10th Language Sanskrit 1 PDF

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SAMSKRITHA NANDINI-3
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Tenth Standard
No
First Language - Sanskrit
KARNATAKA TEXTBOOK SOCIETY (R)

100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd stage,
Bengaluru- 560 085.
i
PREFACE
The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new

textbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed
on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12
languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From
standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are
three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.
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NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:
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• connecting knowledge to life activities
• learning to shift from rote methods
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• enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks
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• learning experiences for the construction of knowledge
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• making examinations flexible and integrating them with

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classroom experiences
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• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country

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• making education relevant to the present and future needs.

• softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge
and the joy of learning.
• the child is the constructor of knowledge
The new books are produced based on three fundamental

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approaches namely, Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and

Integrated approach.
The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master

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skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are

integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented
in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the all
round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become
a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of
this great country, India.
ii
The most important objectives of teaching language are listening,
speaking, reading, writing and reference work. These skills have been
given a lot of importance in all the language textbooks. Along with
the inculcation of these skills, fundamental grammar, opportunities
for learners to appreciate beauty and imbibe universal life values
have been integrated in language textbooks. When learners master
these competencies, they would stop studying textbooks for the
sake of passing examinations. In order to help learners master these
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competencies, a number of paired and group activities, assignments
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and project work have been included in the textbooks. It is expected
that these activities would help learner master communicative skills.
Ultimately, it is expected that students master the art of learning to
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learn and make use of these competencies in real life. Textbooks for
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students X have a special significance. As any other new textbook
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they help learners’ master skills and competencies and at the same
time there is going to be a public examination based on them.
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The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the
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chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs

and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in helping
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the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works of

some writers and poets have been included in these textbooks. The
textbook society is extremely grateful to them for giving their consent
for the inclusion of these pieces in the textbooks.
to
Prof G. S. Mudambadithaya Sri Nagendra Kumar

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Co-ordinator Managing Director

No
Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society®

Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Bengaluru, Karnataka.
iii
àmñVm{dH$_²
gagm gw_Ywam g§ñH¥$V^mfm ^maVr`^mfmUm§ OZZr& Añ`m§
^mfm`m_o d ^maVr` VÎdkmZ§ gm{hË`-g§ “ rV-H$bm{XkmZ§ M
{Z{hV_pñV & H$Um©Q>H$gd©H$mañ` nmR>çnwñVH${ZX}eZmb`ñ` {ZX}emZwJwU§
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NCF - 2005 nmR>çH«$_mZwJU w § M nmR>çnwñVH${_X§ a{MV_pñV& {H«$.e.
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2014-2015 e¡j{UH$df©V… ZyVZnmR>çnwñVH{_X§ `mo{OV§ ^{dî`{V&
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g_VmobZ§ H¥$Ëdm a{MV{_X§ nwñVH$_²& N>mÌmUm§ ñVamZwJwU§ {da{MVo@pñ_Z²
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nmR>çnwñVHo$ `mo½`Vm{dñVmañ` gd©Vmo_wIm{^d¥Õo… M àmYmÝ`§ àXÎm_²&
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nmR>çnwñVH$ñ`mñ` {Z_m©UH$m`} _mJ©Xe©Z§ H¥$VdX²ä`… {ZX}eZmb`ñ`
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gd}ä`… dÝXZm{Z& g{_{VgXñ`m… A{n n[al_oU gwMmé nwñVH${Z_m©UH$m`ª

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gH$mbo H¥$VdÝV…& Vofm§ ghH$ma§ H¥$VkVmnyd©H§$ ñ_am{_& nwñVH${_X§

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`mo½`Vm{dñVma§ M H$amo{V B{V ^mdò &
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AÜ`j…
nmR>çnwñVH$aMZmg{_{V…
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nR²`nwñVH$aMZmg{_{V…
AÜ`j…
1. [dÛmZ².S>m.gVre Xodé ho>JSo>, E§.E., (g§ñH¥$V_²), E_². E. ({hÝXr), [~.ES²>., [n.EM².[S>.
g§ñH¥$V CnÝ`mgH$…, EZ².E_².Ho$.Ama².[d. [n.`w. H$mboO², O`ZJa², ~|Jiÿ>é-11.
gXñ`m:
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2. [dÛmZ².S>m.lrYa ho>JSo>,[~.E., [~.ES²>., E_².E. [n.EM².[S>. g§ñH¥$V AÜ`mnH$…,Ý`mfZb²
h¡>ñHy$b², ~gdZJw[S>, ~|Jiÿ>é-4.
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3. [dÛmZ². d|H$Q>a_U ^Q²>, E_².E.,(g§ñH¥$V, [hÝXr, H$ÞS>) [~.ES²>., g§ñH¥$V AÜ`mnH$…,
emaXm[dbmg² h¡>ñHy$b², _¡gyé-4.
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4. [dÛmZ². _mYd A[S>J, [~.H$m_²., E_².E., [~.ES²>., Ama².[~.[n. g§ñH¥$V AÜ`mnH$…, gH$m©ar
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[n.`w.H$mboO², Hw$ÝXmnwa, CSþ>[n-01.
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MoÞoZh>[ùi>., ~|Jiÿ>é.
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6. lr_Vr. _yH$m[å~H$m. [g. ho>JSo>, E_².E., [~.ES²>., g§ñH¥$V AÜ`m[nH$m, g.[n.`w.H$mboO,² _mJ[S>.
7. lr. E_². am_MÝÐ amd², {MV«H$bm {ejH$:, gH$m©ar h¡>ñHy$b², Mm_amOnoQo>, ~|Jiÿ>é-18.
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n[aerbH$m…
· [dÛmZ². S>m. d|H$Q>a_U Xodé ^Q²>, E_².E., [~.ES²>., [n.EM².S>r., g§ñH¥$V AÜ`mnH$…,
gH$m©ar [n.`w. H$mboO²,dVy©a², ~|Jiÿ>é-87.
n[aîH$Vm©am¡
1. S>m. am_MÝÐ.[O.^Q²>, [ZX}eH$…, doX[dkmZ JwéHw$b_², Hw$bn[V… Eg².ì`mg `moJ
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[dœ[dÚmb`…, ~|Jiÿ>é.
2. S>m. lr[Zdmg daIo[S>, S>rZ², H$Zm©Q>H$ g§ñH¥$V [dœ[dÚmb`:, ~|Jiÿ>é.
à_wIg§`moOH$…
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· lr [O.Eg². _wS>å~[S>Îmm`, H$.n.nw.g”>…, [a. ~|Jiÿ>é.

à_wI _mJ©Xe©H$m¡
· lr, ZmJoÝÐ Hw$_ma², ì`dñWmnH$ [ZX}eH$:, H$.n.nw.g”>…, [a. ~|Jiÿ>é.
· lr_Vr [g.ZmJ_[U, Cn[ZX}[eH$m, H$.n.nw.g”>…, [a. ~|Jiÿ>é.
g§`mo[OH$m
· lr_Vr Eg².EZ². brbmd[V, Áòoð gh>m`H$ [ZX}[eH$m, H$.n.nw.g”>…, [a. ~|Jiÿ>é.
v
About the Revision of Textbooks
Honourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also the Finance

Minister of Karnataka, in his response to the public opinion about the
new textbooks from standard I to X, announced, in his 2014-15 budget
speech of constituting an expert-committee, to look into the matter. He
also spoke of the basic expectations there in, which the textbook experts
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should follow: “The textbooks should aim at inculcating social equality,
moral values, development of personality, scientific temper, critical
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acumen, secularism and the sense of national commitment”, he said.
Later, for the revision of the textbooks from class I to X, the Department
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of Education constituted twenty seven committees and passed an order
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on 24-11-2014. The committees so constituted were subject and class-
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wise and were in accordance with the standards prescribed. Teachers
who are experts in matters of subjects and syllabi were in the committees.
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There were already many complaints, and analyses about the
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textbooks. So, a freehand was given in the order dated 24-11-2014 to the
responsible committees to examine and review text and even to prepare
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new text and revise if necessary. Eventually, a new order was passed
on 19-9-2015 which also gave freedom even to re-write the textbooks
if necessary. In the same order, it was said that the completely revised
textbooks could be put to force from 2017-18 instead of 2016-17.
Many self inspired individuals and institutions, listing out the wrong
information and mistakes there in the text, had sent them to the Education
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Minister and to the Textbook Society. They were rectified. Before rectification
we had exchanged ideas by arranging debates. Discussions had taken
place with Primary and Secondary Education Teachers’ Associations.
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Questionnaires were administered among teachers to pool up opinions.

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Separate meetings were held with teachers, subject inspectors and DIET
Principals. Analytical opinions had been collected. To the subject experts
of science, social science, mathematics and languages, textbooks were
sent in advance and later meetings were held for discussions. Women
associations and science related organisations were also invited for
discussions. Thus, on the basis of inputs received from various sources,
the textbooks have been revised where ever necessary.
vi
Another important aspect has to be shared here. We constituted
three expert committees. They were constituted to make suggestions after
making a comparative study of the texts of science, mathematics and social
science subjects of central schools (NCERT), along with state textbooks.
Thus, the state text books have been enriched based on the comparative
analysis and suggestions made by the experts. The state textbooks have
been guarded not to go lower in standards than the textbooks of central
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schools. Besides, these textbooks have been examined along side with
the textbooks of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra
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states.
Another clarification has to be given here. Whatever we have done
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in the committees is only revision, it is not the total preparation of the
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textbooks. Therefore, the structure of the already prepared textbooks
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have in no way been affected or distorted. They have only been revised
in the background of gender equality, regional representation, national
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integrity, equality and social harmony. While doing so, the curriculum
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frames of both central and state have not been transgressed. Besides,
the aspirations of the constitution are incorporated carefully. Further, the
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reviews of the committees were once given to higher expert committees for
examination and their opinions have been inculcated into the textbooks.
Finally, we express our grateful thanks to those who strived in
all those 27 committees with complete dedication and also to those
who served in higher committees. At the same time, we thank all the
supervising officers of the Textbook Society, who sincerely worked
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hard in forming the committees and managed to see the task reach
it’s logical completion. We thank all the members of the staff who
co-operated in this venture. Our thanks are also to the subject experts
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and to the associations who gave valuable suggestions.

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Narasimhaiah Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa

Managing Director Chairman-in-Chief
Karnataka Textbook Society (R) Textbook Revision Committees
Bengaluru. Karnataka Textbook Society (R)
Bengaluru.
vii
n[aîH$aUm g[_[V:
gdm©Ü`j…
1. àmo. ~aJyé am_MÝÐßn…, amÁ`nR>çnwñVH$n[aîH$aUg{_{V…, ~|Jiyé.
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gXñ`m…
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1. S>m. Z§OwÊS>æ`…, àm§ewnmb… lr H$mb^¡adoœa g§ñH¥$VdoXAmJ_[ejU
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_ÊS>b_².
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àm¡T>embm, Oo.[n. ZJa, ~|Jiÿ>é.
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n[aîH$aUm CÞVg[_[V:
1. S>m. Oo.lr[Zdmg_y[V©…, [Zd¥Îm àm§ewnmb… E§.B.Eg².H$mboO², _„oœa§, ~|Jiÿ>é.

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lr Zaqghæ`…, ì`dñWmnH${ZX}eH$:, H$.n.nw.gL>²K:([a), ~|“byé.
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lr_{V {g. ZmJ_Ur, Cn{ZX}{eH$m, H$.n.nw. g§K… ([a) ~|“byé.

g§`mo{OH$m
lr_{V Eg².EZ².brbmdVr, Áòð> ghm`H${ZX}{eH$m, H$.n.nw.g”:([a), ~o“byé.
viii
nmR>mZwH«$_{UH$m
H«$.g§. nmR>m… n¥ð> g§»`m
1. Cn{ZfÛMZ_² (doXmÝVdmUr) 1
2. Ë`mJYZ… (Zr{VH$Wm) 4
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3. {dgJ©gpÝY… 12
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4. ^maVr`{dkmZ_² (gå^mfU_²) 16
5. kmZXrn… (ì`{º$n[aM`…) 27
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6. g_mg… 35
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A^`Xm{`Zr - AmYw{ZH$ZmQ>H$_²
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(draZmar)
(JÚ_²)
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49
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9. H¥$XÝV… 56
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10. _ÝWam {Z_©_ÝW (MånyH$mì`_²) 62

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11. à`moJ… 68
12. H$U©^ma_² (àmMrZZmQ>H$_²) 76
13. ^maVr`^mdZm (ZdrZnÚ_²) 88
14. _méVo… _{h_m (àmMrZnÚ_²) 94
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15. Ab‘>ma… 106

16. gw^m{fVm{Z -H$ÊR>nmR>… H$aUr`… 109
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17. N>ÝX… 117

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18. ZmQ>çm§em… (ZmQ>çemó_²) 119

19. ^rî_moº$`… (CnXoeH$mì`_²) 125
20. nÌboIZ_² 133
21. à~ÝY… 137
ix
22. nyaH$nmR>m…
1. Y«wd… (àmMrZH$Wm) 140
2. Amamo½`gyÌm{U (ñdmñÏ`_²) 142
3. ZJm{YamO… (joÌn[aM`…) 145
4. ^JdmZ² a_U_h{f©… (_hmnwéf n[aM`:) 149
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n[a{eï>_² 153-174
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1. An{R>VJÚ^mJ… 2. AZwdmX…
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3. dmŠàMZmH$m¡eb_² 4. nXH$mof…
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5. àýn{ÌH$mñdê$n_² 6. _mJ©X{e©Zr àýn{ÌH$m
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7. blnmR>`moOZm
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AÜ`mnHo$ä`… gyMZm…
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* {ejH¡$… OyZ_mgo Amaåô goVwnmR>m… ~moYZr`m…&

* nmR>ñ`mÝVo AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV, AdYoèm: VWm {H«$`mH$bmn… B{V H$íMZ ^mJ… àXÎm…&
A`§ H$ú`m`m§ nmR>Zr`…, {H$ÝVw àíZn{ÌH$m`m§ V{Ûfò àíZm… Z àï>ì`m…&
* JÚnmR>mÝVJ©Vm… íbmoH$m… narjm`m§ íbmoH$VmËn`ª {bIV BË`Ì àíZê$noU Z¡d Xo`m…&
* nmR>mÝVo {dÚ_mZm… {deofm§em A{n àíZê$noU ^{dVw_² Ah©pÝV &
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* ì`mH$aUnmR>mÝVJ©Vm… A§em… A{n àíZê$noU ^{dVw_h©pÝV &

* nyaH$nmR>oä`… Aä`mgo {dÚ_mZm… àíZm… Ed àíZn{ÌH$m`m§ Xo`m… &
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* AZwdmXnmR>m… Ho$db§ _mJ©Xe©ZmW©_od& narjmgw gab§, n#m-fQ²> dmŠ``wº§$ M n[aÀN>oX§

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XmVw_h©pÝV &
* nmR>çgå~pÝY{df`m… Ed {H«$`mH$bmnñ` (Activity) VWm n[a`moOZmH$m`©ñ`
(Project Work) H¥$Vo Xo`m…&
* H$ú`m`m§ `mdV² gmÜ`§ g§ñH¥$V_mÜ`_oZ¡d ~moYZr`_²& N>mÌoä`… g§ñH¥$Vo é{M_² CËnmX{`Vw§
gå^mfU§ H$Vwª M AÜ`mnH¡$… àoaUm Xo`m&
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àW_… nmR>…
Cn{ZfÛMZ_²
Y_©-AW©-H$m_-_mojm… MVw{d©YnwéfmWm©…& Vofm§ àm{áaod _mZdOrdZñ`
ApÝV_§ bú`_² B{V ^maVr`mZm§ ÑT>{dœmg…& Vofw ApÝV_ñ` _mojñ` àm{á…
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AmË_kmZmXod ^d{V& AmË_kmZàmám¡ doXm…, Cn{ZfXü gmYZm{Z ^dpÝV&
EVm… Cn{ZfX… eVm{YH$m… gpÝV& Vmgw àmoº$m… Ho$MZ _ÝÌm… AÌ {Zê${nVm…&
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B©emdmñ`{_X§ gdª `pËH$#m OJË`m§ OJV²&
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VoZ Ë`ºo$Z ^wÄOrWm… _m J¥Y… H$ñ`pñdÕZ_² &&1&& B©emdmñ`mon{ZfV²&&
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`ñVw gdm©{U ^yVm{Z AmË_ÝòdmZwní`{V&
gd©^yVofw MmË_mZ§ VVmo Z {dOwJwßgVo &&2&& B©emdmñ`mon{ZfV²&&
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EH$mo Xod… gd©^yVofw JyT>… gd©ì`mnr gd©^yVmÝVamË_m&
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H$_m©Ü`j… gd©^yVm{Ydmg… gmjr MoVm Ho$dbmo {ZJw©Uü &&3&&

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ídoVmídVamon{ZfV²&&
`Wm ZÚ… ñ`ÝX_mZm… g_wÐo@ñV§ JÀN>pÝV Zm_ê$no {dhm` &
VWm {dÛmZ² Zm_ê$nm{Û_wº$… namËna§ nwéf_wn¡{V {Xì`_² &&4&&
_wÊS>H$mon{ZfV²&&
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*****
AÝd`mW©…
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No
1. OJË`m_² = n¥{Wì`m§, `pËH$#m OJV² = MamMa§ OJV², VoZ = ñdoZ ê$noU,

B©em dmñ`_² = na_mË_Zm AmÀN>mXZr`_², (ì`má_²) gdª Ë`ºo$Z = Ë`mJoZ,
^wÄOrWm… = ^moJ§ Hw$é, H$ñ` pñdV² = nañ`, YZ§, _m J¥Y… = J¥{Y_²
(AmH$m¬m§) _m H$mfu…
1
2. `…, gdm©{U ^yVm{Z = Aì`º$mXr{Z ñWmdamÝVm{Z, AmË_{Z Ed AZwní`{V
= AmË_mZwgÝYmZ§ H$amo{V (AmË_ì`{V[aº$m{Z Z ní`{V) gd©^yVofw M
AmË_mZ_² = ñdmË_mZ§ {Z{d©eof_² AZwní`{V, g… VV… = Vñ_mXod
Xe©ZmV², Z {dOwJwßgVo = K¥Um§ Z H$amo{V &
3. EH$moXod… = A{ÛVr` : Xod:, gd©^yVofw = gd}fw Or{dfw, JyT> :-
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ahñ`énoU pñWV : & (Aì`ŠV^mdoZ pñWV:) gd©ì`mnr = gd©Ì ì`má :
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gd©^yVmÝVamË_m = gd}fw Or{dfw AÝVamË_^yV:, H$_m©Ü`j :- gd©Or{dZm§
H$_©Um_² A{YîR>mVm, \$bXmVm M& gd©^yVm{Ydmg :- gd}fw Or{dfw. g§pñWV
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:gmjr = gd©ÐîQ>m, MoVm - MoVZén : Ho$db :- Cnm{Ya{hV : (ewÕén:)
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M = VWm, {ZJw©U :- gÎdm{XJwUa{hV : ^d{V &
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4. `Wm = òZ àH$maoU, ñ`ÝX_mZm… = àdhÝË`…, ZÚ… = g[aV…, g_wÐo =
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gmJa§ àmß`, Zm_ ê$n§ M {dhm` AñV§ JÀN>pÝV = AXe©Z§ JÀN>pÝV, VWm
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= VoZ àH$maoU, Zm_ê$nmV² {d_wº$… = A{dÚmH¥$VZm_ê$nm{Û_wº$… gZ²,

{dÛmZ² = AmË_kmZr, namËna_² = na__², {Xì`§ nwéf_², (`Wmoº$bjU§)
Cn¡{V = CnJÀN>{V &
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Aä`mg:
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1. EH$dmŠòZ CÎma§ {bIV &

No
1. _mojàm{á… Ho$Z ^d{V ?

2. MVw{d©YnwéfmWm©… Ho$ ?
3. BX§ gdª Ho$Z dmñ`_² ?
2
4. H$m… g_wÐo AñV§ JÀN>pÝV ?
2. [aº$ñWmZ§ nya`V &

1. `ñVw gdm©{U .............. AmË_ÝòdmZwní`{V &
2. JÀN>pÝV ............... {dhm` &
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3. EH$mo Xod… .................. JyT>… &
he
3. MVwWª nX§ {bIV &
is
1. ZÚ… - g_wÐo@ñV§ JÀN>pÝV ; {dÛmZ² - ...................... &
re S B
2. BX§ OJV² - B©emdmñ`_² ; H$ñ`pñdÕZ_² - .....................&
bl
be T
4. aoIm{‘>VnX_² Adbåã` àíZdmŠ`§ Hw$éV &

pu
K
1. ZÚ… g_wÐo AñV§ JÀN>pÝV &

©
2. Ëd§ Ë`ºo$Z ^wÄOrWm… &

3. Cn{ZfX… eVe… gpÝV &
5. {b“-{d^{º$-dMZm{Z {bIV &

1. Cn{ZfXm 2. H$ñ` 3. AmË_mZ_² 4. OJË`m_²
to
6. gpÝY¨ {d^Á` Zm_ {bIV &

t
No
1. {ZJw©Uü 2. AmË_Ýòd 3. Zm_ê$nm{Û_wº$… 4. MamMa_²
*****
3
{ÛVr`… nmR>…
Ë`mJYZ…
Añ_mH§ $ ^maVXo e … Vnmo ^ y { _… B{V {d»`mV…& VÌ M H$maU§
^y^mJo@pñ_Z² àmáOÝ_mZ… Z¡Ho$ _hmnwéfm…& Vo {h Z Ho$db§ Vngm na§
d
gË`Ë`mJX`mXm{jÊ`m{XJwU{deof¡… OZ_mZgo pñWa§ ñWmZ_² Ab^ÝV& VmÑeofw
he
JwU{d{eï>ofw nwéfofw XYr{M… A{n AÝ`V_…& ""Ë`mJYZ…'' Efm H$Wm
_hm^maVñ` eë`nd©U: ñdrH¥$Vmo@pñV&
is
re S
H¥$V`wJo gañdVrZÚm… Vrao H$íMZ Aml_… ~^yd& VÌ XYr{MZm_m _h{f©…
B
bl
Cdmg& g… _hVm Vngm Anydmª eqº$ àmn& OZgodm`m§ g… _hmÝV_² AmZÝX_²
be T
AZw^d{V ñ_& Vñ_mV² gd©Xm g… OZgodm{ZaV… AmgrV²& Vñ` VoOgm g… Aml_…

pu
K
ñdJ©Vwë`… ~^mgo&
VXm d¥Ìmgwamo Zm_ amjg… AdV©V& g… ñd^mdV… H«$y a… Xþï>… X`mhrZ… M
©
A^dV²& gd©Xm OZmZ² ~hþ nrS>`{V ñ_& ~bmËH$maoU g… àOmZm§ YZ_² Anha{V ñ_&
Vñ` nrS>`m OZm… ÌñVm… ~^yd…w & Vñ` Xþï>H$m`m©{U {dbmoŠ` Xodm… A{n {MÝVm_¾m…
OmVm…& d¥Ìmgwañ` Xþï>H$¥ Ë`_² Agh_mZm… Xodm… Vñ` dYmW©_² Cnm`§ {MÝV`m_mgw…&
na§ _mJm©ÝVa_² Ab^_mZm… gwam… ~«÷Xodñ` g_rn§ ``w…&
to
AmJVmZ² XodmZ² {dbmoŠ` ~«÷Xod… D$Mo -^dXmJ_ZH$maU_² Ah§ OmZm{_&

d¥Ìmgwañ` dYmW©_² Cnm`_oH§$ ~«dr{_& Vñ` dYmWª dO«gÑe_² Aó_² Amdí`H$_²&
t
No
Vñ` Aóñ` àm{á… XYr{MV… ^{dVw_² Ah©{V& `V… g… _h{f©… Y_m©Ë_m

CXmaíM& AV… V_² Cng¥Ë` da_oH§$ `mMÝVm_²& `Xm g… da§ XmVw§ {gÕ… VXm
Vñ`¡d earañ` AñWr{Z XmZê$noU BÀN>ÝVw& V¡… ApñW{^… dO«m`wYñ` {Z_m©U§
Hw$d©ÝVw& VoZ dO«m`wYoZ d¥Ìmgwa… hÝVw§ eŠ`Vo B{V &
4
~«÷Xodñ` dMZ_² AZwgË¥ ` XodamO… BÝÐ… XYrMo… VnmodZ§ dd«mO& VV² VnmodZ§
h[aUmZm§ {dhma¡…, ^«_amUm§ JwÄOZ¡…, dmZamUm§ H«$sS>m{^…, ZmZm{dYnwîn\$b¡íM a_
Ur`_² AdV©V& ~hd… _wZ`íM Vnmo{ZaVm…& Vofm§ _Üò _hVm VoOgm XoXrß`_mZ§
XYrqM BÝÐmo XXe©& A{n M g… ^{º$^mdny[aVoZ _Zgm V§ _h{fª gmXa§ ddÝXo&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
ñdñ` Aml_§ g_mJV§ XodoÝÐ§ ÑîQ‰>m XYr{M… _Ywa¡… nX¡… Ed§ n¥ï>dmZ²- ""^mo…
XodoÝÐ! {H$_W©_² AmJVmo@{g''? B{V & BÝÐXod… _h{fª OJmX - ""`mMH$mo ^yËdm
to
AÌ Ah_² AmJV… & ^dV… g_rno bmoH$monH$maH$_² A_yë`§ dñVw {H${#mXpñV''

B{V & lwËd¡VV² XYr{M… AmíM`}U ""qH$ dm ^doV² __ g_rno''? B{V An¥ÀN>V² &
t
No
VXm BÝÐXod… H$W`m_mg - ""^dV… AñWr{Z Ed bmoH$monH$maH$m{U

^{dVw_² Ah©pÝV& `V… Vofw Anydm© e{º$… ApñV& Xþï>ñ` d¥Ìmgwañ` dYmWª Vofm_²
Amdí`H$Vm {dÚVo& V¡íM d`§ dO«m`wYñ` {Z_m©U§ Hw$_©…& VoZ Am`wYoZ¡d d¥Ìmgwañ`
dY… H$Vwª eŠ`…'' B{V&
5
VÀN®> Ëdm XYr{M… gmZÝX§ CdmM - ""gmYw& ^mo… BÝÐ! AÚ __ OrdZ§
g\$b§ OmV_²'' `V… earañ` Añ` Ë`mJ… bmoH$monH$mam` {H«$`Vo& Cº$#m -
Ë`mJ EH$mo JwU… íbm¿`… {H$_Ý`¡Jw©Uam{e{^…&
Ë`mJm‚mJ{V nyÁ`ÝVo newnmfmUnmXnm…&&
AV… ñdr{H«$`Vm_² BX§ eara_² B{V & Ed_² CŠËdm XYr{M… ZoÌo {Z_rë`
d
g_m{YñWmo ~^yd & nÙmgZo Cn{dí` àmUm`m_oZ ídmg§ {ZéamoY& `moJZo àmUË`mJ§
he
H¥$Ëdm Xoh… BÝÐñ` AYrZ… H¥$V…& g… V¡… ApñW{^… dO«m`wYñ` {Z_m©U§ MH$ma&
Vƒ AË`ÝV§ H$R>moa§ ^`‘>a#m gÄOmV_² &
is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
to
VV… XodXmZd`mo… Kmoa§ `wÕ§ àmdV©V & ~bdVm d¥ÌoU gh BÝÐ… `w`wYo&
t
dO«m`wYoZ d¥Ì_² BÝÐ… OKmZ& Xþï>mo {dZï>…, gÝVwï>mo bmoH$… &

No
Ed§ àH$maoU _h{f©Um XYr{MZm OJV… H$ë`mUmWª ñdearañ` Ë`mJ… H¥$V…

& Vñ` Am¡Xm`}U Ed Xodm… _mZdmíM d¥Ì^`mV² _wº$m… ~^ydw…& AZoZ Anyd}U
Ë`mJoZ VnmoYZ… XYr{M_h{f©… Ë`mJYZ… B{V à{gÕmo ~^yd &
*****
6
eãXmWm©…
Agwa := amjg:, ApñW=Hw$ë`_², H$sH$g_², dO«_²=Ae{Z:, Hw${be_²,
nmfmU := {ebm, Cnb:, Kmoa_²=XméU_², ^rfU_², ÌñV:=^ré:, ^réH$:,
dY:=KmV:, _maU_² &
{deofm§em…
d
he
1. {~ô{V, Ìm`Vo BË`m{X{H«$`mnXmZm§ `moJo VX²hoVw^yV§ nX§
n#m_r{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V &
is
re S
CXm - ~mbH$… MmoamV² Ìm`Vo &
B
bl
{eew… {~S>mbmV² {~ô{V &
be T
nm{UZr`gyÌ_² - ^rÌmWm©Zm§ ^`hoVw… &

pu
K
Aä`mg:
©
1. EH$dmŠòZ CÎma§ {bIV>&

1. XYr{M_hf}… Aml_… Hw$Ì AmgrV² ?
2. d¥Ìmgwa… ñd^mdV… H$W_² AdV©V ?
to
3. BÝÐ… H$ñ` VnmodZ§ dd«mO?

4. dO«m`wYoZ d¥Ì§ H$… OKmZ ?
t
No
5. VnmoYZ… XYr{M… {H${_{V à{gqÕ àmn ?

1. XYr{M… OZgodm`m§ _hmÝV_² ................ AZw^d{V ñ_ &
2. d¥Ìmgwa… ~bmËH$maoU ................ YZ_² Anha{V ñ_ &
7
3. BÝÐ… XYrMo… AñWr{Z ñdrH¥$Ë` ................ {Z_m©U§ MH$ma&
4. XYr{MZm OJV… H$ë`mUmWª ................ Ë`mJ… H¥$V… &
1. XYr{M… - _h{f©… :: d¥Ìmgwa… ............ &
d
2. OJm_ - {bQ²> bH$ma… :: `mMÝVm_² ............ &
he
3. Z_… `moJo - MVwWu {d^{º$… :: {~ô{V `moJo ............ &
4. hÝVw_² - Vw_wÞmÝVmì``_² :: AZwg¥Ë` ............ &
is
re S
4. aoIm{‘>V§ nX_² Adbåã` àíZdmŠ`§ Hw$éV &
B
bl
1. d¥Ìmgwa… OZmZ² nrS>`{V ñ_ &
be T
pu
2. XodXmZd`mo… Kmoa§ `wÕ§ àmdV©V &
K
3. XYr{MZm ñdXoh… BÝÐm` A{n©V… &

©
5. {déÕmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV &

1. g\$b_² 2. {eï>…
3. gwa… 4. ñdmYrZ…
to
6. bH$ma nwéf dMZm{Z {bIV &

1. ``m¡ 2. ~^ydw…
t
3. ~^mgo 4. àmdV©V
No
7. {dJ«hdmŠ`§ {d{b»` g_mgZm_ {bIV &

1. OZgodm 2. _mJm©ÝVa_²
3. Ë`mJYZ… 4. ñdJ©Vwë`…
8
8. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
1. XYrMo… VnmodZ§ H$W_² AmgrV² ?
2. ApñW`mMH$_² BÝÐ§ XYr{M… gmZÝX§ {H$_² AdXV²?
9. `Wm{ZX}e_² CÎma§ {bIV &
d
1. g… _h{f©… Y_m©Ë_m CXmaíM&
he
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV²? Y_m©Ë_m H$…?
2. `mMH$mo ^yËdm AÌ Ah_² AmJV… &
is
re S
H$… nmR>…? H$_² AdXV²? `mMH$ê$noU H$… AmJV…?
B
3. bl
qH$ ^doV²? __ g_rno &
be T
pu
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV²? H$_² AdXV² ?
K
10. XedmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m, Am“²b^mf`m dm {bIV&

©
1. d¥ÌdYmonm`§ kmVw_² AmJVmZ² XodmZ² ~«÷Xod… {H$_² AdXV² ?

2. VnmoYZ… XYr{M… Ë`mJYZ… H$W§ g§d¥Îm…? gL²>J¥ø {bIV &
t to
No
9
AdYo`m§e…
{bQ²>bH$ma… (namoj^yVH$mb…)
à`moºw$… BpÝÐ`mJmoMaËd§ namojËd_²& ^yVmZÚVZnamojmW©d¥Îmo… YmVmo… {bQ²>
bH$ma… ^d{V& AVrVamÌo… AÝË``m_oZ AmJm{_amÌo… AmÚ`m_oZ g{hV… AÚVZ…&
d
V{ØÞ… AZÚVZ…&
he
"^y' YmVw… (gÎmm`m_²) (nañ_¡nXr)
nwéf… E.d. {Û.d. ~.d.
is
re S
à.nw. ~^yd ~^ydVw… ~^ydw…
B
_.nw.bl ~^y{dW ~^ydWw… ~^yd
be T
C.nw. ~^yd ~^y{dd ~^y{d_

pu
K
©
"^mg¥' YmVw… (Xrám¡) AmË_ZonXr)

nwéf… E.d. {Û.d. ~.d.
à.nw. ~^mgo ~^mgmVo ~^m{gao
_.nw. ~^m{gfo ~^mgmWo ~^m{gÜdo
to
C.nw. ~^mgo ~^m{gdho ~^m{g_ho

H$moe…
t
No
^«_a… - {Ûao\$nwîn{bS²>^¥“fQ²>nX^«_amb`… &

h[aU… - _¥Jo Hw$a“dmVm`wh[aUm{OZ`moZ`… &
~«÷m - ~«÷mË_^y… gwaÁòð>… na_oð>r {nVm_h…&
nrS>m - nrS>m ~mYm ì`Wm Xþ…I_m_Zñ`§ àgy{VO_²&
10
{H«$`mH$bmn:
ø…, AÚ, íd…
* ~mbH$… AÚ nR>{V& ø… AnR>V² & íd… n{R>î`{V &
- EVXZwJwU§ dmŠ`m{Z aM`V &
N>mÌ…
d
he
ø… AÚ íd…
{bI{V
is
re S
ní`{V
B
JÀN>{V bl
be T
pu
{n~{V
K
H«$sS>{V
©
* bH$maofw n[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &

→
{bQ²> bQ²> bL²> b¥Q²>

~^mgo
to
``m¡
ddÝXo
t
No
OJmX
MH$ma
F AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
1) H$Wmg[aËgmJa… 2) n#mVÝÌ_² 3) {hVmonXoe…
*****
11
V¥Vr`… nmR>…
{dgJ©gpÝY…
{dgJ©ñ` AmXoem… ~hþYm ^dpÝV& AÌ à_wIV`m MËdma… àH$mam… Ed {Zê$ß`ÝVo&
1. gH$mamXoe…
d
he
H$, I, n, \$, EVmZ² dO©{`Ëdm H$H©$eì`ÄOZo nao {dgJ©ñ` gH$mamXoemo ^d{V&
~mb… + VÌ - ~mb + g² + VÌ = ~mbñVÌ &
is
re S
am_… + M - am_ + g² + M = (am_g² M) am_ü& üwËdgpÝY… &
B
bl
VV… + eoVo = VVíeoVo &
be T
JUoe… + fð>… JUoeîfð>… &

pu
K
^º$… + godVo = ^º$ñgodVo &

©
2. ao\$mXoe…
A, Am BËòVm¡ dO©{`Ëdm BVañdamV² nañ` {dgJ©ñ` ñdao, _¥Xþì`ÄOZo M
nao ao\$mXoemo ^d{V &
_w{Z… + B{V - _w{Z + a² + B{V = _w{Z[a{V &
to
YoZw… + JÀN>{V - YoZw + a² + JÀN>{V = YoZwJ©ÀN>{V &

3. bmon…
t
No
1. AmH$mamV² nañ` {dgJ©ñ` ñdao _¥Xþì`ÄOZo M nao bmonmo ^d{V &

~mbm… + AÌ = ~mbm AÌ &
Vm… + JÀN>pÝV = Vm JÀN>pÝV &
2. AH$mamV² nañ` {dgJ©ñ` AH$ma§ dO©{`Ëdm ñdao nao bmonmo ^d{V &
am_… + AmJÀN>{V = am_ AmJÀN>{V &
12
4. CH$mamXoe…
AH$mamV² nañ` {dgJ©ñ` AH$mao, _¥Xþì`ÄOZo M nao CH$mamo ^d{V & CH$mao
H¥$Vo "JwUgpÝY…' Adí`§ H$aUr`…& AH$mao M nao JwUgÝÜ`ZÝVa§ nyd©ê$ngpÝY…
A{n H$aUr`…&
am_… + A{n - am_ + C + A{n - am_mo A{n - am_mo@{n &
d
N>mÌ… + Ymd{V - N>mÌ + C + Ymd{V - N>mÌmo Ymd{V &
he
*****
is
re S
Aä`mg:
B
bl
be T
1. H$moð>H$mV² C{MV§ nX§ {MËdm [aº$ñWmZ§ nya`V &

pu
K
1. "VV…+ VV…' BË`Ì {dgJ©ñ` ............. AmXoe…& (gH$ma/CH$ma)

©
2. "Jm¡…+B`_²' BË`Ì {dgJ©ñWmZo ............. AmXoe…& (CH$ma…/ao\$…)

3. ""H$… + AÌ'' BË`Ì {dgJ©ñ` ............. AmXoe…& (ao\$…/CH$ma)
4. {dgJ©ñ` CH$mamXoemZÝVa§ ............ gpÝY… H$V©ì`…& (üwËd / JwU)
2. g§`moÁ` {bIV :
to
A Am
t
1. `{Vñg… bmon…
No
2. ^y[a`_² JwU…
3. g Z_{V CH$mamXoe…
4. Z¥nmo O`{V ao\$mXoe…
gH$mamXoe…
13
3. MVwWª nX§ {bIV -
1. V¡a{n; ao\$mXoe…, JOmo `m{V ............ &
2. {J[a…+M ; {J[aü, H$…+B{V ............ &
AdYo`m§e…
d
he
1. Aì``gå~pÝYZ… {dgJ©ñ` A Am H$ma`mo… na`mo… _¥Xþì`ÄOZo M nao
CËd§ Z ^d{V &
is
re S
nwZ…+AÌ = nwZaÌ & àmV… + JÀN>{V = àmVJ©ÀN>{V &
B
bl
2. Ef…, g… BËòV`mo… na`mo… AH$ma§ dO©{`Ëdm `pËH${#mV² dU} nao bmonmo
be T
^d{V&
pu
K
Ef… + JÀN>{V = Ef JÀN>{V & g… + VÌ = g VÌ &

©
3. AH$ma§ {dZm ñdamV² nañ` {dgJ©ñ` ao\o$$ nao bmonmo ^d{V& bmono H¥$Vo
nyd©nXñ` ApÝV_ñdañ` XrK©… ^d{V & ^mZw…+amOVo = ^mZy amOVo&
4. {dgJ©bmonmZÝVa§ {Z{_Îmñ` gØmdo A{n ñdagÝY`… Z ^dpÝV &
am_…+AmJÀN>{V=am_ AmJÀN>{V (AÌ gdU©XrK©gpÝY… Z ^d{V)
to
5. _¥Xþì`ÄOZm{Z - J², K², L²>, O², P², Äm², S>², T>², U², X², Y², Z², ~²,
^², _², `², a², b², d², h² &
t
6. H$H©$eì`ÄOZm{Z - H$², I², M², N>,² Q>,² R>,² V², W², n², \$², e², f², g²&
No
14
{deofgÝY`:
1. L>>_wS>mJ_gpÝY…
"L>_wQ²> ' Zm_ L²> U² Z² H$mam…&
õñdñdamV² AZÝVa§ {dÚ_mZmZm§ L²> U² Z² B{V Efm§ dUm©Zm§ ñdao nao L²> U²
d
Z² dUm©Zm_mJ_… H«$_e… ^dpÝV &
he
àË`L²> + AmË_m = àË`L²>L>mË_m & gwJU² + B©e… = gwJÊUre…&
EVpñ_Z² + Ed = EVpñ_Þod&
is
re S
2. gËdgpÝY… - nXmÝVñ` Zñ` M²/N²> nao AZwñdmanyd©H$… eH$ma…, Q²>/R²> nao
B
bl
AZwñdmanyd©H$… fH$ma…, V² / W² nao AZwñdmanyd©H$… gH$ma… M Am{Xï>…
be T
pu
^d{V &
K
H$pñ_Z² + {MV² = H$pñ_¨{üV²& VmZ² + VmZ² = Vm§ñVmZ² &

©
EVmZ² + Q>rH$Vo = EVm§îQ>rH$Vo &

3. N>ËdgpÝY… - AZwZm{gH§$ {dhm` BVaofm§ dJu`ì`ÄOZmZm_² AZÝVa§ {dÚmZñ`
eH$mañ` ñdao nao AWdm h², `², d², a², b² dU}fw naofw N>H$mamXoemo ^d{V &
to
VM² + {ed… = VpÀN>d… & CM² + ídmg… = CÀN‰>mg…

VM² + lwËdm = VÀN®>Ëdm &
t
4. ïw>ËdgpÝY… - gH$maVdJ©`mo… fH$maQ>dJm©ä`m§ `moJo fH$maQ>dJm£ ñV…&

No
am_g² + fð>… = am_îfð>… & VV² + Q>rH$m = VÅ>rH$m

am_g² + Q>rH$Vo = am_ï>rH$Vo &
*****
15
MVwW©… nmR>…
^maVr`{dkmZ_²
g§ñH¥$V§ Zm_ kmZñ` {dkmZñ` M ^mÊS>mJma_²& g§ñH¥$VoZ Añn¥ï>… {dkmZñ`
^mJ… àm`… ZmpñV & Vofm§ \$bñdê$n^yVm {dkmZnaånam AYwZm{n AZwdV©_mZm
d
dV©Vo& EVñ`m… ^maVr`{dkmZnaånam`m… AÜ``Z_² AË`mdí`H§$ Ñí`Vo&
he
(Ho${MV² ghnm{R>Z… {_{bËdm {dkmZàX{e©Zt Ðïw>§ JÀN>pÝV&)
Y«wd… - ^mo… d`ñ`m…! AmJÀN>ÝVw, {dkmZàX{e©Zt Ðïw>§ JÀN>m_ &
is
re S
A{ZéÕ… - Am_², Adí`_² AmJÀN>m_& àX{e©Zr Hw$Ì H$`m Am`mo{OVm ApñV ?
B
bl
{edmZÝX… - Ý`mfZb² àm¡T>embm`m… H«$sS>m“Uo g§ñH¥$V^maË`m Am`mo{OVm ApñV&
be T
pu
AéÝYVr - g_rno Ed {dÚVo & V{h© JÀN>m_ & erK«_² AmJÀN>ÝVw &
K
(gd} àX{e©Zt Ðïw>§ JÀNpÝV &)

©
ñdmJVH$ma… - AmJÀN>ÝVw, AmJÀN>ÝVw& ^dX²ä`… gd}ä`… hmXª ñdmJV_² &

à~ÝYH$… - AÌ AmJÀN>ÝVw& àX{e©Ý`m… Amaå^… BV…& A`§ e‘>ae_m©& Ef…
àX{e©Zt Xe©`{V {dd¥Umo{V M & AZoZ gh JÀN>ÝVw &
e‘>ae_m© - gd}ä`… Z_… &
to
gd} - Z_ñVo &

e‘>ae_m© - BV… AmJÀN>ÝVw& AÌ AZoHo$ {d^mJm… gpÝV & EH¡$H$_{n H«$_e…
t
No
AdbmoH$`ÝV… JÀN>m_ &

AéÝYVr - _hm^mJ! A`§ IJmobemó{d^mJ… Ibw?
e‘>ae_m© - Am_² & AÌ {^Îmm¡ AZoHo$ {MÌnQ>m… ñWm{nVm… gpÝV & VV² {H$_²?
Ëd§ nR> &
16
{edmZÝX… - Ah§ nR>m{_ & ^mo…
""{_Ìmo XmYma n¥ { Wdr_w V Úm_² & {_Ì… H¥ $ ï>r…''& Efm
V¡{Îmar`g§{hVm`m… nL²>{º$…& ""gy`©… ^yq_ IJmobjoÌ#m Ya{V&
""AmH$meH$mòfw gy`©… Ed AmH$f©Ur`… e{º$ñdê$n… M ApñV''&
B{V Añ` AW©…&
d
e‘>ae_m© - AW©… AdJVmo dm ?
he
ear\$… - Am_² &
{edmZÝX… - AÝ`pñ_Z² {MÌnQ>o qH$ {b{IV§ ^mo…?
is
re S
Y«wd… - Ah§ nR>m{_ &
B
bl
òZo_m {dídm ^wdZm{Z VñWw…&
be T
pu
VV… jÌ§ ~b_moOü OmV_²&&
K
Ef… V¡{Îmar`maÊ`H$ñ` _ÝÌ… ApñV& Añ` A`_W©… - ""gy`X© do ñ`

©
AZwJh« Uo d¡ BX§ {díd_pñV& gdm}@{n Ordam{e… Añ_mV² gy`m©Xdo ~b_²

AmoOü àmßZmo{V'' B{V&
AéÝYVr - ^mo… d`ñ`m…! AÌ ní`ÝVw& {MÌo@pñ_Z² MÝÐ… ^yq_ n[aV… àX{jU§
Hw$d©Z² Ñí`Vo &
e‘>ae_m© - Am_²& MÝÐñ` ewŠbnjo d¥{Õ…, H¥$îUnjo j`… M ^yå`m…
to
MbZH$maUmV² gå^d{V& "MÝÐ… ^yq_ n[aV… àX{jU§ H$amo{V'

BË`§e… _hm^maVo Ed§ {Zê${nV… -
t
No
OÝ_ d¥{Õ… j`ümñ` àË`joUmonbä`Vo&

gm Vw MmÝÐ_gr d¥{ÎmZ© Vw Vñ` ear[aU…&&
ear\$… - ^mo… _hm^mJ! IJmob{dkmZ{dfò Añ_Ënyd©O¡… ^maVr`¡… H¡$… H¡$…
Ho$ Ho$ {df`m… {Zê${nVm… gpÝV?
17
e‘>ae_m© - lwUwV& g§jonoU H$W`m{_& Am`©^Q>-^mñH$amMm`©- damh{_{hamX`…
à»`mVm… IJmobemókm…& EV¡… ñdH$sòfw J«ÝWofw JwéËdmH$f©U§,
gy`©J«hU§, MÝÐJ«hU_², CëH$mnmV…, Yy_Ho$Vw…, J«hmUm§ MbZ§,
ZjÌmUm§ J{V…, PÄPmdmV…, ^yH$ånZ_² BË`mXrZm§ {dfò ~hdmo
A§em… gà_mU§ {Zê${nVm… gpÝV&
d
A{ZéÕ… - J{UVjoÌo ^maVr`mZm§ `moJXmZ§ {H$_² ?
he
e‘>ae_m© - AmJÀN>ÝVw& J{UV{d^mJ§ JÀN>m_&
is
Y«wd… - qH$ ^mo…& {MÌnQ>m… Ñí`ÝVo & gd©_² B©{jVw_² Am{XZ_dbmoH$Z_²
re S
Ano{jV_²&
B
bl
e‘>ae_m© - Am_²& A‘>ñWmZmYm[aVo _yë`{Züò eyÝ`ñ` `moJXmZ§ ^maVr`mZm_od
be T
pu
ApñV &
K
AéÝYVr - ^mñH$amMm`©ñ` "brbmdVr' B{V J«ÝWo ~hd… {df`m… {Zê${nVm…

©
Ibw?
e‘>ae_m© - Am_²& Xem§enÕ{V…, g§»`m, ""n¡'' _yë`§ dJ©_yë`§, KZ_yë`_²
BË`mX`… A§em… ^mñH$amMm`© - Am`©^Q>m{X{^… J{UVk¡… gå`H²$
à{Vnm{XVm… gpÝV &
to
ear\$… - _`m lwV{_X§ `V² ""n¡WmJmoag² {gÕmÝV…'' (H$U©dJ©… = nmXdJ©…

+ bå~dJ©…) B{V `V² BXmZt nR>çVo VV² ~hmo: H$mbmV² nyd©_od
t
No
_hm_wZr ~moYm`ZH$mË`m`Zm¡ à{Vnm{XVdÝVm¡ B{V &

A{ZéÕ… - ^mo… {_Ìm{U! AmJÀN>ÝVw & AÌ AmYw{ZH${dkmZñ` ^m¡V -
agm`Z - OrdemómUm§ {d^mJm… gpÝV& VÌ JËdm ní`m_&
ear\$… - AÌ àH$meñ` doJ{dfò {H$_{n {b{IV_² Bd ^m{V& {H$_oVV²
^mo…?
18
e‘>ae_m© - gmÙmMm`©… àH$meñ` doJ{dfò F$H²$g§{hVm`m… _ÝÌñ` ì`m»`mZ_²
Ed§ H¥$VdmZpñV&
`moOZmZm§ ghòo Ûo Ûo eVo Ûo M `moOZo &
EHo$Z {Z{_fmY}Z H«$__mU Z_moñVw Vo &&
""gy`©ñ` àH$me… {Z{_fmY}Z 2202 `moOZXÿa§ H«$_Vo B{V
d
Añ`mW©…&''
he
A{ZéÕ… - AÌ ní`ÝVw& Apñ_Z² nQ>o {b{IV_² - ""{H«$ñVnyd©{ÛVrò eVHo$
is
ZmJmOw©Z… agaËZmH$aJ«ÝWo bmoh{_lUH«$_§ à{Vnm{XVdmZ²'' B{V&
re S
Y«wd… - Ordemó{d^mJ_² AmJÀN>ÝVw& AÌ ~hd… {MÌnQ>m… àX{e©Vm…&
B
bl
EVofw ~hÿ{Z J«ÝWdmŠ`m{Z, Vofm§ {ddaU#m Ñí`Vo&
be T
pu
e‘>ae_m© - gË`_²& Ord{dkmZo MaH$g§{hVm, gwlwVg§{hVm, Aï>m“gL²>J«h…,
K
^mdàH$me… BË`mX`… à_wIm… J«ÝWm…& EVofw J«ÝWofw eó{H«$`m,

©
à{VamoY{M{H$Ëgm, aº$g#mma…, amoJmUm_² Cne_Zo Cº$m…

{M{H$Ëgm…, BË`mX`… g{dñVa§ {Zê${nVm… gpÝV &
ear\$… - AÌ ZmS>rnarjm {dfò H$üZ íbmoH$… ApñV&
H$añ`m“xð>_ybo `m Y_Zr Ordgm{jUm§ &
to
Vƒoï>`m gwI§ Xþ…I§ ko`§ H$m`ñ` npÊS>V¡… &&

e‘>ae_m© - Am_² & A`§ ZmS>rXn©UJ«ÝWñ` íbmoH$…&
t
No
{^fO… amoJñdê$n§, amoJ{ZXmZ#m A“xð>_ybo {dÚ_mZm`m… Y_Ý`m…

Moï>`m OmZpÝV&
A{ZéÕ… - ^mo… d`ñ`m…! AÌ nmXnmZm§ {dfò {H$_{n {b{IV_²& B__oH§$
{df`§ kmËdm JÀN>m_ &
19
gd} - AñVw ^mo… &
Yw«d… - AÌ d¥jm`wdX} J«ÝWñ` ~hd… íbmoH$m… {b{IVm…& Vofw à_wI§ íbmoH$Ì`§
n{R>Ëdm JÀN>m_ &
dZñn{VÐþ_bVmJwë_m… nmXnOmV`…&
~rOmËH$mÊS>mÎmWm H$ÝXmÎm‚mÝ_ {Ì{dY§ {dXþ…&&
d
Vo dZñnV`… àmoº$m… {dZm nwîn§ \$bpÝV ò&
he
Ðþ_mü ò {ZJ{XVm… gh nwîn¡… \$bpÝV ò&&
àgapÝV àVmZ¡`m©ñVm bVm… n[aH$s{V©Vm…&
is
re S
~hþñVå^m {dQ>{nZmo ò Vo Jwë_m… àH$s{V©Vm…&&
B
bl
gd} - JÀN>m_, AmJÀN>ÝVw& Ad{eï>§ íd… ní`m_&
be T
A{ZéÕ… - Apñ_Z² H$mbIÊS>o d`§ ^maVr`m… Añ_mH§$ nyd©OmZm§ kmZamqe

pu
K
`moJXmZ#m {dñ_¥VdÝV… B{V ^m{V &

©
dZñn{V… Ðþ_… bVm

to
Am¡Xwå~a… Am_bH$… Am_«… Xm{S>_…

ZmJd„r
Jwë_…
t
bVm
No
d«r{h… bKwnmXn{deof… Cdm©éH$bVm
20
ear\$… - {dñ_aUerbm… Ibw _mZdm… &
AéÝYVr - Z VWm ^mo…& gdª ñ_apÝV Am_ZpÝV M& BXmZrÝVZH$mbo@{n EVofw
emóofw km{ZZ… {dkm{ZZ… ~hd… gpÝV& EVo gd}@{n bmoH$_²
CnHw$d©ÝV… gpÝV&
{edmZÝX… - Ahmo! YÝ`m B`§ ^maV^y…& YÝ`m… d`§ ^maVr`m…&
d
gd} - Am`©! àX{e©Zt ÑîQ‰>m d`§ gÝVwï>m…& CnH¥$Vm… d`§ ^dVm&
he
YÝ`dmXm…&
is
e‘>ae_m© - ñdpñV AñVw d…&
re S
gd} - O`Vw ^maV_²& O`Vw ^maVr &
B
bl *****
be T
pu
K
eãXmWm©…
©
_Zrfr = H$mo{dX…, AdJV…=kmV…, AmoO… = H$mpÝV…, daoÊ`… = loð>…,

IJmob_² = AmH$meàXoe…, Moï>m= {H«$`m, Y_{Z… (Y_Zr) = ZmS>r; {^fH²$
= d¡Ú…, ôfO_² = Am¡fY_² &
to
íbmoH$VmËn`©_²
t
* OÝ_ d¥{Õ… ..... &&

No
MÝÐñ` OÝ_, d¥qÕ, j`§ M d`§ ní`m_… & Añ` OÝ_mX`… Añ` earañ`
21
Z& {H$ÝVw Añ` JË`m (MmÝÐ_ñ`m d¥Î`m) VWm Ñí`Vo& dñVwVñVw Añ` OÝ_
d¥X²Ü`mX`… Z gpÝV&
* dZñn{V ...... &&
dZñn{V…, Ðþ_…, bVm, Jwë_… nmXnOmV`… B{V H$Ï`ÝVo& EVmgm§ CËn{Îm…
{ÌYm& H$míMZ ~rOmV² H$míMZ H$mÊS>mV², H$míMZ H$ÝXmV² OÝ_ àmßZwdpÝV
d
(àamohÝVo)&
he
* Vo dZñnV .... &&
is
re S
ò nwîn§ {dZm \$b§ `ÀN>pÝV Vo dZñnV`… B{V à{gÕm…& ò nwîn¡… \$bpÝV
B
bl
Vo Ðþ_m… ^dpÝV&
be T
* àgapÝV .... &&

pu
K
`m àVmZ¡… (d„ar{deof¡…) àgapÝV Vm… bVm… à»`mVm… ^dpÝV&

©
~hþñVå^m…, ~hþemIm… M nmXnm… Vo Jwë_m… B{V à{gÕm…&
Aä`mg:
to
1. {dkmZàX{e©Zr Hw$Ì H$`m A`mo{OVm AmgrV² ?

2. AmH$meH$mòfw AmH$f©Ur`… e{º$ñdê$n… H$… ?
t
No
3. H$… ^yq_ n[aV… àX{jU§ H$amo{V ?

4. {^fO… amoJ{ZXmZ§ H$W§ OmZpÝV ?
5. gdm}@{n Ordam{e… H$ñ_mV² ~b§ àmßZmo{V ?
22
2. g§`moÁ` {bIV &
A Am
1. ZmJmOw©Z… brbmdVr
2. ^mñH$amMm`©… ~¥hËg§{hVm
3. ~moYm`ZH$mË`m`Zm¡ MaH$g§{hVm
d
he
4. damh{_{ha… n¡WmJmoag² {gÕmÝV…
5. dm½^Q>… agaËZmH$a…
is
re S
Aï>m“g§J«h…
B
bl
3. aoIm{‘>VnX_² Adbåã` àíZdmŠ`m{Z Hw$éV &
be T
pu
1. gy`©Xodñ` AZwJ«hoU¡d BX§ {díd_pñV &
K
2. eyÝ`ñ` `moJXmZ§ ^maVr`mZm_² ApñV &

©
3. MÝÐñ` ewŠbnjo d¥{Õ… gå^d{V &

4. amoJ{ZXmZ§ Y_Ý`m… Moï>`m OmZpÝV &
1. d¥{Õ… 2. H¥$îU… 3. ñ_¥V…
to
5. {b“{d^{º$dMZm{Z {bIV &

t
1. {_Ìm{U 2. Moï>`m 3. ear[aU…

No
6. gpÝY¨ H¥$Ëdm Zm_ {bIV &

1. d¥{Îm… + Z 2. VV² + Moï>`m 3. gy`m©V² + Ed
23
7. dmŠ`Xmof§ n[ahaV &
1. MÝÐ… ^y_o… n[aV… àX{jU§ H$amo{V &
2. ñdpñV AñVw ^dVm_² &
3. ^dÝV… gd} AÌ AmJÀN>V &
8. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
d
he
1. nmXnOmV`… H$m…$? Vmgm§ OÝ_ H$W§ ^d{V ?
2. V¡{Îmarò gy`©ñ` {dfò qH$ {b{IV_pñV ?
is
re S
9. `Wm {ZX}e_² CÎmaV &
B
1. bl
{dkmZàX{e©Zt Ðïw>§ JÀN>m_ &
be T
pu
H$… nmR>… ? H$… dX{V ? àX{e©Zr Hw$Ì Am`mo{OVm ?
K
2. "brbmdVr' B{V J«ÝWo ~hd… {df`m… {Zê${nVm… Ibw ?

©
H$… nmR>… ? H$m dX{V ? H$ñ` J«ÝW… Ef… ?

10. Xe{^… dmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m, AmL²>½b^mf`m dm
{bIV&
1. gy`©MÝÐ`mo… {dfò Añ_mH§$ nyd©OmZm§ {gÕmÝV… H$…? {dd¥UwV &
to
2. d¥jm`wd}XJ«ÝWo à{Vnm{XVmZm§ MVw{d©Yd¥jmUm§ {dfò {bIV &

t
*****
No
24
AdYo`m§e…
* aº$dm{hZr Y_Zr
Y_Ý`… aº$dm{hÝ`… MVw{dªe{Var[aVm… &
Hw$ë`m{^[ad Ho$Xmam… Vm{^X}hmo@{^dY©Vo&&
d
_mZdXoho 24 aº$dm{hÝ`… Y_Ý`… gpÝV & Hw$ë`m{^… Ho$Xmam… Bd Vm{^…
he
Y_Zr{^… Xoh… A{^dY©Vo &
- g“rVaËZmH$a…
is
* fS²>{dYbdUm{Z
re S B
bl
bdUm{Z fSw>À`ÝVo gm_wÐ§ g¡ÝYd§ {~S>_² &
gm¡dM©b§ amo_H§$ M My{„H$mbdU§ VWm &&
be T
pu
- agaËZg_wƒ`…
K
1. gm_wÐ_² - (NaCI+MgCl)
©
2. g¡ÝYd_² - {ebmbdU_² - (NaCI + traces of Na S) 2
3. {~S>_² - bdU{_lU_²
4. gm¡dM©b_² - (KNO ) 3
5. amo_H$_² - (NaCI 75%+Na So 18%) traces of Na Co 5%

2 4 2 3
6. My{„H$_² - (NH CI)

to
* J«hUñ` H$maU_²
t
ghòdf}ä`… nyd©_od J«hU{dfò Am`©^Q>oZ Ed_² Cº$_² -

No
""N>mX`{V eer gy`ª e{eZ§ _hVr M ^yÀN>m`m'' &&

- Am`©^Q>r`_² ({H«$.e. 499)
* MÝÐ… gy`ª `Xm N>mX`{V VXm gy`©J«hU_² &
* ^yÀN>m`m `Xm MÝÐ§ N>mX`{V VXm MÝÐJ«hU_² &
25
H$moe:
{_Ì… - Úw_{UñVa{U{_©Ì{üÌ^mZw{d©amoMZ…&
I_² - Z^mo@ÝV[aj§ JJZ_ZÝV§ gwadË_© I_² &
Y_{Z… - nümX²J«rdm {gam _Ý`m ZmS>r Vw Y_{Zpñgam&
Ho$MZ nw§{b“eãXm… óràË``mZm§ `moJoZ ór{b“Ëd§ ÔÝVo &
d
1. "Am' àË``… (Xmn², Mmn², S>mn²)
he
AOmXrZm_² AH$mamÝVmZm#m "Am' ^d{V &
AO… - AOm ~mb… - ~mbm Ydb… - Ydbm
is
re S
gwV… - gwVm Aíd… - Aídm
B
dU©ì`Ë``…bl
be T
H$H$mamV² nyd©ñ` AH$mañ` BH$ma… ñ`mV² &

pu
~mbH$… - ~m{bH$m boIH$… - bo{IH$m
K
AÜ`mnH$… - AÜ`m{nH$m Zm`H$… - Zm{`H$m

©
2. "B©' àË``… (L>rn², L>rf², L>rZ²)

Hw$_ma… - Hw$_mar _`ya… - _`yar
_¥J… - _¥Jr Jwé… - Jwdu
dU©ì`Ë``…
éÐ… - éÐmUr, BÝÐ… - BÝÐmUr &
to
3. "D$' àË``… (D$L²>)

ídewa… - ídly… n“x… - n“z…
t
No
4. "{V' àË``…
`wdm - `wd{V… / `wdVr &
F AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
1. ^maVr`{dkmZnaånam - www.samskritabharati.com
2. à¡S²> Am\²$ BpÊS>`m - g§ñH¥$V^maVràH$meZ_² &
*****
26
n#m_… nmR>…
kmZXrn…
_hmH${dX©ÊS>r ""g§ñH¥$V§ Zm_ X¡drdmH²$ AÝdm»`mVm _h{f©{^…'' BË`mh&
AZ`m {Xì`^mf`m H$mì`mXrZ² {daMæ` dmë_r{H$ì`mg^mgH$m{bXmg~mUmX`mo
d
_hmH$d`… AmMÝÐmHª$ H$s{V©_mO©`Z² &
he
àmMrZH$d`… `Wm gwa^maË`m… godm§ H¥$Ëdm OÝ_gmW©Š`§ àmßZwdZ² VWm
Adm©MrZm… H$d`mo@{n& Vofw _wHw$Q>_{U[ad {damOVo S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`…&
is
re S
EVñ` OÝ_ {H«$.e. 1930 V_o df} gßQ>oå~a²_mgñ` EH$moZqÌeÎm_o {XZm‘>o
B
bl
A{d^m{OV^maVñ` bmhmoa²ZJao A^dV²& EVñ` {nVm àmo&& MméXodemór _mVm
be T
pu
M am_aIr& AZ`mo… XånË`mo… {ÛVr`nwÌmo@`_²&
K
~më`mX{n g§ñH¥$Vn[agao g§d{Y©V… Ef…& {nVm MméXodem{ó_hmoX`…

©
_hmd¡`mH$aU… gZ² "A{^Zdnm{U>{Z…' BËòd à{WV…& Ef… _hm^mJ… Vpñ_Z²

H$mbo Ed amï´>n{VnwañH$ma§ nÄOm~²gd©H$mañ` "{eamo_{Ug§ñH¥$Vgm{hË`_²' àepñV¨
M Ab^V & _mVm A{n gwerbm gd©JU w gånÞm gVr g§ñH¥$V^mfm§ gå`H²$ kmVdVr
AmgrV²& J¥ho gd©Ì g§ñH¥$V^mf`m ì`dhma… ^d{V ñ_& Ed§ M J¥hn[aga…
g§ñH¥$V_`mo@^dV²& AV… ñdm^m{dH$V`m ~mbH$ñ` gË`d«Vñ` öXò g§ñH¥$V^mfm`m§
to
àr{VaOm`V &
gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`ñ` Amapå^H${dÚmä`mg… {nV¥g_rno gånÞ…&
t
No
AZÝVa§ dmamUñ`m§ AZo H ${dXþ f m§ g{ÞYm¡ {d{dYemóm{U AYrVdmZ² &

A{ZVagmYmaUà{V^mgånÞ… Ef… gd©Ì àW_ñWmZoZmbL²>H¥$>V… gwdU©nXH¡$íM
{d^y{fV…& nÄOm~²{díd{dÚmb`Ûmam g§ñH¥$Vo {~.E.nXdt E_².E. nXdt M
àW_loÊ`m àmádmZ²& EVoZ JdofU§ H¥$Ëdm {b{IVñ` ""H$mÝgoßQ²> Am\²$ Q>¡_² EÊS>
ñnog² BZ² dmŠ`nXr`_²'' - (dmŠ`nXrò H$mb - Xoe`mo: n[aH$ënZm) B{V
27
d
is he
re S
(S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoXòZ gh amOHw$_m[a_hmMH«$s {g[aÝXmo _hmoX`m)
B
bl
be T
_hmà~ÝYñ` "S>mŠQ>a² Am\²$ {\$bmg\$s' BË`wnmqY XÎdm H$mer{dœ{dÚmb`…

pu
ñdJm¡ad§ àmH$Q>`V²& em{ó_hmoX`ñ` nËZr Cfm A{n g§ñH¥$V{dXþfr AmgrV² &
K
gmo@{n g§ñH¥$VoZ _hmà~ÝY§ {d{b»` {n.EM².{S>. nXdt àmádVr&

©
AÜ``ZmZÝVa§ S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`… Xoh{b{dœ{dÚmbò àmÜ`mnH$…,

g§ñH¥$V{d^mJà_wI…, H$bmg‘>m`à_wIíM (S>rZ²) ^yËdm Xm{`Ëd§ {ZadhV²&
CËH$bamÁò nw[aOJÞmW{dœ{dÚmb`ñ` CnHw$bn{Va^dV² & ~o‘>moH²$ - ~opëO`_²
- WmB©b¡ÊS> - O_©Zr - Ho$ZS>m - BÊS>moZo{e`m BË`m{Xfw {dXoer`{dœ{dÚmbòfw
to
Aä`mJVmMm`©ê$noU H$m`©_² AH$amoV² & eVm{YH$Xoe{dXoer`gå_obZofw à~ÝY_ÊS>Z§

H¥$VdmZ²& AÜ`jñWmZ§ M AbL²>H¥$VdmZ² &
t
S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hm^mJ… WmB©b¡ÊS>Xoeñ` amOHw$_mat _hmMH«$s{g[aÝXmo_

No
hmoX`m§ g§ñH¥$V_² AnmR>`V²& EH$Xm em{ó_hmoX`… ~o‘>moH²$ZJao {dÚ_mZ§ Ý`meZb²

J«ÝWmb`§ à{dí` g§ñH¥$VJ«ÝWmZm§ {dfò An¥ÀN>V² & VXm J«ÝWmb`ñ` à_wI…
ey\$H²$_hme`… ""AÌ J«ÝWmbò g§ñH¥$VnwñVH$m{Z Z gpÝV, ^dmZod g§ñH¥$VoZ
J«ÝWmZ² {bIVw'' B{V em{ó_hmoX`§ AdXV²& EVoZ ào[aV… g… WmB©Xoeñ` gm¡ÝX`ª,
28
g§ñH¥$qV, ZmJ[aH$mUm§ OrdZe¡qb, amOn[admañ` g§ñH¥$V^mfmàrqV Mm{YH¥$Ë`
"WmB©Xe o {dbmg_²' B{V IÊS>H$mì`_² AaM`V²& amOHw$_mar _hmMH«$s{g[aÝXmo A{n
H$mì`§ lwËdm gÝVwï>m ^yËdm H$mì`§ WmB©^mf`m AZy{XVdVr& A{n M Ef… _hm^mJ…
WmB©Xeo ñ` am_H$Wm§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m AZyÚ "lram_H$s{V©_hmH$mì`_²' B{V _hmH$mì`_od
A{bIV²&
g§ñH¥$Vgm{hËàMZmH$m`} EVñ` Aà{V_nmpÊS>Ë`_² AdbmoŠ` AZoH$am{ï´>`
d
- AÝVmam{ï´>`g§ñWm… EZ§ Jm¡adoU g__mZ`Z² & ^maVr`kmZnrR>g§ñWm EVñ`
he
AgÑegm{hË`godm§ n[aJUæ` {H«$.e. 2009 V_o df} kmZnrR>àepñVàXmZoZ
is
gËH$ma_² AH$amoV² & VWm ^maVgd©H$mañ` nÙlràepñV…, amï´>n{VàepñV…,
re S
gm{hË` AH$mS>_ràepñV…, {dÚmdmMñn{VàepñV…, H$m{bXmgnwañH$ma… BË`mX`…
B
bl
Xoer`àeñV`… EZ_² AÔÝV& ~o‘>moH²$ZJañ` {gënH$moZ©{dœ{dÚmb`ñ` VWm
be T
pu
amo_m{Z`mXoeñ` AmoamS>o {dœ{dÚmb`ñ` M "Jm¡ad S>mŠQ>a² Am\²$ {\$bmg\$s'
K
àeñË`m, Zonmb²-~opëO`_² - Ho$ZS>m, BQ>br - WmB©b¡ÊS>² BË`m{XXoemZm§

©
Jm¡adàepñV{^… Ef… nwañH¥$V…&

S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`ñ` g§ñH¥$V^mfm{^_mZ… AZwn_…& ñdOrdZ_od
g§ñH¥$Vm` Amn©`V²& g… gå^mfU_², nÌboIZ_², ì`dhma_² gd©_{n g§ñH¥$V^mf`¡d
H$amo{V ñ_ & em{ó_hmoX`ñ` Ame`… - g§ñH¥$Vñ` àËòH$_{n nX_² AW©{deof_²
Amdh{V & Añ_mH§$ àmXo{eH$^mfmgw A{n _hmZ² eãXam{e… g§ñH¥$V_`…& AV
to
Ed g§ñH¥$V^mfmÜ``Z§ _mV¥^mf`m gmYª ZyZ§ {dYo`_²& `V… g§ñH¥$V§ OrdmVw^yV_²

Añ` Xoeñ`& g§ñH¥$VoZ¡d g§ñH¥${Va{n gwa{jVm& g§ñH¥$V^mfm Xoeñ`mñ` CÞVò
t
No
gmYZ§ ^dVw B{V &

S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`… _hmZ² Xoe^º$… g_mOñ` {hV{MÝVH$íM ApñV&
A§emo@`§ Vñ` H$mìò Ed§ d{U©V… -
29
Xoemo _Xr`… gwVam§ g_¥Õmo ^do{XVrÀN>m na_m _Xr`m &
Z H$mo@{n XrZmo Z M dm X[aÐmo Z ì`m{YVmo dm Z M nr{S>V… ñ`mV² &&
gd}@Ì gå^y` gwI§ dgÝVw {à`§ dXÝVw {à`_mMaÝVw &
Z {dJ«hmo dm H$bhmo ^doÛm ñ`mX² ^maV§ ZÝXZVwë`ê$n_² &&
d
{eï>mMmagånÞ§ d¡Xîþ `JwU^y{fV§ gwa^maVrn[aM`m©{ZaV§ S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_
he
hmoX`§ g§ñH¥$V^mfm^m{fVma… g§ñH¥$Vm{^_m{ZZíM gd©Xm ñ_apÝV &
*****
is
re S B
bl {deofm§em…
be T
pu
1. gh, gmH§$ gmYª g__² BË`mXrZm§ `moJo gå~ÕnX§ V¥Vr`m{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V &
K
CXm - _mV¥^mf`m gmY©_² &

©
2. ñ_ à`moJo dV©_mZH$m{bH$… bQ²>bH$ma… ^yVH$m{bH$… ^d{V &

CXm-^d{V ñ_ &
Aä`mg:
to

1. g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË`joÌo kmZnrR>àepñVnwañH¥$V… H$…?
t
No
2. gË`d«Vem{ó_hm^mJ… H$Xm Hw$Ì AOm`V?

3. ~mëò em{ó_hmoX`ñ` J¥hn[aga… H$W_² AmgrV² ?
4. em{ó_hmoX`… E_².E. nXdt Hw$Ì àmádmZ²?
30
1. ~mbH$gË`d«Vñ` öXò ................ àr{VaOm`V &
2. gm{hË`joÌo gd©loð>àepñV… .............. ApñV &
3. g§ñH¥$VoZ¡d .............. gwa{jVm &
3. g§`moÁ` {bIV &
d
A Am
he
1. _hmMH«$s {g[aÝXmo gd©loð>àepñV… &
is
2. kmZnrR>àepñV… {dœ{dÚmb`… &
re S
3. Cfmemór amOHw$_mar &
B
4. bl
{gënH$moZ© J«ÝWmb`… &
be T
pu
nËZr &
K
4. g_yhoVanX§ {MËdm {bIV &

©
1. bmhmoa²ZJa_², lrZJa_², Oå_y, H$m{J©b² &

2. Cfmemór, am_aIr, MméXodemór, _hmMH«$s{g[aÝXmo &
5. aoIm{‘>VnX_² Adbåã` àíZdmŠ`§ Hw$éV &
1. g§ñH¥$VH${dfw S>m&& gË`d«Vemór _wHw$Q>_{U[ad {damOVo &
to
2. {H« $ .e. 2009 V_o df} S>m&& gË`d« V em{ó_hmo X `…

kmZnrR>àeñË`m nwañH¥$V…&
t
No
3. S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`… ñdOrdZ_od g§ñH¥$Vm` Amn©`V² &

6. AÝ`{b“nX§ {bIV &
1. amOHw$_ma… 3. _hmoX`m
2. nËZr 4. {dÛmZ²
31
7. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
1. g§ñH¥$V^mfm{dfò S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`ñ` Ame`… H$… ?
2. S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoXòZ àmám Xoer`m… àeñV`… H$m…?
8. `Wm{ZX}e§ {bIV &
d
1. ""^dmZod g§ñH¥$VoZ J«ÝWmZ² {bIVw''
he
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV² ? H$_² AdXV² ?
2. ""g§ñH¥$VoZ¡d g§ñH¥${Va{n gwa{jVm''
is
re S
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV² ? Ho$Z g§ñH¥${V… gwa{jVm ?
B
bl
9. Xe{^… dmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m dm {bIV&
be T
pu
1. S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`ñ` ~mëÒrdZ§ {dd¥UwV &
K
©
AdYo`m§e…
H$moe…
nËZr - nËZr nm{UJ¥hrVr M {ÛVr`m ghY{_©Ur &
JdofU_² - n`£fUm nar{ï>ümÝdofUm M JdofUm &
to
S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoXòZ ñdrH¥$Vm… àeñV`… &

t
* am{ï´>`àeñV`… &
No
1. gm{hË` AH$mS>o_r nwañH$ma… - 1968

2. dmMñn{V nwañH$ma… - 1995 (Ho$.Ho$. {~bm© \$m¡ÊS>oeZ²)
3. _hm_hmonmÜ`m` Cnm{Y… - 1999 (am{ï´>` g§ñH¥$V {dÚmnrR> {Vén{V…)
4. nÙ^yfUnwañH$ma… - 2010
32
* AÝVmam{ï´>`àeñV`… &
1. Ho$Wmo{bH²$ {dœ{dÚmb`ñ` gå_mZnXH$_² -1985 (ë`ydoZ²,
~opëO`_²)
2. _mZX S>mŠQ>aQo >² Cnm{Y…-1993 {gë\$H$moZ{© dœ{dÚmb`… ~|‘>mHo $² ZJa_²,
WmB©b¡ÊS>²
d
3. WmB©ZaoeÛmamàXÎm "_moï²> ES²>{_ao~b² AS>©a² Am\²$ {X {S>aoH²$ JwU^moZ©'
he
Zm_H$ gå_mZ_²-1997
is
* em{ó_hmoX`ñ` H¥$V`… - ~¥hÎma^maV_², d¡{XH$ì`mH$aU_², nÌH$mì`_²,
re S B
bl
Eñgog² Am\²$ BÊS>mob{O, gw^m{fVgmhòr, à~ÝYH$mì`_², MmUŠ`Zr{V… & "{XZo
{XZo `m{V _XrÒr{dV_²' B{V S>¡ar &
be T
pu
K
* _hmH$mì`m{Z -1) ~mo{YgÎdM[aV_², 2) BpÝXamJmpÝYM[aV_²

3) lram_H$s{V©_hmH$mì`_²
©
* IÊS>H$mì`m{Z- 1) lrJwéJmo{dÝXM[aV_², 2) e_©Ê`Xoe… gwVam§ {d^m{V,

3) WmB©Xoe{dbmg_²
 AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
to
‘Contribution of Sathyavratha Shastry to Modern Sanskrit Litrature’

- Dr. S. Ranganath. R.V. Institute of Sanskrit Studies. N.M.K.R.V. College.
t
No
33
{H«$`mH$bmn:
1. dmŠ`m{Z aM`V &
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
to
2. V¥Vr`m{d^{º$:
t
gh JÀN>{V &
No
Aj`… gmH§$ nR>{V &

gmYª
(am_, h[a, Jwé, amYm)

34
fð>… nmR>…
g_mg…
g_gZ_² = g_mg…, g§jno … BË`W©…& g_mgo H¥$Vo nydm}ÎmanX`mo… {d^{º$bmon…
^d{V& g_mgñ` AWª ~moY{`Vw§ `V² dmŠ`_wÀ`Vo VV² {dJ«h… BË`{^Yr`Vo &
d
he
àYmZV`m MËdma… ôXm… g_mgñ` gpÝV -
1. VËnwéfg_mg… - àm`… CÎmanXmW©àYmZ… (XeaWñ` nwÌ… = XeaWnwÌ…)
is
re S
2. ÛÝÛ… - àm`… C^`nXmW©àYmZ… (h[a… M ha… M = h[aham¡)
B
3. bl
Aì``r^md… - àm`… nyd©nXmW©àYmZ… (ZJañ` g_rn_² = CnZJa_²)
be T
pu
4. ~hþdr« {h… - àm`… AÝ`nXmW©àYmZ… (Ìr{U bmoMZm{Z `ñ` g… = {ÌbmoMZ…)
K
Aì``r^md…
©
A`§ g_mg… àm`… nyd©nXmW©àYmZ…& gm_rß`m{Xfw AW}fw dV©_mZ_² Aì``§

gw~ÝVoZ gh g_ñ`Vo& Aì``r^mdo g_ñVnX_² Aì``§ ^d{V&
J“m`m… g_rn_² = CnJ“_²
J«hñ` g_rn_² = CnJ«h_²
to
_{jH$mUm_² A^md… = {Z_©{jH$_²

t
{d¿ZmZm_² A^md… = {Z{d©¿Z_²

No
e{º$_² AZ{VH«$å` = `Wme{º$

H«$__² AZ{VH«$å` = `WmH«$__²
{XZ§ {XZ§ à{V = à{V{XZ_²
dfª dfª à{V = à{Vdf©_²
35
J¥h§ J¥h§ à{V = à{VJ¥h_²
V¥U_{n An[aË`Á` = gV¥U_²
~hþd«r{h…
àm`… AÝ`nXmW©àYmZ… ~hþdr« {hg_mg…& A`_² g_mZm{YH$aU… ì`{YH$aU…
d
Mo{V {Û{dY…& g_mgKQ>H$`mo… nydm}ÎmanX`mo{d©^{º$… g_mZm MoV² g_mZm{YH$aU…
he
B{V, {^Þm MoV² ì`{YH$aU… B{V H$Ï`Vo &
g_mZm{YH$aU~hþd«r{h…
is
re S
àmá_² CXH§$ `§ g… - àmámoXH$… (J«m_…)
B
bl
H¥$V§ ^moOZ§ òZ g… - H¥$V^moOZ… (~mb…)
be T
pu
AYrV§ H$mì`§ ``m gm - AYrVH$mì`m (J“mXodr)
K
XÎm§ YZ§ `ñ_¡ g… - XÎmYZ… ({^jwH$…)

©
n{VVm{Z \$bm{Z `ñ_mV² g… - n{VV\$b… (d¥j…)

Zrb… H$ÊR>… `ñ` g… = ZrbH$ÊR>… (_`ya… {edmo dm)
œoV_² Aå~a§ òfm§ Vo - œoVmå~am…
à^yV§ g{bb§ `pñ_Z² VV² - à^yVg{bb_² (ga…)
to
ì`{YH$aU~hþd«r{h… -
t
MH«§$ nmUm¡ `ñ` g… - MH«$nm{U… ({dîUw…)

No
\$mbo MÝÐ… `ñ` g… - \$mbMÝÐ… ({ed…)

{df§ H$ÊR>o `ñ` g… - {dfH$ÊR>… ({ed…)
*****
36
Aä`mg:
ZrbH$ÊR>…, H¥$V^moOZ…, à{Vdf©_², `WmH«$__², MH«$nm{U…&
d
1. g_ñVnXñ` {ddaU_² - {dJ«h… :: g_gZ§ ......... &
he
2. AÝ`nXmW©àYmZ… - ~hþd«r{h… :: nyd©nXmW©àYmZ… .......... &
is
re S
AdYo`m§e…
B
bl
1. nañnampÝdV`mo… (gw~ÝV`mo…) Zm_nX`mo… Ed g_mg… ^d{V &
be T
pu
2. AW©_² AZwg¥Ë` g_mg… {^Þ… ^d{V &
K
3. d¥Ë`Wm©d~moYH§$ dmŠ`§ {dJ«h…& H¥$V²-V{ÕV-g_mg - EH$eof-gZmÚÝVm

©
d¥Îm`… n#m& AV… `Ì `Ì {dJ«hdmŠ`§ VÌ VÌ g_mg… B{V Z&

4. EH$eof… g_mg… Z& gmo@{n n#md¥{Îmfw AÝ`V_…& _mVm M {nVm
M - {nVam¡, h§gü h§gr M - h§gm¡, Ed§ ór{b“nXoZ gh Cº§$
nw§{„“nX_² C^`moÚm}VH§$ ^d{V& nw§{„“nX_od {eî`Vo&
to
5. `Ì gL²>»`mdmMH§$ nyd©nX_² ^d{V VÌ gd©Ì {ÛJwg_mg… B{V Z&

Ìr{U bmoMZm{Z `ñ` g…= {ÌbmoMZ… AÌ ~hþd«r{h…& V{ÕVmW©…
g_mhma… dm Ñí`Vo MoXod gL²>»`mnyd©… {ÛJw… ^d{V& gL²>»`mnydm}
t
No
{ÛJw…, V{ÕVmWm}ÎmanXg_mhmao M B{V gyÌÛ`_Ì H$maU_² &

6. g_mhmaÛÝÛ… gd©Ì ^d{V& KQ>nQ>m¡/KQ>nQ>_²& Ho$fw{MV² ñWbofw
g_mhma Ed Cº$… Z Vw BVaoVaÛÝÛ…& ÛÝÛü àm{UVy`©goZm“mZm_²,
AZwdmXo MaUmZm_², BË`m{XgyÌ¡…&
*****
37
gá_… nmR>…
A^`Xm{`Zr
"AdñWmZwH¥${VZm©Q>ç_²' B{V ZmQ>çñ` bjU§ Xeê$nHo$ YZÄOòZ
Cº$_²& ZmQ>ç_², ê$n_², ê$nH$_², EVm{Z g_mZmW©H$m{Z& ê$nH$ôXofw ZmQ>H$_²
d
AÝ`V__²& g§ñH¥$Vgm{hËò ZmQ>H$ñ` {d{eï>§ ñWmZ§ àH$pënV_²&
he
àñVwV_² "A^`Xm{`Zr' B{V ZmQ>H§$ {dXþfm hoM².{d.ZmJamO_hmoXòZ
{da{MVmV² "ê$nH$MVwï>`r' B{V J«ÝWmV² ñdrH¥$V_²&
is
re S
H$WmgÝX^©… : Ho$iXrg§ñWmZñ` gmo_eoIaZm`H$ñ` ^m`m© MÞå_m& nË`w…
B
bl
_aUmZÝVa§ gm amÁ`^ma_² AdhV²& gm AmË_Z… àOm… nwÌmZ² Bd n`©nmb`V²&
be T
pu
Vpñ_Z² g_ò Am¡a“Oo~ñ` AmH«$_UmV² ^rV… {edm{OnwÌ… amOmam_… MÞå_m§
K
eaU_mJV…& gm Vñ_¡ A^`§ XÎdm, eÌw{^… gh à`wÜ` eÌyZ² nam{OË`,

©
{dO`_mbm§ Y¥VdVr&
àW_§ Ñí`_²
AmñWmZ_ÊS>no _pÝÌU… nwamo{hV… goZmn{Vü Cn{dï>m…
(VV… à{de{V gIrÛ`drÁ`_mZMm_am _hmamkr MÞå_m& gd} C{Îmð>pÝV
to
MÞå_m - Z_ñgd}ä`…& gd} H¥$n`m Cn{deÝVw&

(gd} Cn{depÝV)
t
No
_hm_pÝÌZ²! amÁ`ñ` dmVm©{deof… `ÚpñV, lmì`Vm_²&

_hm_ÝÌr - _hmam{k! ly`Vm_²& gwXd¡ mXÌ^dVr ^JdVr XþJd} m{d^©`y gm_«mÁ`gyÌ§
hñVo J¥hrËdm Añ` gm_«mÁ`ñ` Jm¡ad§ ajÝVr {damOVo& àOm… emÝË`m
g_¥X²Ü`m gånXm M öï>mñVwï>m… nwï>míM gpÝV&
38
MÞå_m - _hmZ² gÝVmof…& àOm{hV_od amO{hV{_{V gXmh§ ^md`m{_& goZmnVo!
gXm {gÕmñVw goZm& Z OmZr_ho H$Xm H$ñ_mXmnXþn{ZnVVr{V&
Xm¡dm[aH$… - (à{dí`) - O`Vw O`Vw _hmamkr& Ì`mo `wdmZmo Yy{bYyg[aVdgZm…
AÜdn[almÝVm… X¡ Ý `Xÿ Z Z`Zm… g_w n pñWVm…& _hmamk² > ` m…
nmXn‘>OXe©Z§ H$m¬_mUm… Ûmao {Vð>pÝV& AZw_qV `mMÝVo M&
d
MÞå_m - erK«§ àdoe` VmZ²&
he
Xm¡dm[aH$… - `Xmkmn`{V _hmamkr&
(VV… à{de{V amOmam_… `wdä`m_ZwJå`_mZ…)
is
re S
amOmam_… - (AÄOqb ~X²Üdm) - {díd{d»`mVH$sV}… à{Vð>m{nVY_©ñ`
B
bl àOmn[anmbH$ñ` {edmOr_hmamOñ` nwÌmo@h§ amOmam_… àUm_nydH© $§
be T
Ho$iXr_hmamk²>`m… AZm_`§ àïw>{_ÀN>m{_& (g^m`m§ H$bH$b…&

pu
K
amOmam_…! {edmOrnwÌ…!)
MÞå_m - ñdmJV§ amOnwÌm`& Añ_ÐmÁ`ñ` {_Ì_mgrÝ_hmamO… H$s{V©H$m`…
©
{edmOrà^w…& {H$ÝVw ^dÝV§ n[almÝV§ ní`m{_&

Cn{deVw ^dmZ²& qH$ H$maU{_{V g§jonoU {ZdoÚ Añ_X{V{WJ¥ho
{dlmpÝV¨ b^Vm§ ^dmZ²&
amOmam_… - (Cn{dí`) _hmam{k, {edm{Oà^mo… {ZYZmXZÝVa§ _moKbMH«$dVu
to
Am¡a“Oo~… Añ_ÐmÁ`_² AmH«$mÝVdmZ²& __mJ«Omo hVmo `wÕo& _moKb

goZm… _m§ hÝVwH$m_m… àmám…& AmË_mZ§ a{jVw§ H$mpÝXerH$mo@h§ ¹$m{n
t
No
¹$m{n Ym{dV…& AmV©ÌmUnamÙm OZZr ^dVr{V AÌmJVmo@pñ_&

aj _m§ nm{h _m_²&
_hm_ÝÌr - _hmamk²>`m… g{ÞYm¡ {dk{áapñV& _Xr`§ dMZ§ lwËdm VV… {H$_{n
^{UVì`_²&
39
MÞå_m - lmd`Vw ^dmZ²& {gÕm d`§ lmoVw_²&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
to
_hm_ÝÌr - `dZMH«$dVu Am¡a“Oo~mo _hm~b B{V ly`Vo& BXmZt `{X d`§

t
amOmam_m` eaU§ Xmñ`m_… V{h© _moKb>MH«$d{V©Z… H«$moYñ`

No
nmÌr^{dî`m_…& Añ_mH§$ amÁ`§ Z ~¥hV²& goZm Mmënr`gr, AVmo@ñ_¡

amOnwÌm` eaU§ Z Xo`_² B{V __ ÑT>m@o {^àm`…& EVXþn[a _hmamkr
à_mU_²&
MÞå_m - gmYyº$_²& goZmnVo, Añ_mH§$ àOm… qH$ dm{^à`pÝV?
40
gd} g^mgX:- eaUmJVm` A^`§ Xr`Vm_²& ^dVw Añ_mH§$ _hmamkr A^`Xm{`Zr&
MÞå_m - ^dVw ^dVw& `Wm àOm… Am{XepÝV VWm AmMam{_& amOnwÌ
amOmam_, XÎm§ ^dVo@^`_²& eaUmJV§ a{jVw§ gd©ñd§ n[aË`ú`m_…&
B`_ñ_mH§$ à{Vkm &
amOmam_… - OZ{Z, _hmam{k, MÞmpå~Ho$, Ëd§ __m^`Xm{`Zr& __
d
àmUàXm{`Zr& AmMÝÐmHª$ Vd H$s{V©… bmoH$Ìò àgargaVw &
he
MÞå_m - ^JdmZ² MÝÐeoIamo `{XÀN>{V VXod ^{dî`{V& BXmZt ^dmZ²
{dlmå`Vw& goZmnVo, `wÕgÞÕm {Vð>Vw goZm& XÿVm… àoî`ÝVm_²
is
re S
Añ_pÝ_Ìamï´>oä`… gmhm`H§$ `mM{`Ëdm& YZYmÝ`V¡bbdUm{XH§$
B
bl
amOYmÝ`m§ g§J¥øVm_²& eóm{U {Z{eVr{H«$`ÝVm_²&
be T
pu
goZmn{V… - gdª erK«§ H$[aî`m{_& `wÕm` ËdaVo _o _Z…& O`Vw _hmamkr
K
MÞmpå~H$m&
©
gd} - O`Vw _hmamkr O`Vw _hmamkr &

{ÛVr`§ Ñí`_²
(amk²>`m… àmgmX…, amkr goZmn{VZm gh `wÕ{gÕVm {dfò MMm©`m§ {ZaVm ApñV)
{dO`m - (à{dí`) _hmam{k, H$_{n XoemÝVamX² AmJV§ nwéf_mXm` _hm_ÝÌr
to
g_wnmpñWV…& ^dË`m… nmXXe©Z_nojVo M&

t
MÞå_m - àdoí`Vm_²&
No
_hm_ÝÌr - (à{dí`) O`Vw O`Vw _hmamkr& A`§ nwéfmo _moKbMH«$d{V©Zmo XÿV…&

ñdm{_gÝXoe§ g AmZrVdmZ²& AZw_{V_² AnojVo&
MÞå_m - AZw_{VapñV& gÝXoenÌ§ Xr`Vm_²&
XÿV… - àU_m{_ _hmamkr_²& XÿVmo@pñ_ Ho$db_²& Z _{` H$mon… H$V©ì`…&
41
MÞå_m - amOY_ª d`§ OmZr_…& H$V©ì`§ H$amoVw ^dmZ²&
XÿV… - _moKbMH«$d{V©Z… Am¡a“Oo~nmXemhñ` gÝXoenÌ§ AÌ^dË`m… nmXVbo
g_n©`m{_&
(BË`wŠËdm gÝXoenÌ§ {ZXYm{V)
MÞå_m - _hm_pÝÌZ², BX_wX²KmQ>ç dmM`Vw&
d
_hm_ÝÌr - `Xmkmn`{V _hmamkr &
he
(nÌ§ H$moemV² CÓmQ>ç dmM`{V&)
ñdpñV& ^maVdf©MH«$dVu _moKbd§e_wº$m_{U… Am¡a“Oo~nmXemh…
is
re S
Ho$iXramÁ`ñ` _hmamkt Hw$ebàíZnyd©H$_² Ed_m{Xe{V&
B
bl
goZmn{V… - H$ Ef nmXemhmo _hmamkr_² AmXoïw>_²? A{dZ`mo@`§ Z gmoTw>§ eŠ`…&
be T
pu
MÞå_m - nÌdmMZ§ ^dVw& VVmo dMZmdH$me…&
K
_hm_ÝÌr - (dmM`{V) ""Añ_{Ðnw… {edm{OnwÌmo amOmam_… ^dXrò amÁò

©
gåà{V dgVr{V JyT>Ma_wImV² kmV_ñ_m{^…& AkmZoZ Ed§ H¥$V§

ñ`m{X{V H$éU`m jmÝVmo ^dË`m… AnamY…& Añ_mH§$ XyVñ`
de§dX… {H«$`Vm§ amOmam_…& AÝ`Wm nmXemhñ` goZm ^dÐmÁ`§
nmXmH«$mÝV§ H¥$Ëdm {dZme{`î`{V''& BË`m{Xe{V âVdf©MH«$dVu
_moKbnmXemh Am¡a“Oo~… B{V gÝXoe…&
to
MÞå_m - (H«$moYoZ) CÀ`Vm§ ^dVm§ MH«$dVu& Ho$iXramÁ`§ ñdVÝÌ_²& d`§

^JdV… {edñ` Amkm§ nmb`m_…& ZmÝ`ñ` H$ñ`m{n& eaUmJVajU§
t
No
Y_©… B{V Añ_mH§$ lÕm& AV… eaUmJV§ amOmam_§ Z eÌdo

An©`m_…& `{X _moKbgoZm AmH«$_U§ H$[aî`{V, V{h© C{MV`m
arË`m CÎma§ Xmñ`m_…& ór amÁ`§ empñV B{V Xm¡~©ë`_ÌmñVr{V Z
^mdZr`_²& d`§ YZw{d©Úmä`mg§ H¥$VdË`…& Ho$iXramÁò gdm©… {ó`mo
`moÕþ§ OmZpÝV& gdm©… eó{dÚm_² Aä`ñ`pÝV B{V ^dVm§ MH«$dVu
42
OmZmVw& Ef Edmñ_mH§$ gÝXoemo {b{IVoZm{n Xmñ`Vo& Am{VÏ`§
ñdrH¥$Ë` ^dmZ² JÝVw_h©{V&
XÿV… - `Xmkmn`{V _hmamkr&
MÞå_m - _hm_ÝÌr goZmn{VíM ñdH$V©ì`§ {Zdm}Tw>§ JÀN>Vm_²&
goZmn{V-_hm_pÝÌUm¡ - `Xmkmn`{V _hmamkr&
d
(gd} {ZîH«$mÝVm…)
he
V¥Vr`§ Ñí`_²
is
re S
(AmñWmZ_ÊS>no qghmgZo {damOVo MÞå_m)
B
bl
_hm_ÝÌr - _hmam{k, ^dË`m… em¡`}U Y¡`}U H$m¡eboZ M _moKbgoZm nam{OVm,
be T
H$mpÝXerH$m… nbm{`Vm… & Xoeo nwZ… empÝV… à{Vð>m{nVm & {dO`Vm§

pu
K
{dO`Vm§ ^dVr&
MÞå_m - _hmZ² à_moX…& AÌ ^dVm à`wº$m Zr{Va{n H$maU_²& VXñVw& goZmnVo,
©
A{n g^m{OVm `Wmo{MV§ `wÕo àX{e©VmX²^wVem¡`m© `moYd`m©…?

goZmn{V… - OZ{Z _hmam{k, gdª gånm{XV§ gwH$m`©_²&
MÞå_m - {H$_Ý`XnojÝVo {à`§ àOm…?
_hm_ÝÌr - BV… na§ {H$_pñV {à`Va_²& VWm{n -
to
H$mbo df©Vw dmgdmo dgw_Vr ñ`mËgñ`nyUm© gXm

t
bmoHo$ emå`Vw d¡a_ñVw gwIXm _¡Ìr àOmZm§ _wXo&

No
dmUr doX_`r OJËgw gH$boîdmñVm§ à{Vð>m{nVm

^{º$^y©VnVm¡ VZmoVw Hw$eb§ Z¦Um§ g_ofm§ ^w{d &&1&&
({ZîH«$mÝVm… gd})
*****
43
eãXmWm©…
{Z{eV_² = emV_², XÿV…= gÝXoeha…, jmÝV… = gmoT>_², àgargaVw =
A{YH$V`m {dñVma`Vw, `moY…= `moÕm, ^Q>…, dmgd… = BÝÐ…, àmgmX…
= amOgXZ_², gm¡Y…, ~mYm = Xþ…I_², ì`Wm, dmVm© = CXÝV…, d¥ÎmmÝV…,
d
H$mpÝXerH$… = ^`mpÝdV…&
he
{deofm§em…
is
re S
1. éM² YmVmo… B©pßgVmW} H$V¥©nXñ` MVwWu ñ`mV²&
B
CXm - bl1) dram` `wÕ§ amoMVo &
be T
pu
2) e‘>am` A{^foH$… amoMVo &
K
3) Zmarä`… AmâUm{Z amoMÝVo &

©
nm{UZr`gyÌ_² - éÀ`Wm©Zm§ àr`_mU…

AÝd`mW©…
dmgd… H$mbo df©Vw=BÝÐ… g_w{MVo g_ò d¥qï> Hw$`m©V²& dgw_Vr gñ`nyUm©

to
gXm ñ`mV²=^y{_… gñ`¡… g_¥Õm gd©Xm ^dVw& bmoHo$ d¡a§ emå`Vw =OJ{V Ûof^md…
Zí`Vw& àOmZm§ _wXo _¡Ìr gwIXm AñVw =OZmZm§ gÝVmofm` {_ÌVm gwIàXm ^dVw&
t
No
gH$bofw AmñVm§ à{Vð>m{nVm doX_`r dmUr OJËgw AñVw = gd©OZofw lÕm_²

CËnmX{`Vm g§ñH¥$V^mfm gd©^wdZofw ì`mám ^dVw& ^yVnVm¡ ^{º$… AñVw& g_ofm§
Z¦Um§ Hw$eb§ VZmoVw = gm ^{º$… ^w{d gd}fm§ OZmZm§ ew^§ {dñVma`Vw&
44
H${dH$mì`{dMma…
H${d… - {dÛmZ². EM².{d.ZmJamOamd²&
Xoe… - _¡gyéZJa_² &
H$mb… - {H«$.e. 1942 V_o df} OZZ_² &
H¥$V`… - ^„Q>eVH$_², AÝ`mnXoeeVH$_²,
d
gy{º${ÛeVr, ê$nH$MVwï>`r, BË`mÚm:>> &
he
àeñV`… - Ho$ÝÐgm{hË` AH$mS>{_ àepñV…&
amï´>n{VnwañH$ma…&
is
re S B
bl Aä`mg:
be T
pu
K

©
1. Ho$iXrgm_«mÁ`ñ` _hmamkr H$m?

2. MÞå_m`m… n{V… H$…?
3. amOmam_ñ` {nVm H$…?
4. _moKbMH«$dVu H$…
to
5. bmoHo$ gXm qH$ emå`Vw ?

2. [aº$ñWmZm{Z nya`V &
t
No
1. àOm{hV_od ............... B{V gXmh§ ^md`m{_&

2. eaUmJVm` .............. Xr`Vm_²&
3. eaUmJV§ a{jVw§ .............. n[aË`ú`m_… &
45
1. _moKbMH«$dVu - Am¡a“Oo~… :: Ho$iXramÁ`ñ` _hmamkr- ........&
2. amOmam_… - eaUmJV… :: _moKbgoZm - ........&
3. XÿVmo@pñ_ - nyd©ê$ngpÝY… :: `{XÀN>{V - ........&
4. H$s{V©H$m`… - {edm{Oà^w… :: A^`Xm{`Zr - ........&
d
he
4. dmŠèwqÕ Hw$éV &
1. Am{VÏ`§ ñdrH¥$Ë` ^dmZ² JÝVw_² Ah©{g &
is
re S
2. ~mbH§$ _moXH§$ amoMVo &
B
bl
3. e‘>añ` A{^foH$… amoMVo &
be T
pu
5. bH$manwéfdMZm{Z {bIV &
K
1) Amkmn`{V 2) Xr`Vm_²
©
3) aj 4) ^{dî`{V
6. {déÕmW©H$nX§ {bIV &
1. {dbå~… 2. gwIXm
3. AZm_`… 4. eya…
to
7. gpÝY¨ {d^Á` Zm_ {bIV &

t
1. nwÌmo@h_² 2. ^dVr{V
No
3. EVXþn[a 4. Añ_pÝ_Ì_²
8. dmŠò {dÚ_mZ§ H¥$VÝVnX§ {MËdm àË``ñ` Zm_ {bIV &
1. nÌ§ H$moemV² CÓmQ>ç dmM`{V &
2. ñdm{_gÝXoe§ g… AmZrVdmZ²&
46
1. àOm{hV_² 2. Ho$iXramÁ`_²
3. XoemÝVa_² 4. YZYmÝ`V¡bbdUm{Z
10. bKyÎmam{U {bIV &
d
1. Am¡a“Oo~oZ ào{fVo gÝXoenÌo qH$ {b{IV_² ?
he
2. àOm{^àm`§ ñdrH¥$Ë` MÞå_m amOmam_§ {H$_² A~«drV² ?
is
re S
1. {H$ÝVw ^dÝV§ n[almÝV§ ní`m{_ &
B

bl
H$… nmR>…? H$m AdXV²? AÌ n[almÝV… H$… ?
be T
pu
K
2. ^dVw Añ_mH§$ _hmamkr A^`Xm{`Zr &

H$… nmR>…? Ho$ AdXZ²? _hmamkr H$m ?
©
3. eaUmJVajU§ Y_©…, B{V Añ_mH§$ lÕm&

H$… nmR>…? H$m AdXV²? eaUmJV… H$… ?
10. XedmŠ`¡…CÎma§ H$Zm©Q>H$^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m g§ñH¥$V^mf`m dm {bIV&
to
1. MÞå_mamOmam_`mo… gå^mfU§ {bIV &

t
No
AdYo`m§e…
AmYw{ZH$ZmQ>H$m{Z : EH$MH«$_² - {dÛmZ² EZ². a“ZmWe_m©
Zdê$nH$_² - S>m.EM².Ama². {dídmg…
47
F AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
1. PmÝgramkr bú_r~m`r & 2. {H$Îmyéamkr MÞå_m & 3. AmoZHo$
Amo~ìdm&
{H«$`mH$bmn:
CXmhaUmZwgma§ [aº$ñWmZ§ nya`V &
d
CXm - {XZoe… {XZoem` ^moOZ§ amoMVo&
he
1. _mOm©a…
is
re S
2. ewZH$…
B
bl
3. ewH$… amoMVo &
be T
pu
4. grVm
K
5. ~m{bH$m
©
6. ZpÝXZr
(nR>Z_². _Ywa_². em{Q>H$m. AÞ_², ^moOZ_², jra_²)
AdYo`m§e…
to
H$mof…
t
No
dm{hZr - Üd{OZr dm{hZr goZm n¥VZm@Zr{H$Zr M_y…&

A[a… - [anm¡ d¡[agnËZm[a {ÛfX²ÛofUXþö©X…&
Am_`… - ór é½éOm MmonVmnamoJì`m{YJXm_`m…&
dgw_Vr - gdªghm dgw_Vr dgwYmodu dgwÝYam&
48
Aï>>_… nmR>…
{ddoH$moX`…
AmXm¡ YmamamÁò {gÝYwbg§kmo amOm {Ma§ àOm… n`©nmb`V²& Vñ` d¥ÕËdo ^moO
B{V nwÌ… g_O{Z& g `Xm n#mdm{f©H$ñVXm {nVm {h AmË_Zmo Oam§ kmËdm, AZwO§
d
_wÄO§ _hm~b_² AmbmoŠ` nwÌ#m ~mb§ drú` {dMma`m_mg - `Úh§ amÁ`§ gmoXa_²
he
Anhm` nwÌm` à`ÀN>m{_ ~mb§ _o nwÌ§ _wÄOmo amÁ`bmo^m{Ûfm{XZm _ma{`î`{V
VXm XÎm_{n amÁ`§ d¥Wm & nwÌhm{Z… d§emoÀN>oXü B{V {dMm`© amÁ`§ _wÄOm` XËdm
is
re S
VXþËg“o AmË_O§ ^moO§ _w_moM &
B
bl
VV… H«$_mÐmO{Z {Xd“Vo gåàmáamÁ`gån{Îm… _wÄOmo _w»`m_mË`§
be T
~w{ÕgmJaZm_mZ§ XÿarH¥$Ë` VËnXo@Ý`§ {Z`moO`m_mg& VVmo Jwéä`… {j{VnmbnwÌ§

pu
K
dmM`{V& VVmo _wÄOoZ n¥ï>mo X¡dkmo ^moOñ` OÝ_n{ÌH$m§ {Zê$n`Þmh&

n#mmeËn#mdfm©{U gá_mgm {XZÌ`_² &
©
^moOamOoZ ^moº$ì`… gJm¡S>mo X{jUmnW… &&1&& B{V

VXmH$Ê`© amOm MmVw`m©Xnhg{Þd gw_wImo@{n {dÀN>m`dXZmo@^yV²& VVmo
amOm ì`{MÝV`V²- `{X amÁ`bú_r… ^moOHw$_ma§ J{_î`{V VXmh§ OrdÞ{n _¥V…&
VÌmoÚ_o qH$ XþñgmÜ`_² &
to
Ed§ {MÝV`Z² gm_ÝVñ` dËgamOñ` AmH$maUm` ñd_“ajH§$ àm{hUmoV²&

t
g_mJVmo dËgamO… aWmXdVr`© amOmZ_dbmoŠ` à{UnË`mon{dï>…& amOm M gm¡Y§

No
{ZO©Z§ {dYm` dËgamO§ àmh - "Ëd`m ^moO… ^wdZoœar{d{nZo hÝVì`… àW_`m_o

{Zem`m…& {eaümÝVo nwa_mZoVì`_²' B{V&
AW bå~_mZo {XdmH$ao dËgamO… aW§ ^wdZoœar{d{nZm{^_wI§ {dYm`
^moOHw$_ma§ JwéHw$bmV² AmZm``V²& ~mb§ aWo {Zdoí` OJm_mew _hm_m`m^dZ_²&
49
VXmgmÚ àmh ^moO§ dËgamO… - Hw$_ma, Á`mo{Víemó{demaXoZ Ho$Z{MV² X¡dkoZ
Vd amÁ`àmßVdwXr[aVm`m§ amkm ^dÛYmo ì`m{Xï>… B{V &
VX¡d ^moO… dQ>dj¥ ñ` nÌ_² AmXm` nwQ>rH¥$Ë` O§”m Nw>[aH$`m {N>Ëdm VÌ nwQ>H$o
aº$_² Amamoß` V¥UoZ EH$pñ_ÝnÌo H$#mZ íbmoH§$ {b{IËdm dËg§ àmh - "_hm^mJ!
EVËnÌ§ Z¥nm` XmVì`_²& Ëd_{n amOmkm§ {dYo{h' B{V& VVmo d¡am½`_² AmnÞmo dËgamOmo
d
^moO§ "j_ñd' BË`wŠËdm àUå` M aWo ZJam×{h… KZo V_{g J¥h_² AmJå` ^y{_J¥hmÝVao
he
V§ {Z{jß` aaj& ñd`_od H¥${Ì_{dÚm{d{Ø… gHw$ÊS>b§ ñ\w$aÛŠÌ§ {Z_r{bVZoÌ§
^moOHw$_ma_ñVH§$ H$ma{`Ëdm VƒmXm` amO^dZ§ JËdm amOmZ§ ZËdm àmh - "lr_Vm
is
re S
`Xm{Xï>§ VËgm{YV_²' BË`wŠËdm VËnÌ_² AXmV²& amOm nÌmjam{U dmM`{V -
B
bl _mÝYmVm M _hrn{V… H¥$V`wJmb‘>ma^yVmo JV…
be T
pu
goVw`}Z _hmoXYm¡ {da{MV… ¹$mgm¡ Xemñ`mÝVH$…?
K
AÝò Mm{n `w{Y{ð>aà^¥V`mo `mVm {Xd§ ^ynVo

©
Z¡Ho$Zm{n g_§ JVm dgw_Vr _wÄO! Ëd`m `mñ`{V &&2&&

amOm M VXWª
kmËdm eæ`mV… ^y _ m¡
nnmV& VVü XodrH$aH$_
to
bMm{bVMo b m#mbm{Zbo Z
gg§kmo ^yËdm ÛmanmbmZ² Amhy`
t
"npÊS>VmZ² AmZ`V' BË`mh&

No
VV… ñdmk`m g_mJVmZ²

npÊS>VmZ² ZËdm "_`m nwÌmo
hV…, Vñ` àm`{üÎm§ dXÜd_²'
B{V dXÝV§ Vo V_yM…w - "amOZ²!
50
ghgm d{•_m{de' B{V& VV… g_oË` ~w{ÕgmJa… àmh - `Wm Ëd§ amOmY_… VW¡d
A_mË`mY_mo dËgamO…&
am{k Y{_©{U Y{_©ð>m… nmno nmnnamñgXm &
amOmZ_wZdV©ÝVo `Wm amOm VWm àOm… &&3&&
VVmo amÌmdod d{•àdoeZ§ {Z{üVdVr am{k gd} gm_ÝVm… nm¡amü {_{bVm…&
d
"nwÌ§ hËdm nmn^`mV² ^rVmo Z¥n{Vd©q• à{de{V' B{V qH$dXÝVr gd©ÌmO{Z& VVmo
he
amO_aUdmVmª lwËdm dËgamO… g^mJ¥h_² AmJË` ~w{ÕgmJa§ ZËdm eZ¡… àmh -
"VmV, _`m ^moOmo a{jV…' B{V & ~w{ÕgmJaíM Vñ` H$U} {H$_{n AH$W`V² &
is
re S
VVmo _whÿV}Z H$mo@{n _y{V©_mZ² MÝÐMyS> Bd H$mnm{bH$… g^m§ g_mJV…&
B
bl
A_mË`… ~w{ÕgmJa… V§ drú` àmh - `moJrÝÐ ! Hw$V AmJå`Vo? Hw$Ì Vo {Zdoeü
be T
pu
? B{V & `moJr àmh- Xod, Añ_mH§$ Z¡H$mo Xoe…& gn©Xï>§ eó{^Þ{eañH§$,
K
amoJJ«ñV§, M VËjUmXod {dJVì`m{Yg#m`§ Hw$_©… B{V& amOm{n Hw$S>çmÝV{h©V Ed

©
lwVgH$bd¥ÎmmÝV… g^m_mJV… H$mnm{bH§$ XÊS>dËàUå` "`moJrÝÐ! _hmnm{nZm _`m

hVñ` nwÌñ` àmUXmZoZ _m§ aj' BË`mh& AW H$mnm{bH$mo@{n "amOZ² _m ^¡fr…&
nwÌñVo Z _[aî`{V & {edàgmXoZ J¥h_² Eî`{V& na§ í_emZ^y_m¡ ~w{ÕgmJaoU
gh hmo_Ðì`m{U àof`' BË`dmoMV²&
to
VVmo amÌm¡ JyT>ê$noU ^moOmo@{n VÌ ZXrnw{bZo ZrV…& ""`mo{JZm ^moOmo

Or{dV…'' B{V àWm M g_^yV²& VVmo JOoÝÐmê$T>mo ^moO… amO^dZ_² AJmV² &
t
VV… gÝVwï>mo amOm {ZOqghmgZo V§ {Zdoí` Vñ_¡ amÁ`§ XXm¡& VVmo ^moO^ynmb…
No
XodàgmXmV² amÁ`§ nmb`m_mg &

*****
51
eãXmWm©…
g_O{Z=AOm`V, à{UnË`=Z_ñH¥$Ë`, AmH$ma`{V=Amˆ`{V, {Zê$n`Z²=
{ddaU§ Hw$d©Z², bå~_mZo {XdmH$ao= gm`‘>mbo, AmgmÚ=àmß`, Amh=dX{V,
qH$dXÝVr=dmVm©, Hw$S>ç_²={^{Îm…&
d
{deofm§e…
he
* ~{h… B{V Aì```moJo VËgå~Õ§ nX§ n#m_r{d^ŠË`ÝV§$ ^d{V &
1) ZJamV² ~{h… CÚmZ_² ApñV &
is
re S
2) embm`m… ~{h… H«$sS>m“U_² ApñV &
B
bl íbmoH$VmËn`©_²
be T
pu
K
1) n#mn#mmeV² dfm©{U, gá _mgm…, {XZÌ`_² EVmdÝV§ H$mb§ ^moOamO…

©
Jm¡S>Xoeg{hV§ {dÝÜ`mV² X{jU^yàXoe§ (X{jUmnW_²) nmb`Ëòd &

2) H¥$V`wJñ`¡d ^yfUàm`… _mÝYmVm ^ynmb… ñdJª JV…& _hmgmJañ`¡d
goVw§ {daMæ` b‘>mYrída§ XeH$ÊR>§ amdU§ `… OKmZ g… lram_…
BXmZt Hw$ÌmpñV? gmo@{n _¥V…& `w{Y{ð>>amX`… AÝò@{n loð>Z¥nmbm… {Xd§
àmám…& EVofm§ _hmË_Zm§ _Üò EHo$Z ghm{n B`§ dgw_Vr (^y…) Z JVm&
to
_hmamO, _wÄO! Ëd`m gh AmJÀN>oV² Ibw...?

3) amOm `Xm (Y_u) Y_m©MaUerb… ^d{V VXm àOm… A{n Y{_©ð>m…
t
No
^dpÝV& amk… Ed nmno a{V… ^d{V MoV² àOm… A{n gXm nmnnamÙm…
^dpÝV& gd©Xm àOm… amOmZ_² AZwgapÝV& AV Ed Cº$_² - `Wm amOm
VWm àOm… B{V &
52
H${dH$mì`n[aM`…
H${d… - ~„migoZ… H$mb… - fmoS>eeVH$_²
Xoe… - YmamZJa_² H¥${V… - ^moOà~ÝY…
Aä`mg:
d
he
1. ^moOñ` {nVm H$…?
is
re S
2. H$mnm{bH$… H$W_² AmgrV²?
B
3. bl
^moO… Hw$Ì hÝVì`… ?
be T
pu
4. dËgamO… H$Xm ^moOHw$_ma§ JwéHw$bmXmZm``V²?
K

©
1. VXþËg“o............ _w_moM &

2. dËgamOñ` AmH$maUm` .............. àm{hUmoV² &
3. ^moO^ynmb… ................ amÁ`§ nmb`m_mg &
3. g_mZmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV &
to
1. {d{nZ_² 2. Xemñ`…
t
3. {XdmH$a… 4. {j{Vnmb…
No
4. AÝ`{b“nX§ {bIV &

1. amOm 2. `moJr
3. nwÌ… 4. ~mb…
53
1. CÚ_o 2. hm{Z…
3. Vd 4. amOZ²
6. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
d
1. ^moOñ` OÝ_n{ÌH$m§ ÑîQ‰>m X¡dk… {H$_mh ?
he
2. ~w{ÕgmJa… _wÄO§ qH$ àmh ?
is
re S
1. ghgm d{•_m{de &
B
bl
H$… nmR>… ? Ho$ D$Mw… ? H$_² D$Mw… ?
be T
pu
2. _`m ^moOmo a{jV… &
K
H$… nmR>…? H$… dX{V? H§$ dX{V ?

©
8. Xe{^… dmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m H$ÞS>^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m dm

{bIV &
1. {H$_Wª _wÄO… ^moO§ _ma{`Vw§ à`VVo ?
2. dËgamO… ^moO§ H$W§ aj{V ?
to
AdYo`m§e…
t
No
^moOamO… -
Ef… ^maVrò{Vhmgo à{gÕ… amOm, H${d…, H$drZm§ nmofH$íM AmgrV² &
H¥$V`… - 1. Månyam_mÙ_² 2. gañdVrH$ÊR>mâU_² 3. e¥“maàH$me…
54
F AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
1. H$mXå~ar(H$ÞS>mZwdmX…)-~ÞÄOo Jmo{dÝXmMm`©…
B©emdmñ` àH$meZ_² &
2. XeHw$_maM[aV_²
d
3. {dH«$_mH©$M[aV_²
he
4. hf©M[aV_²
H$moe…
is
re S B
bl
A_mË`… = _ÝÌr Yrg{Mdmo@_mË`mo@Ýò H$_©g{MdmñVV… &
be T
nw{bZ_² = Vmo`mopËWV§ Vw nw{bZ§ g¡H$V§ {gH$Vm_`_² &

pu
K
dŠÌ_² = dŠÌmñò dXZ§ VwÊS>_mZZ§ bnZ§ _wI_² &

©
O”m = O”m Vw àg¥Vm OmZyéndm©ð>rdX{ó`m_² &

{H«$`mH$bmn…
AZbm{Zbm¡
to
{dÚmYZ_²
g_mg…
t
amOhm`©_² {dJ«hdmŠ`_²
No
namonH$ma…
{XZÌ`_²

55
Zd_… nmR>…
H¥$XÝV…
YmVwä`… `Wm "{VL²>' àË``m… ^dpÝV VWm "H¥$V²' àË``m… A{n ^dpÝV&
H¥$V²àË``mÝVm… eãXm… ""H¥$XÝVm…'' B{V à{gÕm… &
d
YmVw…+H¥$V² àË``… = H¥$XÝV… &
he
nR²> + º$dVw = n{R>VdV² (n{R>VdmZ²)
is
1.eV¥ - emZM² - àË``m¡ (dV©_mZH$m{bH$m¡)
re S B
eV¥àË``…
bl
be T
dV©_mZH$mbmW} nañ_¡n{XZ… YmVmo… "eV¥' (AV²) àË``… à`wÁ`Vo& eÌÝV§

pu
K
nX§ {deofU§ ^d{V &

`Wm - nR>Z² ~mbH$… _m§ Z Ñï>dmZ² &
©
nw§°{„“o nR>Z² nR>ÝVm¡ nR>ÝV…

ór{b“o nR>ÝVr nR>ÝË`m¡ nR>ÝË`…
Znw§gH${b“o nR>V² nR>Vr nR>pÝV
to
emZM² àË``…
t
No
dV©_mZH$mbmW} AmË_Zon{XYmVmo… emZM² (AmZ/_mZ) àË``… ^d{V &

EVXÝV§ {deofUV`m à`wÁ`Vo &
`Wm - ZJao emo^_mZ_² CndZ§ ^d{V &
H$ån_mZmV² d¥jmV² \$bm{Z nVpÝV &
56
n°w§{„“o b^_mZ… b^_mZm¡ b^_mZm…
ór{b“o b^_mZm b^_mZo b^_mZm…
Znw§gH$m{b“o b^_mZ_² b^_mZo b^_mZm{Z
d
2. º$ - º$dVw-àË``m¡ (^yVH$m{bH$m¡)
he
* YmVmo… ^yVH$mbmW} EVm¡ ñV…&
is
* EVXÝVm{Z {deofUm{Z ^dpÝV &
re S B
bl
* EVm{Z {Ì{b“H$m{Z gpÝV &
be T
pu
º$ (V) àË``…
K
A`§ gH$_©H$mV² YmVmo… H$_©{U à`wÁ`Vo & AH$_©H$mV² YmVmo… H$V©[a, ^mdo M
©
^d{V & JË`W©H$mV² YmVmo… H$V©[a, H$_©{U M ^d{V &

`Wm ~mbHo$Z nmR>… n{R>V… &
VoZ {MÌ§ Ñï>_² &
Mmoa… Ym{dV… & MmoaoU Ym{dV_² &
to
godH$… J«m_§ JV… & godHo$Z J«m_… JV… &

º$dVw (VdV²) àË``…
t
- A`§ gd}ä`… YmVwä`… H$V©[a (H$Ì©W}) à`wÁ`Vo &

No
`Wm - ~mbH$… nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² &

godH$… J«m_§ JVdmZ² &
_mVm jra_² AmZrVdVr &
Mmoa… Ym{dVdmZ² &
57

nw§°{„“o n{R>V… n{VVdmZ²
ór{b“o n{R>Vm n{VVdVr
Znw§gH${b“o n{R>V_² n{VVdV²
d
Vì`V² - AZrà² - àË``m¡ ({dÜ`W©H$m¡)
he
EVm¡ {dÜ`W} ^dV… & EVm¡ Ûmd{n gH$_©H$mV² YmVmo… H$_©{U (H$_m©W})
is
à`wÁòVo& AH$_©H$mV² YmVmo… ^mdo (^mdmW}) ^dV… & EVXÝV_² A{n {deofU§
re S
^d{V &
B
bl
`Wm - N>mÌoU CÎma§ dº$ì`_² &
be T
pu
~mboZ nmR>… nR>Zr`… &
K
gd£… ^JdÒrVm Aä`gZr`m &

©
nw§°{„“o n{R>Vì`… / nR>Zr`…

ór{b“o n{R>Vì`m / nR>Zr`m
Znw§gH${b“o- n{R>Vì`_² / nR>Zr`_²
to

H¥$XÝVmì``m{Z
t
No
Vw_wZ²-ŠËdm-àË``m¡
* EVm¡ àË``m¡ gd}ä`… YmVwä`… ^dV… &
* EVXÝV_² Aì``§ ^d{V &
58
* AV… EVm{Z "H¥$XÝVmì``m{Z' B{V à{gÕm{Z &
* `Xm YmVw… CngJ©`wº$… VXm "ŠËdm' ñWmZo "ë`n²' BË`mXoe… ^d{V &
`Wm -
A{M©Ëdm - A{M©Vw_² ZrËdm - ZoVw_²
d
^yËdm - ^{dVw_² ~mo{YËdm - ~mo{YVw_²
he
H«$sËdm - H«o$Vw_² {MËdm - MoVw_²
is
re S
JrËdm - JmVw_² CŠËdm - dºw$_²
B
ë`~ÝVm… bl - AmJË`, à{dí`, AYrË`
be T
pu
àXm`, g§drú`, AZwg¥Ë` &
K
©
Aä`mg:
to

1. J_² + ŠËdm ; JËdm, nR²> + ŠËdm ; ............. &
t
No
2. `m + º$ ; `mV…, hg² + º$ ; ............. &

3. nR²> + AZrà² ; nR>Zr`…, {bI² + AZrà² ; .............. &
4. ^y + Vw_wZ² ; ^{dVw_², b^² + Vw_wZ² ; ............... &
59
2. H¥$XÝVnX§ {MËdm àË``ñ` Zm_ {bIV &
1. nwînoU {dH${gVì`_² &
2. N>mÌ… AÜòVw§ embm§ JÀN>{V &
3. am_… íbmoH$mWª kmVdmZ² &
4. nR>Vo ~mbH$m` boIZt `ÀN>Vw &
d
he
AdYo`m§e…
is
re S
Êdwb² - V¥M² - àË``m¡
B
bl
* EVm¡ YmVmo… H$Ì©W} ^dV… &
be T
pu
* "Êdwb²' BË`ñ` ñWmZo "AH²$' BË`mXoe… ^d{V &
K
©
* EVXÝV§ {Ìfw {b“ofw ê$nm{U ÔVo &

`Wm - nmMH$… nmH§$ H$amo{V &
am_mÙñ` H$Vm© dmë_r{H$… &
XmVm ^d{V dm Z dm &
to
F$f`… gÝ_mJ©ñ` CnXoeH$m… &
nw§°{„“o H$Vm© nmMH$…

t
No
ór{b“o H$Ìu nm{MH$m

Znw§gH${b“o H$V©¥ nmMH$_²

60
Ho$MZ ÊdwbÝVm… - dmXH$…, ~moYH$…, godH$…
{ejH$…, Xe©H$…, nmR>H$…
Ho$MZ V¥OÝVm… - ^moº$m, dº$m, lmoVm
{dOoVm, nº$m, AdVm
* nR>Z² aQ>Z² {bIZ² n¥ÀN>Z² Aä`gZ² {MÝV`Z² _whþ… &
d
A{dñ_aZ² {ZO_² nmR>_² N>mÌmo ^d{V npÊS>V… &&
he
*****
is
re S
{H«$`mH$bmn:
B
bl
* dVw©bo àXÎmñ` YmVmo… ~{hX©ÎmàË``mZ² g§`moÁ` ê$nm{U {bIV &
be T
pu
K
©
to
* dVw©bo àXÎmàË``Û`§ ~{hX©ÎmYmVwä`… g§`moÁ` ê$nm{U {bIV &

t
No
61
Xe_… nmR>…
_ÝWam {Z_©_ÝW
nr{R>H$m- Ñí`§ lì`{_{V g§ñH¥$Vgm{hË`§ {ÛàH$maH§$ Ñí`Vo & lì`gm{hË`#m JÚ§
nÚ§ MånyíMo{Vü {Ì{dY_² & nmXa{hV: nXg_wXm`: JÚ_² & nmXg{hV: nXg_wXm`:
d
nÚ_² & JÚnÚmo^`mpË_H$m Måny:& JÚnÚ_`r dmUr Måny: BË`{^`w{º$: à{gÕm Ed
he
& AÌ ^moOH$do: Månyam_mÙñ` H$üZ ^mJ: ñdrH¥$V: &
n[aUVd`m: npŠL²VaW: (d¥Õmo XeaW:) _pÝÌ{^: gh {dMm`© nm¡ad¥ÕmZ² Amhy`
is
re S
Cº$dmZ² & "OmZpÝV Ed ^dÝV: `V² Añ_mH§$ nydO© m: OZH$ë`mU_od H$m_`_mZm: àOm:
B
bl
n`©nmb`Z²' B{V & _`m{n nydO© mZm§ _Zrfm_² AZwgaVm EVmdÝV§ H$mb§ àOm: n[anm{bVm:
be T
{H$b & gåà{V n[ahVw_© eŠ`m d¥ÕmdñWm __ earao àH$[Q>Vm & Vñ_mV² {MaH$mbYm`©_mU§
pu
K
n¥{Wdrn[anmbZ^ma§ dËgo lram_o {Zdoí` {dlm_OÝ`_² AmZÝX_² Cn^moº$w _² A{^bfm{_

& lwËd¡VV² XeaWdMZ§ àOmOZm: hf©{Z^©am: ~^yd:w & VVü H$Wm AZwdV©V@o Ì &
©
amOm{n Vofm§ gånËñ`_mZ_hmoËgdmoËgwH$OZmZm§ hf©àH$f}U

{ÛJwUrH¥$V_mZÝX_ÝV{Z©`å` gw_ÝÌà_wImZ² _pÝV«_w»`mZ² Ed_mM»`m¡ &
Añ_mZZm{lVVnmodZ^y{_^mJmZ²
CÝ_wÀ`_mJ©n[anmbZOmJê$H$mZ²
to
AåbmZ_m¡½Ü`_{MamXdbåã` am__²
Ed§ {dY: H$W_wXo{V OZmZwamJ: && 1&&
t
Vo@{n {Z`{_V{ZO_ZmoaWm` g{dZ`_od§ ì`{OknZ² &

No
Xodo pñWVo@{n VZ`§ Vd am_^Ð§

bmoH$: ñd`§ ÔVw Zm_ {H$_Ì {MÌ_² &
MÝÐ§ {dZm `Xþnbå^ZhoVw^yV_²
jramoX_ml`{V {H$§ V¥{fVüH$moa: &&2&&
62
VV:
Amhy` am_§ {dZ`m{âm__m{d: à_moX: à^waod_yMo &
VdmoÎm_m“o _wHw$Q>§ {dYmVw_•m` {Vîò {Xdgo `{Vîò&&3&&
AW XeaW_ZmoaW§ H$m¡gë`m`¡ {ZdoÚ ñd^dZ_wnmJVñ` am_ñ` ^JdmZ² d{gð>:
gÄOmVH$m¡VwH$: H$m¡VwH$_“b§ {Zd©V©`m_mg &
d
Vpñ_Z² Adgao
he
`m_odmhw{Z©{eMaHw$bmoÝ_ybZo _ybhoVw§
`ñ`m{üÎm§ àH¥${VHw${Q>b§ JmÌ{_Ì§ ~^yd &
is
re S
Aå^mo{OÝ`m: {e{eagag§ H$mgardmƒ_å^:
B
bl
H¡$Ho$æ`m: gm öX`_X`§ _ÝWam {Z_©_ÝW &&4&&
g¡fm _ÝWam{^YmZ{nem{MH$mdoenade{ZOme`m AmË_Zo {dVrUª dam` XeaWm`
be T
pu
daÛ`§ Ý`doX`V² &
K
eãXmWm©…
©
AmM»`m¡- CdmM, {Z`{_V: -{ZYm©[aV:, gÄOmVH$m¡VHw $: -g_wËnÞhf©:, H$m¡VHw $_²

-ajmgyÌ_², (H$m¡VwH§$ _“bo hf} hñVgyÌo Hw$Vyhbo) {Zd©V©`m_mg -MH$ma,
{dVrU©_² -àXÎm_², dam`- ^Ì} &
AÝd`mW©:
to
1. AZm{lVVnmodZ^y{_^mJmZ² = dmZàñWml__² AñdrH¥$VdV:, _mJ©n[anmb-

ZOmJê$H$mZ² = Zr{Vemómoº${d{YZm àOmn[anmbZo gmdYmZmZ², Añ_mZ²,
t
CÝ_wÀ` = n[aË`Á`, AåbmZ_m¡½Y_² = ~mbH$_², am__², Adbåã` = Am{lË`,

No
A{MamV² = EVmdV² erK«_², Ed§ {dY: = EVmÑe:, OZmZwamJ: = bmoH$àr{V:,

H$W_wXo{V = H$W_wËnYVo &
(A`§ ^md: - d¥Õo Z¥no {dÚm_mZo A{n amOnwÌo àOmZm_² AZwamJñ` CXò
H$maUXÛ`§ à{gÕ_²-
63
1. d¥Õñ` Z¥nñ` ñdrH¥$VdmZàñWml_Îd_² & 2. àOmg§ajUo Agm_Ï`©_² & àH¥$Vo
Vw VmÑeH$maUm^mdo@{n ~mbo am_o àOmZwamJ: H$W_wËnÞ: B{V Amü`©_²)
2. Xodo = am{k, pñWVo@{n = àOmnmbZVËnao gË`{n, Vd = ^dV:. VZ`_² =
nwÌ_², am_^Ð_² = lram_MÝÐ_², bmoH$: = OZ:, ñd`§ ÔVw Zm_ = AmË_Zm Ed
Z¥nÎdoZ dmÄN>Vw Zm_, AÌ qH$ {MÌ_² =B©Ñeo A{^bmfo qH$ Amü`©_² & V¥{fV:
d
= {nnm{gV:, MH$moa: = M{ÝÐH$mnm`r n{j{deof:, MÝX«§ {dZm = MÝÐ_wÝ_wÀ`,
he
VXþnbå^ZhoVw^yV_² = MÝÐñ` Admám¡ H$maU^yV_², jramoX_² = jragmJa_²,
Aml`{V {H$_² ? = godVo {H$_² ? (`Wm MH$moa: MÝÐ_od Aml`{V ZVw MÝÐOZH§$
is
jragmJa§ VWm àOmOZmo{n lram__od Aml`{V ZVw V‚mZH§$ Ëdm_² &)
re S
3. à^w: = amOm XeaW:, {dZ`m{âm__² = {dZòZ a_Ur`_² ( {dZ`monoV_²)
B
bl
am__², Amhy` = AmH$m`©, Am{d : à_moX:= g_w{XVhf©:, Ed§, D$Mo = Cº$dmZ²,
be T
pu
A•m` = gn{X, {Vîò {Xdgo =(gdm©Wg© mYH$) nwî`ZjÌ`wº$o {XZo, Vd = ^dV:,
K
CÎm_m“o = {ea{g, _wHw$Q>_² = amObjU§ {eamo^yfU_², ({H$arQ>_²) {dYmVw_² =

©
ñWmn{`Vw_², `{Vîò = à`ËZ§ H$[aîò (nwîò Vw {gÜ`{Vî`m¡ BË`_a:)

4. `m_² Ed = _ÝWam_² Ed, {Z{eMaHw$bmoÝ_ybZo = amdUm{XamjñmmZm_²
d§e{dZmeo, _ybhoVw_² = AmÚH$maU_², Amhw: = H$W`pÝV(OZm:), `ñ`m: =
_ÝWam`m:, {MÎm_² = _Z:, àH¥${VHw${Q>b_² = ñd^mdoZ dH«$_², JmÌ{_Ì_² =
to
earagÑe_², ~^yd = AmgrV², gm _ÝWam = H¡$Ho$`r Xmgr, Aå^mo{OÝ`m: =

dmß`m:, {e{eagag_² = erVb_Ywa_², AÀN>_² = {Z_©b_² Aå^: = Ob_²,
t
H$mgar Bd = dZ_{hfr Bd, H¡$Ho$æ`m: öX`_² = {MÎm_², AX`_² = {ZX©`_²,

No
{Z_©_ÝW = n{‘>b_² AH$amoV² & (`Wm H$m{MV² dZ_{hfr ga: à{dí` Vñ`
{Z_©b§ Ob§ _{bZ§ H$amo{V VWm _ÝWam H¡$Ho$æ`m: pñZ½Y§ n{dÌ§ {Z_©b§ öX`_²²
B©î`©`m {ZX©`§ n{‘>b_² AH$amoV² B{V ^md:)
64
H${dH¥${Vn[aM`:-
H${d:- ^moOamO:&
Xoe:- {dX^©: &
H$mb:- {H«$. e. 1018-1063(EH$mXeeVH$_²)
H¥$V`:- Månyam_mÙ_², gañdVr H$ÊR>mâU_², l¥“maàH$me: BË`mX`: &
d
he
Aä`mg:
is
re S
B
1.
bl
Måny{dfò à{gÕm A{^`w{º$: H$m?
be T
pu
2. amOm H$mZ² AmM»`m¡?
K
3. V¥{fV: MH$moa: H$_² Aml`{V?

©
4. _ÝWam H$ñ`m: öX`§ {Z_©_ÝW?

2. g_mZmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV &
1. npL²ŠVaW: 2. VZ`: 3. AmZÝX: 4. _wHw$Q>_²
to

1. CXo{V 2. `{Vîò 3. {Zd©V©`m_mg 4. ~^yd
t
No
4. H¥$XÝVnX§ {MÎdm àË``ñ` Zm_ {bIV &

1. _wHw$Q>§ {dYmVw§ `{Vîò&
2. Z¥nñ` _ZmoaW§ {ZdoÚ OJm_ &
65
5. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
1. gw_ÝÌà_wIm: XeaWm` qH$ ì`{OknZ²?
6. XedmŠ`¡: g§ñH¥$V^mf`m,H$ÞS>^mf`m,AmL²b^mf`m dm CÎma§ {bIV &
1. XeaW: nm¡ad¥ÕmZ² Amhy` {H$_² Cº$dmZ²?
d
is he
AdYo`m§e…
re S B
bl
à{gÕm{Z n#mMånyH$mì`m{Z -
be T
pu
MånyH$mì`_² H${d…
K
1. Månyam_mÙ_² - ^moOamO…
©
2. Måny^maV_² - AZÝV^Å>…
3. {dídJwUmXe©Måny… - do‘>Q>mÜd[a…
4. èpñVbH$Måny… - gmo_Xod…
5. ZrbH$ÊR>{dO`Måny… - ZrbH$ÊR>Xr{jV…
t to
MånyH$mì`àe§gm -
No
JÚmZw~ÝYag{_{lVnÚgy{º$… öÚm {h dmÚH$b`m H${bVod Jr{V…&

Vñ_mÔXmVw H${d_mJ©Owfm§ gwIm` Månyà~ÝYaMZm agZm _Xr`m &&
- Månyam_mÙ_² &
*****
66
{H«$`mH$bmn:
Cn[a
_“b_²
gwa… {déÕmW©H$nX§
d
he
{df_²
OZZ_²
is
re S B
bl
* dUª `moO{`Ëdm nya`V &
be T
pu
1. O Þm
K
©
2. b H$ {d ` åny…
3. _ am J a§

to
àm damh{_{ha…
Mr
gwlwV… J«
t
Z
No
ÝW
{d Am`©^Q>… Zm
km
MaH$… _
{Z
Z… ^mñH$amMm`©…
67
EH$mXe… nmR>…
à`moJ…
à`moJm… {ÌàH$maH$m… ^dpÝV&
1. H$V©[aà`moJ… 2. H$_©{Uà`moJ… 3. ^mdoà`moJ…
d
he
à`moJm… H$V¥©nX_² H$_©nX_² {H«$`mnX_²
H$V©[a àW_m{d^ŠË`ÝV_² {ÛVr`m{d^ŠË`ÝV_² nañ_¡n{X, AmË_Zon{X
is
H$_©{U V¥Vr`m{d^ŠË`ÝV_² àW_m{d^ŠË`ÝV_² AmË_Zon{X
re S
^mdo V¥Vr`m{d^ŠË`ÝV_² - AmË_Zon{X
B
bl
1. H$V©[aà`moJ…
be T
pu
* {H«$`m`m… H$Ìm© gh gå~ÝY… ^d{V &
K
* H$V©¥nX§ àW_m{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V& ({Ìfw dMZofw)

©
* H$_©nX§ {ÛVr`m{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V& ({Ìfw dMZofw)

* {H«$`mnX§ nañ_¡nXo, AmË_ZonXo dm ^d{V &
* {H«$`mnX§ H$V©¥nXmZwJwU§ nwéf§ dMZ#m b^Vo&
to
`Wm - N>mÌ… H$Wm§ {bI{V &

2. H$_©{Uà`moJ…
t
No
* {H«$`m`m… H$_©Um gh gå~ÝY… ^d{V &

* H$V¥©nX§ V¥Vr`m{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V &
* H$_©nX§ àW_m{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V &
* gdm©Ê`{n {H«$`mnXm{Z AmË_ZonXr{Z Ed ^dpÝV &
68
* {H«$`mnX§ H$_©nXmZwJwU§ nwéf§ dMZ#m b^Vo &
* H$_©{Uà`moJo {H«$`mnXo (àm`… YmVmo… na§) `H$ma… ly`Vo&
`Wm : N>mÌoU H$Wm {b»`Vo &
3. ^mdoà`moJ…
d
* H$V©¥nX§ V¥Vr`m{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V &
he
* H$_©nX§ Z ^d{V &
* gdm©Ê`{n {H«$`mnXm{Z AmË_ZonXr{Z Ed ^dpÝV &
is
re S
* {H«$`mnX§ àW_-nwéf-EH$dMZo Ed ^d{V &
B
* bl
^mdoà`moJo {H«$`mnXo (àm`…) `H$ma… ly`Vo&
be T
pu
`Wm - N>mÌ¡… Ymì`Vo &
K
H$V©[aà`moJ… H$_©{Uà`moJ…
©
1. ~mbH$… nmR>§ nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z nmR>… nR>çVo &

2. ~mbH$m… nmR>§ nR>pÝV& ~mbH¡$… nmR>… nR>çVo &
3. ~mbH$… nmR>mZ² nR>{V & ~mbHo$Z nmR>m… nR>çÝVo &
to
4. Vo A‘>mZ² b^ÝVo & V¡… A‘>m… bä`ÝVo &

5. Ah§ Ob§ {n~m{_ & _`m Ob§ nr`Vo &
t
H$V©[aà`moJ… ^mdoà`moJ…
No
1. ~mbH$… Ymd{V & ~mbHo$Z Ymì`Vo &

2. ~m{bH$m… hgpÝV ~m{bH$m{^… hñ`Vo &
3. d¥j… amoh{V & d¥joU éøVo &
69
* {Ìfw A{n à`moJofw º$-º$dVw-àË``mZm§ ì`dñWm&
^yVH$mbo
º$dVw-àË``…
H$V©[a
d
º$-àË``…
he
gd}ä`… YmVwä`…
H$_©{U ^mdo
is
re S
gH$_©Ho$ä`… AH$_©Ho$ä`… H$V©[a
B
bl
be T
JË`W©Ho$ä`… AH$_©Ho$ä`…
pu
K
H$V©[a H$_©{U
©
1. ~mbH$… nmR>§ n{R>VdmZ² ~mbHo$Z nmR>… n{R>V… &

2. ~m{bH$m \$b§ Im{XVdVr & ~m{bH$`m \$b§ Im{XV_² &
3. Ah§ Ob§ nrVdmZ² & _`m Ob§ nrV_² &
4. {ó`… AmâUm{Z Y¥VdË`… & ór{^… AmâUm{Z Y¥Vm{Z &
to
5. N>mÌ… J«m_§ JVdmZ² &

N>mÌ… J«m_§ JV… & N>mÌoU J«m_… JV… &
t
H$V©[a ^mdo
No
1. N>mÌm… h{gVdÝV… & N>mÌ¡… h{gV_² &

2. ~m{bH$m Ym{dVdVr & ~m{bH$`m Ym{dV_² &
3. g… VÌ pñWV… & VoZ VÌ pñWV_² &
*****
70
Aä`mg:
1. _ÄOyfmV… C{MV§ nX§ CÕ¥Ë` [aº$ñWmZ§ nya`V &
1. ^º$… ........ dÝXVo & 2. OZ¡… BV… ....... &
d
3. N>mÌ¡… dmŠ`m{Z ......... & 4. VoZ YZ§ ........... &
he
(bä`Vo, ~m{bH$`m, Xod§, nR>çÝVo, Jå`Vo )
2. à`moJn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &
is
re S
1. Ah§ Ob§ {n~m{_ &
B
bl
2. Ëd`m qH$ ImÚVo ?
be T
pu
3. g… {MÌ§ ní`{V &
K
4. AÜ`mnHo$Z àíZ… n¥ï>… &

©
5. OZm… h{gVdÝV… &

6. ~mbH$m… H«$sS>pÝV &
7. d¥jm… ^dpÝV &
to
8. H$n`… \$bm{Z ImXpÝV &

9. {nÌm H$m`m©b`… Jå`Vo &
t
No
AdYo`m§e…
* H$V©[a `… YmVw… AmË_ZonXr ^d{V g… H$_©{U/^mdo A{n AmË_ZonXr
Ed ^d{V& ôXñVw "`' H$ma_dbåã` kmVw§ eŠ`… &
71
- MVwW©JUr`mZm§ H$V©[aê$nñ`, H$_©{U - ^mdo - ê$nñ` M ôX… Z ñ\w$Q>…&
_Ý`Vo - _Ý`Vo, `wÜ`Vo - `wÜ`Vo, {IÚVo - {IÚVo
* H$_©{U à`moJo àW_nwéf`moJ… Am{YŠòZ Ñí`Vo& {H$ÝVw `Ì Añ_ÀN>ãX…,
`wî_ÀN>ãX… dm H$_© ^d{V VÌ H$_©{U à`moJo CÎm_-_Ü`_nwéf`mo… à`moJ…
^d{V&
d
H$V©[a H$_©{U
he
am_… _m§ ní`{V am_oU Ah§ Ñíò &
Jwé… Ëdm_² Amˆ`{V JwéUm Ëd_² Amhÿ`go &
is
re S
* Ho$fm#mZ YmVyZm§ H$_©{U/^mdo M ê$nm{U {d{eï>m{Z ^dpÝV &
B
VÚWm - bl
be T
pu
YmVw… H$V©[a H$_©{U AgmYw
K
nm (nmZo) {n~{V nr`Vo ({nã`Vo)

©
K«m (JÝYmonmXmZo) {OK«{V K«m`Vo ({O¿`«Vo)

ð>m (J{V{Zd¥Îmm¡) {Vð>{V ñWr`Vo ({VîR>çVo)
XmU² (XmZo) `ÀN>{V Xr`Vo (`ÀN²>`Vo)
Jåb¥ (JVm¡) JÀN>{V Jå`Vo (JÀN²>`Vo)
to
Bfw (BÀN>m`m_²) BÀN>{V Bî`Vo (BÀN²>`Vo)

Ñ{ea² (àojUo) ní`{V Ñí`Vo (ní`Vo)
t
No
* EVofm§ H$_©{U/^mdo M dH$mañ` CH$maàm{á… ^d{V &

YmVw… H$V©[a H$_©{U
dX² dX{V CÚVo
dM² d{º$ CÀ`Vo
72
dg² dg{V Cî`Vo
dn² dn{V Cß`Vo
dh² dh{V CøVo
ñdn² ñd{n{V gwß`Vo
* BH$mamÝVm… CH$mamÝVm… M XrKª àmßZwdpÝV &
d
he
O`{V ({O) Or`Vo
{MZmo{V ({M) Mr`Vo
is
re S
ûm¥¥Umo{V (ûm¥) ly`Vo
B
bl
ñVm¡{V (ñVw) ñVy`Vo
be T
pu
Aml`{V (Am+{l) Amlr`Vo
K
* B©H$mamÝVm… D$H$mamÝVm… YmVd… &

©
H«$sUm{V - H«$s`Vo
Z`{V (Zr) - Zr`Vo
^d{V (^y) - ^y`Vo (ApñV - ^y`Vo)
gyVo (gy) - gy`Vo
to
* F$H$mamÝVm…, G$H$mamÝVm…, YmVd… &

t
H$amo{V (H¥$) - {H«$`Vo

No
Ya{V (Y¥) - {Y«`Vo

ha{V (ö) - {õ`Vo
d¥Umo{V (d¥) - {d«`Vo
73
Va{V (V¦) - Vr`©Vo
{H$a{V (H¦$) - H$s`©Vo
* AÝò Ho$MZ YmVd…
H¥$f² - H$f©{V - H¥$î`Vo
d
d¥fw - df©{V - d¥î`Vo
he
g¥O - g¥O{V - g¥Á`Vo
{H«$`mH$bmn:
is
re S B
bl
* AY… àXÎm§ {MÌ§ ÑîQ‰>m {ZX}emZwJwU§ à`moJn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV &

be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No
74
No
t to ©
be TK
**
B
75
***
re S
pu
bl
is he
d
ÛmXe… nmR>…
H$U©^ma_²
"a_Ur`mW©à{VnmXH$… eãX… H$mì`_²' B{V npÊS>VamO… OJÞmW… AdXV²&

Vƒ H$mì`§ lì`§ Ñí`§ Mo{V {Û{dY_²& Ñí`H$mì`§ Vw A{^Z`¡… ê$ß`Vo B{V
d
ê$nH$_²& àñVwVo ê$nHo$ H$U©ñ`¡d àmYmÝ`_²& H$Um} {h XmZoZ¡d OJ{V {d»`mV…&
he
Vñ` XmZerbVm AÌ gå`H²$ {Zê${nVm dV©Vo&
is
_hm^maV`wÕo ÐmoUñ` _aUmZÝVa§ H$U©… Hw$égoZmn{V… ~^yd& AOw©ZoZ gh
re S
`moÕþ§ H$U©eë`m¡ `wÕ^yq_ à{deV…&
B
bl
nmÌn[aM`…
be T
pu
H$U©… - A“amO…, H$m¡adgoZmn{VíM &
K
eë`… - H$U©ñ` gma{W… &

©
eH«$… - ~«m÷Uê$nYmar BÝÐ… &

(VV… à{de{V H$U©… eë`ü)
H$U©… - eëàmO! `ÌmgmdOw©ZñVÌ¡d MmoÚVm§ __ aW… &
eë`… - ~mT>_² (MmoX`{V)
to
H$U©… - Ahmo Zw Ibw

nydª Hw$ÝË`m§ g_wËnÞ… amYo` B{V {dlwV…&
t
No
`w{Y{ð>>amX`ñVo _o `dr`m§gñVw nmÊS>dm… &&1&&

^mo… eëàmO! ly`Vm§ __móñ` d¥ÎmmÝV… &
eë`… - __mß`pñV H$m¡Vyhb_oZ§ d¥ÎmmÝV§ lmoVw_² &
H$U©… - nyd©_odmh§ Om_X½Ý`ñ` gH$me§ JVdmZpñ_ &
76
eë`… -
VVñVV… &
H$U©… -
VV… ^JdZ² A{IbmÝ`ómÊ`wn{e{jVw{_ÀN>m_rË`wº$dmZpñ_&
eë`… -
VVñVV… &
H$U©… -
VVmo Om_X½ÝòZ __merd©MZ§ XÎdmg n¥ï>mo@pñ_& H$mo ^dmZ²?
{H$_W©{_hmJV B{V&
d
eë`… - VVñVV… &
he
H$U©… - VV Cº$mo@h§ ^JdVm ~«m÷Uofny Xoe§ H$[aî`m{_, Z j{Ì`mUm{_{V&
eë`… - ApñV Ibw ^JdV… j{Ì`d§í`¡… nyd©d¡a_²& VVñVV… &
is
re S
H$U©… - VVmo Zmh§ j{Ì` BË`ómonXoe§ J«hrVw_maãY§ _`m &
B
H$U©… -
bl
VV… H${Vn`H$mbm{VH«$_o H$Xm{MV² \$b_ybg{_ËHw$eHw$gw_mhaUm`
be T
pu
^JdVm JwéUm ghmZwJVmo@pñ_&
K

©
H$U©… - VV… g Jwéd©Z^«_Un[al_mÝ_X‘>o {ZÐmde_wnJV… &

H$U©… - VV…
H¥$Îmo dO«_wIoZ Zm_ H¥${_Um X¡dmÝ__moéÛò
to
{ZÐmÀN>oX^`mXgøV Jwamo… Y¡`m©ÎmXm doXZm&

CËWm` jVOmßbwV… g ghgm amofmZbmoÔr{nVmo
t
~wX²Üdm _m§ M eemn H$mb{d\$bmÝ`óm{U Vo gpÝËd{V &&2&&

No
eë`… - Ahmo H$ï>_{^{hV§ VÌ ^dVm &

H$U©… - eëàmO! `ÌmgmdOw©Z… VÌ¡d MmoÚVm§ __ aW…&
77
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
(ZonÏò)
^mo… H$U©! _hÎmam§ {^jm§ `mMo &
to
H$U©… - (AmH$Ê`©) Aò dr`©dmZ² eãX…& Amhÿ`Vm§ g {dà…& Z Z

Ah_odmˆ`m{_& ^JdZ² BV BV…&
t
(VV… à{de{V ~«m÷Uê$noU eH«$…)

No
eH«$… - ^mo… H$U©! _hÎmam§ {^jm§ `mMo&

H$U©… - ÑT>§ àrVmo@pñ_, ^JdZ²&
eH«$… - (AmË_JV_²) qH$ Zw Ibw _`m dº$ì`_², `{X XrKm©`w^©do{V dúò
XrKm©`^w {© dî`{V& `{X Z dúò _yT> B{V _m§ n[a^d{V& Vñ_mXþ^`§
78
n[aöË` qH$ Zw Ibw dú`m{_? ^dVw Ñï>_² & (àH$me_²) ^mo… H$U©!
gy`© Bd, MÝÐ Bd, {h_dm{Zd, gmJa Bd {Vð>Vw Vo è…&
H$U©… - ^JdZ²! qH$ Z dº$ì`§ XrKm©`w^©do{V& AWdm EVXod emo^Z_²&
Hw$V…-
Y_m} {h `ËZ¡… nwéfoU gmÜ`…
^wO“{OˆmMnbm Z¥n{l`…&
d
Vñ_mËàOmnmbZ_mÌ~wX²Ü`m
he
hVofw Xohofw JwUm YaÝVo &&3&&
^JdZ², {H${_ÀN>{g? {H$_h§ XXm{Z&
is
re S
eH«$$…- _hÎmam§ {^jm§ `mMo&
B
bl
H$U©…- _hÎmam§ {^jm§ ^dVo àXmñò& ly`Vm§, {d{hVH$ZH$e¥“§ Jmoghò§ XXm{_&
be T
eH«$…- Jmoghò{_{V& _whÿV©H§$ jra§ {n~m{_& ZoÀN>m{_ H$U©! ZoÀN>m{_&

pu
K
H$U©…- qH$ ZoÀN>{V ^dmZ²& BX_{n ly`Vm_²& ~hþghò§ dm{OZm§ Vo XXm{_&

eH«$…- Aœ B{V& _whÿV©H$_mamohm{_& ZoÀN>m{_ H$U©! ZoÀN>m{_&
©
H$U©…- qH$ ZoÀN>{V ^dmZ²? AÝ`X{n ly`Vm_², dmaUmZm§ d¥ÝX_oVÔXm{_&

eH«$…- JO B{V& _whÿV©H$_mamohm{_& ZoÀN>m{_ H$U©! ZoÀN>m{_&
H$U©…- qH$ ZoÀN>{V ^dmZ²? AÝ`X{n ly`Vm_²& An`m©á§ H$ZH§$ XXm{_&
eH«$…- J¥hrËdm JÀN>m{_ & ({H${#mÒËdm) ZoÀN>m{_ H$U©! ZoÀN>m{_&
to
H$U©…- VoZ {h {OËdm n¥{Wdt XXm{_&

eH«$…- n¥{Wì`m qH$ H$[aî`m{_?
t
H$U©…- VoZ ø{¾ï>mo_\$b§ XXm{_&

No
eH«$…- A{¾ï>mo_\$boZ qH$ H$m`©_²?

H$U©…- VoZ {h _pÀN>amo XXm{_&
eH«$…- A{dhm A{dhm &
H$U©… - Z ôVì`§ Z ôVì`_²& àgrXVw ^dmZ²& AÝ`X{n ly`Vm_²&
79
A“¡… gh¡d O{ZV§ __ Xohajm
Xodmgwa¡a{n Z ôÚ{_X§ ghmó¡…&
Xo`§ VWm{n H$dM§ gh Hw$ÊS>bmä`m_²
àrË`m _`m ^JdVo é{MV§ `{X ñ`mV² &&4&&
eH«$… - (ghf©_²) XXmVw XXmVw&
H$U©… - (AmË_JV_²) Ef Edmñ` H$m_…& qH$ Zw Ibw AZoH$H$nQ>~wÕo…
d
H¥$îUñ`monm`…? gmo@{n ^dVw& {YH²$ A`wº$_Zwemo{MVw_²& ZmpñV
he
g§e`…& (àH$me_²) J¥øVm_²&
eë`… - A“amO, Z XmVì`§ Z XmVì`_²&
is
re S
H$U©… - eëàmO! Ab_b§ dma{`Vw_²& ní`-
{ejm j`§ JÀN>{V H$mbn`©`mV²
B
bl gw~Õ_ybm {ZnVpÝV nmXnm…&
be T
pu
Ob§ ObñWmZJV§ M ewî`{V
K
hþV§ M XÎm§ M VW¡d {Vð>{V&&5&&

t ©
to
No
80
Vñ_mV² J¥øVm_²& ({ZH¥$Ë` XXm{V)
eH«$… - J¥hrËdm (AmË_JV_²) hÝV! J¥hrVo EVo& nyd©_odmOw©Z{dO`mWª

gd©Xod¡`©Ëg_{W©V§ V{XXmZt _`mZw{ð>V_²& Vñ_mV² Ah_{n Eoam-
dV_² Améø AOw©ZH$U©`mo… ÛÝÛ`wÕ§ ní`m{_& ({ZîH«$mÝV…)
H$U©… - eëàmO! `ÌmgmdO©wZñVÌ¡d MmoÚVm§ __ aW…&
d
eë`… - ~mT>_² &
he
(âVdmŠ`_²)
is
gd©Ì gånXñgÝVw Zí`ÝVw {dnXñgXm &
re S
amOm amOJwUmonoVmo ^y{__oH$… àemñVw Z… &&6&&
B
bl ({ZîH«$mÝVm¡)
be T
pu
K
{deofm§em…
©
1. ñn¥h² - YmVmo… `moJo B©pßgVmW} MVwWu ñ`mV² &

CXm - Zm`©… nwînoä`… ñn¥h`pÝV &
~mbH$m… _Ywaoä`… ñn¥h`pÝV &
to
nm{UZr`gyÌ_² - ñn¥hoarpßgV…&
AÝd`mW©…
t
No
1. nyd©_² = àW_§ , Hw$ÝË`m_²= Hw $ ÝVrXo ì `m§ , g_wËnÞ…=OmV…(Ah_² ) ,

amYo`…=amYmnwÌ…, B{V {dlwV…=B{V à{gÕ…, `w{Y{ð>amX`…=Y_©amOmX`… Vo
nmÊS>dm…, Vw = Vo nmÊSw>VZ`m…, _o=__, `dr`m§g…=AZwOm… (^dpÝV)
81
2. X¡dmV² = __ Xþ{d©{YZm, dO«_wIoZ Zm_=dO«_wI… Zm_, H¥${_Um=OÝVw-
Zm, __=_o, D$éÛò = D$éÛò, H¥$Îmo ={N>Þo g{V, VXm=Vpñ_Z² H$mbo, Jwamo…
= AMm`©ñ` naewam_ñ`, {ZÐmÀN>oX^`mV² = {ZÐm^“{^`m, Y¡`m©V²=gY¡`©_²,-
doXZm= Xþ…I_², AgøV = _`m gmoT>_²& jVOmßbwV…=é{YaoU AmÐuH¥$V…,
g…=Jwé…, ghgm = gÎda_od, CËWm` = OmJ[aV… ^yËdm, amofmZbmoÔr{nV…
d
= H«$moYm{¾Zm gÝXr{nV…, _m§ M ~wÜdm = H$Uª, j{Ì`… B{V kmËdm, Vo Aóm{U
he
=Vd _ÝÌmóm{U, H$mb{d\$bm{Z =g_ò \$ba{hVm{Z, gÝVw B{V=^dÝVw B{V,
eemn=emn§ XXm¡&
is
re S
3. nwéfoU=_mZdoZ, `ËZ¡…=CÚ_¡…, Y_©…=Y_©…, gmÜ`… {h=àmáw§ `mo½`…
B
bl
Ibw?, Z¥n{l`…=amk… gånX…, ^wO“{OˆmMnbm=gnm©Um§ agZm Bd M#mbm…&
Vñ_mV²= AV… H$maUmV², Xohofw hVofw= earaofw Zï>ofw A{n, àOmnmbZ~wX²Ü`m
be T
pu
= OZg§ajU{Y`m, JwUm…=gX²JwUm…, YaÝVo = {Vð>pÝV &
K
4. A“¡… gh Ed = Ad`d¡… g__od, O{ZV_² = CËnÞ_², __ Xohajm =

©
H$U©ñ` __ XohajU§, BX§ = H$dM§, Aó¡… gh = Am`wY¡… gmYª, Xodmgwa¡… A{n

=Xod…¡ amjg¡… A{n, Z ôÚ_²=ôÎmw§ Z eŠ`_²& VWm{n = Ed§ pñWVo A{n, ^JdVo
= Xodm`, `{X é{MV§ ñ`mV² = `{X Bï>§ ^doV², H$U}Z Hw$ÊS>bmä`m§ gh = V{h©
Hw$ÊS>bmä`m§ gh, H$dM_² = ajmH$dM§, _`m = AmË_Zm, àrË`m = àr{Vnyd©H§$,
to
Xo`_² = XmVw§ `mo½`_² &

5. H$mbn`©`mV² = H$mbmZwH«$_mV², {ejm = AYrV{dÚm, j`_² = Zme_²,
t
JÀN>{V = àmßZmo{V, gw~Õ_ybm… = gwÑT>_ybm…, nmXnm… = Vad… A{n,

No
{ZnVpÝV = ^y_m¡ nVpÝV& ObñWmZJV_² = Obme`ñW_², Ob_² = dm[a,

M ewî`{V = A{n ewîH$Vm§ `m{V, (naÝVw) hþV_² = A¾m¡ à{já_², M XÎm_²
= gËnmÌo H¥$V§ XmZ_², VW¡d = Z àUï>_², {Vð>{V=^d{V AWdm emídVê$noU
{Vð>{V&
6. gd©Ì=gd©pñ_Z² ñWmZo, gånX… = ^m½`m{Z, gÝVw = ^dÝVw, gXm = gd©Xm,
82
{dnX…= H$ï>m{Z, Zí`ÝVw = Zme§ `mÝVw, amOJwUmonoV…= XmZX`m{XamOJwU`wº$…,
EH$…=A{ÛVr`…, Z¥n…=amOm, Z…=Añ_mH§$, ^y{__²= n¥{Wdt, àemñVw= nmb`Vw&
H${dH$mì`{dMma…
d
H${d… - ^mg… &
he
Xoe… - X{jU^maV_² &
H$mb… - {H«$. ny. n#m_§ eVH$_² &
is
re S
H¥$V`… - ñdßZdmgdXÎm_², H$U©^ma_², à{V_mZmQ>H$_²,
B
bl XÿVKQ>moËH$M_² BË`mXr{Z MVwX©eê$nH$m{U&
be T
pu
Aä`mg:
K
©
1. EH$dmŠòZ CÎma§ {bIV&

1. "amYo`…' B{V {dlwV… H$… ?
2. nwéfoU `ËZ¡… H$… gmÜ`…?
3. qH$ qH$ emídV§ {Vð>{V?
to
4. H$U©ñ` gma{W… H$… ?

t
2. [aº$ñWmZ§ nya`V&
No
1. ^mo… H$U©! _hÎmam§ ........ `mMo &

2. H$mbn`©`mV² .......... j`§ `m{V &
3. hVofw Xohofw .......... YaÝVo &
4. eëàmO! ly`Vm§ ............ d¥ÎmmÝV… &
83
3. g§`moÁ` {bIV>&
A Am
1.
H$U©gyV… H$U©ñ` Jwé…
2.
Om_X½Ý`… M#mbm…
3.
Z¥n{l`… Zí`ÝVw
d
he
4.
dO«_wI… eëàmO…
5.
{dnX… H¥${_…
is
re S
4. aoIm{‘>VnX_² Adbåã` àíZ{Z_m©U§ Hw$éV&
B
bl
1. eH«$… _hÎmam§ {^jm§ `mMVo &
be T
pu
2. __ Xohajm A“¡… gh O{ZV_² &
K
3. eë`H$Um£ aWmamohU§ Hw$éV… &

©
5. g_mZmW©H$nX§ {bIV&
1) {ea… 2) ^wO“…
3) d¥ÎmmÝV… 4) Xoh…
6. {dJ«hdmŠ`§ {d{b»` g_mgZm_ {bIV&
to
1) _pÀN>a… 2) `Wm~b_²
t
3) Xodmgwam… 4) XrKm©`w…
No
7. bKyÎma§ {bIV&
1. Om_X½Ý`… {H$_Wª H$Uª eemn ?
2. H$U©… eH«$m` qH$ qH$ XXm{V? V`mo… d¡{eîQ>ç§ {H$_²?
84
1. __mß`pñV H$m¡Vyhb_oZ§ d¥ÎmmÝV§ lmoVw_² &
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV²? H$ñ` d¥ÎmmÝV… ?
2. gmJa… Bd {Vð>Vw Vo è… &
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV²? H$ñ` è… ?
d
3. ^JdZ² {H${_ÀN>{g? {H$_h§ XXm{Z ?
he
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV²? H$_² AdXV² ?
9. XedmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m H$ÞS>^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m dm {bIV&
is
re S
1. H$U©eH«$`mo… gå^mfU§ {dd¥UwV &
B
bl
2. H$U©… ñdñ` Aód¥ÎmmÝV§ eë`§ à{V H$W_² AdU©`V²?
be T
pu
K
AdYo`m§e…
©
H$moe…
dmOr - dm{Odmhmd©JÝYd©h`g¡ÝYdgá`… &
dmaU… - _V“Omo JOmo ZmJ… Hw$ÄOamo dmaU… H$ar &
to
^mg{da{MVm{Z MVwX©eê$nH$m{U
t
am_mÙmYm[aVm{Z - A{^foH$ZmQ>H$_², à{V_mZmQ>H$_², `k\$b_² &

No
_hm^maVmYm[aVm{Z - _Ü`_ì`m`moJ…, XÿVdmŠ`_², XÿVKQ>moËH$M_²,H$U©^ma_²,

D$é^“_², n#mamÌ_² &
~¥hËH$WmYm[aVm{Z-ñdßZdmgdXÎm_² , A{d_maH$_² , MméXÎm_² , à{Vkm`m¡ -
JÝYamÙ_²&
^mJdVnwamUmYm[aV_² - ~mbM[aV_² &
85
-AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
1. CÎmaam_M[aV_² - ^d^y{V… &
2. A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb_² (H$ÞS>mZwdmX…) - àmo. Ho$.{Q>.nmÊSw>a{“ &
3. H$ÞS>^mg_hmgånwQ>_² - Eg².{d.na_oída ^Å>… &
V{ÕVmÝVm…
d
he
Vñ_¡ {hVm… - V{ÕVm…& AWm©V² à`moJmWª {hVm… BË`W©…& V{ÕVàË``m…
àm{Vn{XH$mZm§ {dYr`ÝVo& àm{Vn{XH$mZm§ {dYr`_mZofw àË`òfw "gwn²' {^Þm…
is
re S
àË``m… gd} V{ÕVàË``m…& V{ÕVàË``mÝV§ nX§ V{ÕVmÝV_²& V{ÕVàË``m…
B
bl
~hd… gpÝV& AÌ Ho$MZ àXí`©ÝVo &
be T
AnË`mW©H$àË``m… (AU², BÄm², E`)

pu
K
AnË`§ Zm_ gÝV{V… BË`W©…/nwÌ… nwÌr dm ^d{V& AnË`_² BË`W} àm{VnX-

{H$mV² EVo àË``m… ^dpÝV &
©
AU² (A) àË``…

1. n¥Wm`m… AnË`§ nw_mZ² = nmW©… & 2. JmoV_ñ` AnË`§ nw_mZ² = Jm¡V_…&
"BÄm²' (B) àË``…
1. XeaWñ` AnË`§ nw_mZ² = Xmea{W… & 2. _méVñ` AnË`§ nw_mZ² =
_mé{V…&
to
"E`' àË``…
1. eHw$ÝVbm`m… AnË`§ nw_mZ²=emHw$ÝVbo`…& 2. _¡{Wë`m… AnË`§ nw_mZ²=_¡{Wbo`…&
t
No
3. amYm`m… AnË`§ nw_mZ² = amYo`… &

^mdmW©H$àË``m… (Ëd, Vb², î`Äm²) : ^mdmo Zm_ àH¥$Ë`W} àH$mar^yV… Y_©…
(Om{VJwUmX`…) &
* "Ëd' àË``… - gm_mÝ`V… "Ëd' àË``mÝV§ nX§ Znw§gH${b“o Ed ^d{V&
1. Zañ` ^md… - ZaËd_² & 2. H¥$nUñ` ^md… - H¥$nUËd_² &
86
* "Vb²' (Vm) àË``… - "Vb²' àË``mÝV§ nX§ ór{b“o Ed ^d{V &
1. _yI©ñ` ^md… - _yI©Vm & 2. nyU©ñ` ^md… - nyU©Vm &
* "î`Äm²' (`)
1. Abgñ` ^md… - Ambñ`_²& 2. CXmañ` ^md… - Am¡Xm`©_² &
3. Yrañ` ^md… = Y¡`©_² 4. gwIñ` ^md… = gm¡»`_² &
d
he
{H«$`mH$bmn:
is
re S B
bl ^maV:
be T
pu
AnË`mW©H$ H$m¡ÝVo`:
K
V{ÕVàË``m: Om~m{b…
to©
newËd_w
Ah©Vm
t
^mdmW©H$V{ÕVàË``m… gmoÝX`©_²
No
*****
87
Ì`moXe… nmR>…
^maVr`^mdZm
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
^maV_² Añ_mH§$ OÝ_^y{_…& ^y{_[a`_² Añ_m{^… _mVo{V gJm¡ad_m{Ð`Vo&

nwÊ`^y{_[a`§ {dÛÛaoÊ`¡… H${d{^… _Ywa_ÄOwbnXnwÄO¡… d{U©Vm ApñV&
Xoeñ`mñ` _mhmËå`dU©ZÛmam Xoe^{º$… àH${Q>Vm M& "^maVr`^mdZm' gdm}ËH¥$ï>m,
to
bmoH${hVH$m[aUr B{V H${d… Apñ_Z² nÚo A{^à¡{V&

A`§ nÚ^mJ… S>m&& ZmJamOZ² _hmoX`ñ` "^maVd¡^d_²' B{V nÚ^mJmV²
t
CÕ¥V…&
No
e¡bl¥“dm{gZr§ H¥$nmH$Q>mjem{bZt
_“bm“emo{^Vm§ MamMam{XZm{`H$m_² &
d„H$sà^yV{Xì`^ì`JmZVmo{fUt
amOamOny{OVm§ gXm Z_m{_ _mVa_² &&1&&
88
{MÎmempÝVXm{`Zr {da{º$~w{Õd{Y©Zr
ôX^mdZm{eZr OZofw M¡Š`H$m[aUr&
Xþ…IemoH$hm[aUr ^dmå~wYoü Vm[aUr
^maVr`^mdZm {dd¥{Õ_oVw ^maVo &&2&&
AmË_e{º$d{Y©Vm {dembÑ{ï>g§`wVm
d
Ûof^mdd{O©Vm {ZaÝVa§ gwIàXm&
he
amï´>gÎdYm[aUr V_…àIÊS>IpÊS>Zr
^maVr`^mdZm {dd¥{Õ_oVw^maVo&&3&&
is
re S
`Ì Hw$Ì dm d`§ g_J«^maVo pñWVm
B

bl
^mf`m{n Y_©Vü {^Þ_mJ©_m{lVm…&
Am{XVü _Ü`VñVWmÝVVü ^maVm
be T
pu
^maVr`^mdZo{V d¥{Õ_oVw ^maVo&&4&&
K
AÝd`mW©…
©
1. e¡ b e¥ “ dm{gZr_² = nd© V {eIadm{gZr_² , H¥ $ nmH$Q> m jem{bZr_² =

X`mÑ{ï>`ºw $m_², _“bm“emo{^Vm_² = H$ë`mUmd`d¡… am{OVm_², MamMam{XZm{`H$m_²=
MamMadñVyZm§ ñdm{_Zr_², d„H$sà^yV{Xì`^ì`JmZVmo{fUr_² =drUm{XdmÚZmX`wº$-
àMwa{Xì` - ^md`wº$JmZoZ gÝVwï>m_², amOamOny{OVm_² = amOm{YamO¡… ny{OVm_²,
to
_mVa_²=^maVmpå~H$m_², gXm=gd©Xm Z_m{_&

2. {MÎmempÝVXm{`Zr = _Zg… e_àXm{`Zr, {da{º$~w{Õd{Y©Zr = d¡am½`^m-
t
No
dàd{Y©Zr, ôX^mdZm{eZr = {^Þ^md_{X©Zr, M, OZofw = bmoHo$fw, Eo-

Š`H$m[aUr = EH$VmOZ{`Ìr, Xþ…IemoH$hm[aUr= Xþ…Iñ`, ewM…, M g§hm[aUr,
M ^dmå~wYo… = g§gmagmJañ`, Vm[aUr= VmaUH$Ìu, ^maVr`^mdZm= d`§ gd}
^maVr`m… B{V `m ^mdZm gm, ^maVo=Añ_X²Xoeo, {dd¥{Õ_²=d¥{Õ_², EVw=
àmßZmoVw&
89
3. (B`§ ^maVr`^mdZm) AmË_e{º$d{Y©Vm = AmË_~bd{Y©Zr,
{dembÑ{ï>g§`wVm = Am¡Xm`©JwUmpÝdVm, Ûof^mdd{O©Vm = d¡a^md{d{Z_w©º$m,
{ZaÝVa_² = AZdaV_², gwIàXm= gÝVmofXm{`Zr, amï´>gÎdYm[aUr =
am{ï´>`~bYm[aUr, V_…àImÊS>IpÊS>Zr = {dnwbmÝYH$maZm{eZr, ^maVr`^mdZm
= EVmÑeJwU`wº$m ^maVr`^mdZm, ^maVo = Añ_mH§$ Xoeo, {dd¥{Õ_oVw =
dY©Vm_² &
d
4. d`_², g_J«^maVo = g_ñVXoeo, `Ì Hw$Ì dm pñWVm… = dgm_…,
^mf`m = {d{dY^maË`m, Y_©V… M = {^Þ, {^Þ Y_m©Zw`m{`Z… ^yËdm, {^Þ_
he
mJ©_² = {^ÞnW_² Am{lVm… ñ_& Am{XV… M _Ü`V…, AÝVV… M = ^maVXoeo
AmXm¡, _Üò, AÝVo M ^maVm…= ^maVr`m… dgm_…, ^maVo = Apñ_Z² Xoeo (gd©Ì,
is
re S
gd©Xm), ^maVr`^mdZm = d`§ gd} ^maVr`m… B{V ^mdZm, d¥{Õ_oVw = Aj`§ ^dVw
B
H${dn[aM`…
bl
be T
H${d… - S>m&& Ho$.Eg². ZmJamOZ²

pu
K
Xoe… - ~o“byéZJa_² ({dëgZ²JmS>©Z²)

H$mb… - {H«$.e. qdeeVH$_²
©
H¥$V`… - lr grVmñd`§da_²
lr e~ar{dbmg_² H$mì`Û`_²
CÝ_ÎmH$sMH$_²
Jwéemn_² ZmQ>H$Û`_²
to
Aä`mg:
t
No

1. e¡bl¥“dm{gZr H$m ?
2. ^maV_mVm H¡$… ny{OVm ?
3. ^maVr`^mdZm {ZaÝVa§ qH$ XXm{V ?
4. ^maVr`m… H$W§ {^Þ_mJ©_m{lVm…?
90
2. g_yhoVanX§ {MËdm {bIV &
1. e¡b…, nd©V…, ûm¥“…, AMb… &
2. V_…, àH$me…, {V{_a_², AÝYH$ma… &
3. AÝV…, Am{X…, _Ü`…, AÝ`… &
d
he
1. Ma… 3. àH$me…
2. Ûof… 4. AÝV…
is
re S
B
bl
1. ^maVo 3. Zm{`H$m_²
be T
pu
K
2. d`_² 4. ^mfm`m_²
©
5. bKyÎma§ {bIV &

1. H${d… H$sÑet _mVa§ Z_m{_ B{V dX{V ?
AdYo`m§e…
to
* S>m&& Ho$.Eg². ZmJamOZ²_hmoX`m` àXÎmm… àeñV`…

(1) gm{hË`mb‘>ma… (2) H$mìàMZmMVwa…
t
No
(3) H${d^yfU… (4) H$Um©Q>H$amÁ`àepñV…&

* Ef… _hmoX`… ~o“byé ZJañ` Ý`mfZb² _hm{dÚmb`…, H«¡$ñV_
hm{dÚmb`…, Aa².{d. _hm{dÚmb`… BË`m{X {dÚmbòfw àmÜ`mnH$mo ^yËdm
gwa^maVrgodm_² AH$amoV²&
91
H$moe…
V_… = AÝYH$mamo@{ó`m§ ÜdmÝV§ V{_ò§ {V{_a§ V_… &
erK«_² = Odmo@W erK«§ Ëd[aV§ bKw{jà_a§ ÐþV_²&
{MÎm_² = {MÎm§ Vw MoVmo öX`§ ñdmÝV§ öÝ_mZg§ _Z…&
H$Q>mj… = .... H$Q>mjmo@nm“Xe©Zo
d
he
-AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
1. JrVg§ñH¥$V_² 2. Jo`g§ñH¥$V_² 3. {eewJrV_² (g§ñH¥$V^maVr) &
is
re S B
bl
4. Qw>n² H${dVm… - Eg². OJÞmW… (AmXe© g§ñH¥$V_hm{dÚmb`…, _„oída_²)&
be T
pu
{H«$`mH$bmn…
K
©
* dmŠ`m{Z aM`V &

OZofwEoŠ`H$m[aUr
_“bm“emo{^Vm
Ûof^mdd{O©Vm
to
^maV_mVm
{dembÑ{ï>g§`wVm
t
No
{ZaÝVagwIàXm
OZofwEoŠ`H$m[aUr
92
* dUª `moO{`Ëdm nya`V &
1. ^maV_mVw… {ea{g Ef… {damOVo
_m `…
2. Añ` Ìr{UbmoMZm{Z gpÝV &
d
Zo
he
3. dmamUñ`m_² Efm ZXr àdh{V &
J Xr
is

re S B
4. ^maVXoeñ` X{jU^mJo pñWV§ à{gÕñWb_² &
bl
be T
H$ Hw$ ar
pu
K

* AYmo{b{IVmV² dU©OmbmV² ZXrZm§ nd©VmZm§ Zm_m{Z {bIV &
©
A ~w© X: J§
am M ÝÐ ^m Jm
to
d ` _w Zm h¡
{b: {d ÝÜ`: _m
t
No
Zr bm {Ð øm g
e dr ar do H$m

*****
93
MVwX©e… nmR>…
_méVo… _{h_m
am_mÙ§, _hm^maV_² Aï>mXenwamUm{Z M ^maVr`g§ñH¥$Vo… AmH$am…
J«ÝWm…& EVofw "lr_Ðm_mÙ_²' Am{XH$mì`_² B{V à{gÕ_²& lr_Ðm_mÙñ`
d
CÎmaH$mÊS>V… A`§ nÚ^mJ… CÓ¥V… dV©Vo &
he
lram_MÝÐ… amdUmXrZ² amjgmZ² g§öË` A`moÜ`m§ g_mOJm_& VXm Vñ`
amÁ`m{^foH$… gwg§d¥Îm…& VXdgao gd}ä`… {X½ä`… F${fdaoÊ`m… g_mJVm…&
is
re S
Vofm_mJ_ZoZ gÝVwï>… XeaWmË_O… lram_… VmZ² A¿`©nmÚm{X{^… gËH¥$Ë`, Vofw
B
bl
AÝ`V__² AJñË`_wqZ hZw_V… em¡`Y© `¡ m©{XJwU{dfò An¥ÀN>V&² VXm AJñË`_w{Z…
be T
pu
hZw_V… CËn{ÎmH$Wm§, Vñ` ~më`d¥ÎmmÝV#m AdU©`V²& g M àg“… AÌ d{U©V…&
K
AJñË`_w{Z… CdmM
©
gy`©XÎmda… ñdU©… gw_oéZm©_ nd©V…&

`Ì amÁ`§ àemñË`ñ` Ho$gar Zm_ d¡ {nVm &&1&&
Vñ` ^m`m© ~^ydoï>m øÄOZo{V n[alwVm&
OZ`m_mg Vñ`m§ d¡ dm`wamË_O_wÎm__² &&2&&
to
em{beyH${Z^m^mg§ àmgyVo_§ VXmÄOZm&

\$bmÝ`mhVw©H$m_m d¡ {ZîH«$mÝVm JhZo dam &&3&&
t
No
Ef _mVw{d©`moJmƒ jwY`m M ^¥em{X©V… &

éamoX {eewaË`Wª {eew… eadUo `Wm &&4&&
94
VXmoÚÝV§ {ddñdÝV§ OnmnwînmoËH$amon__²&
XXe© \$bbmo^mƒ øwËnnmV aqd à{V &&5&&
~mbmH$m©{^_wImo ~mbmo ~mbmH©$ Bd _y{V©_mZ²&
J«hrVwH$m_mo ~mbmHª$ ßbdVo@å~a_Ü`J…&&6&&
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No
{eewaof ËdXmofk B{V _Ëdm {XZoída…&

H$m`ª MmÌ g_m`Îm{_Ëòd§ Z XXmh g…&&7&&
`_od {Xdg§ øof J«hrVw§ ^mñH$a§ ßbwV…&
V_od {Xdg§ amhþ{O©K¥j{V {XdmH$a_² &&8&&
95
{eew§ hZw_ÝV§ ÑîQ‰>m ÌñV… amhþ… BÝÐ^dZ§ JËdm BÝÐ_wdmM -
AÚmh§ nd©H$mbo Vw {OK¥jw… gy`©_mJV…&
AWmÝ`mo amhþamgmÚ OJ«mh ghgm a{d_² &&9&&
BÝÐ… H$arÝÐ_méø amhþ§ H¥$Ëdm nwa…ga_²&
àm`mÚÌm^dV² gy`©… ghmZoZ hZy_Vm &&10&&
d
he
EoamdV§ VVmo ÑîQ‰>m _hÎm{XX{_Ë`{n&
\$b§ _Ëdm hpñVamO_{^XþÐmd _mé{V… &&11&&
is
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
t ©
to
No
96
Ed_mYmd_mZ§ Vw Zm{VH«w$Õ… eMrn{V…&
hñVmÝVmX{V_wºo$Z Hw${beoZmä`VmS>`V² &&12&&
VVmo {Jam¡ nnmV¡f BÝÐdO«m{^Vm{S>V…&
nV_mZñ` M¡Vñ` dm_mo hZwa^Á`V &&13&&
BÝÐoU daàXmZ_² -
d
he
_ËH$amoËg¥ï>dO«oU hZwañ` `Wm hV… &
ZmåZm d¡ H${nemX©ÿbmo ^{dVm hZw_m{Z{V &&14&&
is
re S
Ah_ñ` àXmñ`m{_ na_§ da_ØþV_²&
B
bl
BV… à^¥{V dO«ñ` __mdÜ`mo ^{dî`{V &&15&&
be T
pu
AÝd`mW©…
K
©
1. gy`©XÎmda… ñdU©… = gy`©XÎmdaoU gwdU©_`…, gw_oé… Zm_ = gw_oé… B{V,

nd©V… = A{Ð… (ApñV)& `Ì = `pñ_Z² _oénd©Vo, Ho$garZm_ = Ho$gar
BË`m»`…, Añ` {nVm = hZw_V… OZH$…, amÁ`§ àempñV d¡ = amï´>§ nmb`{V
ñ_ Ibw&
2. Vñ` =Ho$g[aU…, AÄOZm B{V, n[alwVm = à{gÕm, Bï>m = {à`m, ^m`m© =
to
nËZr, ~^yd {h = AmgrV²& Vñ`m§ d¡ =AÄOZm`m_², dm`w… = _éÔod…, CÎm__²

AmË_O_² = loð>§ nwÌ_², OZ`m_mg = O{ZVdmZ² (àoaUmW©…)& (àmádmZ²)
t
No
dm`mo… AZwJ«hoU OmV… &

3. VXm =VV…, AÄOZm, B__² =EZ_², em{beyH${Z^m^mg_² = emë`J«g_
mZH$mpÝV`wV§ ({n“bdU©`Vw _²), àmgyV =àgyVdVr& (VV…) \$bm{Z, AmhVwH© $m_m
= AmZoVw_² BÀN>ÝVr, dam = loð>m (AÄOZm) JhZo = dZo (dZ§ à{V) {ZîH«$mÝVm
= JVdVr &
97
4. VXm, Ef… {eew… = A`§ ~mb…, _mVw… {d`moJmV² M = OZÝ`m… {d`moJmV²,
jwY`m M = ~w^wj`m M, ^¥em{X©V… = A{YH§$ nr{S>V… gZ², eadUo {eew…
`Wm = JwÝÐdZo H$m{V©Ho$`{eew… Bd, AË`W©_² = Vrd«_², éamoX = AmH«$ÝXV²,
(eadU_² = X^©OmVr`… V¥U{deof…)
5. VXm = Vpñ_Z² g_ò (~mb… hZy_mZ²), OnmnwînmoËH$amon__²=OnmHw$gw_dV²
d
aº$dU©_², CÚÝV_² = CX`_mZ_², {ddñdÝV_² = gy`©_², XXe© = AmbmoH$`m_
he
mg& M, {h, \$bbmo^mV² = BX§ \$b§ àmßZmo{_ B{V AmH$mL²>j`m, aqd à{V =
gy`m©{^_wI§, CËnnmV = CXS>`V &
is
re S
6. ~mbmH$m©{^_wI… = CX`_mZ§ gy`ª à{V, Aå~a_Ü`J… = AmH$me_Üò JÀN>Z,²
B
bl
_y{V©_mZ² ~mbmH©$… Bd = ~mbgy`}U gÑe…, ~mb… = {eew… hZy_mZ², ~mbmH©$_²
be T
= ~mbgy`©_², J«hrVwH$m_… = J«hUoÀNw>…, ßbdVo = CÈ>`Vo&

pu
K
7. Ef… {eew… Vw = A`§ ~mb… hZy_mZ², AXmofk… = Xmhm{XXmofñ` AkmVm,

©
M, AÌ H$m`©_² = Apñ_Z² ~mbHo$ (am_H¥$Ë`§) H$V©ì`§ H$_©, g_m`Îm_² =

AYrZV`m pñWV_², (AZoZ ^{dî`{V {H«$`_mU… H$m`©{deof… ApñV) BËòd_²
= Ed§ arË`m, _Ëdm = {dMm`©, g… {XZoída… = {XdmH$a…, Z XXmh - (EZ§
dmb§) Z X½YdmZ²&
to
(A`§ hZy_mZ² {eew…& AV Ed gy`©… _m§ XhoV² B{V Z OmZm{V& AZoZ

^{dî`{V H$mbo H$V©ì`§ H$_© (am_H$m`ª) ApñV B{V {dMm`© gy`©… ~mb§ hZy_ÝV§ Z
t
XXmh&)
No
8. `_od {Xdg_² = `pñ_Þod {XZo, {h, Ef… = ~mb… hZy_mZ², ^mñH$a§ J«hrVw_²
= gy`ª ñdrH$Vw©_², ßbwV… = CÈ>{`VdmZ², V_od {Xdg_² = Vpñ_Þod {XZo, amhþ…
= g¢{hHo$`…, {XdmH$a_² = gy`©_², {OK¥j{V = J«hrVw_² BÀN>{V &
9. AÚ nd©H$mbo = Apñ_Z² nd©{XZo (A_mdmñ`m`m_²), Ah§, gy`ª, {OK¥jw… =
98
J«hrVw_² BÀN>Z², AmJV… Vw = Am`mV…, AW = AZÝVa_², AÝ`… amhþ… =
amhþgÑe… Ana…, ghgm= erK«_,² AmgmÚ= AmJË`, aqd, OJ«mh= J«hrVdmZ²&
10. BÝÐ… = eH«$…, H$arÝÐ_² = EoamdV_², Améø, amhþ_² = qg{hH$mgwV_²,
nwañga§ H¥$Ëdm = AJ«oga§ H¥$Ëdm, `Ì = `pñ_Z² àXoeo, gy`©… = {XZH$a…, AZoZ,
hZy_Vm gh = ~mboZ _mé{VZm gmY©_², A^dV² = AmgrV², VÌ, àm`mV² =
d
AJÀN>V² &
he
11. VV…, _mé{V…= hZy_mZ², EoamdV§ ÑîQ‰>m=H$arÝÐ§ drú`, BX_{n _hV²
\$b_²= EVX{n VVmo@{n ~¥hV² \$b_² B{V, _Ëdm= kmËdm, VV²=Vñ_mV² H$maUmV²,
is
re S
hpñVamO_²= EoamdV_², A{^XþÐmd = (J«hrVw_²) Aä`YmdV² & (A{^XYmd)
B
bl
12. Ed_², AmYmd_mZ§ Vw = EoamdV§ J«hrVw§ YmdÝV§ hZy_ÝV_², Z A{VH«w$Õ…
be T
pu
= A{VH«$moYa{hV…, eMrn{V… = BÝÐ…, hñVmÝVmV² = H$amJ«mV², A{V_wºo$Z
K
Hw${beoZ = Vm{S>Vw_² CÚwºo$Z dO«m`wYoZ, Aä`VmS>`V²=àmhaV² &

©
13. VV…, BÝÐdO«m{^Vm{S>V…=BÝÐñ` dO«m`wYoZ A{^hV…, (BÝÐoU dO«m`wYoZ

A{^Vm{S>V…) Ef…=hZy_mZ² {Jam¡ = H$pñ_¨{üV² nd©Vo, nnmV& M, nV_mZñ`
EVñ`=nVV… Añ`, dm_… hZw…=X{jUoVa… hZw…, (dm_^mJo pñWV… H$nmobñ`
Cn[aVZ^mJ…), A^Á`V=^¾… A^dV²& (dm_m hZw… BË`{n nmR>mÝVa_²& hZweãX…
to
{ó`m§ nw§{g M dV©Vo&)

14. `Wm=`ñ_mV² H$maUmV², _ËH$amoËg¥ï>dO«oU=__ H$aoU à{jádO«m`wYoZ,
t
(__ H$amJ«pñWVdO«m`wYVmS>ZoZ) Añ` = ~mbñ` _méVo…, hZw…, hV…= ^¾…

No
(A^dV²) & (AV…) H${nemX©ÿb…=A`§ dmZadra…, ZmåZm d¡ hZy_mZ² B{V,

^{dVm= ^{dî`{V& (bmoHo$ BV… na_² A`§ AÄOZmgwV… "hZy_mZ²' B{V ZmåZm
à{gÕmo ^{dî`{V BË`W©…&)
15. Ah_², Añ` = Añ_¡, AØþV_² = {dñ_`H$a_², na__²=loð>_², da_²,
99
àXmñ`m{_ = à`ÀN>m{_& (`V²) (A`_²) BV… à^¥{V=BV… Amaä`, __ dO«ñ`=
_Xr`ñ` dO«m`wYñ`, AdÜ`… = dÜ`… Z ^{dî`{V &
(Añ`mon[a H$Xm{n __ dO«mKmV… Z ^{dî`{V& dO«m`wYZo Vm{S>Vmo@{n Añ` {H$_{n
Z ^{dî`{V BË`{n AW©…&)
H${dn[aM`…
d
he
H${d… - dmë_r{H$…&
dë_rH$mV² AmJV… B{V dmë_r{H$…&
is
re S
àMoVg… nwÌ… B{V "àmMoVg…'&
B
bl ^¥Jwd§er`… B{V "^mJ©d…&
be T
pu
{nVm - àMoVm… &
K
Xoe… - V_gmZXrVrao {dÚ_mZ… Aml_…&

©
H$mb… - {H«$ñVmãXmV² àmº$ZH$mb… &

H¥${V… - am_mÙ_²
àe§gm - "Am{XH${d…' B{V {dlw{V…& "CÎm_… Jm`H$…' BË`{n ly`Vo&
to

1. Ho$gar Hw$Ì amÁ`§ nmb`{V ñ_?
t
No
2. AÄOZm H$sÑe§ gwV§ àmgyV ?

3. ~mb… hZy_mZ² H$sÑe§ {ddñdÝV§ XXe©?
4. {XZoída… {H$_Wª ~mb§ _méqV Z XXmh?
100
2. _ÄOyfmV… C{MV§ nX§ CÓ¥Ë` [aº$ñWmZ§ nya`V &
1. g§ñH¥$Vdm¶ò ........... Am{XH$mì`_² B{V à{gÕ_²&
2. éamoX {eewaË`Wª {eew… .......... `Wm &
3. J«hrVwH$m_… ............... ßbdZo Aå~a_Ü`J… &
d
4. hZy_V… .............. hZw… A^Á`V &
he
(dm_…, am_mÙ_², ~mbmH©$_², eadUo)
is
re S
B
1. bl_hm^maV_² ; doXì`mg…, am_mÙ_² ; .................
be T
pu
2. eMrn{V… ; BÝÐ…, AÄOZmn{V… ; .................
K
3. {ddñdmZ² ; {XZoída…, qg{hH$mgwV… ; .................

©

1. àemñË`ñ` Ho$gar Zm_ d¡ {nVm &
H$… nmR>… ? H$… AdXV² ? Ho$gar H$ñ` {nVm?
to
2. OJ«mh ghgm a{d_² &

t
H$… nmR>… ? H$… AdXV² ? H$_² AdXV² ?

No
3. Ah_ñ` àXmñ`m{_ na_§ da_ØþV_² &

H$… nmR>… ? H$… da§ XXm{V ? H$ñ_¡ da§ XXm{V ?
101
5. g_mZmW©H$nXm{Z {MËdm `moO`V &
^mñH$a… ^m`m© {nVm CÈ>>`Vo

OZH$… A^©H$…
{eew… ßbdVo nËZr gy`©…
d
he
dm_…
6. gpÝY¨ H¥$Ëdm Zm_ {bIV &
is
re S B

bl
1. {h+Ef… 2. nnmV+Ef… 3. \$bbmo^mV²+M
be T

pu
K
1. ~mbmH©$… 2. H$arÝÐ… 3. H${nemXÿ©b…

©
8. Xe{^… dmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m dm

{bIV &
1. hZy_V… OZZ§ ~më`d¥ÎmmÝV#m nÚmZwJwU§ {bIV &
to
AdYo`m§e…
t
H$moe…
No
JhZ_² - AQ>ìàÊ`§ {d{nZ§ JhZ§ H$mZZ§ dZ_² &

{eew… - nmoV… nmH$mo@^©H$mo {S>å^… n¥WwH$íemdH$píeew…&
Aå~a_² - Úmo{Xdm¡ Ûo {ó`m_^«§ ì`mo_ nwîH$a_å~a_²&
102
* lr_Ðm_mÙ_²
- BX_² Am{XH$mì`_² B{V à{gÕ_² &
- Añ` H$Vm© Am{XH${d… dmë_r{H$…&
- am_mÙo 24000 íbmoH$m… -500 gJ}fw, gáH$mÊS>ofw {Z~Õm… gpÝV &
- am_mÙ§ ""na§ H$drZm_mYma_²'' B{V »`mV_² &
d
he
- BX§ ^maVr`g§ñH¥$Vo… AmH$a… J«ÝW… &
- BX§ kmZ{dkmZ`mo… ^mÊS>mJma_² &
is
re S
F AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
B
bl
1. dmë_r{H$am_mÙ_² (H$ÞS>mZwdmX…) - {dÛmZ² EZ². a“ZmWe_m© &
be T
pu
2. dmë_r{H$am_mÙ_² - Y_m©H$y V-Jmo{dÝXamOr`m{Xì`m»`mZm{Z &
K
* {H«$`mnX_²
©
1. àempñV - "à' CngJ©nyd©H$…& bQ²>bH$ma… &

emgw (emg²) - AZw{eï>m¡ - AXm{XJU… - nañ_¡nXr&
empñV {eï>… emg{V
empñg {eð>… {eð>
to
empñ_ {eîd… {eî_…

t
2. àmgyV - "à' CngJ©nyd©H$…& bL²>bH$ma… &

No
fyL²> (gy) - àm{UJ^©{d_moMZo& AXm{XJU… -AmË_ZonXr

AgyV AgwdmVm_² AgwdV
AgyWm… AgwdmWm_² AgyÜd_²
Agw{d Agyd{h Agy_{h
103
3. àm`mV² - "à' CngJ©nyd©H$… & bL²> bH$ma… &
`m - àmnUo& àmnU_² = J{V…& AXm{XJU… - nañ_¡nXr &
A`mV² A`mVm_² A`mZ²
A`m… A`mV_² A`mV
A`m_² A`md A`m_
d
he
* hZw_mZ² / hZy_mZ² - nXÛ`_² A{n gmYw& "hZw…' B{V CH$mamÝV§ nX_²&
"hZ²' YmVmo… Am¡Um{XH$… "C' àË``…& Vñ` Ed Am¡Um{XH$… "D$Äm²' àË``…
is
re S
A{n ^d{V& VXm "hZy…' B{V ^d{V& AV… "hZw… Añ` ApñV B{V' = hZw_
B
bl
mZ²& "hZy… Añ` ApñV B{V' = hZy_mZ²& _Vwn² àË``mÝV§ nX_²&
be T
pu
* J«hrVwH$m_…/AmhVw©H$m_m - "Vw_² H$m__Zgmoa{n' B{V dm{V©H$mZwJwU§
K
Vw_wÞÝVmV² Aì``mV² na§ "H$m_' eãXñ` gËdo g_ñVo nXo _H$mañ` bmonmo
©
^d{V& J«hrVw§ H$m_…= J«hrVwH$m_…& AmhVwª H$m_m = AmhVw©H$m_m&
*****
t to
No
104
{H«$`mH$bmn:
{H«$`mnX_² bH$ma… nwéf… dMZ_²

~^ydw…
Xmñ`m{_
d
XXe©
he
AdU©`Vm_²
^{dî`W
is
re S B
bl
be T
eara_²
pu
K
{ea…, nmX…, H$ÊR>…

©
H${Q>…, ñH$ÝY…, ^wO…

A“xbr, OmZw…, ZI…
D$é…, H$a…, CXa_²
to
t
No
105
n#mX>e… nmR>…
Ab‘>ma…
"H$mìèmo^mH$amZ² Y_m©Z² Ab‘>mamZ² àMjVo' B{V H$mì`mXe©J«ÝWo H${d…
XÊS>r {Zê${nVdmZ²& AWm©V² H$mìèmo^mH$a… Y_©… Ab‘>ma…& gmo@`_b‘>ma…
d
{Û{dY… -
he
1) eãXmb‘>ma… & 2) AWm©b‘>ma…
eãXmb‘>ma…-eãXldU_mÌoU `Ì a_Ur`Vm AZw^y`Vo VÌ eãXmb‘>ma…&
is
re S
AWm©b‘>mam…-AWm©ZwgÝYmZoZ `Ì a_Ur`Vm àVr`Vo VÌ AWm©b‘>ma… &
B
bl
AWm©b‘>mañ` Ho$MZ ôXm… AÌ {Zê${nVm… &
be T
pu
1) Cn_m
K
bjU_² - ""Cn_m `Ì gmÑí`bú_r… C„g{V Û`mo…&'' Cn_mb‘>mao Cn_mZ_²,

©
Cn_o`_², gmYmaUY_©…, Cn_mdmMH$eãX…, Mo{V MËdma… A§em… ^dpÝV&

Cn_mZ_² - òZ gh gmÑí`§ dÊ`©Vo VV² Cn_mZ_² &
Cn_o`_² - dÊ`ª dñVw Cn_o`_² &
gmYmaUY_©… - Û`mo… gmX¥í`_od gmYmaUY_©…&
to
Cn_mdmMH$m… - Bd, dV², g_, Vwë`, `Wm, BË`mX`… &

CXmhaU_² - H$_b{_d Mmé dXZ_² &
t
No
g_Ýd`… - Cn_mb‘>mañ` A§em… Apñ_Z² CXmhaUo Ed§ ^dpÝV &

Cn_mZ_² - H$_b_² & Cn_o`_² - dXZ_² &
gmYmaUY_©…- MméËd_² (MméVm)& Cn_mdmMH$_² - Bd &
VWm - lram_… g_wÐ Bd Jå^ra… &
106
2. ê$nH$_²
bjU_² - Cn_mZ-Cn_o``mo… AôX… ê$nH$_²&
CXmhaU_² - gm¡OÝ`_od gwdU©_² &
g_Ýd`… - Apñ_Z² CXmhaUo -Cn_mZ-Cn_o``mo… gwdU©-gm¡OÝ``mo… AôX…
d{U©V…&
VWm - kmZm_¥V§ nrËdm Vwï>… &
d
3. íbof…
he
bjU_² - AZoH$mW©eãX{dÝ`mg… íbof… &
is
CXmhaU_² - _mKo _oKo JV§ d`… &
re S
g_Ýd`… - AÌ _mK_mgo _oK_Üò njr JV… B{V EH$… AW©…& VWm
B
bl
_mKH$mì`ñ` _oKXÿVH$mì`ñ` M nR>Zo Am`w… Ed JV_² B{V {ÛVr`… AW©…&
be T
VWm - g¡ÝYd_mZ`&
pu
K
4. gmamb‘>ma…
bjU_² - CÎmamoÎma_wËH$f©… "gma' BË`{^Yr`Vo& nyd©nydm©noj`m
©
CÎmamoÎmañ` CËH$fª `Ì dÊ`©Vo VÌ gmamb‘>ma…&

CXmhaU_² - _Ywa§ _Yw nr`yf§ Vñ_mÎmñ_mV² H$dod©M… &
g_Ýd`… - _Yw _Ywa_², Vñ_mV² M nr`yf§ _Ywa_², Vñ_mV² H$do… dM…
_Ywa_², B{V nyd©nyd©nXmWm©noj`m CÎmamoÎmanXmW©ñ` CËH$f©… AÌ d{U©V… &
VWm - {J[a_©hmZ² {JaoapãY… _hmZãYo… Z^mo _hV² Z^gmo@{n _hX²~«÷&
to
5. AZÝd`…
bjU_² - Cn_mZmon_o`Ëd§ `Xm EH$ñ`¡d dñVwZ… &
t
CXmhaU_² - J“m J“od nmdZr &

No
g_Ýd`… - Apñ_Z² CXmhaUo "J“m' B{V EH$ñ`¡d dñVwZ… Cn_mZmon_o`Ëd§

àH$pënV_²&
VWm - BÝXþ… BÝXþ[ad lr_mZ² &
*****
107
AdYo`m§e…
1. dMZm_¥V_² & 2. _moXH¡$… VmS>` &
3. {dÚm Ed YZ_² & 4. H$mXå~ar agkmZm_² Amhmamo{n
Z amoMVo &
d
he
F AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
is
1. MÝÐmbmoH$… - O`Xod… 2. Hw$db`mZÝX… - Aßnæ`Xr{jV…
re S B
bl {H«$`mH$bmn :
be T
pu
K
{MÌ§ Ñï²>dm dmŠ`§ aM`V &

©
_wI_²
Ho$em…, _ñVH$_², H$U©…
to
doUr, {VbH$_², XÝVm…

Z`Z_², bbmQ>…, Amñ`_²
t
No
H$nmob…, Zm{gH$m
*****
108
fmoS>e… nmR>…
gw^m{fVm{Z
(H$ÊR>nmR>… H$aUr`…)
"gw^m{fV_²' BË`ñ` AW©… "gy{º$…', gXþ{º$… B{V& g§ñH¥$Vgm{hËò
d
gw^m{fVm{Z {d{eï>H$mì`àH$maËdoZ n[aJ{UVm{Z& Vm{Z gw^m{fVm{Z àm`…
he
bmoH$Zr{V~moYH$m{Z, _mZdOrdZñ` g_wÞVo… ghm`H$m{Z M ^dpÝV& Vofm_²
AÜ``ZoZ _Z… C„g{V {dH$g{V M& gw^m{fVm{Z ì`dhmaMmVw`ª ~moY`pÝV
is
re S
gÝ_mJ©_² Cn{XepÝV M&
B
bl
Z Mmoahm`ª Z M amOhm`©_²
be T
pu
Z ^«mV¥^mÁ`§ Z M ^maH$m[a
K
ì`ò H¥$Vo dY©V Ed {ZË`_²

{dÚmYZ§ gd©YZàYmZ_² &&1&& - gw^m{fVaËZ^mÊS>mJma… &
©
{n~pÝV ZÚ… ñd`_od Zmå^…

ñd`§ Z ImXpÝV \$bm{Z d¥jm… &
ZmXpÝV gñ`§ Ibw dm[admhm…
namonH$mam` gVm§ {d^y{V… &&2&& - gw^m{fVgwYm{Z{Y… &
to
jma§ Ob§ dm[a_wM… {n~pÝV &

t
VXod H¥$Ëdm _Ywa§ d_pÝV &

No
gÝVñVWm XþO©ZXþd©Mm§{g
nrËdm M gyº$m{Z g_w{ÒapÝV &&3&& - gw^m{fVaËZ^mÊS>mJma…&
109
Am{XË`MÝÐmdZbm{Zbm¡ M
Úm¡^y©{_amnmo öX`§ `_íM&
AhíM am{ÌíM Cô M gÝÜò
Y_©íM OmZm{V Zañ` d¥Îm_² &&4&& - _hm^maV_² &
gwIñ` Xþ…Iñ` Z H$mo@{n XmVm
d
namo XXmVr{V Hw$~w{Õaofm &
he
Ah§ H$amo_r{V d¥Wm{^_mZ…
ñdH$_©gyÌJ«{WVmo {h bmoH$… &&5&& - AÜ`mË_am_mÙ_²&
is
re S
CËgmhgånÞ_XrK©gyÌ§
B
bl
{H«$`m{d{Yk§ ì`gZoîdgº$_² &
be T
pu
eya§ H¥$Vk§ ÑT>gm¡öX#m
K
bú_r… ñd`§ `m{V {ZdmghoVmo… &&6&& - gw^m{fVaËZ^mÊS>mJma…&

©
_Zr{fU… gpÝV Z Vo {hV¡{fU…

{hV¡{fU… gpÝV Z Vo _Zr{fU…&
gwöƒ {dÛmZ{n Xþb©^mo Z¥Um§
`Wm¡fY§ ñdmXþ {hV§ M Xþb©^_² &&7&& - gw^m{fVaËZ^mÊS>mJma… &
to
XÿarH$amo{V Hw$_qV {d_brH$amo{V

MoVpíMaÝVZ_K§ MwbwH$sH$amo{V &
t
^yVofw qH$ M H$éUm§ ~hwbrH$amo{V

No
g“… gVm§ {H$_w Z _“b_mVZmo{V &&8&& - agJ“mYa… &

*****
110
{deofm§em…
1. H«w$Ü`{V, Ðþø{V, B©î`©{V, Agy`{V BË`m{X - {H«$`mnmX`moJo `§ à{V
H«$moYmX`… ì`º$m ^dpÝV VV² gyMH§$ nX§ MVwWu{d^ŠË`ÝV§ ^d{V &
1) H§$g… H¥$îU` H«w$Ü`{V & 2) gw`moYZ… ^r_m` Ðþø{V &
d
3) Z¥n… eÌdo B©î`©{V & 4) X[aÐ… Y{ZH$m` Agy`{V &
he
nm{UZr`gyÌ_² - H«w$YÐþhoî`m©gy`mWm©Zm§ `§ à{V H$mon… &
is
AÝd`mW©…
re S B
bl
1. Z Mmoahm`©_² = Mmoa¡… AnhVwª Z eŠ`Vo, M Z amOhm`©_² = amO{^…
be T
ewëH$ê$noU AmXmVw§ Z eŠ`Vo, Z ^«mV¥^mÁ`_² = gmoXa¡… {d^ºw§$ AgmÜ`_², M

pu
Z ^maH$m[a = dmoTw>§ ^ma_{n Z ^d{V, ì`ò H¥$Vo = Cn`moJo H¥$Vo g{V, {ZË`§
K
dY©Vo Ed= gXm dY©Vo, {dÚmYZ_²= kmZgånV², gd©YZàYmZ_²= gd©loð>m

©
gånV²&
2. ZÚ…=g[aV…, ñd`_² Ed = AmË_mZ… Ed, Aå^… = Ob§, Z {n~pÝV&
d¥jm… = Vad…, \$bm{Z = ñdñ` \$bm{Z, ñd`_² = AmË_mZ Ed, Z ImXpÝV
= Z ^j`pÝV& dm[admhm…=_oKm…, gñ`§ = V¥U-nU©-\$bm{XH§$, Z AXpÝV
Ibw = Z ^j`pÝV {H$b?, gVm_² = g‚mZmZm§, {d^y{V… = gånX… namon-
to
H$mam` = AÝòfm_² CnH$mam`, ^dpÝV = dV©ÝVo &

3. dm[a_wM… = _oKm…, jma§ Ob_² = bdUm§e`wº§$ Ob_², {n~pÝV =
t
No
ñdrHw$d©pÝV (AmXX{V)& VXod = VV² Ob_² Ed, _Ywa§ H¥$Ëdm = ñdmXþ H¥$Ëdm,
d_pÝV = ËÒpÝV& VWm = VoZ àH$maoU, gÝV… = g‚mZm…, XþO©ZXþd©Mm§{g
= Xþï>mZm§ H$R>moadMZm{Z, nrËdm = ñdrH¥$Ë`, gyº$m{Z = gwðw> dMZm{Z,
g_w{ÒapÝV = ^mfÝVo &
4. Am{XË`MÝÐm¡= gy`m©MÝÐ_gm¡, A{Zbm{Zbm¡=A{¾:dm`wíM M Úm¡:= AmH$me_²
111
^y{_:=Ya{U:, Amn: = Ob_², öX`_² = _Z: M `_: = `_Y_©amO: Ah:
= {Xdm, am{Ì: = {Zem, M Cô M gÝÜò=àmV:gÝÜ`m gm`§ gÝÜ`m M Y_©: =
Y_©: M, Zañ`=_mZdñ`, d¥Îm_²=AmMma_² AdJÀN>{V=OmZm{V&
5. gwIñ` = gÝVmofñ`, Xþ…Iñ` = H$ï>ñ` M, H$mo@{n = H$píMX{n, XmVm
Z = àXmVm Z ^d{V& na… = AÝ`…, XXm{V =`ÀN>{V, B{V Efm Hw$~w{Õ…
= {ZÝÚm_{V…, (Ed_²) Ah§ H$amo{_ = ñd`§ gånmX`m{_ B{V, A{^_mZ… =
d
Ah‘>ma…, d¥Wm = {ZaW©H$…& (`V…) bmoH$… = OZñVw, ñdH$_©gyÌJ«{WV… =
he
ñdr`H$_©ê$noU gyÌoU ~Õ… &
6. CËgmhgånÞ_² = CËgmhem{bZ_², AXrK©gyÌ_² = A{MaH$m[aU_²,
is
re S
{H«$`m{d{Yk_² = H$m`©{dYmZk_², ì`gZofw Agº$_² = Xþa{^é{M-{dfòfw
B
bl
AZmgº$_², eya_² = em¡`©em{bZ_², H¥$Vk_² = CnH$mañ` ñ_Vm©a_², M = A{n
be T
M, ÑT>gm¡öX_² = JmT>_¡Ìr`wº$_² nwéf_², {ZdmghoVmo… = dmgmW©_², bú_r… =

pu
K
lr…, ñd`§ `m{V = ñd`§ JÀN>{V &

7. _Zr{fU… =àmkm…, gpÝV = dV©ÝVo & Vo = àmkm…, {hV¡{fU… Z = {hVm-
©
H$m§{jU… Z ^dpÝV, {hV¡{fU… = {hVoÀN>d…, gpÝV = dV©ÝVo& Vo = {hVoÀN>d…,

Z _Zr{fU… = àmkm… Z ^dpÝV, Z¥Um§ = _mZdmZm§, gwöX² = ñZohJwU`wº$…,
A{n M, {dÛmZ² = {dÚmdmZ² Za…, Xþb©^… = H$ï>oZ àmáw§ `mo½`…, `Wm = òZ
àH$maoU, {hV§ = {hVH$m[a, ñdmXþ M = _Ywa§ M, Am¡fY_² = ^¡fO_², Xþb©^_²
to
= àmáw§ H$ï>gmÜ`_² &

8. gVm§ g“… = gËnwéfmUm§ ghdmg…, Hw$_qV = Xþ~w©{Õ_², XÿarH$amo{V
= AnmH$amo{V& MoV… = {MÎm_², {d_brH$amo{V = ewÕrH$amo{V& {MaÝVZ_² =
t
No
g{#mV_², AK§ = nmn§, MwbwH$sH$amo{V = {ZíeofV`m {n~{V& qH$ M = A{n

M, ^yVofw = àm{Ufw, H$éUm§ = X`mJwU§, ~hþbrH$amo{V = A{YH§$ H$amo{V &
_“b_² = ew^_², Z AmVZmo{V {H$_² ? = Z OZ`{V {H$_²? Adí`§ H$amo{V
BË`W©… &
112
H${dn[aM`… :
H${d… - H$m{bXmg… &
H$mb… - {H«$.e. àW_§ MVwWª AWdm n#m_§ eVH$_² &
Xoe… - C‚m{`Zr &
Aml`XmVm- {dH«$_m{XË`… &
d
H¥$V`… - aKwd§e_², Hw$_magå^d_² B{V _hmH$mì`Û`_²&
he
_oKXÿV_², F$Vwgh§ maíMo{V IÊS>H$mì`Û`_² & {dH«$_mode
© r`_², _mb{dH$m{¾{_Ì_²,
A{^kmZemHw$ÝVb#mo{V ZmQ>H$Ì`_²&
is
àe§gm - H${dHw$bJwé…, Cn_mH$m{bXmñ` BË`mX`…&
re S B
bl Aä`mg:
be T
pu
K

©
1. Ho$fm§ {d^yV`… namonH$mam` ^dpÝV ?

2. H$sÑe_² Am¡fY§ Xþb©^_² ?
3. dm[a_wM… H$sÑe§ Ob§ {n~pÝV ?
4. bmoH$… Ho$Z J«{WV… ?
to
2. g§`moÁ` {bIV &

A Am
t
1. gVm§ g“… _Z… {dH$g{V &

No
2. Am{XË`… Hw$_qV XÿarH$amo{V &

3. ZÚ… Zañ` d¥Îm§ OmZm{V &
4. gw^m{fVmÜ``ZoZ Aå^… ñd`§ Z {n~pÝV &

113
3. aoIm{‘>VnX_² Adbåã` àíZ{Z_m©U§ Hw$éV &
1. Y_©… Zañ` d¥Îm§ OmZm{V &
2. ^m½`m{Z H$mbo \$bpÝV &
3. gVm§ g“… Hw$_qV XÿarH$amo{V &
d
4. g_mZmW©H$§ nX§ {bIV &
he
1. dm[admh… 2. _Zrfr
3. Amn… 4. AZb…
is
re S
5. {déÕmW©H$nX§ {bIV &
B
bl
1. _Ywa_² 2. Hw$_{V…
be T
pu
3. AK_² 4. Xþb©^_²
K
6. gpÝY¨ {d^mÁ` Zm_ {bIV &

©
1. `ñ`mo^`_² 2. Zmå^…
3. Hw$~w{Õaofm 4. ì`gZoîdgŠV:
7. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
to
1. Zañ` d¥Îm§ Ho$ OmZpÝV ?

2. gVm§ g“… qH$ qH$ H$amo{V ?
t
No
3. H$sÑe§ nwéf§ bú_r: {ZdmghoVmo… ñd`§ `m{V?

*****
114
AdYo`m§e…
H$moe… -
dm[admh… - A^«§ _oKmo dm[admh… ñVZ{`ËZw~©bmhH$…&
_Zrfr - Yramo _Zrfr k… àmk… g§»`mdmZ² npÊS>V… H${d… &
d
AK_² - H$bwf§ d¥{OZ¡ZmoK_§hmo Xþ[aVXþîH¥$V_² &
he
H$d`… gw^m{fVJ«ÝWm…
is
1. ^V©¥h[a … gw^m{fV{ÌeVr
re S
2. lrYaXmg… gXþ{º$H$Um©_¥V_²
B
bl
3. amOeoIa… gy{º$_wº$mdbr
be T
pu
4. gmÙ_mYd… gw^m{fVgwYm{Z{Y…
K
5. em“©Ya… em“©YanÕ{V…
©
6. doXmÝVXo{eH$… gw^m{fVZrdr
7. ~gd^ynmb… gw^m{fVgwaÐþ_…
F AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &
to
1. dmë_r{H$H${dgyº$`…
2. ^V¥©hao… gw^m{fV{ÌeVr
t
No
3. gy{º$gm¡a^… (H$ÞS>mZwdmX…)
- S>m. {~.Eg².am_H¥$îUamd², {dídg§ñH¥$Và{Vð>mZ_², ~o“byé &
4. gw^m{fVaËZ^mÊS>mJma_² - H$merZmWe_m© &
*****
115
{H«$`mH$bmn…
1. Hw$_qV 1.
2. MoV… 2.
d
gVm§ g“:
3. AK_² 3.
he
4. H$éUm§ 4.
is
re S
5. _“b_² 5.
B
bl 1
be T
pu
2
K
3
©
4
5
6
OmZm{V
Zañ` d¥Îm§ 7
8
to
9
10
t
11
No
12
13
** ***
116
gáXe… nmR>…
N>ÝX…
N>ÝXmo`wº$nÚ§ d¥Îm§ Om{VíMo{V {ÛYm {d^º$_²& AjaJUH§$ N>ÝX… d¥Îm_²&
_mÌmJUH§$ N>ÝX… Om{V…& AjaJUH§$ N>ÝX… gd©Ì Ñí`Vo B{V AÌ Ho$fmÄMZ
d¥ÎmmZm§ n[aM`… {H«$`Vo&
d
1. BÝÐdO«m
he
Apñ_Z² d¥Îmo à{VnmX_² AjamUm§ g§»`m - EH$mXe ^d{V &
is
re S
JU{dÝ`mgH«$_…- V-V-O-Jwé-Jwé& bjU_²- ñ`m{XÝÐdO«m `{X Vm¡ OJm¡ J… &
B

blV V O Jw Jw
be T
pu
-- -- - --
K
CXmhaU_² - Y_m} {h `ËZ¡… nw éfoU H$m`©…&

©
2. CnoÝÐdO«m
Apñ_Z² d¥Îmo à{VnmX_² AjamUm§ g§»`m-EH$mXe ^d{V&
JU{dÝ`mgH«$_…- O-V-O-Jwé Jwé & bjU_²- CnoÝÐdO«m OVOmñVVmo Jm¡
O V O Jw Jw
to
CXmhaU_² - {n~pÝV ZÚ… ñd `_od Zmå^…&

t
3. d§eñW_²
No
Apñ_Z² d¥Îmo à{VnmX_² AjamUm§ g§»`m-ÛmXe ^d{V&

JU{dÝ`mgH«$_…- O - V - O - a & bjU_²- OVm¡ Vw d§eñW_wXr[aV§ Oam¡
O V O a
CXmhaU_² - _Zr{f U… gpÝV Z Vo{h V¡{fU…&
117
4. dgÝV{VbH$m
Apñ_Z² d¥Îmo à{VnmX_² AjamUm§ g§»`m - MVwX©e ^d{V &
JU{dÝ`mgH«$_… - V - ^ - O - O - Jwé - Jwé &
bjU_² - Cº$m dgÝV{VbH$m VÔmOJm¡ J… &
V ^ O O Jw Jw
d
he
CXmhaU_² - XÿarH$ amo[V Hw$ _qV {d _brH$ amo{V &
5. _m{bZr
is
re S
Apñ_Z² d¥Îmo à{VnmX_² AjamUm§ g§»`m - n#mXe ^d{V &
B
bl
JU{dÝ`mgH«$_… - Z - Z - _ - ` - ` &
be T
pu
bjU_² - ZZ_```wVo`§ _m{bZr ^mo{JbmoH¡$… &
K
Z Z _ ` `
©
CXmhaU_² - CX` {V `{X ^mZw… n píM_o {X p½d^mJo &

*****
Aä`mg…
1. àñVma§ {d{b»` JU{d^mJ§ H¥$Ëdm N>ÝXmo Zm_ {bIV &
to
1. jma§ Ob§ dm[a_wM… {n~pÝV &

2. Y_©íM OmZm{V Zañ` d¥Îm_² &
t
3. àbrZ^ynmb_{n pñWam`{V &

No
4. g§gm[aH$m{V©haU§ eaU§ ànÚo &

5. dZ^w{dVZw_mÌÌmU_mkm{nV§ _o &
6. _mVod aj{V {nVod {hVo {Z`wL²>ºo$ &
7. nwamU{_Ëòod Z gmYw gd©_² &
*****
118
Aï>mXe… nmR>…
ZmQ>çm§em…
""ZmQ>ç§ {^ÞéMoO©Zñ` ~hþYmßòH§$ g_mamYZ_²'' B{V _hmH${d… H$m{bXmg…
_mb{dH$m{¾{_ÌZmQ>Ho$ ZmQ>çñ` J[a_mU_² AdU©`V²& ZmQ>çm§emZm§ gd}fm§ à{VnmXH§$ à{gÕ§
d
emó§ âV_w{Z[da{MV§ ZmQ>çemó_²& Vñ_mV² CX²Y¥Vo àñVwV^mJo ag-^md-A{^Z`-ñda-
AmVmoÚ-Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m ôXmZm§ n[aM`… g§jonoU {H«$`Vo&
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
AØþV_² ^`mZH$… ~r^Ëg…

©
to
hmñ`… emÝV… dra…

t
No
e¥“ma… H$éU… am¡Ð…
119
e¥“mahmñ`H$éUm… am¡Ðdra^`mZH$m…&
~r^ËgmØþVemÝVmíM Zd ZmQ>ço agm… ñ_¥Vm…&&1&&
a{Vhm©gíM emoH$íM H«$moYmoËgmhm¡ ^`§ VWm&
OwJwßgm{dñ_è_m… ñWm{`^mdm… àH$s{V©Vm…&&2&&
Am{“H$mo dm{MH$íM¡d Amhm`©… gmpÎdH$ñVWm&
d
MËdmamo@{^Z`m øoVo {dko`m ZmQ>çg§l`m…&&3&&
he
emaram d¡UdmíM¡d gá fS²>OmX`… ñdam…&
{ZfmXf©^JmÝYma_Ü`n#m_Y¡dVm…&&4&&
is
re S
VV§ M¡dmdZÕ#m KZ§ gw{fa_od M &
B

bl
MVw{d©Y§ M {dko`_² AmVmoÚ§ bjUmpÝdV_²&&5&&
be T
VV§ VÝÌrJV§ ko`_² AdZÕ§ Vw nm¡îH$a_²&

pu
KZñVw Vmbmo {dko`… gw{famo d§e Ed M&&6&&
K
YramoÕVmo Yrab{bVmo YramoXmÎmñVW¡d M&

©
YraàemÝVíM¡do{V Zm`H$m… ZmQ>H$ml`m…&&7

Zm{`H$míM¡d dú`m{_ MVò… nwZaod Vw&
{Xì`m M Z¥nnËZr M Hw$bór J{UH$m VWm&&8&&
AÝd`mW©…
to
1. e¥“ma…, hmñ`…, H$éU…, am¡Ð…, dra…, ^`mZH$…, ~r^Ëg…, AØþV:, emÝV…

B{V Zd agm… ZmQ>H$m{Xê$nHo$fw Ñí`ÝVo &
t
No
2. a{V…, hmg…, emoH$…, H«$moY…, CËgmh…, ^`_², OwJßw gm, {dñ_`…, e_… BËòVo
Zd ñWm{`^mdm… A{n {Zê${nVm…&
3. Am{“H$… = earagå~ÝYr, dm{MH$… = gå^mfUê$n…, Amhm`©… = AmâU§,
dU©{dÝ`mg…, dómX`…, gmpËdH$… = gÎdJwU{d{eï>_Zgm gånÞ…, Y¡`© -
{dbmg-Jmå^r`m©{Xê$n… B{V ZmQ>ço A{^Z`m… MVw{d©Ym… B{V AdJÝVì`_²&
120
4. emaram… = H$ÊR>oZ CËnÞm…, d¡Udm… = doUwZm CËnÞm…, {ZfmX…, F$f^…,
JmÝYma…, fS²>O…, _Ü`_…, Y¡dV…, n#m_… B{V gáñdam… M ^dpÝV &
5. AmVmoÚ_² B{V dmÚ{deof… VV_², AdZÕ_², KZ_², gw{fa_² B{V MVw{d©Y…
à{gÕ…&
6. MVw{d©Yofw dmÚofw VÝÌr`wº§$ dmÚ§ VV_²& _¥X“m{XdmÚ{deofm… AdZÕ_²
d
& VmbdmÚ§ KZ…& d§e{Z{_©V… doÊdm{X… gw{fa_² B{V H$Ï`Vo & EVofm§
he
MVw{d©YdmÚmZm_² AmVmoÚ{_{V Zm_ &
7. ZmQ>H$m{Xê$nHo$fw YramoÕV…,Yrab{bV…, YramoXmÎm…, YraàemÝV… Mo{V
is
MVw{d©Ym… Zm`H$m… Cº$m…&
re S
YramoÕV… - amdU… Xþ`m}YZmX`…&
B
bl
Yrab{bV… - lrH¥$îU…, dËgamO… &
be T
pu
YramoXmÎm… - lram_…, AOw©Z… &
K
YraàemÝV… - Or_yVdmhZ…, Y_©amO…, ~wÕ…&

©
8. ZmQ>H$m{Xê$nHo$fw {Xì`m, Z¥nnËZr, Hw$bór, J{UH$m B{V MVw{d©Ym… Zm{`H$m…

A{n {Zê${nVm…&
{Xì`m - Xod{ó`…, _oZH$m, D$d©er &
Z¥nnËZr - Ðm¡nXr, aËZmdbr, {dbmgdVr &
to
Hw$bór - gm{dÌr, AéÝYVr&

J{UH$m - nanwéfmgº$m ór, dgÝVgoZm &
t
H${dH$mì`{dMma…
No
H$do… Zm_ - âV_w{Z…

Xoe… - Xoe{dfò {H$_{n Z km`Vo &
H$mb… - {H«$.ny. {ÛVrèVH$_² &
H¥${V… - ZmQ>çemó_²
121
Aä`mg…
1. ZmQ>ço H${V agm… ñ_¥Vm… ?
2. ZmQ>çñ` J[a_mU§ H$… AdU©`V² ?
d
3. ZmQ>çemóñ` aM{`Vm H$… ?
he
4. emÝVagñ` ñWm{`^md… H$… ?
is
re S
1. hmñ`_² - hmg… :: H$éU… ............... &
B
bl
2. H«$moY… - ñWm{`^md… :: ^`mZH$… ............... &
be T
pu
3. AOw©Z… - YramoXmÎm… :: Xþ`m}YZ… ............... &
K

©
1. dú`m{_ 2. {H«$`Vo 3. AdU©`V² 4. Ñí`Vo

4. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
1. ZmQ>ço H${V agm: gpÝV ? Vo Ho$?
2. AmVmoÚ§ H${V {dY_² ? Vm{Z H$m{Z ?
to
5. XedmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m dm {bIV&

t
No
1. nmR>ç^mJo {Zê${nVmZ² ZmQ>çm§emZ² gL²>J¥ø {bIV &
122
AdYo`m§e…
YramoÕV… - _m`mna… àMÊS>íMnbmo@h§H$ma^y{`ð>… &
AmË_íbmK{ZaVmo Yra¡YuamoÕV… H${WV…&&
Yrab{bV… - {ZpíMÝVmo _¥Xþa{Ze§ H$bmnamo Yrab{bV…ñ`mV²&
YramoXmÎm… - A{dH$ËWZ… j_mdmZ{VJå^ramo _hmgÎd…&
d
he
ñWo`m{ÞJyT>_mZmo YramoXmÎmmo ÑT>d«V… H${WV…&&
YraàemÝV… - gm_mÝ`JwU¡^y©`mpÝÛOm{XH$mo YraemÝV… ñ`mV²&
is
re S B
bl
Zdagm… Zd^mdm… dUm©… X¡dVm{Z
be T
1. e¥“ma… a{V… í`m_… {dîUw…

pu
2. hmñ`… hmg… {gV… à_W…
K
3. H$éU… emoH$… H$nmoV… `_…

©
4. am¡Ð… H«$moY… aº$… éÐ…

5. dra… CËgmh… Jm¡a… _hoÝÐ…
6. ^`mZH$… ^`_² H¥$îU… H$mb…
7. ~r^Ëg… OwJwßgm Zrb… _hmH$mb…
8. AØþV_² {dñ_`… nrV… ~«÷m
to
9. emÝV… e_… ewŠb… ZmamÙ…

t
AÜ``Z§ Hw$éV &

No
ZmQ>çemó_² (H$ÞS>mZwdmX:) - lra>“ &

*****
123
{H«$`mH$bmn…
AmdaUpñWVeãXñ` AWª kmËdm Ajam{U gå`H²$ `moO`V &
1. do g… X ì`m (~mXamÙ…)
d
2. a dm A Ur _ (Xod^mfm)
is he
re S
3. {b b Jw H$m `… (Am¡fYmb`…)
B
bl
be T
pu
4. Z ey Xm a… (H$U©ñ` {deofZm_)
K
©
5. Um© Q> am H$ Á` H$ _² (amÁ`ñ` Zm_)
6. ËZ à er ` b… (H$m`©VËna…)
to
7. b {d {¾ Ì _m H$m {_ _²
(ZmQ>H$_²)
t
No
Cn[aVZH$moï>H$mV² Aja§ {MËdm H$do… Zm_ {bIV &
*****
124
ZdXe… nmR>…
^rî_moº$`…
^JdVm ì`mg_h{f©Um J«{WV… _hmZ² J«ÝW… "_hm^maV_²'& AÌ
H$m¡adnmÊS>d`mo… H$Wm gwà{gÕm& A`§ nÚ^mJ… _hm^maVñ` empÝVnd©U…
AZwemgZnd©U… M ñdrH¥$V…&
d
he
_hm^maV`wÕo nmÊS>dm… {OVdÝV…& nmÊS>dofw Áòð>… `w{Y{ð>a… nÅ>m{^{fº$…
amOnXdr_b^V& VV… ^JdV… lrH¥$îUñ` dMZmZwJwU§ `w{Y{ð>a… VoZ gh
is
re S
^rî_ñ` g_rn§ JËdm amOY_ª ~moY{`Vw§ àmW©`V& AmoKdVr ZXrVrao eaVëno
B
bl
e{`V… ^rî_… `w{Y{ð>a§ à{V Ed_² Cn{XXoe&
be T
(íbmoH$VmËn`m©Wª EVñ_mV² àým… Z ^dpÝV)

pu
K
t ©
to
No
125
`w{Y{ð>a CdmM
{nVm_h _hmàmk gd©emó{demaX&
X¡do nwéfH$mao M qH$pñdV² loð>Va§ ^doV²&&1&&
^rî_ CdmM
`Wm ~rO§ {dZm joÌ_wá§ ^d{V {Zî\$b_²&
d
VWm nwéfH$maoU {dZm X¡d§ Z {gÜ`{V&&2&&
he
ewôZ H$_©Um gm¡»`§ Xþ…I§ nmnoZ H$_©Um&
is
H¥$V§ \$b{V gd©Ì ZmH¥$V§ ^wÁ`Vo ¹${MV²&&3&&
re S
`w{Y[ð>a CdmM
B

bl AVÎdkñ` emómUm§ gVV§ g§e`mË_Z…&
be T
pu
AH¥$Vì`dgm`ñ` lo`mo ~y«{h {nVm_h &&4&&
K
^rî_ CdmM
©
JwényOm M gVV§ d¥ÕmZm§ n`w©nmgZ_²&

ldU§ M¡d emómUm§ Hy$Q>ñW§ lo` CÀ`Vo &&5&&
_mX©d§ gd©^yVofw ì`dhmaofw MmO©d_²&
dmH²$ M¡d _Ywam àmoº$m lo` EVXg§e`_² &&6&&
to
Ah‘>mañ` M Ë`mJ… à_mXñ` M {ZJ«h…&

gÝVmofü¡H$M`m© M Hy$Q>ñW§ lo` CÀ`Vo &&7&&
t
No
`w{Y[ð>a CdmM
H$W§ ^d{V nmnmË_m H$W§ Y_ª H$amo{V dm&
Ho$Z {Zd}X_mXÎmo _moj§ dm Ho$Z JÀN>{V&&8&&
126
^rî_ CdmM
bmo^_mohm{^^yVñ` amJÛofmpÝdVñ` M&
Z Y_} Om`Vo ~w{Õ… ì`mOmÕ_ª H$amo{V M&&9&&
`Wm Hw$ebY_m© g Hw$eb§ à{VnÚVo &
d
Hw$eboZ¡d Y_}U J{V{_ï>m§ ànÚVo &&10&&
he
AV¥ß`_mUo {Zd}X_mXÎmo kmZMjwfm&
àkmMjw`©Xm H$m_o ago JÝYo Z aÁ`Vo &&11&&
is
re S
eZ¡{Z©do©X_mXÎmo nmn§ H$_© Ohm{V M&
B

blY_m©Ë_m M¡d ^d{V _moj§ M b^Vo na_²&&12&&
be T
pu
K
*****
©
{deofm§em…
1. "{dZm' B{V Aì```moJo VËgå~Õ§ nX§ {ÛVr`m/V¥Vr`m/n#m_r {d^ŠË`ÝV§
^d{V & CXm : ~rO§/~rOoZ/~rOmV² {dZm Cá§ joÌ§ {Zî\$b§ ^d{V &
AÝd`mW©…
to
1. gd©emó{demaX = ^mo…, Y_©ZrË`m{Xgd}fw emóofw nma“V! _hmàmk =

_hmkm{ZZ²! {nVm_h = ^rî_{nVm_h! X¡do = {dYm¡ (^mJYoò) M, nwéfH$mao
t
No
= nwéfà`ËZo, (AZ`mo_©Üò) qH$pñdV² = H$Va§, loð>Va_² = A{YH§$ loð>_², ^doV²

= ^y`mV² & ({Xï>nm¡éf`mo… H$… loð>Va… B{V àíZ…)
2. `Wm = òZ àH$maoU, joÌ§ {dZm = H$f©UOb{_lUm{X{^… g§ñH¥$Vm§ ^yq_
{dZm, Cá§ ~rO§=ñWm{nV§ ~rO_², {Zî\$b§ ^d{V=A\$b§ ^d{V& (\$bXm`H§$ Z
^d{V) VWm = VoZ àH$maoU, X¡d§ {dZm = gm¡^m½`§ {dZm, nwéfH$maoU = Ho$dboZ
127
_mZdà`ËZoZ, Z {gÜ`{V =(H$m`ª) Z \$b{V& (nwéfà`ËZ…, AZwH$y bH$a… {d{Y…
M Ûmd{n Amdí`H$m¡ BË`W©…&)
3. ewôZ H$_©Um=nwÊòZ H$m`}U, gm¡»`_²=hf©^md_², nmnoZ H$_©Um =
AewôZ H$m`}U, Xþ…I_² = A{Zï>_², (àmßZwdpÝV)& gd©Ì = gd}fw joÌofw, H¥$V_²
= AmM[aV_², H$m`ª, \$b{V = \$b§ XXm{V& ¹${MV² = Hw$Ìm{n, AH¥$V_² =
AZmM[aV§ H$_©, Z ^wÁ`Vo = Z AZw^`y Vo& (\$b§ Z XXm{V&) (^moº$m ñdmZw{ð>Vñ`¡d
d
H$_©U… \$b§ ^wL²>ºo$ Z Vw AZZw{ð>Vñ`&)
he
4. {nVm_h = ^mo… ^rî_{nVm_h! emómUm_² = emóJ«ÝWofw à{Vnm{XV_²,
AVÎdkñ` = VÎd_² AOmZV… (nwéfñ`), gVV§ = gXm (gd}fw {dfòfw)
is
re S
g§e`mË_Z… = e‘>mdV…, AH¥$Vì`dgm`ñ` = (nwéfmW©àmáò) AH¥$Và`ËZñ`,
B
bl
(nwéfñ`) lo`… = nwÊ`_², H$W§ ^doV²?, ~«y{h = H$W`&
be T
pu
5. (`w{Y{ð>a)gVV_²=gd©Xm, JwényOm= JwéOZgn`m©, M, d¥ÕmZm_²=Áòð>mZm_²,
K
n`©nw mgZ_²= godmH$aU_², M¡d = A{n, emómUm_² =VÎdmonXoeJ«ÝWmZm_², ldU_²

= AmH$U©Z_² (EVm{Z) Hy$Q>ñW_² = emídV_², lo`… CÀ`Vo = nwÊ`§ (gwIXm`H§$)
©
H$Ï`Vo &
6. gd©^yVofw = gd©àm{Ufw, _mX©d_² = _¥Xþñd^mdoZ dV©Z_², M, ì`dhmaofw
= {ZË`H$m`©H$bmnofw, AmO©d_² = gabVm, M¡d = A{n M, àmoº$m _Ywam dmH²$
= Cº$§ {hVdMZ_², EVV² = BX_² (EVm{Z gdm©{U) lo`… = nwÊÒZH$_²,
to
({MÎmew{ÕgmYZm{Z) (^d{V) & Ag§e`_² = AÌ e‘>m ZmpñV &

7.M, Ah‘>mañ` = Jd©ñ`, Ë`mJ…, M, à_mXñ`= Xmofñ` (AZdYmZVm`m…),
t
{ZJ«h…= {Z`ÝÌU_², M¡d= A{n M, gÝVmof…= à_moX…, M, EH$M`m©= EH$mÝVo

No
dmg…, (EVm{Z) Hy$Q>ñW_²=emídV_², lo`…=è… (nwÊÒZH$m{Z) CÀ`Vo= H$Ï`Vo&

8. _mZd…, nmnmË_m = XþamMmar, H$W§ ^d{V = Ho$Z àH$maoU ^d{V, dm
= M, Y_ª = gËH$_©, H$W§ H$amo{V = Ho$Z àH$maoU AmMa{V & {Zd}X_² =d¡am½`_²,
Ho$Z = H$W_², AmXÎmo = àmßZmo{V& dm = M, _moj_² = H¡$dë`_², Ho$Z = H$W_²,
JÀN>{V = A{YJÀN>{V&
128
9. bmo^_mohm{^^yVñ` = Amem_mohm{XXmofmYrZñ`, M, amJÛofmpÝdVñ`
= AZwamJ Agy`m{X{^… `wº$ñ`, (_mZdñ`) Y_} = gËH$_©{U (gXmMma{dfò)
~w{Õ… = _Zrfm (BÀN>m), Z Om`Vo = Z CËnÚVo& M, (EVmÑe… Za…)
Y_©_² = gËH$_©, ì`mOmV² = AnXoemV² (H$nQ>mV²), H$amo{V = AmMa{V& (Ed§
H$m_H«$moYm{X{^… AmH¥$ï>… _ZwO… nmnmË_m ^d{V&)
10.`Wm = òZ àH$maoU, g… = Agm¡ _mZd…, Hw$ebY_m© = gËH$_m©{U Ed
d
AmMa{V, (VWm) Hw$eb_² = ew^\$b_², à{VnÚVo = àmßZmo{V& g…, Hw$eboZ¡d
he
= jo_H$aoU¡d, Y_}U = gËH$_m©MaUoZ, Bï>m_² = B©pßgVm§, J{V_² = gÒ{V_²,
ànÚVo = AdmßZmo{V &
is
re S
11. (Y_m©Ë_m) AV¥ß`_mU… = (ew^mew^\$bof)w AV¥á… ^yËdm, kmZMjwfm
B
bl
= kmZê$noU ZoÌoU, {Zd}X_² = d¡am½`_², AmXÎmo = àmßZmo{V& VV… g…, àkmMjw…
be T
= àmk… ^d{V, VV… g…, H$m_o = BÀN>mnyaUo, ago = {OˆmMmnëò, JÝYo =

pu
gwJÝYÐì`m{X{dfò, Z aÁ`Vo = AZwaº$… Z ^d{V& (àkmMjw… = àkmZ§ =
K
kmZgmYZ§ emó§, Mjw… Bd `ñ` g…)

©
12. (gmYH$… Za…) eZ¡… = H«$_e…, {Zd}X_² = d¡am½`_², AmXÎmo =

à{VnÚVo& M, nmn§ H$_© = Xþï>§ H$m`©_², Ohm{V = ËÒ{V& M¡d = A{n M,
g…, Y_m©Ë_m = gËH$_m©Zwð>mZ{ZaV… ^d{V& M, na_² = loð>_², _moj_² =
_w{º$_², b^Vo = A{YJÀN>{V& (_wº$mo ^d{V)
to
H${dn[aM`…
H${d… - doXì`mg… &
t
_mVm{nVam¡ - gË`dVr, namea… M &

No
Xoe… - `_wZmZXrÛrn… &

H$mb… - Ûmna`wJ_²&
H¥$V`… - _hm^maV_², ~«÷gyÌm{U,
Aï>mXenwamUm{Z &
129
Aä`mg…
1. nmÊS>dofw H$… amOnXdr_² Ab^V ?
2. Cá§ ~rO§ Ho$Z {dZm {Zî\$b§ ^d{V ?
3. H$sÑeoZ H$_©Um gm¡»`§ ^d{V ?
d
4. H$sÑeñ` nwéfñ` Y_} ~w{Õ… Z Om`Vo ?
he
5. _mZd… H$W§ {Zd}X_² AmXÎmo ?
is
re S B
bl
1. Xþ…I§ .............. H$_©Um ^d{V &
be T
2. _mZd… .............. Y_}U J{V{_ï>m§ ànÚVo &

pu
K
3. `w{Y{ð>a… amOY_ª ~moY{`Vw§ .............. àmW©`V &

4. {Zd}X_mnÞ… Y_m©Ë_m .............. M Ohm{V &
©

1. g\$b_² 2. g§e`… 3. _mX©d_²
4. {b“{d^{º$dMZm{Z {bIV &
to
1. H$_©Um 2. lo`… 3. Mjwfm

5. dmŠ`Xmof§ n[ahaV &
t
No
1. nwéfH$mañ` {dZm X¡d§ Z {gÜ`{V &

2. Y_}U Bï>§ JqV ànÚVo &
6. bKyÎma§ {bIV &
1. ^rî_oU X¡dnwéfH$ma`mo… {dfò {H$_wº$_² ?
2. _mZd… {Zd}X§ H$W_² AmßZmo{V? VV… g… qH$ Hw$éVo ?
130
1. qH$pñdV² loð>Va§ ^doV² ?
H$… nmR>… ? H$… An¥ÀN>V² ? H$_² An¥ÀN>V² ?
2. ago JÝYo Z aÁ`Vo &
d
H$… nmR>…? H$… AdXV²? H$… Z aÁ`Vo ?
he
8. Xe{^… dmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m, AmL²>½b^mf`m dm
{bIV&
is
re S
1. ^rî_`w{Y[ð>a`mo… g§dmX§ nÚmZwJwU§ g§J¥ø {bIV &
B
bl
be T
AdYo`m§e:
pu
K
H$moe…
©
X¡d_² - X¡d§ {Xï>§ ^mJYo`§ ^m½`§ ór {Z`{V{d©{Y… &

lo`… - ñ`mÕ_©_{ó`m§ nwÊ`lo`gr gwH¥$V§ d¥f… &
_moj… - _w{º$… H¡$dë`{Zdm©Ulo`mo{Z…lo`gm_¥V_²& _mojmo@ndJ©…..........&
* _hm^maVgå~Õm{Z àe§gmdMZm{Z&
to
- ^maV§ n#m_mo doX… &

t
- eVgmhòr g§{hVm &

No
- _hÎdmV² ^madÎdmV² _hm^maV_wÀ`Vo &

- O`mo Zm_o{Vhmgmo@`_²&
- `{XhmpñV VXÝ`Ì `ÞohmpñV Z VV² ¹${MV² &
131
{H«$`mnX_²
1. ~y«{h - bmoQ²> bH$ma…, nañ_¡nXr &
~«yÄm² - (ì`º$m`m§ dm{M) - H$W`{V& AXm{XJU…, C^`nXr &
~«drVw ~«yVm_² ~«wdÝVw
~«y{h ~y«V_² ~«yV
d
~«dm{U ~«dmd ~«dm_
he
2. AmXÎmo - "Am' CngJ©nyd©H$…& bQ²>bH$ma…, AmË_ZonXr &
Sw>XmÄm² (Xm) - XmZo - `ÀN>{V& OwhmoË`m{XJU…, C^`nXr &
is
XÎmo XXmVo XXVo
re S
XËgo XXmWo XX²Üdo
B
bl XXo XÛho XÙho
be T
pu
K
{H«$`mH$bmn…
©
-{dZm`moJo {ÛVr`m, V¥Vr`m, n#m_r M {d^{º$… ^d{V B{V dmŠ`Ûmam Xe©`V&

{dÚm àm{UZ… Z OrdpÝV &
_rZ…YZ Z Ord{V &
Za… dm`w Z emo^Vo &
to
nR> Ob {dZm Z§ ZmpñV &

V¥ nwñVH$ U_{n Z Mb{V &
t
VX²
OrdZ§ Z Mb{V &
No
*****
132
qde… nmR>…
nÌboIZ_²
I. d¡`{º$H$nÌ_² II. {dam_nÌ_² III. ì`mdhm[aH$nÌ_²
I. 1) Ëd§ {J[aOm/{Jare… B{V _Ëdm, àdmgmWª YZ§ àof{`Vw§ {nVa§/_mVa§
à{V nÌ§ {bIV $&
d
lr:
he
jo__² O`ZJa_²
is
{XZm‘>… 27-11-2017
re S
nyÁ`[nV¥ / _mV¥MaUma{dÝX`mo… gmï>m‹>“àUm_m… $&
B
bl
Ah_² AÌ Hw$ebr / Hw$e{bZr $& ^dÝV… A{n VÌ Hw$e{bZ… B{V _Ýò$&
be T
pu
__ AÜ``Z_² gå`H²$ àMb{V & AmJm{_ _mgñ` àW_gámho __ {dÚmb`ñ`
K
AÜ`mnH$m… e¡j{UH$àdmgmWª XohbrZJa§ J{_î`pÝV & Ah_{n V¡… gh JÝVw{_ÀN>m{_

& EVXWª 2000 ê$ß`H$m{U XmVì`m{Z ^dpÝV& AV… JÝVw_² AZw_qV XXmVw & YZ#m
©
àof`Vw B{V àmW©`m{_ & AÝ`V² gdª Hw$eb_²& gd}ä`… __ Z_ñH$mamZ² gyM`Vw $&

^dXr`… / `m
nwÌ… / nwÌr
to
{Jare…/{J[aOm
nÌg‘oV…
t
No
gH$memV² _wÐm
g{dYo
.........................
.........................
..........................
..........................
{nZ² 5 5 3 4 0 0
{nZ² 3 0 0 4 1 2
133
2) ZÝXZ… ~o“byéZJao {Zdg{V& g… {ea{g ZJao {dÚ_mZ§ ghmoXa§ à{V nÌ§
{bI{V&
lr…
jo__² {XZm‘>… 5-5-2017
d
{à`ghmoXa Z_ñH$mam… $&
he
Ah_Ì Hw$ebr & VÌm{n ^dÝV… gd}@{n Hw$e{bZ… B{V ^md`m{_$&
AÌ __ AÜ``Z§ gå`H²$ àMb{V & fmÊ_m[gH$narjm g_mám& `WmH«$_§ Apñ_Z²
is
re S
df}@{n Ah_od àW_ñWmZ_² àmádmZ² & Jwad… gå`H²$ ~moY`pÝV & Vofm§
B
bl
_mJ©Xe©ZoZ dm{f©H$narjm`m_{n CÎm_§ \${bVm§e§ àmßñ`m{_ B{V __ CËH$Q>oÀN>m
be T
ApñV $& __ {dfò H$m{n {MÝVm Z H$m`m©$&

pu
K
gd}ä`… __ àUm_m…$&
^dV… ghmoXa…
©
ZÝXZ…
nÌg‘>oV…
gH$memV² _wÐm
to
......................... g{dYo
..........................
t
.........................
No
........................... ..........................
{nZ² ...........................
{nZ²
134
II. {dam_nÌ_²
gH$memV²
gwYmH$a:/gwYm
d
Xe_H$ú`m,
he
emaXmàm¡T>embm, YmadmS>ZJa_²
g{dYo
is
re S
_mÝ`m… _w»`monmÜ`m`m…
B
bl
emaXmàm¡T>embm, YmadmSZJa_²
be T
pu
_mÝ`m…,
K
©
{df`… - {dam_àmW©Zm &

íd… __ J¥ho Ym{_©H$moËgd… ^{dî`{V & AV… Ah§ embm§ Z AmJ{_î`m{_ &
H¥$n`m EH$ñ` {XZñ` {dam_§ `ÀN>ÝVw B{V g{dZ`§ àmW©ò &
to
YÝ`dmXm…
{XZm‘>… : 3-3-2017 ^dXr`:/ ^dXr`m
t
ñWmZ_² : YmadmS>ZJa_² {dYo`…N>mÌ…/{dYo`m N>mÌm

No
gwYmH$a:/gwYm
135
III. nwñVH$àofUm` nÌ_² &
gH$memV²
{Jare… / Jm¡ar
J¥hg§»`m - 35, I Cn_mJ©…, III _w»`_mJ©…,
d
H$m{bXmgZJa_², H$mobma> &
he
g{dYo
_mÝ`ì`dñWmnH$…
is
re S
{dÚmàH$meZ_², _“byé &
B
bl
_mÝ`m…,
be T
pu
{df`… - nwñVH$mW©_² AmdoXZ_² &
K
^dËàH$m{eVñ` "ì`mH$aUà^m' B{V nwñVH$ñ` Amdí`H$Vm ApñV & H¥$n`m

©
`WmerK«_² EH§$ nwñVH$_² àof`Vw B{V àmW©ò &

YÝ`dmXm… &
{XZm‘>… 2-11-2017 ^dV… {dídmgr/{dídm{gZr
ñWmZ_² : H$m{bXmgZJa_², H$mobma> & {Jare… / Jm¡ar
to
nÌg‘>oV…
t
No
gH$memV² _wÐm
g{dYo
......................... .........................
........................... ...........................
{nZ² {nZ²
136
EH${d§e… nmR>…
à~ÝY…
à~ÝYo {df`àñVmdZm - {df`{Zê$nU_² - Cng§hma… B{V Ì`… ^mJm…
g§`moOZr`m…&
(1) n[aga…
d
he
Añ_mZ² n[aV… `m{Z n#m_hm^yVm{Z gpÝV Vm{Z Ed n[agaeãXoZ gyÀ`ÝVo&
Añ_mH§$ OrdZ{Zd©hUo n[agañ` AVrd Amdí`H$Vm ApñV &
is
re S
n[aga_m{bÝ`m{Z {Ì{dYm{Z& dm`w_m{bÝ`§ Ob_m{bÝ`§, eãX_m{bÝ`§ M &
B
bl
dm`w_m{bÝ`_² - ~¥hÚÝÌmJmaoä`… gd©Xm {ZñgaØ`… H$bw{fV{dfm{Zboä`…
be T
gd©Xm g#maX²ä`… eVemo@Wghòe… dmhZmZm§ Yy_oä`… A{n dm`w… àXÿ{fV…&

pu
K
Ob_m{bÝ`_² - `ÝÌmJmaoä`… {ZîH$mñ`_mZm{Z amgm`{ZH$dñVw`wº$m{Z

Xÿ{fVObm{Z, ñZmZem¡Mmb`mZm§ _{bZObm{Z M Zm{bH$m{^… ZXt à{V àof`pÝV &
©
EVoZ Ob_m{bÝ`§ ^d{V &

eãX_m{bÝ`_² - `ÝÌmJmamUm§ H$H©$eeãX¡… Üd{ZdY©H$mZm§, {d{dYH$m`m©Um§,
dmhZmZm§ M eãX¡… {ZË`§ àXÿfU§ dY©Vo Ed&
Ed§ n[agaàXÿfUoZ ZmZm{dYm… amoJm… g_wØdpÝV & àXþï>oZ n[agaoU Z Ho$db§
to
_mZdm… A{n Vw ned…, n{jU…, H$sQ>m…, ObMamíM _hVt hm{Z_² AZw^dpÝV &
EVñ` à{V{H«$`m AYwZm Adí`§ {dYmVì`m & EVXWª gd}OZm… OmJ[aVm… ^do`w…&
àemgZm{Z CÚmoJnVtü ~moYò`w… & n[agag§ajUmW©_² Amdí`H$H$_m©{U Hw$`w©…&
t
No
(2) g“UH$`ÝÌ_²
"H$åß`yQ>a²' `ÝÌñ` g“UH$_² B{V Zm_Yo`_² ApñV& "Mmëg©² ~m~oO²' B{V
AmL²>½b{dkmZr BX§ `ÝÌ_² Am{dîH¥$VdmZ²& Apñ_Z² `ÝÌo AmÝV[aH$`ÝÌ^mJ…,
~mø`ÝÌ^mJ… BË`m{X {d^mJm… gpÝV &
137
g“UH$`ÝÌ§ Vw {dkmZñ` AË`{YH§$ {dH${gV§ ~w{Õ_V² `ÝÌ_²& g“UH$`ÝÌñ`
Am{dîH$maoU {dkmZjoÌo _hVr H«$mpÝV… A^dV²& AmYw{ZH${ejUo g“UH$`ÝÌk-
mZ_² A{Zdm`©_²& _wÐU_², g#mma…, g¡Ý`§, VÝÌkmZ_², {dkmZ§, g§ñH¥${V…,
{M{H$Ëgmb`… BË`m{XjoÌofw Añ` ì`mnH$… à^md… ApñV& Añ` JUZe{º$…,
ñ_aUe{º$… AgmYmaUm ApñV& JUH$`ÝÌjoÌo ZyVZ_m{dîH$ma_od AÝVOm©b_² &
g§ñH¥$V^mfm CÎm_g“UH$^mfm B{V à`moJÛmam à_m{UVm ApñV &
d
g“UH$`ÝÌñ` à^mdoU _mZdm… Abgm… OmVm…& gdm©Ê`{n H$m`m©{U H$Vwª
he
g“UH$`ÝÌ_² Aml`pÝV& EVoZ ~w{Õ{dH$mg… AdéÕ… ^d{V& AV… Añ` Cn`moJ§
OmJê$H$V`m Hw$`w©…&
is
re S
*****
B
bl (3) g_mMmanÌ_²
be T
pu
{dído@pñ_Z² à{VjU§ {d{dYm… KQ>Zm… gå^dpÝV & EVmgm§ KQ>ZmZm§
K
{dMmamZ² gd}ä`… OZoä`… erK«§ àmn{`Vw§ g_yh_mÜ`_m… à`VÝVo & Vofw

©
g_mMmanÌ_² AÝ`V__²& AmYw{ZH$`wJo dmVm©n{ÌH$m… AVrdOZ{à`m… gpÝV&

EVm… à{V{XZ§ ^yV^{dî`ÛV©_mZ{dMmamZ² gd©Ì àmn`pÝV & X¡{ZH$-nm{jH$-
_m{gH$-dm{f©H$ê$noU AZoH$m… n{ÌH$m… ^dpÝV & EVm… àmXo{eH$ - am{ï´>`-
AÝVmam{ï´>`m… dmVm©… àH$Q>rHw$d©pÝV & amOH$s` - gm_m{OH$-Ym{_©H$-e¡j{UH$
H«$sS>m - _ZmoaÄOZm{X{d{dY{dMmam… n{ÌH$mgw ^dpÝV & n{ÌH$mUm§ nR>ZoZ
to
kmZm{^d¥{Õ… ^d{V & gdm©gw ^mfmgw n{ÌH$m… àH$Q>rHw$d©pÝV& g§ñH¥$Vo@{n gwY_m©

gå^mfUgÝXoe… Jrdm©UdmUr BË`{Xn{ÌH$m… gpÝV &
t
No
AYwZm n{ÌH$ma“mo@{n H$bw{fV… Bd à{V^m{V & VÌ dmVm©… njnm{VÝ`…

Bd Ñí`ÝVo& dñVw{Zð>m… {dœgZr`m… {df`m… {dabm: ^dpÝV & VWm Z ^do`w…&
Xoeñ` g_mOñ` M {hV{M[ÝVH$m: dmVm©n{ÌH$m… ^dÝVw &
*****
138
(4) ñdmVÝÍ`moËgd…
Añ_mH§$ Xoe… 1947 V_o df} ñdVÝÌ: A^dV² & OZm… nd©ê$noU Añ` CËg-
dñ` AZwð>mZ§ Hw$d©pÝV& AZoHo$ dram… Xoeñ` ñdmVÝÍ`àmáò ñdàmUmZ² AËÒZ² &
Apñ_Z² {XZo Vofm§ g§ñ_aU§ {H«$`Vo & amOYmÝ`m… Xohë`m… aº$XþJo© àYmZ_ÝÌr
^mfU§ H$amo{V & Añ_m{^… ñdXoeñ` ñdVÝÌVm AIÊS>Vm M ajUr`m & Añ_mH§$
d
he
{dÚmbò A{n ñdmVÝÍ`moËgd… AmM`©Vo & àYmZmMm`©… àmV… ÜdOmamohU§ H$amo{V
N>mÌm… M {_{bËdm amï´>JrV§ Jm`pÝV& {dÚmbò _Ywa§ Añ_ä`§ Xr`Vo &
is
re S
*****
B
bl
be T
pu
K
Anma^y{_{dñVma_² AJÊÒZg‘x>b_²&
©
amï´>§ g”Q>ZmhrZ§ à^doÞmË_ajUo&&

t to
No
139
Ûmqde… nmR>…
nyaH$nmR>m…
1. Y«wd…
AmgrV² nwam CÎmmZnmXmo Zm_ ^ynmb… & Vñ` gwZr{V… gwé{M[a{V Ûo ^m`} AmñVm_²&
d
gwZrVo… Y«wd… B{V gwéMoéÎm_ B{V M Ûm¡ gwVmdmñVm_²& amk… gwéÀ`m§ VXnËò CÎm_o
he
M _hVr àr{VamgrV² & `V… gm H${Zð>m gwÝXar `wd{VíM & gwZrË`¡ VËnwÌm` Y«wdm`
is
M Z¥nmo ZmË`ÝV§ ñn¥h`{V ñ_ &
re S
EH$Xm amk… A‘>o CÎm_… Cnm{deV² & V§ drú` Hw$_mamo Y«wdmo@{n A‘>o Cn-
B
bl
doïw>{_ÀN>Z² AmJV…& VXgh_mZm gwé{M… Z¥nVo… g_j§ Y«wd§ AdXV² - ""Y«wd, _m amoh
be T
pu
Z¥nVoa‘>_²& __ gwV… CÎm_… Edm‘>_mamoTw>_h©…& g Ed {nVw… {à`V_…, Z Ëd_²& Xÿa§
K
JÀN> erK«_²'' - B{V &

©
Vñ`m… dMZoZmVrd Xþ…{IVmo Y«wd… éXZ² _mVw… g_rn_mJÀN>V² & gdª d¥ÎmmÝV§
Ý`doX`V² ""H$W_h§ {nVw… {à`… ^do`_²? H$W§ dm qghmgZ_² AmamoTw>§ `mo½`… ^do`_²?''
B{V Mmn¥ÀN>V²& VXm gwZr{V… {dbnÝVr gJX²JX_² Amh - ""dËg, Ëd§ {Z^m©½`m`m…
__ gwV…& AV Ed Vo Zm{YH$ma…& ^JdV… H¥$n`m {dhrZm… Ed_od n[a^d§ _whþ_w©hþ…
àmßZwdpÝV& ^JdÝV§ ZmamÙ§ gd©bmoH$eaÊ`§ eaU_wnJÀN> & `V… g Ed gdm©gm§
to
AmnXm§ {^fH²$'' B{V &

n#mdfu`… Y«wd… _mVwaZw_Ë`m ZmamÙ§ gmjmËH$Vwª Kmoa_aÊ`§ àpñWV…& _mJ}
t
No
ZmaXmV² dmgwXod_ÝÌmonXoe§ n[aJ¥ø Kmoa§ Vn… AmMaV²& {ZÐm§, Amhma§, nmZr`§ M

n[aË`Á` {Ma§ h[a_Ü`m`V² & ^{º$dí`… ^JdmZ² Vñ` nwaV… àmXþa^dV²& Xe©Z_mÌoU
nwb{H$Vmo Y«wd… ~hþYm AñVm¡V²& gÝVwï>mo ^JdmZ² {dîUw… - dËg, {MaH$mb{_X§ amÁ`§
Y_}U nmb`'' BË`ZwJ¥ø Y«wd§ nX_`ÀN>V²&
*****
140
Aä`mg…
1. Xþ…{IV… Y«wd… H$ñ`m… g_rn_² AJÀN>V² ?
2. Ho$ _whþ_w©hþ… n[a^d§ àmßZwdpÝV ?
d
3. Y«wd… ZmamÙ§ gmjmËH$Vwª Hw$Ì àpñWV… ?
he
4. ^JdV… Xe©ZoZ nwb{H$V… Y«wd… {H$_² AH$amoV²?
is
re S
5. gÝVwï>… ^JdmZ² {dîUw… {H$_² AH$amoV² ?
B
bl
be T
pu
1. gwé{M… - CÎm_… :: gwZr{V… - ........... &
K
2. {Z^m©½`m - gwZr{V… :: gwÝXar `wd{V… - ........... &

©
3. Ûo ^m`} - gwZr{V… gwé{Mü :: Ûm¡ gwVm¡ - ........... &

4. ^ynmb… - CÎmmZnmX… :: gd©bmoH$eaÊ`… - ........... &
{bIV&
to
1. Y«wdH$Wm§ gL²>J¥ø {bIV &

t
No
** ***
141
2. Amamo½`gyÌm{U
{hVm{hV§ gwI§ Xþ…I_m`wñVñ` {hVm{hV_² &
_mZ§ M Vƒ `Ìmoº$_m`wd}X… g CÀ`Vo &&1&& - MaH$…
g_Xmof… g_m{¾ü g_YmVw_b{H«$`… &
d
àgÞmË_opÝÐ`_Zm… ñdñW BË`{^Yr`Vo &&2&& - gwlwV…
he
Am{XË`ñ` Z_ñH$mamZ² ò Hw$d©pÝV {XZo {XZo &
is
re S
XrK©_m`w… ~b§ M¡d VoOñVofm§ M Om`Vo &&3&&
B
bl
àmUm`m_oZ `wºo$Z gd©amoJj`mo ^doV² &
be T
pu
A`wº$mä`mg`moJoZ gd©amoJñ` g§^d… &&4&& hR>`moJàXr{nH$m
K
ñZmZ_ybm… {H«$`m… gdm©… lw{Vñ_¥Ë`w{XVm Z¥Um_² &

©
Vñ_mV² ñZmZ§ {ZfodoV lrnwîQ>çmamo½`dY©Z_² &&5&& `mkdëŠ`…

AmhmamWª H$_© Hw$`m©X{ZÝÚ§ Hw$`m©Xmhma§ àmUgÝYmaUmW©_² &
àmUm…gÝYm`m©ñVÎd{OkmgZmWª VÎd§ {Okmñ`§ òZ ^y`mo Z Xþ…I_²&&6&&
`moJdm{gð>…
to
{hVmerñ`mpÝ_Vmerñ`mV² H$mb^moOr {OVopÝÐ`… &

t
No
ní`Z² amoJmZ² ~hÿZ² H$ï>mZ² ~w{Õ_mZ² {df_meZmV² &&7&& MaH$…

AË`å~wnmZmV² {df_meZmƒ {Xdm M gwáo… {Z{e OmJamƒ &
g§amoYZmÝ_yÌnwarf`moü fpS²>^… {ZXmZ¡… à^dpÝV amoJm… &&8&& dm½^Q>…
*****
142
^mdmW©…
1. {hVH$a_², A{hVH$a§, gwIH$a§, Xþ…IH$a_² Ed_² Am`w… MVwYm© ^d{V &
EVmÑeñ` Am`wf… {hVH$a§ {H$_² ? A{hVH$a§ {H$_² ? Am`wf… _mZ§
{H$`V² ? BË`m{X{df`mZ² Am`wd}X… {Zê$n`{V &
2. `ñ` dmV{nÎmH$\$m{XXmofm…, OR>am{¾… H$m`m{¾íM, agm{XgáYmVd…,
d
nwarfm{X_b§ M EVm… {H«$`m… g_m…, VWm `ñ` AmË_m BpÝÐ`m{U _Z…
he
M àgÞ§ ^d{V g… ñdñW… B{V H$Ï`Vo &
is
3. ò à{V{XZ§ gy`©Z_ñH$mamZ² Hw$d©pÝV Vofm§ XrKm©`w…,~b§,VoO… M dY©Vo &
re S
4. {dÜ`wº$àmUm`m_ñ` Aä`mgoZ gd} amoJm… jrUm… ^dpÝV &
B
bl
A{dÜ`wº$àmUm`m_ñ` Aä`mgoZ gd} amoJm… gå^dpÝV &
be T
pu
5. lw{Vñ_¥Ë`m{X{^… _mZdmZm§ gdm©… {H«$`m… ñZmZnyd©H$V`m {d{hVm… &
K
AV… lr-nw{ï>- Amamo½`dY©ZmWª ñZmZ_² Adí`§ H$aUr`_² &

©
6. AmhmamWª {ZpÝXV§ H$_© Z Hw$`m©V² & Ho$dbàmUYmaUmW©_² Amhma§

ñdrHw$`m©V² & na_VÎdñ` {OkmgmWª àmUmZm§ YmaU_² & Xþ…Iñ` {Zd¥Îmò
VÎdñ` {Okmgm H$V©ì`m &
7. `… Yr_mZ² g… AnÏ`^moOZmV² CËnÚ_mZmZ² amoJmZ² VW¡d Voä`…
to
Om`_mZm{Z ~hÿ{Z H$ï>m{Z M ní`Z² {hV§ ^moOZ§ Hw$`m©V² & {_V§ ^moOZ§
Hw$`m©V² & H$mbo ^moOZ§ Hw$`m©V² & VWm BpÝÐ`{ZJ«hr M ^doV² &
t
No
8. A{YH$Obñ` nmZmV², A{YH$ - AnÏ`H$a^moOZmV², {XZo e`ZmV²,

amÌm¡ OmJaUmV², _yÌñ` _bñ` M à{VamoYmV² - Ed§ fpS²>^… _ybH$maU¡…
amoJm… gå^dpÝV &
*****
143
Aä`mg…
1. H¡$… fpS²>^{Z©XmZ¡… amoJm… gå^dpÝV ?
2. AmhmamWª qH$ Hw$`m©V² ?
d
3. H$… Am`wd}X… CÀ`Vo ?
he
4. Am{XË`ñ` Z_ñH$mamV² qH$ ^d{V ?
is
re S
1. àgÞmË_opÝÐ`_Zm… - ñdñW… :: {H«$`m… gdm©… - ........... &
B
2. bl
àmUm`m_oZ `wº$o Z `moJZo - gd©amoJj`… :: A`wº$mä`mg`moJZo - ........ &
be T
pu
3. Hw$`m©Xmhma§ - àmUgÝYmaUmW©_² :: àmUm… gÝYm`m©… - ........... &
K
4. Am{XË`ñ` Z_ñH$mamV² - XrK©_m`w~b © _² :: {ZË`ñZmZoZ - ...........&

©
3. Xe{^…dmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m H$ÞS>^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m dm

{bIV&
1. Amamo½`{Z`_mZ² nÚmZwJwU§ {dd¥UwV &
to
*****
t
No
144
3. ZJm{YamO…
âVIÊS>mo@`§ {Vg¥fw {Xjw gm_wÐOb¡amd¥V… CÎmañ`m§ Vw ZJm{YamOoZ
{h_dVm g§aú`_mUmo@pñV& ^maVr`mZm§ g_ofm§ öXò {J[aamOñ` Añ` _hÎdnyUª
ñWmZ§ XÎm_pñV& ànÄMo AZwn_ñ` ^yYañ`mñ` d¡{eîQ>ç§ doX-ñ_¥{V-nwamU-
d
B{Vhmgofw d¡km{ZH$joÌoîd{n CÒr`_mZ_pñV &
he
{h_mb`nd©VloUr ^maV-nm{H$ñVmZ-^yVmZ-MrZm-Zonmb BË`m{X XoemZ²
A{^ì`mß` dV©Vo& {h_mb`… ^maVrÒZmZm§ ÑîQ>çm Z Ho$db§ H${üV² ^yàXoe…
is
re S
A{n Vw _mojÛma_²& {edñ` nËZr ^JdVr gVrXodr {h_dV… nwÌr ^yËdm AOm`V&
B
bl
AÌ¡d Vngm {ed§ Vmof{`Ëdm V§ n[aUrVdVr{V nwamUH$Wm à{gÕm& Xodm… gXm
be T
AÌ a_ÝVo B{V ^maVr`mZm§ ÑT>… {dœmg…& AZoHo$ F$f`… _wZ`ü AÌ VnñVßËdm

pu
nam§ {gqÕ àmßZwdZ²& AÌË`mZm§ nwÊ`joÌmUm§ ñ_aUoZ Xe©ZoZ M ñdmZ² YÝ`mZ²
K
_Ý`ÝVo ^maVr`m…& VmÑenwÊ`joÌofw A_aZmWJwhm{n AÝ`V_m& Jwhm`m§ à{Vhm`Z§

©
{h_{b“§ lmdU_mgo Xe©Z`mo½`§ ^d{V&

Añ` {dfò EH$m nwamUH$WmpñV- H$Xm{MV² nmd©VrXodr e‘>a_n¥ÀN>V²
""Ah§ Vw àËòH$pñ_Z² OÝ_Ý`{n Vngm AOam_a§ Ëdm_od n{VËdoZ d¥Umo{_&
ËdÝVw AZm{XaZÝV…, _`m {H$_Wª OÝ_ Xmofmo@Zw^y`Vo? Vñ` n[ahma… H$…?''
to
B{V& A{V{Z~©ÝYH$maUmV² e‘>a… A_aËdàm{áH$Wm§ H$ñ`m{#mV² Jwhm`m§ ñdnËÝ`¡

lmd`m_mg& _Üò nmd©Vr gwám& {dZm AZwkm§ VÌmJVm¡ œoVnmamdVm¡ H$Wm§ lwVdÝVm¡
t
No
A_aËd§ àmádÝVm¡& VÁkmËdm H«w$Õ… {ed… Vm¡ X½Yw_² BÀN>{V& VÔ¥îQ‰>m ^rVm¡
""Vd dMZ_brH§$ Z ñ`mV²& AV… ah…ldUê$n_² Amd`moanamY§ j_ñd& gXm
{ednmd©Ë`mo… Xe©Z_md`mo… ^dVw'' B{V àm{W©VdÝVm¡& emÝV… {ed… ""à{Vg§dËga§
_mg_{Y{Vð>md…& VXm AÌ g_wØÿV{h_{b“Xe©ZoZ gd©nmnm{Z ^ñ_gmØdpÝV''
B{V AZwJ¥ø nmd©Ë`m gh AÝVaYmV²&
145

d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
A`§ {h_mb`… Z¡Ho$fm§ d¡{eîQ>çmZm_m`VZ_²& AË`ÝVewÕ_YwaObmZm_²

AmH$am… {h_ZÚ… AÌ Ñí`ÝVo& ~¥hÒmÌm… {h_àñVam… eZ¡… g#maÝV… ^dpÝV V
©
Ed {h_ZXreãXoZ Amhÿ`ÝVo& âVIÊS>ñ` {h_ZXrfw J“moÌr, `_wZmoÌr, bS>mH²$

M à{gÕm…&
H${dHw$bJwé… H$m{bXmgñVw -
AñË`wÎmañ`m§ {X{e XodVmË_m {h_mb`mo Zm_ ZJm{YamO…&
nydm©nam¡ Vmo`{ZYr dJmø pñWV : n¥{Wì`m : Bd _mZXÊS> :&& B{V ñVm¡{V
to
^maV§ g§a{jVw§ gÞÕ… ~Õn[aH$a… `moÕm Bd {h_dmZ² Ñí`Vo& Vñ`

CÞV{eIam{U Am{Q>©H²$ àXoemV² AmdhÝV§ erVdm`w§ AdéÝYpÝV& H${Vn`df}ä`…
t
No
nydª aî`mXoeo gå^yVmV² AUw{dÚwñWmdañ` Xþîà^mdmV² AUw{d{H$aUmƒ Añ_mZajZ²&

{Ja`… Vo "_mZgyZ²' B{V _méV§ {ZéÜ` ^maVo {dnwbd¥ï>o… H$maUm{Z M ^dpÝV&
Vw{hZ{Jao… {eIam{U gX¡d {h_mÀN>m{XVm{Z ^dpÝV& VÌ J_ZmJ_Z_² AVrd
XþîH$a_²& AV Ed CÎmaV… AmH«$_U§ âVIÊS>ñ`mon[a ~hþÝ`yZ_pñV& VmÑeàXoemV²
gr_m_w„L²>¿` A{VH«$_U§ XþñgmÜ`_²&
146
éÐa_Ur`mo@`§ {h_mb`… ghòm{YH$df}ä`… àH¥${V{à`mUm§, g§emoYH$mZm§
lÕmbyZm§ M AmH$f©H§$ ñWmZ_²& ZmZm{dYOrdg‘x>bmZm§ Amof{YdZñnVrZm§ M
Aml`XmVm ApñV& EVmÑe§ ~hÿnH$maH§$ {h_dÝV_² Ed§ ñVw_…&
g§ajH$m` Xoeñ` XodmZm§ {Zb`m` M &
gm¡ÝX`©JwU^yfm` e¡bamOm` Vo Z_… &&1&&
d
*****
he
íbmoH$VmËn`©_²
is
XodVmË_m=XodVmZm_² A{Yð>mZ^yV…, nydn© am¡=nydn© {ü_m¡, Vmo`{ZYr=g_wÐm¡,
re S B
dJmø=à{dí`, n¥{Wì`m…=^y_…o , _mZXÊS>…=Am`m_n[aÀN>Xo H$XÊS>… Bd pñWV…
bl
(_r`Vo AZoZ B{V _mZ_²) {h_mb`… Zm_={h_mb`g§kH$…, ZJm{YamO… =nd©Vloð>…,
be T
pu
CÎmañ`m§ {X{e = CÎma{Xem`m_², ApñV={dÚVo &&1&& (Hw$_magå^d_²)
K
Aä`mg…
©

1. âVIÊS>… {Vg¥fw {Xjw H¡$… Amd¥V… ?
2. {h_{b“§ H$Xm Xe©Z`mo½`§ ^d{V ?
to
3. H$m¡ A_aËd§ àmádÝVm¡ ?

4. ídoV nmamdVm¡ X½Yw§ H$… BÀN>{V ?
t
2. MVwW©nX§ {bIV&
No
1. aî`mXoe … AUw{d{H$aU …… Am{Q>©H²$ àXoe… ...............

2. {eIam{U … {h_ÀN>m{XVm{Z …… J_ZmJ_Z_² … ................
3. "gh' B{V Aì```moJo : V¥Vr`m :: Z_…B{V Aì```moJo… ..............
147
4. àËòH$pñ_Z² - Ù²gpÝY :: Xmofmo@>Zw^y`Vo… ..............
{bIV&
1. ""^maV§ g§a{jVw§ gÞÕ… `moÕm {h_dmZ²'' H$W_²?B{V {dd¥UwV &
2. A_aZmWJwhm{dfò H$m nwamUH$Wm ApñV ?
d
he
AdYo`m§e:
^JraWàmW©ZmZÝVa§ gÝVwï>… {ed… ñdOQ>`m ~Õm§ J“m§ {~ÝXþga… à{V
is
re S
_w_moM & {d_wº$m gm gágw Ymamgw àdh{V& Vñ`m… gáòmoVm§{g A^dZ² & g M
B
bl
{df`… Ed§ d{U©V… am_mÙo - {dgO©Vmo VVmo J“m§ hamo {~ÝXþga… à{V &
be T
Vñ`m§ {dg¥Á`_mZm`m§ gáòmoVm§{g O{kao&&2&&

pu
K
gáòmoVm§{g - ‡m{XZr nmdZr M¡d Z{bZr M VWm nam&

©
{Vò… àmMt {Xe§ O½_w… J“m… {edObm… ew^m…&&

gwMjwü¡d grVm M {gÝYwü¡d _hmZXr&
{VòñËdoVm {Xe§ O½_w… àVrMrÝVw ew^moXH$m…&&
VW¡dmbH$ZÝXm M {dlwVm bmoH$nmdZr &
to
gá_r MmÝdJmñVmgm§ ^JraW_Wmo Z¥n_² &&

*****
t
No
148
4. ^JdmZ² a_U_h{f©:
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
âVIÊS>mo@`§ VnmoYZmZm§, gmYH$mZm§ {gÕ^y{_:, {dXþfm§ {dÚmjoÌ§,

H${ddamUm§ H$mì`moÚmZ_², {dkm{ZZm§ à`moJmb`ü {dÚVo & nwÊ`Xoeo@pñ_Z²
Z¡Ho$ Vmngm: VnüH«w$: Hw$d©ÝVü gpÝV & EVofm§ g_ofm§ Vnmo~boZ¡d Y[aUrVbo
nwÊ`^y[a{V à{g[Õ_mnÞ_mgr{XX§ ^maVdf©_² & B©Ñí`m§ n{dÌ^yå`m§ Añ_mH§$ OÝ_
to
A^d{X{V d`§ nwÊ`^mO: BË`Ì ZmpñV g§e`boemo@{n & AV Ed Añ_m{^:

Adí`_ñ_mH§$ nyd©OmZm§ F${fdaoÊ`mZm§ OrdZJmWm JmVì`m ApñV & VÕoVmoaodmÌ
t
a_U_hf}: bKwn[aM`: àXÎmmo dV©Vo &

No
V{_bZmSw>àXoeo bKwamàXoemV² qÌeV² _¡bXÿao {VéMw{inwa§ dV©Vo & VÌ

gwÝXa_² Aæà² Zm_H$: H$üZ g‚mZ: dg{V ñ_ & Ý`mèmó_² AYrË` g:
Ý`m`dm{Xd¥{Îm_² Adbåã` Ord{V ñ_ & AbJå_mi² B{V Vñ` nËÝ`m: Zm_ &
Vmdw^md{n Ym{_©H$OrdZoZ gånÞm¡ ^yËdm gwIoZ OrdV: ñ_ & V`mo: nwÊ`XånË`mo:
149
{ÛVr`nwÌê$noU OmV: lrdo‘>Q>a_U: & 1879 {H«$ñVmãXñ` {S>gåo ~a² _mgñ` qÌeV²
{XZm‘o> (30-12-1879) Añ` OÝ_ A^dV² &
~më`mXod a_Uñ` _oYm {dbjUm & EH$dma§ lwV§ MoV² ñ_aUo g§ñWmß`
gd©_{n nwZ: dºw§$ g_W©: AmgrV² & Vñ` Z Ho$db_² AÜ``Zo Amg{º$: naÝVw
H«$sS>mgw A{n é{M: AmgrV² & AÝòfm_² Anoj`m Añ` {MÝVZ§ {^Þ_mgrV² &
d
ì`dhmamo@{n {d{^Þ: ^d{V ñ_ & a_U: gXm Ü`mZ_¾: ^d{V ñ_ & _pÝXaofw
he
JËdm ñVmoÌnR>Zm{Xfw XodÔZm{Xfw {ZaV: AmgrV² &
JÀN>Vm H$mboZ a_Uñ` _Z: n[anŠd_² A^dV² & Vñ` ~mø{dfòfw
is
re S
AZmñWm d{Y©Vm & `pñ_Z² {dkmVo gd©_{n {dkmV§ ^d{V VXod eaU§ d«Om{_ B{V
B
bl
{Z{üË` g: EH$pñ_Z² {XZo Añ` OJV: {nVa_² AéUmMboída§ (^JdV:)eaU§
be T
pu
JÝVw§ àpñWV: & J¥hË`mJmËnydª g: ñdñ` ^«mVa_² C{Ôí` Ah_² AYwZm ^JdV:
K
AÝdofUo àpñWV: Apñ_, Z Ho$Zm{n __ H¥$Vo {MÝVm H$aUr`m B{V boI§ {bpIËdm,
©
V§ boI§ J¥ho ñWmn{`Ëdm AéUmMboœañ` Xe©ZmWª "{VédÊUm_b¡' à{V AJ_V² &

VÌ JËdm gd©{dY§ gm§gm[aH${M•§ n[aË`Á` "g§Ý`mgr' A^dV² & _pÝXaofw _m¡ZZo
Cn{dí` Ü`mZ_¾: A^dV² &
Vpñ_Z² H$mbo AmÝY«Xoeo JUn{VZm_H$: _oYmdr _ÝÌdoÎmm dg{V ñ_ & g:
to
VÝÌ§, Á`m¡{Vf§, doXm“m{Z Ý`m`m{Xemóm{U M gå`H²$ AYrVdmZ² & {H$ÝVw Vñ`

_Z{g àemÝVVm Z AmgrV² & H$Xm{MV² g: a_U§ à{V AmJË` XÊS>dV² àUå`
t
ñdg_ñ`m`m: n[ahma_`mMV & JUn{V_w{ZZm gåàm{W©V: a_U: _m¡Zd«VmV² ~{h:

No
AmJË` EV¡: eãX¡: JUn{V_w{Z_² Ed_² C×mo{YVdmZ² & -"Ah_²' B{V Hw$V:
Am`m{V B{V `{X AZwgÝXYm{g V{h© _Z: VÌ¡d g§b¾§ ^doV² & _ÝÌmoƒmaUg_ò
A{n _ÝÌñ` CØdñWmZ_² Adojgo & AWm©Zgw ÝYmZ§ M H$amo{f & V{h© _Z: VÌ¡d b¾§
^d{V& _Zmo{dH$ma: Z ^d{V & EVXod Vn: & A`_od _Zg: empÝVàmßË`wnm`:
150
B{V& AZoZ gÝVwï>: JUn{V_w{Z: AmË_mZ§ YÝ`§ _Ëdm VÌË`mZ² g§~moÜ` Cº$dmZ² -
A{` ^mo: {_Ìd`m©: ! A`§ a_U: AÚà^¥{V gd}fm§ H¥$Vo ""^JdmZ² a_U_h{f©:''
^d{V&
Vpñ_Þdgao nmb² d«ÊQ>Z² Zm_H$: H$üZ {dXoer`: ^maVXoeñ`
AmÜ`m[Ë_H$_² Am¡ÞË`_² AdJå` ^maV_² AmJÀN>V² & g: ~hwfw àXoeofw
d
n[a^«å` ~hyZ² F$frZ² `mo{JZ:, gmYy§íM ÑîQ>dmZ² & Ed_od a_U_h{f©_{n Ðïw>_²
he
AéUmMb_J_V² & J_Zmdgao Vñ` _Z{g AmÜ`mpË_H$m: ~hd: àým g_wØÿVm:&
g: nmb² d«ÊQ>Z² _hmoX`: àýmZm§ Mr{Q>H$`m gh a_U_hf}: nwaV: àUm_§ H¥$Ëdm
is
re S
Cn{dï>:& Aml_o gd©Ì àemÝVVm AmgrV² & a_U_h{f©: _m¡ZZo Cn{dï>>: AmgrV² &
B
bl
nmb² d«ÊQ>Z² a_U_hf}: Z`Zo gEd ní`Z² AmgrV² & a_U_h{f©: A{n {Züb`m,
{Z{d©H$ma`m, Ñem Vñ` Z`Z`mo: ní`Þ^dV² & ghgm H$üZ {dÚwÎma“: Bd
be T
pu
eara§ à{dï>: Bd d«ÊQ>Z² _hmoX`ñ`& VXm g: H$m#mZ àemÝVVm_² AZw^dZ² gdª
K
{dñ_¥VdmZ² & Abm¡{H$H$: A`_² AZw^d: V§ {dde_² AH$amoV² & `Xm g: d«ÊQ>Z²
©
_hmoX`: ~møñn¥e§ àmádmZ² VXm Vñ` _Z: àgÞ§ àemÝV#mmgrV² & a_U_hf}:
_wIo gm Ed àgÞVm g Ed _ÝXhmg: M {damOVo ñ_ & AZÝVa§ H$üZ AmJË`
d«ÊQ>Z² _hmoX`§ àýmZ² àïw>_² Cº$dmZ² & VXm d«ÊQ>Z² _hmoX`: g_ÝXhmg: AdXV²-
__ àýmZm§ gdm©{U CÎmam{U _m¡Zo Ed àmám{Z B{V &
to
^JdV: a_U_hf}: CnXoem: AmMaU`mo½`m: ^dpÝV ñ_ & ñd`§ H$m¡nrZYmar

_m¡Zd«V: & Vñ` gån{Îm: Ho$db_² AmË_kmZ_² & empÝV:, gd©àm{Ug_^mdZm,
t
X`m, {Z{d©H$maVm BË`mX`: JwUm: Vñ` ghOm{Z AmâUm{Z AmgZ² & Vñ`
No
Aml_o gd}fm§ H¥$Vo àdoe: gwb^: & Om{VdU©ôX: VÌ ZmgrV² & Z Ho$db§ _Zwîòfw
newn{jfw A{n a_U_h{f©: g_^md§ Xe©`{V ñ_ &
1950 {H«$ñVmãXñ` E{àë_mgo 14 ewH«$dmgao gm`§ ^º$m: AéUmMbo
{edñVmoÌ§ Jm`pÝV ñ_ & VV² l¥ÊdZ² Ed a_U_h{f©: naÝYm_ àmn &
151
Ed_² AmOrdZ§ {Z{d©H$ëng_m{Y_² AZw^`y ^JdmZ² a_U_h{f©: _hmg_mqY
àmádmZ² & AmYw{ZH$H$mbo _h{f©Ëd§ ñdOrdZoZ Xe©{`Ëdm ^maVr`¡: nmümË`¡ü
loð>OZ¡: àH$s{V©V: Ef: _hmZw^md: _h{f©_ÊS>bo AmMÝÐmHª$ {damOVo &
Aä`mg:
d
1. a_U_hf}: _mVm{nVam¡ H$m¡?
he
2. a_U_hf}: H$pñ_Z² {dfò AZmñWm AmgrV²?
3. JUn{V_w{Z: {H$_Wª a_U_hf}: g_rn_mJV:?
is
re S
4. nmb² d«ÊQ>Z² _hmoX`ñ` àíZmZm_² CÎmam{U H$W§ bãYm{Z?
B
bl
5. a_U_hf}: ghOm{Z AmâUm{Z H$m{Z?
be T
pu
K
1. JËdm -ŠËdm àË``: :: JÀN>Vm.............................&

©
2. _oYmdr-ZH$mamÝV: :: _ÝÌdoÎmm........................&
3. JUn{V:- _w{Z: ::a_U: ............................&
4. AmgrV²-bL² bH$ma: ::àmn............................&
3 XedmŠ`¡: g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, AmL²½b^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m dm CÎma§ {bIV &
to
1. ^JdmZ² a_U_h{f©: _h{f©Ëd§ ñdOrdZoZ X{e©VdmZ² {dd¥UwV &

*****
t
No
152
n[a{eï>_²
An{R>VJÚ^mJ:
1. MmUŠ`… _JYXoeñ` MÝÐJwá_m¡`ñ© ` _ÝÌr AmgrV²& g… EH$pñ_Z² CQ>Oo
dg{V ñ_& EH$Xm amOm X[aÐoä`… XmVw§ H$å~bmZ² XÎmdmZ²& Ho$MZ Mmoam… H$å~bmZ²
d
Mmoa{`Vw§ MmUŠ`ñ` CQ>O_² AmJVm…& VXm erVH$mb… AmgrV²& VWm{n MmUŠ`…
he
H$å~b§ {dZm Ed ^y_m¡ gwá… AmgrV²& Amü`©M{H$Vm… Mmoam… MmUŠ`§ à~mo{YVdÝV…&
Vo An¥ÀN>Z² - ""AÌ Vw AZoH$o H$å~bm… gpÝV& e¡Ë`_{n ApñV& VWm{n Ëd§ {H$_Wª
is
re S
^y_m¡ H$å~b§ {dZm e`Z§ H$amo{f'' VXm MmUŠ`… AdXV² - ""X[aÐoä`… XmVw§ amOm
B
bl
XÎmdmZ², EVmZ² H$å~bmZ²& EVo __ H¥$Vo Z''& EVV² lwËdm Mmoam… A{n g‚mZm… A^dZ²&
be T
AÝòfm§ Ðì`ñ` Cn`moJ… AY_©… B{V MmUŠ`ñ` gÝXoe…&

pu
K
àíZm:
1. MmUŠ`… H$ñ` _ÝÌr AmgrV² ?
©
2. amOm MmUŠ`m` {H$_² A`ÀN>V² ?

3. MmUŠ`ñ` CQ>O§ Ho$ AmJVm… ?
4. amOm X[aÐoä`… XmVw§ ...... XÎmdmZ² &
to
5. MmUŠ`ñ` gÝXoe… H$… ?

t
2.Añ_mH§$ amï´>{nVm JmpÝY_hmoX`…& "_mohZXmgH$a_MÝX JmÝYr' Añ`

No
nyU©Zm_& A`§ emÝVñd^md… gË`dmXr M& Aqhg`m gËòZ M OJV² AO`V²& A`§
ewŠbg§dËgao ^mÐnX_mgo H¥$îUnjo EH$mXí`m§(2-10-1869)e{Zdmgao nmo~Ý© XaZJao
OmV…& Añ` nËZr H$ñVyar~mB© ZmåZr& gm gd©Xm ^Vm©a_Zwg¥VdVr&
153
ñdmVÝÍ` g§“«m_o Añ` _hV² `moJXmZ_²& A`§ ~hþdma_² Cndmg_² AH$amoV²
H$mamJ¥h§ M àm{deV²& A_w§ ^ybmoHo$ gd} OmZpÝV& A_w§ gd} nyO`pÝV& A`§ à{V{XZ§
JrVm§ nR>{V ñ_& Ef… g§ñH¥$V^mfm§ gå`H²$ n{R>VdmZ²& ^maVOZH$m` Vñ_¡ Z_…&
àíZm… -
1. JmpÝY_hm^mJñ` nyU©Zm_ {H$_² ?
d
2. gË`dmXr H$… ?
he
3. "nËZr' - AÌ AÝ`{b“ê$n§ {H$_² ?
is
re S
4. H§$ gd} nyO`pÝV ?
B
5. bl
Ef… .......... gå`H²$ n{R>VdmZ² &
be T
pu
K
3. hg§ñ` dU©… ew^«…& H$mH$ñ` dU©… H¥$îU…& EH$Xm H${üV² H$mH$…

©
VS>mJñ` Vra§ JÀN>{V& g… VÌ h§g§ ní`{V& g… dX{V - ""Ahmo! h§g… H$sÑe…

ew^«… ApñV& Ah_² A{n ew^«… ^dm{_''& AZÝVa§ g… H$mH$… Obme`ñ` OboZ
{ZO§ eara§ àjmb`{V & VXm g… nmfmUñ` IÊS>oZ ñdeara§ Kf©{V & dma§ dma§
Kf©{V g… VWm{n H¥$îU… dU©… ew^«… Z ^d{V& Kf©UoZ Vñ` earao Vrd«m doXZm
^d{V & AÝVo g… n#mËd§ JÀN>{V& Ahmo! H$mH$ñ` _yI©Vm &
to
àíZm…
t
1. h§gñ` dU©… H$… ?

No
2. "H$mH$ñ` dU©… H$…?

3. H$ñ` earao Vrd«m doXZm ^d{V ?
4. AÝVo H$mH$ñ` J{V… H$m ?
5. H$mH$… Ho$Z ñdeara§ Kf©{V ?
154
4. H${üV² amOm Mmoa§ eyb_mamon{`Vw_² Am{Xe{V& ~w{Õ_wn`wÁ` Ordm{_'
B{V {MÝV`Z² Mmoa… dX{V - "à^mo! Ah§ gwdU©H¥$qf OmZm{_ & gwdU©~rOm{Z
_`m gh dV©ÝVo& joÌm{U g‚mrHw$d©ÝVw, ^dÝV… Ed ~rOm{Z dnÝVw & VXZÝVa§ _m§
eyb_mamon`ÝVw& VoZ OJV… H$ë`mU§ ^dVw' B{V & amOm VW¡dm“rH$amo{V& joÌm{U
{gÕm{Z ^dpÝV & `… H$Xm{n `pËH$_{n Mm¡`©_² ZmH¥$VdmZ² VmÑe… gwdU©~rOm{Z
dnoV² B{V {Z`_… B{V Mmoa… dX{V& Am~më`§ ñdH$s`§ Mm¡`ª ñ_aÝV… VyîUt ^dpÝV
d
gd}@{n& VXm "`… H$mo@{n AMmoa… ZmpñV MoV² Ah_od {H$_Wª eyb_mamon{`Vì`…'?
he
B{V g… n¥ÀN>{V& amOm b‚m`m V§ _moM`{V&
àíZm…
is
re S
1. gwdU©~rOdnZñ` {Z`_… H$… ?
B
bl
2. Mmoa… qH$ {MÝV`{V ?
be T
pu
3. "^dVw' AÌ H$… bH$ma… ?
K
4. "amOm' Añ` nXñ` n`m©`nX§ {H$_² ?

©
5. Mmoa… gdm©Z² qH$ n¥ÀN>{V ?
5. lrH¥$îU… Y_©amOñ` dmM_“rH¥$Ë` Xþ`m}YZñ` g_rn§ gÝYmZmWª

JÀN>{V & Xþ`m}YZg^m§ à{dí` AY©amÁ`§ nmÊS>doä`… XmVw§ dX{V& "amÁ`§ H$Xm{n
to
XmZê$noU Z¡d Xr`Vo& VV² `wÕo {d{OË` àmáì`§ ^d{V' B{V Xþ`m}YZ… d{º$& VXm
lrH¥$îU… "km{VZm§ _Üò g“f©… Zmo{MV…, `wÕ§ Vw eÌyUm§ _Üò C{MV_²' B{V
t
No
AdJ_{`Vw§ à`VVo& naÝVw Xþ`m}YZ… "Vo XodnwÌm…, d`§ Vw _mZdm…, VXm H$W§ Vo
gå~pÝYZ… Añ_mH§$ ^dpÝV...? AhÝVw Voä`… dm{Q>H$m_{n Z¡d `ÀN>m{_, `{X
e{º$apñV `wÕo Añ_mZ² nam{OË` amÁ`§ b^ÝVm_²' B{V Xn}U JX{V& VV² lwËdm
"{dZmeH$mbo {dnarV~w{Õ…, Ah‘>ma… Z ¹$m{n {hVm`' B{V {MÝV`Z² lrH¥$îU…
`wÕ_od {Z{üË` Y_©amOg_rn§ d«OVo&
155
àíZm…
1. Xþ`m}YZ… nmÊS>d¡… gh Vñ` gå~ÝY… ZmñVr{V H$W§ {Zê$n`{V?
2. lrH¥$îU… {H$_Wª Xþ`m}YZg^m§ JÀN>{V?
3. amÁ`§ H$W§ àmáì`§ ^d{V?
4. "g_rn_²' Añ` {déÕmW©H§$ nX§ {H$_² ?
d
5."km{V' Añ` nXñ` g_mZmW©H§$ nX§ {H$_² ?
he
6. àm{UZ… Añ_mH§$ {_Ìm{U gpÝV& _¥Jmbò àm{UZ… Añ_mH§$ _Zm§{g
is
re S
aÄO`pÝV& _¥Jmbò ì`mK«…, Oå~yH$…, qgh…, dmZa…, _H$a…, eeH$…, h[aU…
B
bl
BË`m{X_¥Jm… dgpÝV& qgh… Cƒ¡… JO©{V& dmZa… nÄOao ^«_{V& Vñ` nwÀN>… XrK©…
be T
pu
^d{V& _H$a… Obo {Zdg{V& _`ya… Z¥Ë`{V, _`ya… Añ_mH§$ amï´>njr& JO… V¥U_²
K
BjwXÊS>§ M ImX{V& h[aU… Ymd{V& _¥Jmb`… _Zg… gÝVmof§ OZ`{V&

©
àíZm… -
1. _¥Jmb`… qH$ OZ`{V?
2. _H$a… Hw$Ì dg{V?
3. _`ya… Añ_mH§$ ............. njr &
to
4. Ho$ Añ_mH§$ {_Ìm{U gpÝV ?

*****
t
No
Ðmjm åbmZ_wIr OmVm eH©$am Mmí_Vm§ JVm &

gw^m{fVagñ`mJ«o gwYm ^rVm {Xd“Vm&&
156
2. AZwdmX…
* H$Zm©Q>H$^mfm`m, Am“²b^mf`m dm AZwdmX§ Hw$éV&
1. ZÚ… àmòU nd©Vofw CËnÚÝVo& Vmgw H$mgm§{MV² g_wÐg“_mo ^d{V&
Vm… _hmZÚ…& AmnJm… ~hþYm OZmZ² CnHw$d©pÝV& EVmgm§ g{bb¡…
d
gñ`m{Z dY©ÝVo& J“m, `_wZm, JmoXmdar, Vw“^Ðm, H¥$îUm, H$mdoar,
he
BËòVm… Apñ_Z² ^maVdf} à{gÕm… nwÊ`g[aV… &
2. nwam H$mogbofw XeaWmo Zm_ amOm AmgrV² & Vñ` MËdma… nwÌm… AmgZ²&
is
re S
{nVwamXoeoZ am_… grV`m bú_UoZ M gmH$_² AdgV² & VÌ amdUmo
B
bl
Zm_ amjgoída… grVm§ AnöVdmZ² & am_… b‘>m§ JËdm amdU§ OKmZ&
be T
pu
3. Xrn… d{V©Ûmam V¡b§ J¥†m{V Ádb{V M & `Xm V¡b§ ewî`{V VXm Ádmbm
K
Zí`{V& V¡bXrnm… dm`wZm emå`pÝV& {dÚwÔrnm… Z emå`pÝV& ZJaofw

©
{dÚwÔrnm… àH$meÝVo&
4. {ea… H$ÊR>ñ` Cn[a dV©Vo& erf} àYmZm{Z A“m{Z dV©ÝVo& ZoÌmä`m§
d`§ ní`m_…& Zm{gH$`m d`§ JÝY§ {OK«m_…& H$Um©ä`m§ d`§ JmZ§ lwU_w …&
{Oˆ`m d`§ ^mfm_ho ag§ M ag`m_…& nmX§ hñV§ M {dZm OZm… OrdpÝV
Z Vw erfª {dZm&
to
5. à{Vdfª d`§ OÝ_{XZmoËgd_² AmMam_…& Vpñ_Z² {XZo Xodmb`§ JËdm

t
Z_ñH¥$Ë` àgmX§ ñdrH¥$Ë` AmJÀN>m_…& aº$XmZ§ Hw$_©…& J¥ho g_mamoh_²

No
Am`moÁ` _Ywa_² {dVam_…& V{ÔZo `pËH$_{n AZwn_§ H$m`ª Hw$_©…&

6. _mZdm… nwÊ`ñ` \$b_² BÀN>pÝV& {H$ÝVw nwÊ`§ Z BÀN>pÝV& nmnñ` \$b_²
Z BÀN>pÝV& `ËZV… nmn§ Hw$d©pÝV&
157
* g§ñH¥$V^mf`m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV &
1. ªÉÄÊ¸ÀÆgÀÄ £ÀUÀgÀªÀÅ ¸ÁA¸ÀÌøwPÀ £ÀUÀgÀªÉAzÀÄ ¥Àæ¹zÀÞªÁVzÉ. E°è
¥ÀæwªÀµÀð «±Àé«SÁåvÀ zÀ¸ÀgÁªÀÄºÉÆÃvÀìªÀªÀÅ £ÀqÉAiÀÄÄvÀÛzÉ. CzÀ£ÀÄß
£ÉÆÃqÀ®Ä zÉÃ±À «zÉÃ±ÀUÀ½AzÀ d£ÀgÀÄ §gÀÄvÁÛgÉ. GvÀìªÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃr
D£ÀAzÀªÀ£ÀÄß C£ÀÄ¨sÀ«¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ.
d
2. D ºÀÄqÀÄVAiÀÄgÀÄ ¤£Éß ¥ÁoÀU¼ À £
À ÄÀ ß ZÉ£ÁßV N¢zÀgÄÀ . EAzÀÄ GvÀª
Û ÄÀ ªÁV
¥ÀjÃPÉëAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §gÉAiÀÄÄwÛzÁÝgÉ. £Á¼É GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥sÀ°vÁA±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃr
he
¸ÀAvÀÄµÀÖgÁUÀÄªÀgÀÄ.
3. GzÉÆåÃUÀªÀÅ ªÀiÁ£ÀªÀ£À ®PÀëtªÀÅ. GzÉÆåÃUÀ¢AzÀ¯ÉÃ J¯Áè PÉ®¸ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
is
re S
¥sÀ°¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. £ÁªÀÇ GzÉÆåÃVUÀ¼ÁUÉÆÃt.
B
bl
4. ¸Áé«Ä «ªÉÃPÁ£ÀAzÀgÀÄ «±ÀézÀ ªÀÄºÁ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀgÀ°è M§âgÀÄ. CªÀgÀÄ
be T
zÉÃ±À«zÉÃ±ÀU¼
À °
À è ¸À£ÁvÀ£z
À ª
Às ÄÀ ðzÀ ¥ÀZ
æ ÁgÀª£
À ÄÀ ß ªÀiÁrzÀgÄÀ . CªÀg£
À ÄÀ ß
pu
K
£ÁªÀÅ C£ÀÄ¸Àj¸ÉÆÃt.
5. «zÁåyð fÃªÀ£ª À ÅÀ CªÀÄÆ®åªÁVzÉ. «zÁåyðAiÀÄÄ ¸ÀzÁ GvÁìº¢ À AzÀ
©
EgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. UÀÄgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ±Àð£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß C£ÀÄ¸Àj¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.

6. ¨sÁgÀwÃAiÀÄ CzsÁåvÀä ¥ÀgÀA¥ÀgÉ «²µÀÖªÁVzÉ. E°è ªÀÄºÁ¥ÀÄgÀÄµÀgÁzÀ
±ÀAPÀgÀ, gÁªÀiÁ£ÀÄd, ªÀÄzsÀé, §¸ÀªÉÃ±ÀégÀgÀÄ ¥Àæ¹zÀÞgÁVzÁÝgÉ. CªÀgÀÄ
PÀæªÀÄªÁV CzÉéöÊvÀ - «²µÁÖzÉéöÊvÀ - zÉéöÊvÀ ±ÀQÛ«²µÁÖzÉéöÊvÀªÀ£ÀÄß
¥Àæw¥Á¢¹zÀgÀÄ.
to
7. «zÁåzsÀgÀ ZÀPÀæªÀwðAiÀiÁzÀ fÃªÀÄÆvÀPÉÃvÀÄ«£À ¥ÀÄvÀæ fÃªÀÄÆvÀªÁºÀ£À.

CªÀ£ÀÄ zÀAiÀiÁ¥ÀgÀ£ÁVzÀÝ£ÀÄ. £ÁUÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß UÀgÀÄqÀ¤AzÀ gÀQë¸À®Ä
t
No
vÀ£Àß fÃªÀªÀ£ÉßÃ UÀgÀÄqÀ¤UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ¦ð¹zÀ£ÀÄ. »ÃUÉ ªÀÄºÁvÀägÀÄ

¥ÀgÉÆÃ¥ÀPÁgÀPÁÌVAiÉÄÃ fÃ«¸ÀÄvÁÛgÉ.
*****
158
3. dmŠàMZmH$m¡eb_²
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
1. H¥${fjoÌ_²
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
to
________________________________________________________________
t
No
eH$Q>…, J¥h_², d¥jm…, \$bm{Z, Zm[aHo$b_², Am_«_,² Hy$n…, d¥f^m¡,

YoZ…w , H¥$fH$m…, Amamon`pÝV, dh{V, H$f©{V, Ob`ÝÌ_², nd©V…, _oK…,
Ob_², MH«$Û`_², e¥“o, CÈ>`pÝV &
159
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
2. {M{H$Ëgmb`…
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
to
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
t
No
d¡Ú…, ~mb…, Hy$ß`…, ìÒZ_², CnZoÌ_², KQ>r`ÝÌ_²,

_mnZ`ÝÌ_², Z{bH$m, Jw{bH$m…, {MÌ_², CËnr{Q>H$m, AmgÝX…, {VañH$[aUr,
narjVo, Cn{de{V, nwaV…, ApñV, gpÝV, Ñí`Vo, nmíd}&
160
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
3. CÚmZ_²
©
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
to
________________________________________________________________
t
No
d¥j…, AmgZ_², n{jUm¡, _oKm…, gñ`m{Z, d¥Õm¡, H$_bm{Z, nwîn_²,

Xe©`{V, H«$sS>V…, AdéU{Õ, nd©Vm…, ì`m`m__², _ÊS>n_², gmonmZm{Z,
VQ>mH$…, ObnmV…, ApñV, H$moQ>a…, nÌ_², gwÝXa_², {demb_², Hw$éV…
ñ_a{V &
161
d
is he
re S B
bl
be T
pu
K
©
4. AmnUì`dhma…
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
to
________________________________________________________________
t
No
~m{bH$m…, YZ_², Amn{UH$…, H$Xbr\$bm{Z Am_«_², AZmZg_², N>Ì_²,

MîHw$ë`…, bÈx>H$_², nwñVH$_², Ñí`Vo, {MÌ_², ñ`yV…, Ðmjm\$b_², ObHy$nr,
eë`_², ìÒZ_², Vé… J¥h_², ApñV, H«$sUm{V, `ÀN>{V, ní`{V,
{Vð>{V, nwaV…, N>mÌm…, gpÝV, Aën_², A{YH$_² &
162
4. nXH$mof…
A{Zb… UÁ½ wind
AbrH$_² ¸ÀÄ¼ÀÄî false
A[a… ±ÀvÀÄæ enemy
AH©$… ¸ÀÆgÀå sun
d
Aå~a_² DPÁ±À, §mÉÖ sky, cloth
he
A{^^yV… DªÀj¹zÀ covered by
AñWr{Z J®Ä§ÄUÀ¼ÀÄ bones
is
re S
A_yë`_² ¨É¯É¨Á¼ÀÄªÀ invalvable
B
AãX… bl ªÀgÀÄµÀ year
thum
be T
A“xð>… ºÉ¨ÉâgÀ¼ÀÄ
pu
AœmamohU_² PÀÄzÀÄgÉ ¸ÀªÁj horse ride
K
A{^`moJm… D¸ÀQÛAiÀÄÄ¼ÀîªÀ£ÀÄ interested

©
AnH$moe§ H¥$Ëdm ºÉÆgÀ vÉUÉzÀÄ taken out

Am{VÏ`_² G¥ÀZÁgÀ hospitality
Am`mo{OVm K¥Àðr¹zÉ arranged, organized
AmË_O… ªÀÄUÀ son
strightness, simplicity
to
AmO©d_² ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀvÉ
Amew ¨ÉÃUÀ£É quickly, soon
AmMÝÐmH©$_² ¸ÀÆAiÀÄðZÀAzÀæjgÀÄªÀgÉUÉ as long as the sun &
t
moon exist
No
BÝXþ… ZÀAzÀæ moon

Cnm{Y… ©gÀÄzÀÄ award, title
CnoË` ¸À«ÄÃ¦¹ having approached
CÚ_… ¥Àj±ÀæªÀÄ effort
163
CXÝV… ªÀÈvÁÛAvÀ news
CnË`H$m vÀ¥Àà®Ä land at the foot of a
hill
CaJ… ¸À¥Àð snake
Cne_Z_² UÀÄt¥Àr¸ÀÄ«PÉ caloming, mitigation
Cá_² ©vÀÛ®àlÖ sown
d
Am¡Xm`©_² GzÁgÀvÉ generosity
he
Hy$n… ¨Á« a well
H«y$a… PÀÆægÀ cruel
is
re S
Hw$~w{Õ… PÉlÖ§Ä¢Þ evil mind
B
H$ZH$_² bla£Àß gold
a part, stem of a tree
be T
H$mÊS>… zÀAlÄ
pu
H¥$ï>r… DPÀµÀðtÂÃAiÀÄ attractive
K
H$ÝX… UÀqÉØ A BLUBOUS ROOT

©
I_² DPÁ±À sky

JdofU_² ºÀÄqÀÄPÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ search
KZ… ªÉÆÃqÀ a cloud
MpÝÐH$m ¨É¼À¢AUÀ¼ÀÄ moonlight
storm
to
PÄPmdmV… ©gÀÄUÁ½
Oam ªÀÄÄ¥ÀÄà oldage
V_{g PÀvÀÛ®°è in darkness
t
No
Ë`mJ… zÁ£À giving away in charity,

giving up
Vw_wb_² WÉÆÃgÀªÁzÀ fierce
ÌñV… ºÉzÀjzÀ frightended, terrified
{Ûn… D£É an elephant
164
Úm_² DPÁ±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß sky
X^©… zÀ¨sÉðºÀÄ®Äè kusha grass (a kind of
sacred grass)
{ZO… vÀ£ÀßªÀ£ÀÄ one’s own
{Zer{W… gÁwæ night
{ZXmK… ¨ÉÃ¹UÉ summer
d
{Z~©ÝY… MvÁÛAiÀÄ persistence
he
{ZY©Z… §qÀªÀ a poor man
{Z_rë` PÀtÄÚ ªÀÄÄaÑ shutting the eyes
is
re S
{ZXmZ_² PÁgÀt primary cause
B
{Zd}X… bl ªÉÊgÁUÀåd isgust, despair
stone
be T
nmfmU… PÀ®Äèa
pu
nmH$emgZ… EAzÀæ lord indra
K
àWm ¥Àæ¹¢Þ fame

©
nm¡a… £ÁUÀjPÀgÀÄ citizens, subjects

à^¥{V… ªÉÆzÀ¯ÁzÀ etc.
nwéfH$ma… ªÀÄ£ÀÄµÀå¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀß human effort
{^{Îm… UÉÆÃqÉ a wall
lord shiva
to
^yVn{V… ²ªÀ
^wO“… ¸À¥Àð a seprent
^¥e_² §ºÀ¼À very much
t
No
_mX©d_² ªÀÄÈzÀÄªÁzÀ softness

`dr`mZ² QjAiÀÄ younger
`dZ… ªÀÄÄ¸À¯Áä£À a muslim
agZm £Á®UÉ tongue
dm{hZr ¸ÉÃ£É army
165
{dnV² PÀµÀÖ misery, disaster
{d^y{V… ¸ÀA¥ÀvÀÄÛ prosperity
ì`dgm`… PÉ®¸À an act
ì`mO… PÀ¥Àl £É¥À cunning
dmgd… zÉÃªÉÃAzÀæ lord Indra
paddy
d
em{b… §vÀÛ
mountains
he
e¡bm… ¥ÀªÀðvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
eZ¡… ªÉÄ®èUÉ slowly
is
ghgm C«ZÁjvÀ all of a sudden
re S
gwndm©U… zÉÃªÀgÀÄ god
B
gm¡Y… bl CgÀªÀÄ£É mansion
be T
pu
gwMmédmX… D¸ÀQÛzÁAiÀÄPÀ «ZÁgÀ very pleasing talk
K
gÝXoenÌ_² ¸ÀÆZÀ£Á¥ÀvÀæ a letter containing

some message
©
ñVå^… PÀA§ pillar

ñdpñV M¼ÉîAiÀÄzÀÄ ‘may it be well’
hZw… PÉ£Éß cheek
{h_àñVa… ¤ÃUÀð®Äè an icy rock
hunger
to
jwV² ºÀ¹ªÀÅ
joÌ_² ºÉÆ® a field
jmÝV… ¸ÀAvÉÊ¹PÉÆAqÀ forgiven, enduring
t
No
ú_m^¥V² ¥ÀªÀðvÀ a mountain

{j{Vnmb… CgÀ¸À a king
*****
166
àýn{ÌH$m ñdê$n_²-X
A‘>m: 100
^mJ:-A (JÚ_², nÚ_², nyaH$nmR>…)
* EH$dmŠòZ CÎma§ {bIV & 11x1=11
* MVwWª nX§ {bIV & 4x1=4
d
* bKyÎmam{U {bIV & 4x2=8
he
* ûcmoH$`mo: VmËn`ª g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, Am“²b^mf`m, H$Um©Q>H$^mf`m dm {bIV&
is
2x2=4
re S
* H$do… Xoe-H$mb-J«ÝWmZm§ {dfò {bIV & 2x3=6
B
*
bl
{ZX}emZwgma_² CÎma§ {bIV& 3x3=9
be T
pu
* XedmŠ`¡: g§ñH¥ V^mf`m, Am“²b^mf`m, H$Um©Q>H$^mf`m dm CÎma§ {bIV&
K
3x4=12
©
* nÚ§ nya`V & 1x4=4

* n[aÀN>oX§ n{R>Ëdm àíZmZ² CÎmaV& 4x1=4
^mJ:- Am (ì`mH$aU{d^mJ…)
to
* g_w{MV_² CÎma§ H«$_mjaoU gh {MËdm {bIV& 10x1=10

* à`mon[adV©Z§ Hw$éV & 1x2=2
t
No
* aoIm{‘>V§ nX_² Adbåã` àíZ{Z_m©U§ Hw$éV& 1x2=2

* dmŠò {dÚ_mZ§ H¥$XÝVnX§ {MËdm àË``ñ` Zm_ {bIV & 1x2=2
* dmŠò {dÚ_mZ§ Ab‘>ma§ gbjU§ {dd¥UwV& 1x3=3
* àñVma§ {d{b»`, JU{d^mJ§ H¥$Ëdm N>ÝXmo Zm_ {bIV& 1x3=3
167
^mJ: - B (aMZmË_H${d^mJ…)
* g§ñH¥$V^mf`m AZwdmX§ H¥$éV & 1x3=3
* Am“²b^mf`m, H$Um©Q>H$^mf`m dm AZwdmX§ Hw$éV& 1x3=3
* nÌ§ {bIV & 1x5=5
* à~ÝY§ {bIV & 1x5=5
d
_mJ©X{e©àíZn{ÌH$m
he
X Std. I Language Sanskrit
àW_^mfm - g§ñH¥$V_² - (16S)
is
re S
Max. Marks-100
B
bl ^mJ: - A (JÚ_²-nÚ_²-nyaH$nmR>m…)
be T
pu
EH$dmŠòZ CÎma§ {bIV& 11x1=11
K
1. MVw{d©YnwéfmWm©… Ho$ ?
©
2. Y«wd… H§$ gmjmV²H$Vw©_² AaÊ`§ OJm_?

3. H$… ^yq_ n[aV… àX{jU§ H$amo{V ?
4. ^maVr`^mdZm {ZaÝVa§ qH$ XXm{V ?
to
5. "amYo`…' B{V {dlwV… H$…?

6. AÄOZm H$sÑe§ gwV§ àmgyV ?
t
7. Y¥Vamï´>ñ` gwV… H$… ?

No
8. ~mëò em{ó_hmoX`ñ` J¥hn[aga… H$W_² AmgrV²?

9. bmoH$… Ho$Z J«{WV…?
10. ZmQ>çemóñ` aM{`Vm H$… ?
11. Måny{dfò à{gÕm A{^`w{ŠV: H$m ?
168
MVwW©nX_² {bIV& 4x1=4
12. d¥Ìmgwa… : amjg… :: XYr{M… :.................&
13. àmUm`m_oZ `wº$o Z… `moJZo : gd©amoJo j`… :: A`wŠVmä`mg`moJZo :.................&
14. {gÝYwbñ` nwÌ… : ^moO… :: {gÝYwbñ` AZwO… : .................&
15. JUn{V : _w{Z: :: a_U : .................&
d
he
bKyÎmam{U {bIV & 4x2=8
16. ApñW`mMH$_² BÝÐ§ XYr{M… gmZÝX§ {H$_² AdXV²?
is
re S
17. ^rî_oU X¡dnwéfH$ma`mo: {dfò {H$_wº$_² ?
B
bl
18. g§ñH¥$V^mfm{dfò S>m&& gË`d«Vem{ó_hmoX`ñ` Ame`… H$… ?
be T
19. àOm{^àm`§ ñdrH¥$Ë` MÞå_m amOmam_§ {H$_² A~«drV² ?

pu
K
íbmoH$`mo… VmËn`ª g§ñH¥$V^mf`m Am“²b^mf`m H$Zm©Q>H$^mf`m dm {bIV &

2x2=4
©
20. EoamdV§ VVmo ÑîQ‰>m _hÎm{XX{_Ë`{n&

\$b§ _Ëdm hpñVamO_{^XþÐmd _mé{V…&&
21. `ñVw gdm©{U ^yVm{Z AmË_ÝòdmZwní`{V&
gd©^yVofw MmË_mZ§ VVmo Z {dOwJwßgVo&&
to
H$ì`mo… Xoe-H$mb-H¥$VrZm§ {dfò {bIV& 2x3=6

t
22. S>m&& Ho$. Eg². ZmJamOZ²

No
23. ^moOamO…
`Wm{ZX}e_² CÎma§ {bIV& 3x3=9
24. eaUmJVajU§ Y_©…, B{V Añ_mH§$ lÕm &
H$: nmR>: ? H$m AdXV²? eaUmJV… H$…?
169
25. ago JÝYo Z aÁ`Vo&
H$: nmR>: ? H$: AdXV²? H$… Z aÁ`Vo ?
26. ^JdZ² {H${_ÀN>{g ? {H$_h§ XXm{Z ?
H$: nmR>: ? H$… AdXV²? H$_² AdXV²?
Xe{^: dmŠ`¡: CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m H$Um©Q>H$^mf`m Am“²b^mf`m dm
d
{bIV& 3x4=12
he
27. {H$_Wª _wÄO… ^moO§ _ma{`Vw§ à`VVo ?
is
re S
28. nmR>ç^mJo {Zê${nVmZ² ZmQ>çm§emZ² g“¥ø {bIV &
B
bl
29. A_aZmWJwhm{dfò H$m nwamUH$Wm ApñV ?
be T
pu
nÚ§ nya`V& 1x4=4
K
30. _Zr{fU… ..................................... Xþb©^_²&&

©
31. AYmo{b{IV_² AZwÀN>oX§ n{R>Ëdm AZwÀN>oXmYm[aVmZ² àíZmZ² CÎmaV& 4x1=4

gd}ä`… Ob§ XXm{_ Ah_²& AV… OZm… _m§ _oK:, ObX…, dm[aX…, n`moX…
B{V Zm_{^… A{n OmZpÝV& gmJa… __ OÝ_ñWmZ§, JJZ§ __ J¥h§, Yam
__ JÝVì`_² ApñV & {dÚwV² _m§ àH$me`{V& ndZ… ñdm‘>o bmb`{V ò
to
~mbm _m§ ÑîQ‰>m öî`pÝV ò OZm… àgrXpÝV & H¥$fH$m… _moXÝVo & _`yam…
Z¥Ë`pÝV M Yam`m… {nnmgm _`m Ed emå`Vo & Ah_² Ed gd©àm{UZm§
t
No
OrdZ_² Apñ_ &
170
àíZm… -
1. H$… _oK§ bmb`{V ?
2. Ho$ Z¥Ë`pÝV ?
3. _oK… H$ñ`m… {nnmgm§ emå`{V ?
d
4. Apñ_Z² AZwÀN>oXo dº$m H$… ?
he
^mJ:-B (ì`mH$aU{d^mJ…)
is
re S B
bl
g_w{MV_² CÎma§ {MËdm H«$_mjaoU gh {Z{X©ï>ñWmZo {bIV& 10x1=10
be T
pu
32. ^wÄOrWm: - AÌ Ef: bH$ma: dV©Vo
K
a. bQ²> b. {bQ²> c. bmoQ²> d. {d{Y[bL²>

©
33. "_mJm©ÝVa_²" Añ` {dJ«hdmŠ`_² BX§ ^d{V&

a. AÝ`: _mJ©:> b. _mJ©: AÝVa_²> c. AÝ`V² _mJ©_² d. _mJ} AÝVa_² >
34. "AmoO:' - Añ` g_mZmW©H$nX_² BX§ ^d{V&
a. empÝV:> b. H$mpÝV: c. H«$mpÝV>: d. ^«mpÝV:
to
35. AÌ g_yhoVanX_² BX§ ^d{V&

a. _w{ZZ©_{V> b. Xod¡a{n c. ~mbñVÌ> d. YoZwYm©d{V
t
No
36. "^m`m©' - Añ` AÝ`{b“ê$n_² BX§ ^d{V&

a. Om`m b. ñdgm c. ^Vm© d. ^«mVm
37. n{VV\$b: - AÌ Ef: g_mg: dV©Vo&
a. ÛÝÛg_mg: b. ~hþdr« {h g_mg: c. VËnwéfg_mg: d. Aì``r^mdg_mg:
171
38. "_hfo©': - AÌ Efm {d^{º$: dV©Vo &
a. gá_r b. V¥Vr`m c. fð>r d. àW_m
39. Efw ewÕ§ dmŠ`_² BX§ ^d{V&
a. Z¥n: eÌw_² B©î`©{V& b. Z¥n: eÌmo: B©î`©{V&
c. Z¥n: eÌm¡ B©î`©{V& d. Z¥n: eÌdo B©î`©{V&
d
40. "ewŠb': - Añ` {déÕmW©H$nX_² BX§ ^d{V&
he
a. Ydb: b. Jm¡a: c. H¥$îU: d. {gV:
is
re S
41. gy`m©Xod - AÌ Ef: gpÝY dV©Vo&
B
bl
a. íMwËdgpÝY: b. OíËdgpÝY: c. AZwZm{gH$gpÝY: d. gdU©XrK©gpÝY:
be T
42. à`moJn[adV©Z§ Hw$éV& 1x2=2

pu
K
a. am_: _m§ ní`{V& b. AÜ`mnHo$Z àíZ: n¥ï>: &

©
43. aoIm[‘>VnX_² Adbåã` àíZ{Z_m©U§ Hw$éV& 1x2=2

a. Ëd§ Ë`ºo$Z ^wÄOrWm:& b. MÝÐñ` ewŠbnjo d¥{Õ: gå^d{V&
44. dmŠò {dÚ_mZ§ H¥$XÝVnX§ {MËdm àË``ñ` Zm_ {bIV& 1x2=2
a. nwînoU {dH${gVì`_²& b. N>mÌ: embm§ JËdm nR>{V&
to
45. dmŠò {dÚ_mZ_² Ab‘>ma§ gbjU§ {dd¥UwV& 1x3=3

a. _mKoo _oKo JV§ d`:&
t
No
46. àñVma§ {d{b»` JU{d^mJ§ H¥$Ëdm N>ÝXmoZm_ {bIV& 1x3=3

a. {n~pÝV ZÚ: ñd`_od Zmå^:&
-------
172
^mJ- C
(aMZm {d^mJ:)
g§ñH¥$V^mf`m AZwdmX§ Hw$éV& 1x3=3
47. «zÁåyð fÃªÀ£ª
À ÅÀ CªÀÄÆ®åªÁVzÉ. «zÁåyðAiÀÄÄ ¸ÀzÁ GvÁìº¢
À AzÀ
d
EgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. UÀÄgÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀiÁUÀðzÀ±Àð£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß C£ÀÄ¸Àj¸À¨ÉÃPÀÄ.
he
48. H$Zm©Q>H$^mf`m AmL²>½b^mf`m dm AZwdmX§ Hw$éV& 1x3=3
a. AmYw{ZH$`wJo AW©ñ`¡d AVrd _hÎd_² ñWmZ§ dV©Vo& AWm} {h gd©H$m`©ñ`
is
re S
àYmZV_§ gmYZ_²& AWm} {h gd©ñ` Xþ:Iñ` gwIñ` M H$maU_²& AV:
B
bl
_mZdm AW©{dfò OmJê$H$: ^doV²&
be T
49. embmd{f©H$moËgdñ` dU©Z§ H¥$Ëdm {_Ì§ à{V nÌ§ {bIV & 1x5=5
pu
K
AWdm
©
^dV: J«_moËgdo ^mJ§ J¥hrVw§ {XZMVwï>`§ {dam_§ àmÏ`© _w»`monmÜ`m`§ à{V

{dam_nÌ§ {bIV&
50. à~ÝY§ {bIV & 1x5=5
n[aga: AWdm XÿaXe©Z_²
to
***
t
No
173
nmR>`moOZm
_mgm… nmR>m…
OyZ² goVwnmR>…, Cn{ZfÛMZ_², Ë`mJYZ…, {dgJ©gpÝY…
Owb¡ ^maVr`{dkmZ_², _méVo… _{h_m, g_mg…
nÌboIZ_² 1, 2, AZwdmX…-1, 2
d
he
AmJï>² kmZXrn…, gw^m{fVm{Z, Y«dw H$Wm, H¥$XÝV…, Ab‘>ma…-1,2, N>ÝX…-1,2
gßQ>oå~a² A^`Xm{`Zr, à~ÝYm… - 1, 2,
is
re S
{MÌH$Wm- 1, 2 An{R>VJÚ^mJ…- 1, 2
B
bl
AŠQ>mo~a² {MÌH$Wm - 3, 4, Amamo½`gyÌm{U
be T
Zdoå~a² {ddoH$moX`…,^maVr`^mdZm, nÌboIZ_²-3, 4, ^JdmZ² a_U _h{f©:

pu
{S>goå~a² ZmQ>çm§em…, H$U©^ma_², à`moJ…, An{R>VJÚ^mJ…-3, 4 AZwdmX…-3, 4
K
OZdar _ÝWam{Z_©_ÝW, ^rî_moº$`…, ZJm{YamO…, Ab‘>ma…- 3,4, à~ÝYm…-3,4

©
\o$~«dar n[a{eîQ>_², dmŠàMZmH$m¡eb_² - 5, 6, An{R>VJÚ^mJ… - 5, 6

N>ÝX… - 3, 4, AZwdmX… - 5, 6
_mM©² nwZamdV©Z_²
to
SANSKRIT RESOURCES ON THE WEB

Literature Search
Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org), Wiki in Sanskrit (sa.wikipedia.org), Sanskrit
t
Wikisource (sa.wikisource.org), Sanskrit Wikibooks (sa.wikibooks.org)

No
Data Collection - Texts

htfp://sanskritdocuments.org ; http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/ebook.htm
Reference Material : Dictionaries - Online

Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary- http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-
koeln.de/monier/
** ***
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H$Um©Q>H$àemgZ_²

First Language - Sanskrit

KARNATAKA TEXTBOOK SOCIETY (R)

The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new

• making examinations flexible and integrating them with

• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country

• making education relevant to the present and future needs.

The new books are produced based on three fundamental

approaches namely, Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master

skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are

chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs

the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks. A few works of

Prof G. S. Mudambadithaya Sri Nagendra Kumar

Co-ordinator Managing Director

Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society®

gd}ä`… dÝXZm{Z& g{_{VgXñ`m… A{n n[al_oU gwMmé nwñVH${Z_m©UH$m`ª

gH$mbo H¥$VdÝV…& Vofm§ ghH$ma§ H¥$VkVmnyd©H§$ ñ_am{_& nwñVH${_X§

· lr [O.Eg². _wS>å~[S>Îmm`, H$.n.nw.g”>…, [a. ~|Jiÿ>é.

Honourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also the Finance

Questionnaires were administered among teachers to pool up opinions.

and to the associations who gave valuable suggestions.

Narasimhaiah Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa

3. lr JOmZZ Zmam`U ^Q²>, g§ñH¥$V [ejH$…, BpÝXam [à`X[e©[Z ~m[bH$m

4. S>m.amKdoÝÐ ^Å>:, g§ñH¥$V [ejH$…, gH$mar àm¡T>embm, gmaH²$H$s , ~|Jiÿ>é.

1. S>m. Oo.lr[Zdmg_y[V©…, [Zd¥Îm àm§ewnmb… E§.B.Eg².H$mboO², _„oœa§, ~|Jiÿ>é.

lr_{V {g. ZmJ_Ur, Cn{ZX}{eH$m, H$.n.nw. g§K… ([a) ~|“byé.

10. _ÝWam {Z_©_ÝW (MånyH$mì`_²) 62

15. Ab‘>ma… 106

17. N>ÝX… 117

18. ZmQ>çm§em… (ZmQ>çemó_²) 119

* {ejH¡$… OyZ_mgo Amaå^o goVwnmR>m… ~moYZr`m…&

* ì`mH$aUnmR>mÝVJ©Vm… A§em… A{n àíZê$noU ^{dVw_h©pÝV &

* AZwdmXnmR>m… Ho$db§ _mJ©Xe©ZmW©_od& narjmgw gab§, n#m-fQ²> dmŠ``wº§$ M n[aÀN>oX§

H$_m©Ü`j… gd©^yVm{Ydmg… gmjr MoVm Ho$dbmo {ZJw©Uü &&3&&

1. OJË`m_² = n¥{Wì`m§, `pËH$#m OJV² = MamMa§ OJV², VoZ = ñdoZ ê$noU,

= VoZ àH$maoU, Zm_ê$nmV² {d_wº$… = A{dÚmH¥$VZm_ê$nm{Û_wº$… gZ²,

1. EH$dmŠ`oZ CÎma§ {bIV &

1. _mojàm{á… Ho$Z ^d{V ?

2. [aº$ñWmZ§ nya`V &

4. aoIm{‘>VnX_² Adbåã` àíZdmŠ`§ Hw$éV &

1. ZÚ… g_wÐo AñV§ JÀN>pÝV &

2. Ëd§ Ë`ºo$Z ^wÄOrWm… &

5. {b“-{d^{º$-dMZm{Z {bIV &

6. gpÝY¨ {d^Á` Zm_ {bIV &

1. {ZJw©Uü 2. AmË_Ý`od 3. Zm_ê$nm{Û_wº$… 4. MamMa_²

AZw^d{V ñ_& Vñ_mV² gd©Xm g… OZgodm{ZaV… AmgrV²& Vñ` VoOgm g… Aml_…

AmJVmZ² XodmZ² {dbmoŠ` ~«÷Xod… D$Mo -^dXmJ_ZH$maU_² Ah§ OmZm{_&

Vñ` Aóñ` àm{á… XYr{MV… ^{dVw_² Ah©{V& `V… g… _h{f©… Y_m©Ë_m

AÌ Ah_² AmJV… & ^dV… g_rno bmoH$monH$maH$_² A_yë`§ dñVw {H${#mXpñV''

VXm BÝÐXod… H$W`m_mg - ""^dV… AñWr{Z Ed bmoH$monH$maH$m{U

dO«m`wYoZ d¥Ì_² BÝÐ… OKmZ& Xþï>mo {dZï>…, gÝVwï>mo bmoH$… &

Ed§ àH$maoU _h{f©Um XYr{MZm OJV… H$ë`mUmWª ñdearañ` Ë`mJ… H¥$V…

nm{UZr`gyÌ_² - ^rÌmWm©Zm§ ^`hoVw… &

1. EH$dmŠ`oZ CÎma§ {bIV>&

3. BÝÐ… H$ñ` VnmodZ§ dd«mO?

5. VnmoYZ… XYr{M… {H${_{V à{gqÕ àmn ?

3. XYr{MZm ñdXoh… BÝÐm` A{n©V… &

5. {déÕmW©H§$ nX§ {bIV &

6. bH$ma nwéf dMZm{Z {bIV &

7. {dJ«hdmŠ`§ {d{b»` g_mgZm_ {bIV &

10. XedmŠ`¡… CÎma§ g§ñH¥$V^mf`m, H$ÞS>^mf`m, Am“²b^mf`m dm {bIV&

1. d¥ÌdYmonm`§ kmVw_² AmJVmZ² XodmZ² ~«÷Xod… {H$_² AdXV² ?