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D512 – 12
is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without adversely 11.3 Mercuric Nitrate Solution, Standard (0.0125M;
affecting the precision and bias of the test method. Type II 0.025N)—Dissolve 4.2830 g of mercuric nitrate
water was specified at the time of round robin testing of this (Hg(NO3)2·H2O) in 50 mL of water acidified with 0.5 mL of
test method. concentrated nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42). Dilute the acidi-
fied Hg(NO3)2 solution with water to 1 L. Filter if necessary,
6. Sampling and standardize against the standard sodium chloride (NaCl)
6.1 Collect the sample in accordance with Practice D1066 solution, using the procedure described in Section 12 (see Note
and Practices D3370, as applicable. 2).
NOTE 2—Sharpness of End Point—The end point, while sharp, can be
TEST METHOD A—MERCURIMETRIC
improved somewhat for certain types of water by adding several drops of
TITRATION 4 a 0.05-g/L solution of xylene cyanole FF or alphazurine blue-green dye
(color index 714) to the titration sample.
7. Scope
11.4 Mixed Indicator Solution 5—Dissolve 0.5 g of crystal-
7.1 This test method can be used to determine chloride ion line diphenylcarbazone and 0.05 g of bromophenol blue
in water, provided interferences are absent (see Section 9). powder in 75 mL of ethyl alcohol (95 %), and dilute to 100 mL
7.2 Though not specified in the research report, the preci- with the alcohol (Note 3). Store in a brown bottle and discard
sion statement is presumed to have been obtained using Type II after 6 months (Note 4).
reagent water. It is the responsibility of the analyst to assure the
validity of this test method for untested matrices. NOTE 3—Methanol, isopropanol, or ethanol denatured with either
7.3 This test method was validated for the concentration methanol or isopropanol (Formula 3A) may be used if pure ethyl alcohol
is not available. Other denatured ethanol formulae are not suitable.
range 8.0 to 250 mg/L Cl−.
NOTE 4—Liquid indicator generally deteriorates to the point that it
yields no end-point color after 12 to 18 months of storage. High
8. Summary of Test Method temperature (above 37.8°C (100°F)) and exposure to bright light may
8.1 Dilute mercuric nitrate solution is added to an acidified shorten storage life. A dry powder mixture of the two indicator ingredients
sample in the presence of mixed diphenylcarbazone- is stable for much longer periods. Both the powder mixture (capsule form)
bromophenol blue indicator. The end point of the titration is the and the liquid indicator are available commercially.
formation of the blue-violet mercury diphenylcarbazone com- 11.5 Nitric Acid (3 + 997)—Mix 3 volumes of concen-
plex. trated nitric acid (HNO3, sp gr 1.42) with 997 volumes of
water.
9. Interferences 11.6 pH Indicating Paper, long-range type, covering a pH
9.1 The anions and cations generally found in water offer no range 1 to 11.
interference. Zinc, lead, nickel, and ferrous and chromous ions 11.7 Sodium Chloride Solution, Standard (0.025N)—
affect solution and end-point colors, but do not reduce the Purchase a commercially available standard or prepare as
accuracy of the titration when present in concentrations up to follows: Dry several grams of reagent grade sodium chloride
100 mg/L. Copper is tolerable up to 50 mg/L. Titration in the (NaCl) for 2 h at 110°C. Dissolve 1.4613 g of the dry salt in
presence of chromate ion requires indicator with extra back- water, and dilute to 1 L at 25°C in a volumetric flask.
ground color (alphazurine) and prior reduction for concentra- 11.8 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (10 g/L)—Dissolve 10 g of
tions above 100 mg/L. Ferric ion above 10 mg/L must be sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in water and dilute to 1 L.
reduced before titration, and sulfite ion must be oxidized.
Bromide, iodide, and fluoride will be titrated or partially 12. Procedure
titrated with the chloride. Quaternary ammonium salts also 12.1 Use a volume of sample such that it will contain not
interfere if present in significant amounts (1 to 2 mg/L). Deep more than 20 mg of chloride ion, diluting the sample with
color may also interfere. water to approximately 50-mL volume if necessary. Determine
an indicator blank on 50 mL of chloride-free water, applying
10. Apparatus the same procedure followed for the sample.
10.1 Microburet, 1 or 5-mL, with 0.01-mL graduation 12.2 Add 5 to 10 drops of mixed indicator solution, and
intervals. shake or swirl the flask. If a blue-violet or red color develops,
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4
For information of interest in connection with this test method, and supporting
5
data, refer to Clark, F. E., “Determination of Chloride in Water,” Analytical This diphenylcarbazone 1-bromophenol blue indicator is covered by U.S.
Chemistry, Vol 22, April 1950, pp. 553–555, and Vol 22, November 1950, p. 1458. Patent No. 2,784,064.
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D512 – 12
6
from 3.0 to 3.5. Acidified samples on which electrometric pH measure- 14. Precision and Bias
ments have been made can be used for chloride determinations only if the
pH electrode fill solution contains no chloride, for example, use a pH half 14.1 Precision Statement—The precision of this test method
cell and a double junction reference electrode with a sodium nitrate outer may be expressed as follows:
fill solution. Alternately, for precise pH adjustment of samples having a ST 5 0.023X 1 0.43
low-chloride concentration, instrumental measurements may be made on
one sample aliquot to determine treatment needed for another to be used
SO 5 0.002X 1 0.46
for the chloride test.
12.3 Titrate the solution and a blank with 0.025 N Hg(NO3)2 where:
solution until a blue-violet color, as viewed by transmitted S T = overall precision, mg/L,
SO = single-operator precision, mg/L, and
light, persists throughout the solution (Note 6). Record the X = concentration of chloride ion determined.
millilitres of Hg(NO3)2 solution added in each case.
14.2 Bias Statement— Recoveries of known amounts of
NOTE 6—The use of indicator modifications and the presence of heavy chloride were as follows:
metal ions can change solution colors without affecting accuracy of the Statistically
determination. For example, solutions containing alphazurine may be Amount Added, Amount Found, Significant (95 %
bright blue when neutral, grayish purple when basic, blue-green when mg/L mg/L 6 % Bias Confidence Level)
250 248 −0.80 no
acidic, and blue-violet at the chloride end point. Solutions containing 80.0 79.3 −0.88 no
about 100 mg/L nickel ion and normal mixed indicator are purple when 8.00 7.51 −6.13 yes
neutral, green when acid, and gray at the chloride end point. When
applying this test method to samples that contain colored ions or that 14.3 The information presented in 14.1 and 14.2 is derived
require modified indicator, it is recommended that the operator be familiar from round-robin testing in which five laboratories, including
with the specific color changes involved by experimenting with solutions seven operators, participated. Though not clearly specified in
prepared as standards for comparison of color effects. the test report, the matrix is presumed to be Type II reagent
12.4 If chromate ion is present in the absence of iron and in water. Of seven data sets ranked as described in Practice
concentration less than 100 mg/L, use the alphazurine modified D2777, none was rejected, nor were any data points determined
mixed indicator (Note 2) and acidify the sample as described in to be “outliers.” Three sample levels were run on at least three
12.2 but to pH 3 as indicated by pH indicating paper. Titrate the days. The method of “least squares” was used to determine the
precision statement, with correlation of 0.7394 for SO and
solution as described in 12.3, but to an olive-purple end point.
0.9993 for ST.
12.5 If chromate ion is present in the absence of iron and in
14.4 It is the responsibility of the analyst to assure the
concentration greater than 100 mg/L, add 2 mL of fresh validity of this test method for untested matrices.
hydroquinone solution and proceed as described in 12.2 and
14.5 Precision and bias for this test method conforms to
12.3.
Practice D2777 – 77, which was in place at the time of
12.6 If ferric ion is present in the absence or presence of collaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.5 of
chromate ions, use a sample of such volume as to contain no Practice D2777 – 08, these precision and bias data do meet
more than 2.5 mg of ferric ion or of ferric ion plus chromate existing requirements for interlaboratory studies of Committee
ion. Add 2 mL of fresh hydroquinone solution, and proceed as D–19 test methods.
described in 12.2 and 12.3.
12.7 If sulfite ion is present, add 0.5 mL of H2O2 to 50 mL TEST METHOD B—SILVER NITRATE TITRATION
of the sample in the Erlenmeyer flask and mix for 1 min. Then
proceed as described in 12.2 and 12.3. 15. Scope
15.1 This test method7 is intended primarily for water where
13. Calculation the chloride content is 5 mg/L or more, and where interferences
13.1 Calculate the chloride ion concentration, in milligrams such as color or high concentrations of heavy metal ions render
per litre, in the original sample as follows: Test Method A impracticable.
Chloride, mg/L 5 [~V S 2 Vb! 3 N 3 35 453]/S 15.2 Though not specified in the research report, the preci-
sion and bias statement is presumed to have been obtained
where: using Type II reagent water. It is the responsibility of the
VS = standard Hg(NO3)2 solution required for titration analyst to assure the validity of this test method for untested
of the sample, mL, matrices.
Vb = standard Hg(NO3)2 solution required for titration 15.3 This test method was validated for the concentration
of the blank, mL, range 8.0 to 250 mg/L Cl−.
N = normality of the Hg(NO3)2 solution (see Note 7),
S = sample used in 12.1, mL, and
35 453 = 35.453 g/mole chloride * 1000 mg/g.
6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
NOTE 7—The normality of the mercuric nitrate solution standard is be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D19-1076.
7
based on a 2:1 (Cl:Hg) reaction. Mohr, F., ANN., 97, 335 (1856).
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D512 – 12
16. Summary of Test Method section. If not, significant interferences are present and com-
16.1 Water adjusted to approximately pH 8.3 is titrated with pensation must be made; alternatively, another method must be
silver nitrate solution in the presence of potassium chromate used.
indicator. The end point is indicated by persistence of the
brick-red silver chromate color. 20. Calculation
20.1 Calculate the chloride ion concentration in the original
17. Interferences
sample, in milligrams per litre as follows:
17.1 Bromide, iodide, and sulfide are titrated along with the
Chloride, mg/L 5 [~V1 2 V2! 3 N 3 70906]/S
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participated. Of seven data sets ranked as described in Practice and bias study must be performed to demonstrate laboratory
D2777, none was rejected in the case of reagent water and one capability.
was rejected in the case of selected water matrices. Eight 30.3.2 Analyze seven replicates of a standard solution
“outlier” data points within the sets were also rejected. Four prepared from an Independent Reference Material containing a
sample levels were run on three days, and blanks were obtained mid-range concentration of chloride. The matrix and chemistry
for the water used. of the solution should be equivalent to the solution used in the
29.4 It is the responsibility of the analyst to assure the collaborative study. Each replicate must be taken through the
validity of this test method for untested matrices. complete analytical test method including any sample preser-
29.5 Precision and bias for this test method conforms to vation and pretreatment steps.
Practice D2777 – 77, which was in place at the time of 30.3.3 Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the
collaborative testing. Under the allowances made in 1.5 of seven values and compare to the acceptable ranges of bias in
Practice D2777 – 08, these precision and bias data do meet sections 14.2, 21.2 and 29.2. This study should be repeated
existing requirements for interlaboratory studies of Committee until the recoveries are within the limits given in sections 14.2,
D19 test methods. 21,.2 and 29.2. If a concentration other than the recommended
concentration is used, refer to Practice D5847 for information
30. Quality Control on applying the F test and t test in evaluating the acceptability
30.1 In order to be certain that analytical values obtained of the mean and standard deviation.
using these test methods are valid and accurate within the 30.4 Laboratory Control Sample (LCS)
confidence limits of the test, the following QC procedures must 30.4.1 To ensure that the test method is in control, analyze
be followed when analyzing for chloride. a LCS containing a mid-range concentration of chloride with
30.2 Calibration and Calibration Verification: each batch or 10 samples. If large numbers of samples are
FIG. 1 Interlaboratory Precision for Chloride Found in Reagent Water (Ion Selective Electrode)
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D512 – 12
FIG. 2 Interlaboratory Precision for Chloride Found in Selected Water Matrices (Ion Selective Electrode)
TABLE 1 Determination of Bias (Ion Selective Electrode) 30.6.2 The spike concentration plus the background concen-
Amount Amount Bias,
Statistically Significant tration of chloride must not exceed the high calibration
(95 % Confidence standard. The spike must produce a concentration in the spiked
Added, mg/L Found, mg/L 6%
Level)
sample that is 2 to 5 times the analyte concentration in the
Reagent water 1.1 1.03 −6.4 no
10.0 9.94 −0.6 no
unspiked sample, or 10 to 50 times the detection limit of the
150 148.8 −0.8 no test method, whichever is greater.
1000 992 −0.8 no 30.6.3 Calculate the percent recovery of the spike (P) using
Water matrices 1.1 1.04 −5.5 no
the following formula:
10.0 10.24 +2.4 no P 5 100 [A~Vs 1 V! – BVs# / CV
150 146.0 −2.7 no
1000 991 −0.9 no where:
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V = volume (mL) of spiking solution added.
known concentration. 30.6.4 The percent recovery of the spike shall fall within the
30.4.2 If the result is not within these limits, analysis of limits, based on the analyte concentration, listed in Guide
samples is halted until the problem is corrected, and either all D5810, Table 1. If the percent recovery is not within these
the samples in the batch must be reanalyzed, or the results must limits, a matrix interference may be present in the sample
be qualified with an indication that they do not fall within the selected for spiking. Under these circumstances, one of the
performance criteria of the test method. following remedies must be employed: the matrix interference
30.5 Method Blank must be removed, all samples in the batch must be analyzed by
30.5.1 Analyze a reagent water test blank with each batch. a test method not affected by the matrix interference, or the
The concentration of chloride found in the blank should be less results must be qualified with an indication that they do not fall
than 0.5 times the lowest calibration standard. If the concen- within the performance criteria of the test method.
tration of chloride is found above this level, analysis of
samples is halted until the contamination is eliminated, and a NOTE 12—Acceptable spike recoveries are dependent on the concen-
tration of the component of interest. See Guide D5810 for additional
blank shows no contamination at or above this level, or the
information.
results must be qualified with an indication that they do not fall
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APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
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X1. RATIONALE FOR DISCONTINUATION OF METHOD
X1.1 Former Test Method C (Colorimetric): which in turn combines with ferric to form red ferric thiocya-
X1.1.1 This test method was discontinued in 1988. The test nate. The intensity of the color, which is proportional to the
method may be found in its entirety in the 1988 Annual Book concentration of the chloride ions, is measured photometrically
of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. at a wavelength of 463 nm, or by visual comparison with
X1.1.2 This test method may be applied to waters contain- standard solutions.
ing chloride ion in concentrations from 0.10 to 10 mg/L. X1.1.4 This test method was discontinued because there
X1.1.3 Solutions of ferric ammonium sulfate and mercuric were insufficient laboratories interested in participating in
thiocyanate are added to the sample. The chloride ion reacts another collaborative study to obtain the necessary precision
with the mercuric thiocyanate to produce thiocyanate ion and bias as required by Practice D2777.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee D19 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D512 – 04)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Sept. 15, 2010.)
(1) The SI statement was added to Section 1. (6) In 20.1, corrected the factor from a 1:2 reaction to the
(2) Slightly modified 4.1, 9.1, 23.1, 24.1, 25.2, 25.3, 26.2, and correct 1:1 reaction, added note and derivation of the factor.
27.5. (7) Revised 27.7.
(3) Clarified type of reagent and drying process in 11.7.
(8) Added 21.5.
(4) Clarified the acidification process in Note 5.
(5) Added derivation of the factor to 13.1. (9) Modified various subsections of Section 30.
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