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1 Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams repaired with dune sand mortars

2 Djeridane Madina1 Zaidi Ali2 Lakhdari M.F3


1
3 PhD Student, Structures Rehabilitation and Materials Laboratory (SREML), Laghouat
4 University, Algeria. Email mad.djeridane@lagh-univ.dz or djeridanemadina@yahoo.fr
2
5 M.sc, Ph.d, Professor, Structures Rehabilitation and Materials Laboratory (SREML),
6 Laghouat University,B.P 37G, Laghouat, Algeria, Associate Professor, University of
7 Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Email: Ali.Zaidi@USherbrooke.ca or a.zaidi@mail.lagh-univ.dz .
3
8 M.A.A Structures Rehabilitation and Materials Laboratory (SREML), Laghouat University,
9 B.P 37G, Laghouat, Algeria, Email: mf.lakhdari@mail.lagh-univ.dz
10

11 Abstract

12 The damaged beams lose more or less advanced degrees of their bearing capacity in bending
13 or shearing without reaching a state of ruin rendering them irrecoverable. In such situations, it
14 may be advisable to consider repairing damaged beams with suitable repair mortars. Several
15 works have been carried out and have led to the development of such mortars. However, some
16 aspects related to their efficiency when used in the repair of beams require further study. Thus,
17 the contribution of the repair of reinforced concrete beams with mortars to increase their bearing
18 capacity in bending or shear or both is not clearly determined. This paper presents an
19 experimental investigation to analyze the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams repaired
20 with mortars based on dune sands.
21 Keywords: Dune Sand Mortar - Reinforced Concrete Beam- Repaired Beam - Flexural
22 behavior.

23

24 1. Introduction
25
26 Repair and rehabilitation of concrete structures have recently become a great interest to
27 operators involved in the construction field.
28 The technique used to reestablish damaged structures varies from one structure to another,
29 depending on the distress type. Depending on the location and environmental conditions,
30 suitable materials should be chosen for retrofitting. From the point of view of long term
31 performance of the repaired structures [4], the repair material must has the best mechanical
32 properties and transport characteristics.
33 The increasing number of buildings suffering from various pathologies show more or less
34 pronounced degradations and require the establishment of a global strategy of repair and
35 rehabilitation.
36 It goes without saying that to be effective, any intervention aiming at the rehabilitation of
37 such works can only succeed if it is supported in advance on reliable diagnoses.
38 The development of efficient repair materials from all points of view as well as the
39 development of optimized implementation processes makes it possible to reduce the operating
40 costs of repaired structures while guaranteeing the safety and reliability of the country's
41 infrastructure.
42 Repair materials used lately at construction sites are generally categorized into two types:
43 resinous and cementitious materials. Cementitious repair materials used as grouting chemicals

1
1 must exhibit high fluidity, good infilling characteristics, segregation resistance, non-
2 shrinkage, good bonding and high durability. [2]

3 A premature debonding failure is the major problem for the patch repair. The use of steel
4 jacketing does not increase the weight of the structure significantly and saves construction
5 time when compared with reinforced concrete jacket. The steel elements can be pre-
6 fabricated, and more rapidly installed and less disruptive to building occupants than other, but
7 the drawback includes corrosion. Plate-bonding technique has many practical advantages but
8 the ultimate failure of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam strengthened for flexure occurs in a
9 brittle manner due to sudden debonding of the plate from the concrete. FRP materials have the
10 benefits of high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, can be adhesively bonded, and
11 have a stiffness comparable to that of steel. Despite its advantages over other methods, the
12 FRP strengthening technique is not entirely problem-free. It has been reported in the literature
13 that organic resins used to bind and impregnate the fibers are flammable and their behavior
14 degrade at temperatures close to the glass transition temperature ranging from 60 to 82 °C.
15 The high cost of resins and release of toxic fumes during application pose potential hazards
16 for the manual worker. The non-applicability on wet surfaces or at low temperatures, lack of
17 vapor permeability, incompatibility of resins and substrate materials, and recycling or disposal
18 of excess organic resin from a rehabilitation application are other important drawbacks for
19 application of FRP [1-3].
20 The main purpose of an overlay is to extend the service life of structure and increase the
21 structural performance and durability of wearing surface.
22 Prabhat ranjan and ramachandra (2015) [4] focused their research towards the
23 development of a novel retrofitting system using the addition of a thin overlay of Ultra High
24 performance concrete (UHPC) to reinforced concrete (RC) to enhance the performance in
25 terms of load carrying, capacity, stiffness and ductility, they found that the addition of a
26 retrofit strip on the tension face, not only improves the failure load but it can also decrease the
27 crack opening and the deflection.
28 Dong-Suk Yang and Sun-Kyu Park (2001) [2] studied the flexural behavior of reinforced
29 concrete beam using cementitious repair materials by carrying out a flexural test on a
30 damaged beam that has been repaired using normal Portland-cement mortar in one instance,
31 and polymer-cement mortar in the other instance to properly compare normal Portland-cement
32 mortar with the polymer-cement mortar repair material. In order to set the criteria for the test
33 data, a control beam was prepared. The results obtained show that polymer cement mortar has
34 better repair effects than normal cement mortar; also the normal-Portland mortar beams are
35 frail compared with the control beams and the polymer cementitious mortar beams.
36 Attari et al. (2012) [5] carried out a qualitative comparison between the different
37 reinforcement configurations and particularly their ductility. The results show that the
38 behavior of the majority of the reinforced beams was accompanied by a significant
39 improvement of the rigidity. The reinforced beams with Hybrid FRP had ductility very close
40 to that of the reference beam. These results contradict what in the past was largely believed,
41 which due to the high rigidity of most composite reinforcements, the ductility of reinforced
42 beams is reduced, causing brittle and sudden fracture.
43 The performance of reinforced concrete beam repaired with mortar using local materials need
44 more investigation. This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the flexural
45 behavior of reinforced concrete beams repaired with the cementitious repair mortar based on
46 the dune sand varying the concrete cover thickness and the reinforcement rate. The results
2
1 obtained from repaired concrete beams tested, in terms of deflections, failure mode, yielding
2 load, and the ultimate load, are compared with those obtained from the control concrete beam.
3

4 2. Experimental program
5
6 2.1 Parameters
7 The present research examines the flexural behavior of a reinforced concrete beams repaired
8 with cementitious repair materials using the normal Portland cement mortar based on the dune
9 sand applied in the tensile zone. The control reinforced concrete beams were fabricated. The
10 studied parameters of reinforced concrete beams are shown in Table 1.
11

12 Table 1: Studied parameters of reinforced concrete beams

Reinforcement Series Cover


ratio Beam thickness
PTA1 Control beam A1
𝞺= 0.0122 1.5 cm
PRA1 Repaired beam C1
PTA2 Control beam A2
𝞺= 0.0125 2 cm
PRA2 Repaired beam C2
PTB1 Control beam B1
𝞺= 0.0085 1.5 cm
PRB1 Repaired beam C3
PTB2 Control beam B2
𝞺= 0.0087 2 cm
PRB2 Repaired beam C4
PTC1 Control beam D1
𝞺= 0.0056 1.5 cm
PRC1 Repaired beam C5
PTC2 Control beam D2
𝞺= 0.0058 2 cm
PRC2 Repaired beam C6
13

14 2.2 Materials
15
16 The composition of concrete used in this study is presented in Table 2. The mechanical
17 properties of concrete used to fabricate concrete beams were determined experimentally
18 on concrete cylinders 16x32 cm according to standards. The compressive strength and the
19 tensile strength of concrete at 28 days fc28 were found to be equal to 30 MPa and 3 MPa,
20 respectively. The mechanical properties of the reinforcing steel bars used are given in
21 Table 3.
22
23 The different rates of the normal Portland cement and fine aggregates used for the cement
24 repair mortar are shown in Table 4. The mechanical properties of the repair mortar such as the
25 compressive strength and the tensile strength at 28 days of curing were found equal to 18.13
26 MPa and 5.82 MPa, respectively.
27
28
29
30
31

3
1 Table2. Mixing of concrete
Cement Water Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
400 200 623.57 1148.71
2
3
4 Table3. Properties of the reinforcing bar
Elasticity Elasticity limit shearing Ultimate limit stress, Module of elasticity,
limit bar, MPa service, MPa MPa
compressive,
tension bar
( HA), MPa
400 235 348 2.0x105
5
6
7 Table4. Composition of the cement repair mortar
Fine aggregate
(Kg/m3)
Cement Water
Alluvial w/c
(Kg/m3) Dune sand (Kg/m3)
Sand
60%
40%
350 630 420 220.5 0.63
8
9
10 2.3 Beams
11 A Total of 12 reinforced concrete beams were cast having overall dimensions of 150 mm
12 wide, 200 mm depth and 1500 mm length. Two types of 12 and 10 mm diameters of steel bars
13 were used as tensile and compression reinforcements. 6 mm diameter of steel bar was used as
14 stirrups. Shearing bars are arranged with an interval of half of the effective depth to minimize
15 the effect of the shearing force.
16 The beams after casting were removed from their moulds after 1 day and stored in water
17 cured at ambient temperature of 20°C for 28 days.
18

19 2.4 Test procedures


20 The reinforced concrete beams were subjected to four-point flexural test up to
21 failure (figure 1). All beams were instrumented with strain gauges and LVDTs to measure
22 deflections, deformations of steels bars and the concrete as well as the applied repair
23 mortar. LVDTs were installed at the mid-span to measure the deflection of the beam. The
24 strain gauges were installed on the tensioned bar before casting concrete, and also on the
25 compressed concrete at the mid-span of the beam to measure strains. All results were
26 recorded automatically using acquisition systems.
27

4
1

2 Figure 1. Four-point flexural test setup of reinforced concrete beam

4 3.Results and discussions

5 It is noted that the tensile and compressive strengths of cement repair mortars based on
6 dune-alluvial sands MSD4 increase with the age up to 28 days, as shown in figures 2 and 3,
7 respectively. This is due to the development of cement hydration in mortars as a function of
8 time . The same remark is noted for the cement mortar of alluvial sand MSA and the cement
9 mortar of dune sand MSD.
10 From these results, it can be seen clearly the increase in the compressive strength of the
11 MSA mortar which reached at 28 days 37.40 MPa followed by that of MSDA4 mortar which
12 reached 18.13 MPa then that of the MSD mortar equal to 15.3 MPa. This can be interpreted
13 by the fact that the finest granulate of the dune sand SD which has a high surface area,
14 absorbs a certain amount of water (high Water / Cement ratio) and consequently generates a
15 lack of mechanical strength. The more spreading granularity of the alluvial sand SA contained
16 in the MSDA4 mortar gives it a more compact texture that allows the maintenance of the
17 hydration reaction for a long duration which results in an increase in the resistance.

5
1

2 Figure 2. Tensile strength versus time of repair mortars

5 Figure 3. Compressive strength versus time of repair mortars

6
7

6
1 From figure 4, it can be obsreved that there is a similar evolution of the bending
2 strength of control beams and repaired beams. This is due to the development of cement
3 hydration as a function of the best adhesion between the MSDA4 mortar and the concrete.
4 This can be explained by the fact that the contact of the fresh paste of the repair mortar with
5 the porous surface of the concrete repaired promotes the penetration of the aqueous solution
6 containing the additional CHS gel in the hardened concrete matrix which results in the
7 formation of an intermediate interface layer between the concrete and the mortar alone.

9 Figure 4. Load – deflection curves at mid-span of reinforced concrete beams

10

11 4. Conclusions
12 The analyzed results of reinforced concrete beams repaired with the mortar based on the dune
13 sand allow to draw the following conclusions:
14
15 1) The repair of the beams increases the ultimate load and reduces the deflection, and
16 consequently an increase of the beam stiffness.
17
18 2) Concrete repaired with alluvial-dune sand mortar MSDA4, is able to absorb the load
19 during deformation after the appearance of the first crack. This proves the enhancement of the
20 ductility of the repaired concrete beams.
21 3) The repair shows a behavior distinct from the MSDA4 mortar depending on whether it is
22 studied alone or used as a repair material.
23
24 In order to improve the obtained results, it is recommended for the future works to use
25 adjuvant or another cement types such as over-sulfated cement CRS or increasing the cement
26 rate in mortars.

7
1 5. References
2 1. American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 440 (2008) Guide for the design and
3 construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. ACI,
4 Michigan
5 2. Dong-Suk Yang and Sun-Kyu Park An Experimental Study on the Flexural Behavior of
6 RC Beams with Cementitious Repair Materials The manuscript for this paper was submitted
7 for review on June 4, 2001.
8 3. Hollaway LC, Leeming MB (1999) Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures: using
9 externally-bonded FRP composites in structural and civil engineering. CRC Press, Florida
10 4. Prabhat Ranjan Prem, A. Ramachandra Murthy, G. Ramesh,B.H. Bharatkumar and Nagesh
11 R. Iyer (2015) Flexural Behaviour of Damaged RC Beams Strengthened with Ultra High
12 Performance Concrete. Springer, India V. Matsagar (ed.), Advances in Structural
13 Engineering,
14 5. Attari N., Amziane S., Chemrouk M. (December 2012) Flexural strengthening of concrete
15 beams using CFRP, GFRP and hybrid FRP sheets. Construction and Building Materials,
16 Vol.37, P. 746-757
17

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