Mathematical

Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language Mathematical Language and Symbols
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
LAARNI B. NATIVIDAD
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram January 29, 2020
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Overview

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B. 1 Introduction
NATIVIDAD
Mathematics as a Language
Introduction Characteristics of the Language
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
2 Fundamental Elements of the Language of Mathematics
Fundamental
Elements of Numbers
the Language
of Sets
Mathematics Set Operations
Numbers
Sets Venn Diagram
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Relation
Functions
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
Binary and Unary Operations
 Introduction
Mathematics as a Language

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
♥ Mathematics is known as the language of Science.
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
♥ Different notations and terminologies are commonly used
Fundamental in learning and studying Mathematics.
Elements of
the Language ♥ Having a systematic notation using different symbols and
of
Mathematics graphical presentations makes learning Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
compact and focused.
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Introduction
Characteristics of the Language

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
♥ A common reason why people have trouble in
Introduction understanding mathematics is not due to the ideas being
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
difficult, but because they cannot understand a language
Language
that is foreign to them.
Fundamental
Elements of ♥ The Language of Mathematics, particularly the symbols
the Language
of being used in Mathematics, has 3 characteristics:
Mathematics
Numbers
Precise - must be able to distinguish different thoughts.
Sets Concise - must be able to express more concepts.
Set Operations
Venn Diagram Powerful - must be able to express complex thoughts with
Relation
Functions
ease.
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Fundamental Elements of the Language of
Mathematics
Numbers as an Element of Mathematical Language

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
♥ Numbers are the most commonly known symbol that
Characteristics of the
Language represents Mathematics.
Fundamental
Elements of
♥ It specifies a certain value or quantity.
the Language
of ♥ We currently use the Hindu-Arabic number system
Mathematics
Numbers
represented by ten symbols (0,1,2,...,9).
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Numbers as an Element of Mathematical Language
Hierarchy of Numbers

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Sets

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B. Definition
NATIVIDAD
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct objects. Objects
Introduction
Mathematics as a
that belong in a set are called its elements or members of the
Language
Characteristics of the
set. Notation: p ∈ A.
Language

Fundamental
Elements of Example
the Language
of
Mathematics
1. A = {a, e, i, o, u}. This is called the tabular form of the
Numbers set or the roster method.
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
2. B = {x : x is an even integer, x > 0}. This is called the
Relation
Functions
set-builder notation or rule method .
Binary and Unary
Operations 3. E = {x : x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0}
Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD ♥ Finite Set is a set which has a finite (definite) number of
elements.
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
♥ Infinite Set is a set which has an infinite (indefinite)
Characteristics of the
Language number of elements.
Fundamental
Elements of
♥ The Universal Set is the set which contains all the
the Language
of
elements being considered. This is commonly denoted by
Mathematics the letter U.
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
♥ An Empty Set, more commonly known as a Null Set, is a
Venn Diagram
Relation
set which has no elements. Such sets are denoted by ∅ or
Functions {}.
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Sets

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction ♥ Unit Set is a set which has a single element.

Mathematics as a
Language ♥ Two sets are said to be Equal if they have exactly the
Characteristics of the
Language
same elements.
Fundamental
Elements of ♥ The Cardinality of a set A, denoted by |A|, is the number
the Language
of of elements in set A.
Mathematics
Numbers ♥ Two sets are said to be Equivalent if they both have the
Sets
Set Operations same cardinality.
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Cardinality of Infinite Sets

Mathematical
Language and ℵ0 , (aleph-naught, aleph-zero, or the German term
Symbols
Aleph-null), is the cadinality of of all natural numbers, and
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD is an infinite cardinality.
A set has cardinality ℵ0 if and only if it is countably
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
infinite, that is, there is a bijection (one-to-one
Characteristics of the
Language
correspondence) between it and the natural numbers.
Fundamental
Elements of Example
the Language
of the set of all even numbers, the set of all odd numbers
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
the set of all prime numbers, the set of all composite
Set Operations numbers
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
the set of all integers
Binary and Unary
Operations the set of all rational numbers
The cardinality of the set of real numbers (cardinality of
the continuum) is 2ℵ0 .
 Sets

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD ♥ Two sets are said to be Joint if they have at least one
Introduction
common element. Otherwise, they are Disjoint.
Mathematics as a
Language ♥ A set, say A, is called a subset of another set, say B, if
Characteristics of the
Language every element of A can be found in B. This is denoted by
Fundamental
Elements of
A ⊆ B.
the Language
of ♥ If A is a subset of B, and there is an element of B that is
Mathematics
Numbers
not in A, then A is called a proper subset of B. This is
Sets
Set Operations
denoted by A ⊂ B
Venn Diagram
Relation
♥ If A is any set, then A is the improper subset of A. Any
Functions
Binary and Unary
other subset of A is a proper subset of A.
Operations
 Sets
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Consider the following:
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
A = {x : x ∈ Z, −2 ≤ x ≤ 4}
Characteristics of the
Language B = {x : x ∈ Z, x ≤ 0}
Fundamental
Elements of C = {x : x ∈ Z, 1 ≤ x ≤ 7}
the Language
of D = {x : x is an even prime}
Mathematics
Numbers E = {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
F = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Sets
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD Answer the following:
Introduction 1. Which sets are infinite? Which are finite?
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the 2. What is the cardinality of the sets A, B, C,D, E, F ?
Language

Fundamental 3. Which pair of sets are Equal?

Elements of
the Language 4. Which pair of sets are Equivalent?
of
Mathematics
Numbers
5. Identify pairs of Joint and Disjoint Sets.
Sets
Set Operations
6. Which set is a proper subset of A?
Venn Diagram
Relation 7. Which set is an improper subset of A?
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Set Operations

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD Definition
Introduction For two sets A and B, the union of A and B is denoted by A ∪ B
Mathematics as a
Language
and is defined as the set which contains all distinct elements
Characteristics of the
Language found on either A or B. A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}.
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Definition
Mathematics
Numbers
For two sets A and B, the intersection of A and B is denoted
Sets by A ∩ B and is defined as the set which contains all elements
Set Operations
Venn Diagram which can be found on both A and B.
Relation
Functions A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}.
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Set Operations

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Definition
Language
The complement of a given set, say A, is the set containing
Fundamental
Elements of elements of U which are not in A. This is denoted by Ac .
the Language
of Ac = {x : x ∈
/ A, x ∈ U}.
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Difference A \ B

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
Definition
Fundamental The set of elements which belong to A but not in B. Notation:
Elements of
the Language A \ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ / B}.
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Set Operations
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
Consider the following sets:
NATIVIDAD
U = {1, 2, 3, · · · , 10}
Introduction
Mathematics as a
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
B = {1, 3, 6, 9, }
Fundamental C = {4, 7, 9, 10}
Elements of
the Language
of
List the elements of the following sets:
Mathematics
Numbers 1. (AUB)c ∪ C
Sets
Set Operations 2. B ∩ (C ∪ Ac )
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
3. (Ac ∪ B c ) ∩ C c
Binary and Unary
Operations 4. B c \ (C ∪ Ac )
 Venn Diagram

Mathematical
Language and Definition
Symbols
A Venn diagram is a pictorial representation of sets where sets
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD are represented by enclosed areas in the plane.
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Venn Diagram
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B. Example
NATIVIDAD
Consider the following data among 110 students in college
Introduction
Mathematics as a
dormitory:
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
30 students are on a list A(taking Accounting)
Fundamental 35 students are on a list B (taking Biology)
Elements of
the Language
of
20 students are on both lists
Mathematics
Numbers Find the number of students:
Sets
Set Operations a. on list or B
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
b. on exactly one of the two lists
Binary and Unary
Operations c. on neither list.
 Venn Diagram
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols Example
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Consider the following data for 120 mathematics students:
Introduction
65 study French, 20 study French and German
Mathematics as a
Language 45 study German, 25 study French and Russian
Characteristics of the
Language
42 study Russian, 15 study German and Russian
Fundamental
Elements of 8 study all three languages
the Language
of
Mathematics
Answer the following:
Numbers
Sets
a. Construct the Venn diagram.
Set Operations
Venn Diagram b. Find the number of students studying at least one of the
Relation
Functions three languages.
Binary and Unary
Operations
c. Find the number of students studying:? exactly one,
language, and ? exactly two languages.
 Venn Diagram
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Example
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
In a town 85% of the people speak English, 40% speak Korean
Fundamental and 20% speak Spanish. Also 32% speak English and Korean,
Elements of
the Language 13% speak English and Spanish, and 10% speak Korean and
of
Mathematics
Spanish, find the percentage of people who can speak all the
Numbers
Sets
three languages.
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Properties of Real Numbers

Mathematical
Language and
Rules concerning the addition and multiplication of the real
Symbols numbers R:
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
a. Associative law for addition and multiplication:
Introduction (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), (ab)c = a(bc)
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
b. Commutative law for addition and multiplication:
Language

Fundamental a + b = b + a, ab = ba
Elements of
the Language
of
c. Distributive law for addition and multiplication:
Mathematics
Numbers a(b + c) = ab + ac
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
d. Additive and multiplicative identities: There exists (∃) a
Relation
Functions
zero element 0 and a unity element 1 such that (3), for
Binary and Unary
Operations
any a ∈ R,
a + 0 = 0 + a = a, a·1=1·a =a
.
 Properties of Real Numbers

Mathematical
Language and
Rules concerning the addition and multiplication of the real
Symbols numbers
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
e. Multiplicative Inverse: For any (∀) number a 6= 0, there
exists an inverse a−1 such that
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language a · a−1 = a−1 · a = 1
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
f. Additive Inverse: For any number a, there exists its
Elements of
the Language
negative (−a) such that
of
Mathematics
Numbers
a + (−a) = (−a) + a = 0
Sets
Set Operations g. Subtraction and division (except by 0) are defined in R by
Venn Diagram

a · b −1
Relation
Functions a − b = a + (−b),
Binary and Unary
Operations
Note: We can add, subtract, multiply and divide (except
by 0) in R and Q, but only add, subtract and multiply in
Z.
 Ordered Pairs

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Definition
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
Let A and B be two sets. The product set or Cartesian product
Fundamental of A and B , written A × B, is the set of ordered pairs (a, b)
Elements of
the Language such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B. That is,
of
Mathematics
Numbers A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Relation

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD A binary relation or simply, a relation from A to B is a
Introduction
subset of A × B.
Mathematics as a
Language (a, b) ∈ R, we say that a is R-related to b, written aRb.
Characteristics of the
Language
The set of first coordinates is called the Domain. While
Fundamental
Elements of the set of second coordinates is called the Range.
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Example
Sets
Set Operations
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x , y , z}, and let
Venn Diagram
Relation
R = {(1, y ), (1, z), (3, y )}. Then R is a relation from A to B
Functions
Binary and Unary
since R is a subset of A × B.
Operations
 Relations
Definition

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
♥ Let A be any set. Then A × A and ∅ are subsets of A × A
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD and hence are relations on A called the universal relation
and empty relation, respectively. For any relation R on A,
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the ∅ ⊆ R ⊆ A × A.
Language

Fundamental
Elements of ♥ The identity relation on A or equality relation is the
the Language
of relation
Mathematics
Numbers
∆A = {(a, a) : a ∈ A}.
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
♥ Let R be any relation from a set A to B. The inverse of
Relation R, denoted by R −1 , is the relation from B to A given by
Functions
Binary and Unary

R −1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) ∈ R}.

Operations
 Types of Relations

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language Types of relations:
Characteristics of the
Language
♥ One to One
Fundamental
Elements of ♥ One to Many
the Language
of
Mathematics
♥ Many to One
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Relations
Pictorial Representation of Relations

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Pictorial Representation of Relations
Directed Graph of Relations on Sets

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Definition
Introduction
Mathematics as a Suppose that to each element of a set A, we assign a unique
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
element of a set B. The collection of such assignments is called
Fundamental
a function from A to B. Functions are denoted by the symbol:
Elements of
the Language
of f : A → B.
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
The set A is called the domain of the function and the set B is
Venn Diagram called the target set.
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction Definition
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Suppose f : A → B and a ∈ A. Then f (a) denotes the unique
Language
element of B which f assigns to a. The element f (a) ∈ B is
Fundamental
Elements of called the the image of a under f . The set of all image values
the Language
of is called the range or image of f . That is,
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets Im(f ) = {b ∈ B : ∃a ∈ A for which f (a) = b}.
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Notation:
Introduction
Mathematics as a f (x ) = x 2 , x 7→ x 2 , y = x2
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of First notation: x is called a variable and f is a function.
the Language
of Second notation:x is mapped to x 2
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Third notation: x is called the independent variable and y
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
is called the dependent variable.
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
Suppose f : A → B.
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD If A0 is a subset of A, then f (A0 ) denotes the set of images
Introduction of elements in A0 . That is,
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
f (A0 ) = {f (a) : a ∈ A0 }
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
f (A0 ) is called the image of A0 .
If B 0 is a subset of B, then f −1 (B 0 ) denotes the set of
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
elements of A each whose image belongs to B 0 . That is,
Set Operations

f −1 (B 0 ) = {a ∈ A : f (a) ∈ B 0 }.
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
f −1 (B 0 ) is called the inverse image or preimage of B 0 .
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
Example:
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD Definition
Introduction Consider any set A. There is a function from A into A which
Mathematics as a
Language sends each element into itself. It is called the identity function
Characteristics of the
Language on A, denoted by 1A or simply 1. That is,
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language 1A : A → A, 1A (a) = a.
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets Definition
Set Operations
Venn Diagram The graph of f is defined by:
Relation
Functions
graph of f = {(a, b) : a ∈ A, b = f (a)}.
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
The vertical line test is a visual way to determine if a curve is a
Symbols graph of a function or not.
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Example: f (x ) = x 2 − 2x − 3
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and let f : A → A be defined by
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language Find the graph of f
Characteristics of the
Language
Find f (A), the image of f .
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
Find f (S), where S = {1, 3, 5}.
of
Mathematics Find f −1 (T ), where T = {2, 3}.
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Composition of Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD Definition
Introduction Consider functions f : A → B and g : B → C , where the target
Mathematics as a
Language set B of f is the domain of g. Let a ∈ A. Then the image f (a)
Characteristics of the
Language under f is in B which is the domain of g. Accordingly, we can
Fundamental
Elements of
find the image of f (a) under the function g, i.e. g(f (a)).
the Language
of
We have a rule which assigns to each element a ∈ A, an
Mathematics element g(f (a)) in C . This give rise to a well defined function
Numbers
Sets from A to C , which is called the composition of f and g,
Set Operations
Venn Diagram denoted by g ◦ f . That is, if f : A → B and g : B → C , then
Relation
Functions
we have g ◦ f : A → C by (g ◦ f )(a) = g(f (a)).
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Composition of Functions
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Consider the following illustration:

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Composition of Function
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
Refer to the figure above. Compute
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD (g ◦ f )(a), (g ◦ f )(b), (g ◦ f )(c).
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Let f : R → R and g : R → R be defined by f (x ) = x 2
Characteristics of the
Language
and g(x ) = x + 3. Find
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
(g ◦ f )(2), (f ◦ g)(2).
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Let the functions f and g be defined by f (x ) = 2x + 1
Sets
Set Operations
and g(x ) = x 2 − 2. Find
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions g ◦f, f ◦ g.
Binary and Unary
Operations

Find (g ◦ f )(x ) and (f ◦ g)(x ) if f (x ) = 3x + 2 and

g(x ) = x 2 + 3x + 7.
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols Theorem
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD (Associativity of Composition of Functions.) Let f : A → B,
g : B → C , and h : C → D. Then h ◦ (g ◦ f ) = (h ◦ g) ◦ f .
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
Definition
Fundamental A function f : A → B is said to be one-to-one if different
Elements of
the Language elements in the domain A have distinct images. That is, if
of
Mathematics f (a) = f (a0 ) implies a = a0 .
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram Definition
Relation
Functions A function f : A → B is said to be onto function if every
Binary and Unary
Operations element of B is the image of some element in A. That is, if
∀b ∈ B, ∃a ∈ A such that f (a) = b.
 Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols
Definition
LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD A function f : A → B is said to be invertible if its inverse
Introduction
relation f −1 is a function from B to A. Equivalently, f : A → B
Mathematics as a
Language
is invertible if there exists a function f −1 : B → A, called the
Characteristics of the
Language
inverse of f , such that f −1 ◦ f = 1A and f ◦ f −1 = 1B .
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language Theorem
of
Mathematics A function f : A → B is invertible if and only if f is both
Numbers
Sets one-to-one and onto.
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Definition
Binary and Unary
Operations If f : A → B is both one-to-one and onto , then f is called
one-to-one correspondence between A and B.
 Functions
Example

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Consider the following illustration:
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
Language

Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of
Mathematics
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Identify all one-to-one, onto and invertible functions.
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Inverse of a Function

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Given the function f (x ), we want to find the inverse function,
Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
f −1 (x ):
Characteristics of the
Language First, replace f (x ) with y .
Fundamental
Elements of
Replace every x with a y and replace every y with an x .
the Language
of Solve the equation from Step 2 for y
Mathematics
Numbers Verify your work by checking that (f ◦ f −1 ) = x and
(f −1 ◦ f )(x ) = x .
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Inverse of a Function

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction
Mathematics as a
Language
Find the inverse of the following functions:
Characteristics of the
Language
f (x ) = 3x − 2
Fundamental √
Elements of g(x ) = x − 3
the Language
x +4
of
Mathematics
h(x ) = 2x −5
Numbers
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Operations on Functions

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction Definition
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
We define the functions:
Language

Fundamental
f + g by (f + g)(x ) = f (x ) + g(x )
Elements of
the Language f − g by (f − g)(x ) = f (x ) − g(x )
of
Mathematics fg by (f × g)(x ) = f (x ) · g(x )
Numbers
Sets f /g by (f /g)(x ) = f (x )/g(x ).
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Operations on Functions
Examples

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD

Introduction Consider the functions f (x ) = 2x + 3 and g(x ) = x 2 − 1. Find

Mathematics as a
Language the following function values:
Characteristics of the
Language
a. (f + g)(4)
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
b. (f − g)(5)
of
Mathematics c. (fg)(2)
Numbers
Sets d. (f /g)(0)
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Binary and Unary Operations

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Definition
Introduction A unary operation on a set S is a bijective function f : S → S.
Mathematics as a
Language
Characteristics of the
A unary operation is an operation with only one operand, i.e. a
Language
single input.
Fundamental
Elements of
the Language
of Example
Mathematics
Numbers Unary Operations: f : A → A, ±, ¬, !, functional
notations (trigonometric functions), superscripts (i.e AT )
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram √
Relation
and on Z.
Functions
Binary and Unary
Operations
 Binary and Unary Operations

Mathematical
Language and
Symbols

LAARNI B.
NATIVIDAD
Definition
A binary operation on a set S is an operation on two operands
Introduction
Mathematics as a (each pair x , y ∈ S) as a function f : S × S → S such that for
Language
Characteristics of the
Language
each (x , y ) ∈ S × S we have that
Fundamental (x , y ) is mapped into S, that is, f (x , y ) ∈ S.
Elements of
the Language
of
f (x , y ) is defined.
Mathematics
Numbers
(x , y ) is mapped to only one element, f (x , y ) ∈ S.
Sets
Set Operations
Venn Diagram
Relation
Example
Functions
Binary and Unary Binary operations: +, −, ×, ÷ and ◦.
Operations