AP-212

WATER SUPPLY
&
WASTE DISPOSAL
INTRODUCTION

• Next to air, the other important requirement for human life to exist is
water which is the nature’s free gift to the human race.

• Water is available in solid, liquid, and gas forms and these three forms
is basically important for comfort, luxury and various other necessities
of life.

• The water resources are certainly inexhaustible gift of nature until and
unless maintain, conserve and use very carefully.

• Water collection for domestic use can be traced back to 560 BC, when
rainwater was collected and stored in ponds for agriculture and water
supply purposes.
DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD’S WATER

70% of earth surface is covered with

water

 about 97% of all the water are in

the ocean

Only 3% of the water is fresh water

which is in the form of Ice(77%),
Ground water(22%) & lakes, rivers and
streams(1%)
SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY

Surface sources - Lakes, streams, rivers, reservoirs, run off from roofs and
paved areas.
Underground sources - Shallow wells, deep wells, artesian wells, artesian
springs, land springs.
 SPRINGS
• Springs are formed are formed ground water appears at the surface as a result
of overflow of ground water. This is a continuous and most certain source of
water.
• Springs are of two types:
i. Gravity Springs
ii. Artesian Spring
Gravity Springs
• These are formed when the underground water
table gets exposed on the slopes of hills, etc.
• The waters bearing stratum overlying an
impervious stratum like rock or clay is shown as
exposed on hill-side
Artesian Springs
• These are formed under certain geological
conditions. The inclined or basin shaped water
bearing strata are exposed to the surface on
higher side in this case.
• Rain water flowing on the surface enters into
this basin through the exposed portion on top,
flows down and is finally stored between the
two impervious layers under hydrostatic
pressure.
SELECTION OF WATER SOURCES
When selecting a water source for development, the engineer must
consider three primary factors:
I. water quantity,
II. water reliability, and
III. water quality.

I. Water quantity,
 The quantity factor considers the amount of water that is available at
the source and the amount of water that will be required or demanded
for use.
 Availability at the source depends on variables, such as the amount
of precipitation, the size of the drained area, geology, ground surface,
evaporation, temperature, topography, and artificial controls.

II. Water Reliability

 The reliability of a water supply is one of the most important factors
that the engineer considers when selecting a water source.
 Supply the required amount of water for as long as needed.
 To determine the reliability, the engineer studies data, such as
hydrological data, to determine the variations that maybe expected at
the water source.
 Geological data should be studied since geological formations can
limit the quantity and flow of water available

II. Water Quality

 The third primary factor the engineer must consider when selecting a
water source is the quality of the water.
 Practically all water supplies have been exposed to pollution of some
kind.
 Therefore, to ensure that water is potable and palatable, it must be
tested to determine the existence of any impurities that could cause
disease, odor, foul taste, or bad color.
 In most cases, the water will require treatment for the removal of
these impurities. In water treatment, the water is subjected to various
filtration and sedimentation processes, and in nearly all cases is
disinfected using chlorine or other disinfecting chemicals.
 Water demand and supply
 When designing the water supply project for a town or city, it is
essential to determine the detailed quantity of a water required for
various purposes by the city.
 it is impossible to precisely figure out the actual demand. Certain
empirical formula and thumb rules are used in determining the water
demand, which is very near to the real demand.
1. Domestic Water Demand

 The amount of water necessary in the residences for drinking, bathing,

cooking, washing etc. is known as domestic water demand.
 Primarily depends on the habits, social status, weather and traditions of
the people.
 As per Indian Standard : 1172-1963, under normal conditions, the
domestic consumption of water in India is about 135 litres/day/capita.
 But in developed countries this figure may be 325 340
litres/day/capita because of use of air coolers, air conditioners,
maintenance of lawns, automatic household appliances.
2. Industrial Demand
 The water needed in the industries mostly relies on the kind of industries,
that are established within the town.
 The water needed by various industries like paper mills, Cloth mills,
Cotton mills, Breweries, Sugar refineries etc. comes under industrial use.
 About 20 – 25% of total water demand is normally considered as
industrial water demand.

3. Institution and Commercial Demand

 This type of water demand includes the water requirement for the public
buildings other than residences.
 Commercial buildings, Malls, Colleges, Hotels, Bus depots and other
similar public buildings comes within this category.

4. Water demand for Public Use

 Volume of water necessary for public utility needs like for washing and
sprinkling on roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of public
parks, gardens, public fountains etc comes under public demand.
 Usually 5 % of total water demand for city is considered for public use
while designing water supply scheme.
5. Fire Demand
 Water requirement for fire fighting purpose fall under this head.
 The volume of water necessary for fire fighting is usually computed by
making use of various empirical formula.

6. Wastage and losses

 There are always losses and wastage occurs in pipeline while water
distribution. The main reasons for this are listed below:
1. Damage pipe line and or faulty accessories like valves, fittings etc.
2. Water tabs kept open in public or residences causing water wastage
3. Due to illegal and unauthorized connections
 While calculating the total amount of water of a town; allowance of 12-
15% of total quantity of water is designed to make up for losses, thefts
and wastage of
 PLANNING FOR WATER MANAGEMENT

1. Choice of fixtures to reduce water demand in building.

2. Waste water treatment.
3. Water recycle and reuse (including rainwater harvesting).

WHAT ARE LOW-FLOW FIXTURES AND FITTINGS?

• Low-flow equipment includes special types of fixtures applied to

plumbing appliances such as faucets, toilets, and showerheads.
• These fixtures help to reduce consumption of water, a critical
resource.
• Toilets use more water in the home than any other appliance or
fixture.
THANKS…..