2016 1st International Conference on Innovation and Challenges in Cyber Security (ICICCS 2016)
Ethical Aspects and Future of Artificial Intelligence
Narendra Kumar1, Nidhi Kharkwal2,
CSE Department, CSE Department, CSE Department,
Dr. A.P.J. AKTU, Dr. A.P.J. AKTU, Amity University,
Uttar Pradesh, India Uttar Pradesh, India Greater Noida, India
1
narender200993kumar@gmail.com, nidhikharkwal17@gmail.com, rashikohli.amity@gmail.com,4schoudhary@gn.amity.edu
2 3
Abstract: Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence shown by
machines or software. Artificial intelligence includes reasoning,
natural processing language and even various algorithms are
used to put the intelligence in the system. In this paper we
investigate motivations and expectations for the development of
Machine Intelligence. This paper also presents the role of ethics
in developing artificial intelligence. In this paper we have
compared the new emerging AI scope with the old technologies in
various fields and its advantages to the society.
Keywords: Ethics, artificial intelligence, standards, dilemmas,
super intelligence, machine intelligence
I. INTRODUCTION
Artificial Intelligence is the branch of Science that deals with
helping machines to find solutions for various complex
problems in a similar fashion like humans. It involves seeing
the characteristics of a human being, its intelligence, how he
thinks and then applying them as algorithms in a computer to
make a machine that is similar to the humans in comparison to
its intelligence. This should be done in a friendly manner.
Artificial intelligence has links not only with Computer
Science but with Math, Psychology, Cognition, Biology and
Philosophy. The participation of artificial intelligence in cyber
world is constantly growing. [3, 6, 11]. There are other uses
for artificial agents that encompass many categories of the
sciences. Ethics is a cognitive pursuit, becoming more
important. [1, 2] However super intelligence is better than
humans in the way of its thinking. It is important to provide it
with human –friendly motivations so that only its original
motivations are worked out, as super intelligence may become
very powerful. We have to think what the moral issues are and
how we can use artificial intelligence to make a better decision
for both the people and the society. [13]
978-1-5090-2084-3/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
111
Rashi Kohli3, ShakeeluddinChoudhary4
Mathematics Department,
Amity University,
Greater Noida, India
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
For the technology industry artificial industry has been
providing the solutions for complex problems. The biggest
plus point of artificial intelligence is the tireless performance
of tasks. Unlike humans who need to take a break .Artificial
agents such as Watson and Siri help us with navigation, survey
of cities, cafeteria recommendations, and medical evaluation.
[3, 6].With artificial intelligence ‘copying’ becomes easier. It
refers to performing any particular human task through the
method of artificial intelligence. These technologies have
created employment opportunities and prospects for those who
will be working in building and maintaining them. Human
being makes a decision, after taking consideration of his/her
emotions. This emotional part is absent when an artificial
mind makes decisions. Hence these decisions are more logical
and feasible.
Artificial intelligence is also used in space exploration. NASA
tests robots for exploration in areas called analogs. The
industrial robots can be used to increase the safety, quality,
production and savings. Artificial intelligence could be
considered beneficial is in the commercial and military aircraft
industry. Public and private aircraft have had feature
described as an “autopilot” for several decades now.
Household robots are becoming quite useful as there are
various tasks which can be done by them like rain gutter
cleaners, lawn mowers, window- pool cleaners. This is making
the life of the humans easier. [5, 8, 11]
Intelligent machines are replacing the monotonous and
laborious work through the method of task replication with the
help of automated machines or robots. They can be a boon to
our memory. Benefits attained by the technologies built on AI
significantly outweigh the loss of a few jobs. Tele-presence
robots have enabled the teachers, students to create a working
environment without being physically present. So with the
help of these robots even if the person is sick, he could attend
the meetings or the lectures.
The research is conducted by various scientists and
technologists with fluctuating attitudes, interests, and
motivations. Scientists tend to be keen in understanding the
basis of intelligence and cognition. They see the mysteries of
 2016 1st International Conference on Innovation and Challenges in Cyber Security (ICICCS 2016)
human thoughts and examine it. Scientists build the models
which analyses big data. They also rely on their human
intuition to create various systems. [6]Engineering-oriented
researchers are keen in building systems that behave
intelligently and this is done by using various algorithms.
Engineers use various statistical models, probability
distribution curves for making the system enriched with
intelligence.
Researchers have presented the first neurophysiologic
evidence. In this electroencephalography (EEG) was
performed in 15 healthy adults. This was done by making
them observe pictures of human or robotic hand in painful or
non-painful situations. The conclusion showed that the
descending phase of the P3 component was larger for painful
stimuli than non-painful. The ascending phase of P3 showed a
positive shift in the observer for a human in pain but not for
the robot. This test showed that humans can empathize with Fig 1.2- Planarian Regeneration
the robots same way as humans. This study would be helpful
to make human -friendly robots [4, 14]
We need to develop more and more in this field. In this paper
we will be providing a broad review of recent developments in
artificial intelligence.
As we proceed a number of ethical problems arise. The
problems in ethical aspects in generation of machines are more
complex than the automation. Ethics should be treated as
equally important to deal with the various problems in
artificial intelligence. [1] Ethics is not only a theoretical
concept but is also practically implemented by using various
algorithms and making a human-friendly system.
III. APPLICATION OF AI IN MEDICAL FIELD

Medical is the field which is constantly growing. The people

Fig 1.1-Average Amplitudes Computation of P3 (300–350ௗms)
Another experiment done in Tufts University presents the first
model of regeneration and first comprehensive model of
planarian regeneration. In this the scientists saw what were the
steps involved in planarian regeneration and with the help of
it ,designed an algorithm that would work same as biological
process of regeneration. This has shown how artificial
intelligence can be used in the biological fields. [12]
want the highest quality health care .This means that the
doctors should have detailed medical knowledge. But as due
to the limited time, they are unable to gather all the related
information. Another problem is the limitation of the human
memory. So artificial intelligence could be used to store,
organize and retrieve the information. Moreover the diagnosis
could become easier. In medical diagnosis we can create
programs that simulate expert human reasoning. We could use
rule based system. These are easy to implement. There are
rules by which these are governed. This system could be
applied to the laboratory. With the help of this, no generation
of reports is needed. So, it would decrease the workload. [7, 8,
11]

112
 2016 1st International Conference on Innovation and Challenges in Cyber Security (ICICCS 2016)

Fig 1.4- Implementing the outcomes:- AI vs Treatment-as-

usual
Fig 1.3-A fully integrated medical AI application

Artificial intelligence has made the work of doctors easier and
faster as electronic health records are used. Telemedicine are
also being used. Further not only this, we could show AI
programs as the entity relationship diagram, in which disease
could be the entity and their relationship to the patients. Entity
relationship diagram would be good for holding any
information related to the disease and patients. Machine
learning system can produce systematic description of the
conditions present in a clinic. This could be expressed by
decision tree. [9,10]
On the other hand, artificial intelligence has provided us with
easier diagnosis .The cost is also reduced. The surgery is being
done by the robots and it delivers smaller incisions, reduce
pain, shorten hospital stays which leads to reduce costs.
Tumors are being operated easily due to radio surgery. The
easier access to a patient’s file is done. We could organize it
and even retrieve it.

IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ETHICAL

PRACTICES IN AI
Traditional practices have much of the work load. We have to
maintain all the records form patient’s name till when he was
discharged. Doctors have to deal with the disease in a short
span. They are not able to identify a disease which is not much
known. The error may occur due to the human fatigue. We
know that the limitation of human memory is the reason. The
cost incurred in the traditional practices is much more.

Fig 1.5- Implementation of Entity-Relationship diagram

Virtual presence technology has made us the microbiology
data to contact with our doctor even when we are not face to
face. This has reduced the time, energy of the patient.

113
 2016 1st International Conference on Innovation and Challenges in Cyber Security (ICICCS 2016)
issues should be tested properly, accelerating the growth of
artificial intelligence. We have to maintain such ethics that it
V. ETHICS AND ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE:
would guarantee no future calamities.
Ethics is a concern with the moral behaviour of the machine
VIII. FUTURE SCOPE
which is designed and used for many purposes. Artificial
Intelligence affects our daily lives. Even when we are using ¾ With the improvement in speech recognition, in future
the services like Facebook and Google for finding what we this can be used to allow communication of AI enabled
require, artificial intelligence is used here. The ethical issues computers with humans.
are occurring as we are giving more power to a robot. ¾ In the coming future, humans could become superhuman.
Researchers should write an apt code that deals with the ¾ Implants of various lost parts of the body can be done.
ethical issues. Some ethical decisions are being faced like to ¾ Climatic change could be detected with the help of
support or oppose the development of lethal autonomous artificial intelligence.
weapons systems (LAWS).The debate has many issues. Some ¾ It would be easier to make predictions for the future.
of the people argue that the superior effectiveness and can
minimize civilian casualties. Other insists that LAWS will IX. REFERENCES
enable terrorists and it could violate fundamental principles of [1] Sturt Russel, Peter Norvig, ʊArtificial Intelligence: A Modern Approachϫ,
human dignity. [11] Third Edition PHI
[2] Nickbostrom ethics of artificial intelligence
www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/artificialintelligence.pdf.
[3]Artificial intelligence science daily
VI. ADVANTAGES OF THE APPROACH http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/artificial_intelligence/
Artificial intelligence can complete a task faster. Machines do [4]Humans can empathize with robots
not require breaks. The main positive point of artificial www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/11/151103064554.htm
[5] Developments in artificial intelligence
intelligence is the tireless performance. They are able to work
http://www.nap.edu/read/6323/chapter/11
without stopping for a minute. They don’t get bored. If a
[6] Artificial intelligence research paper 2015 www.engpaper.com/artificial-
dangerous task is given, machines don’t have any health
intelligence-research-papers-2012.htm
issues. [13]
[7]Artificial intelligence and machine learning
In medical field we use artificial intelligence to combat issues http://research.google.com/pubs/ArtificialIntelligenceandMachineLearning.ht
ml
like tumours, depressions, neurological problems, cancers. To
[8] Artificial intelligence essays and papers
explore the space we use artificial intelligence. Machines can
www.123helpme.com/search.asp?text=Artificial+Intelligence
think logically leaving the emotional part aside. [9] Artificial intelligence in medicine
Human resources are saved as a part of the work is done by http://www.openclinical.org/aiinmedicine.html
machines. Fraud detection in various banks is done through [10] artificial intelligence and medicine

artificial intelligence. Various smartphones use maps, GPS to http://groups.csail.mit.edu/medg/ftp/psz/AIM82/ch1.html

[11]Artificial intelligence applications and ethics
find directions, this all is done through artificial intelligence.
https://sites.google.com/a/cas.edu.om/ai/conclusion
[12] Planarian regeneration

VII. CONCLUSION http://now.tufts.edu/news-releases/planarian-regeneration-model-discovered-

artificial-intelligence
AI has always surprise with new innovations, ideas. They have [13] Fogel, L.: Evolutionary Computation. IEEE Press, New York, NY, USA
always been used in various projects. Artificial intelligence 1995
has given us a better and easier life. The intelligence [14]Measuring empathy for human and robot hand pain using
electroencephalography http://www.nature.com/articles/srep15924
embedded in the systems are making works easier in various
fields like military, medical, technological aspects, space
exploration. Artificial intelligence has made the complex
activities easier like in case of chess, the chess engine is
designed to count the million moves. It had also made the
problem of parallelism solved. Artificial intelligence will keep
on improving in the coming years. Keeping in mind the
developments that have taken place in this field, the ethical
issues should also been seen. Ethical issues related to artificial
intelligence should deal with writing an apt code. Ethical

114