates. The two numbers are a location's latitude number and its longitude
number ("Lat/Long").

Credit: Illinois State University

Grid Mapping
Using Lat/Long is different from using a street address. Instead of having a specific street address,
Lat/Long works with a numbered grid system, like what you see when you look at graph paper. It has
horizontal lines and vertical lines that intersect. A location can be mapped or found on a grid system
simply by giving two numbers which are the location's horizontal and vertical coordinates; or, to say it
another way, the "intersection" where the place is located).

 See Where in the World Lesson

Grid Mapping a Globe:

Latitude and Longitude lines are a grid map system too. But instead of being straight lines on a flat
surface, Lat/Long lines encircle the Earth, either as horizontal circles or vertical half circles.

Latitude
Horizontal mapping lines on Earth are lines of latitude. They are known as "parallels" of latitude,
because they run parallel to the equator. One simple way to visualize this might be to think about
having imaginary horizontal "hula hoops" around the earth, with the biggest hoop around the equator,
and then progressively smaller ones stacked above and below it to reach the North and South
Poles. (Can you think of other ways to visualize the parallels of Latitude?)

Think about having imaginary

horizontal "hula hoops" around
the earth, with the biggest hoop
around the equator, and then
progressively smaller ones
stacked above and below it to
reach the North and South Poles

Latitude lines are a numerical way to measure how far north or south of the equator a place is located.
The equator is the starting point for measuring latitude--that's why it's marked as 0 degrees latitude.
The number of latitude degrees will be larger the further away from the equator the place is located, all
the way up to 90 degrees latitude at the poles. Latitude locations are given as __ degrees North or __
degrees South.

Longitude
Vertical mapping lines on Earth are lines of longitude, known as "meridians". One simple way to
visualize this might be to think about having hula hoops cut in half, vertically positioned with one end
at the North Pole and the other at the South Pole.

Visualize hula hoops cut in half,

vertically positioned with one
end at the North Pole and the
other at the South Pole.

Longitude lines are a numerical way to show/measure how far a location is east or west of a universal
vertical line called the Prime Meridian. This Prime Meridian line runs vertically, north and south, right
over the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. As
the vertical starting point for longitude, the Prime Meridian is numbered 0 degrees longitude.

To measure longitude east or west of the Prime Meridian, there are 180 vertical longitude lines east of
the Prime Meridian and 180 vertical longitude lines west of the Prime Meridian, so longitude locations
are given as __ degrees east or __ degrees west. The 180 degree line is a single vertical line called the
International Date Line, and it is directly opposite of the Prime Meridian.
 COMMON POULTRY AND LIVESTOCK FARM TOOLS SAFETY PRACTICES DURING OPERATIONS OF FARM
GARDEN TOOLS TOOLS
 Spade
 Bolo 1. Safety glasses
 Types of Bolo 2. Protection for the ears
1. All-purpose bolo 3. Knowing the right tools for the job
2. Haras 4. Correct method of using tools
3. Kutsilyo 5. The right clothes
4. Bolo-guna 6. Tool inspection
5. Garab 7. Cleanliness in the work area
6. Pinuti 8. Care with particular tools
7. Sundang
9. Keep tools in place
 Spading fork
10. Lighting
 Rake
 Shovel ESTIMATION AND CALCULATION IN POULTRY
ELECTRIC TOOLS PRODUCTION
1. a circular saw; and
2. a drill/driver  Types of feed
HAND TOOLS  Starter
1. tape measure  Grower
2. claw hammer  Finisher
3. pliers  Feeding methods
4. a socket and driver set  Restricted feeding
5. adjustable wrenches  Ad libitum feeding
6. a screwdriver  Combination of ad libitum and restricted feeding
FENCING TOOLS
COMPUTING A SAMPLE GATHERED DATA IN BROILER
1. Carpenter’s level
PRODUCTION
2. Steel tape
3. Power digger ITEMS FOR COMPUTATION
4. Hand digger I. EXPENSES
5. Steel post drive 1. Cost of 105 heads of ―day-old chicks‖ at P---------- each P-----
6. Stretching clamp 2. Cost of feeds
7. Double jack stretcher 2.1--------- kilograms of booster at P-------- per kg. ---------
8. Fencing pliers 2.2 -------- kilograms of starter at P ------- per kg. ---------
9. Post puller 2.3 ------- kilograms of finisher at P -------- per kg. ------------
Miscellaneous 3 Cost of vaccines and supplements ---------P -----------
1. Pocket knives 4. Cost of light and heat ---------------------- P------------
2. Flashlights 5. Cost of water -------------------------------- P -----------
6. Others ----------------------------------------- P ----------- (this
3. Hoses
include labor cost = P300/day)
4. Digging bar

EQUIPMENT IN POULTRY PRODUCTION II. RECEIPTS FROM SALES

1. Total sale of ____ kg. (live weight) at ____ per kg. ____P_______
1. Dropping board 2. Sale of ___ empty bags of feeds at P __per bag ____P__________
2. Perches 3. Sale of bags of manure at P _________per bag ____P_______
3. Nest
III. STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS
4. Feeding troughs
Average live weight of broiler is 1.75 kg. Broiler Cost per kilogram
5. Drinking troughs (live weight) is P 98.00
6. Feed bins TOTAL SALES ______________________
7. Incubator LESS EXPENSE ______________________
8. Brooder RETURN ON INVESTMENTS (ROI)_______________________
EQUIPMENT IN SWINE PRODUCTION

1. Breeding crate
2. Farrowing crate or stall
3. Heat lamps and brooders
4. Water system
5. Shipping crate
6. Castration rack
7. Feed cart
8. Self feeders
9. Waterers
10. Livestock trailer
11. Pick-up truck
 POULTRY HOUSING SYSTEM 5. Heights
6. Machinery
Types of poultry housing:
7. Noise pollution
1. Free – range or extensive system
8. Vehicles
2. Semi - intensive system
9. Water
3. Folding unit system
10. Weather
4. Intensive system
a. Battery system
b. Deep litter system
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
 coveralls
ORIENTATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF A  googles
 rubber boots
POULTRY HOUSE
 long pants over boots
Types of Roofs for Poultry Houses
 hearing protection
 There are various types of construction. The
 respiratory protective equipment (RPE)
construction may be determined by the following
 waterproof hat
factors:
 wet weather clothing
1. availability of materials
 long rubber gloves
2. amount of investment BASIC FIRST AID IN FARMING OPERATION
3. size of operations  Acetaminophen
 Types of Roofs used in Poultry Houses  Adhesive bandages
1. Shed or single span type  Adhesive tape
2. Cable or double span  Alcohol prep pads
3. Monitor type  Alcohol-based hand sanitizing gel
4. Semi-monitor type  Antibiotic ointment
 Assorted adhesive bandages
A SAMPLE PLAN AND HOUSE DESIGN OF A  Chemical heat packs
POULTRY HOUSE  Elastic bandages, 3-inch-wide
 Gauze bandage, 3-inch roll
DIFFERENT DESIGNS OF VENTILATION  Ibuprofen
SYSTEM  Non-latex disposable gloves
a. Natural ventilation  Oral antihistamine
b. Automatically controlled natural ventilation  Over-the-counter diarrhea
system  Medication
c. Fan ventilation system  Self-adhesive bandage, 2-inch roll
BUILDING PIG HOUSES  Soap
a. Floor construction  Sterile gauze pads, 3-x-3-inch
b. Ground Pen  Sterile gauze pads, 4-x-4-inch
c. Slatted flooring  Sunscreen

SAMPLE PLAN OF TYPICAL BACKYARD HOG BASIC FIRST AID PROCEDURES

HOUSE A. Injury treatment
ACCIDENT PREVENTION SIGNS AND TAGS 1. Nose bleeds
2. Animal bites
 Danger Signs
3. Serious falls
 Caution Signs 4. Severe wounds
 Exit Signs 5. Small wounds
 Safety Instructions Signs 6. Bruises
 Directional Signs B. Burns
 Traffic Signs
SIGNALING 1. 1st degree
 Flagmen 2. 2nd degree
3. 3rd degree
 Barricades

AREAS OF CONCERN FOR FARM SAFETY

1. Animals
2. Chemicals
3. Confined spaces
4. Electricity