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PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Elements of Fiction
Antagonist: character that goes against the main
Fiction character usually the protagonist.
Setting Plot
• The time and place in which the events of a story • Sequence of events in the story arranged and
occur.
linked by causality.
• Complex combination of both inner and outer
En Medias Res: kind of plot where the story
self
commences in the middle part of the action.
• Characterization -method used by the writer to
reveal the personality of the characters.
The three types of plot are termed as closed plots
because they normally follow the pyramid pattern of
Kinds of Character development
According to Principality
Protagonist: character with whom the reader
empathizes
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Conflict
The opposition of persons or forces in a story,
giving rise to the dramatic action in a literary
work.
Exposition
Types of a Conflict
• The part of the plot that sets the scene by
introducing the situation and settings and PERSON VS PERSON
likewise lays out the characters by introducing • type of conflict where one character in the story
their environment, characteristics, pursuit, has a problem with one or more of the other
purposes, limitations, potentials and basic characters (men or animals).
assumptions.
PERSON VS SOCIETY
Complication • Type of conflict where a character has a conflict
• Start of the major conflict or problem in the plot.
or problem with some element of society-the
school, the law, the accepted way of doing
Crisis things and so on.
• Part that establishes curiosity, uncertainty, and • Struggle against ideas of practices or customs of
tension and that it requires a decision.
the people
• This is the point of greatest emotional intensity, • Struggle with his/her own soul, ideas of right or
interest as well as suspense.
wrong, physical limitations (different
Denouement personalities)
PERSON VS FATE
Literary Devices • Type of conflict where a character has to battle
Flashback
• Writer’s use of interruption of the chronological • Whenever the problem seems to be a strange or
sequence of a story to go back to related unbelievable coincidence, fate can be
considered the cause and effect.
Foreshadowing
• Writer’s use of hints or clues to indicate events
that will occur later in the story.
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Point of View
• Determines the narrator of the story, the one who
tells it from different point of view.
Theme
• A significant truth about life and its nature which
take place in the illustrations of the actions,
preoccupations, and decisions of the characters.
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PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Fictions
Dead Stars • Crisis:
• Alfredo then realized that he is in love with her
Paz Marquez Benitez
Setting: • Climax:
• House of Don Julian
• Julia and Esperanza finally found out that
• House of Judge Del Valle
Alfredo has been cheating. He has been flirting
• Sunday afternoon at Don Julian’s house in Tanda with Julia despite being engaged with
(beach house and coconut plantation)
Esperanza
• Alfredo Salazar: Son of Don Julian; Over thirty • 8 years after, Alfredo needing to find a woman
years
named Brigada Samuy who can help him for
• Esperanza: engagement after 3 years of his defense in court, found himself at Julia’s
relationship; Wife of Alfredo; Impassionate
place.
Plot:
• Exposition: Literary Device:
• Flashback
Point of View:
• Alfredo reminisced how he met Julia Salas.
• Third-person Central Point of View
• Complication:
• Alfredo had gone with Don Julian to Judge Del Theme:
Valle’s house where he met Julia Salas.
• In Dead Stars, Paz Marquez Benitez presents
• Feelings between Julia and Alfredo now the idea that love is both a full-time
develop.
commitment and a huge responsibility
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Characters: Theme:
• Dodong: main character of the story
• Being an adult is not a choice, it is a state of
• Teang: the girl whom Dodong adores; glossy maturity
Plot:
• Exposition:
Characters:
• Dodong was on his way home for dinner from • Anastasia: old woman, Maga; believes in
the farm.
superstitious beliefs
realized that life was different from what he • Agueda’s Daughter: vain curious girl ;wants to
imagined. He wanted to ask questions and for know her mother’s past
• Denouement: Plot:
• Dodong agreed to their marriage because of • Exposition:
Blas' stubborness.
• a party was held in Montiya's house and the
• Ending: girls were to stay in that house. Anastacia, the
• With helplessness, Dodong could not do maga, told the girls of a legend where if they
anything but feel sorry for his son.
recite the incantation "mirror, mirror, tell me
whose woman, I will be" in front of the mirror
Conflict: at midnight while holding a candle, they will
• Person vs Self
see the person they were to marry on their left
shoulder but if gone wrong, they will see the
Kind of Plot:
• Linear Plot
devil on their right shoulder
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• Complication: Characters:
• Agueda, being hardheaded tried the • Yeyeng: pretends she forgotten to speak her
incantation to prove it wrong but she did not native language, Kapampangan
• Ending: • Climax:
• After contemplating, he realized that he still • During a festival in Town X, Ing Emangabiran
loves her but it was too late because Agueda was read. Yeyeng came close to the reader
was already dead
and when she realized that it was
kapampangan she said that she cannot read
Conflict: or speak in kapampangan anymore. The
• Person vs Self
townspeople humiliated her and when they
discovered that her father is Godiung
Kind of Plot: Pakbung, they humiliated her all the more.
• Circular Plot
• Flashback
• Denouement:
• Yeyeng was not able to take the humiliation
Point of View: and cried and as she wiped her tears, her true
• Third-person Omniscient Point of View
colors was seen, she was darker than a duhat.
Theme: • Ending:
• Intense remorse by wrong decision like believing • Yeyeng walked out while cursing in
in superstitions, “Magic realism”
kapampangan.
Setting:
• Remote area in Pampanga during American Kind of Plot:
Occupation
• Linear Plot
Point of View:
• Third-person Editorial Point of View
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to leave her.
• Climax:
Theme:
• On May 15, Claudio did not show up so Lilia • True love does not count the pain but sees the
went to his house where she discovered from bliss worthy of suffering
her sister that Claudio has already left 5 days
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PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Elements of Poetry
Allusion
Poetry • reference in a work of literature to a character, a
• Patterned form of verbal or written expression of place, or a situation from history, literature, the
ideas in concentrated. Imaginative, and Bible, mythology, scientific event, character, or
rhythmical terms place.
Antithesis
• Connotation: Suggested or implied meaning/s • Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.
• The use of sensory details or descriptions that • When a character in a literary work speaks or
appeal to one or more of the five senses.
someone who doesn’t exist as if it is a living
• Otherwise known as “senses of the mind.”
person
• Examples:
Figurative Language • Car, please get me to work today.
• Language used for descriptive effect in order to • Feet, don’t fail me now.
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Irony
Onomatopoeia
• Involves contradiction
• The use of words/phrase that actually initiates or
• A clash between appearance and reality, suggest the sound of what it describes
• Daily language, being ironic means that you • Silence your cellphone so that it does not beep
say something but mean the opposite to what during the movie.
you say.
• The bridges collapsed creating a tremendous
• Dramatic Irony: boom.
• Great Depression
“Tiny”
Litotes
• Deafening silence
displeasing.
• Examples:
• Thank you ma'am, you won’t regret it.
Metaphor
• I can resist anything but temptation.
• Example: Personification
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Consonance
Simile
• Repetition of similar consonant sound typically
• Uses a word or phrase such as “as “or “like” to
within or at the end of words.
• Examples:
• “cute as a kitten” comparing someone’s looks
Rhyme
words
Synecdoche
• Example:
• The naming of parts to suggest the whole.
I think that I shall never see
to workmen
• pattern of rhyme form that ends a stanza or a
• The word “wheels” refers to a vehicles.
poem.
describe another thing is name of one of the parts • Terminal Rhyme: rhyme found at the end of
closely linked to that the line
twisters”
• The effect is derived from the sounds employed,
• Example: In a summer season, when soft was the varying pitches, stresses, volumes and
the sound
durations.
time - “I”
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Iambic Monosyllabic
Anapestic Spondaic
Word and its Order
• The grouping and choosing of words in verses
Trochaic Accentual where more often, poets arrange them in the
unnatural order to achieve an effect
Dactylic
Syntax (rules)
: unstressed
Even Syllables: Iambic or Trochaic
• How words from different part of speech are put
: stressed Odd Syllables: Anapestic or Dactylic
together in order to convey a complete thought
Ellipsis
Meter • Omission of words or several words that clearly
• A regular recurrence of stressed and unstressed
identify the understanding of an expression
Foot
• Basic unit of meter consisting of a group of two Refrain
or three syllables
• Repetition of one or more phrases or lines at the
• 1 foot = 2 syllables (iambic and trochaic)
end of a stanza
metrical pattern and noting significant variations • Examples include epic, metrical romance, ballad
Lyric Poem
Each set of syllables is one foot and each line is measured by • descriptive or expository in nature
how many feet are in it. The length of the line of poem labeled
• The poet is concerned mainly with presenting a
according to how many feet are in it
scene in words, conveying sensory richness of
Monometer
Pentameter
his subject, or the revelation of ideas or emotions
Dimeter
Hexameter
• Examples are Ode, elegy, song, sonnet, corridos
Trimeter
Heptameter
Dramatic Poem
Tetrameter Octameter • Poem where a story is told through the verse or
dialogue of the characters and narrator
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Free Verse
• Poetry that follows no rules. Just about anything
goes.
Poem Appreciation
• Achieved by:
• Comprehending the plain sense or information
communicated by the poem
Tone
• Writer’s attitude toward his subject, mood, and
moral view
Symbol
• Word or image that signifies something other
than what is literally represented
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PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE
Poetry
From the Quirino Grandstand • dictator: Marcos
law
Figurative Language:
• two million faces - synecdoche
Revolt from Hymen
• awash in the early summer sun - synecdoche
Angela Manalang Gloria
weep - personification
• Assonance: lady, raises; defiant, sign; doves, • To be alone at last, broken the seal That marks
above; finally, sighting; blood, flood; freed, the flesh no better than a whore’s! - metaphor
people; weep, sweet; spring, happiness, rises, • To stir and stirring find no blackness vast With
like, hymn
passion weighted down upon the breast, -
• Consonance: air, roar; clouds, doves; dried, metaphor
Symbolism:
Type of Poem: • Hymen: Misconception of feminity or virginity of
• Lyric Poem
a women
• doves: freedom
• Seal: boundaries, hymen
• “Noah’s messengers finally sighting a land”:
the one who delivers freedom
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