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a) Introduction
b) Types of Combustion
c) Combustion Stoichiometry
d) Three T’s of Combustion
e) Energy Efficiency Opportunities
f) The Chemistry of Coal Combustion
g) Coal Combustion Systems
QA 2
Introduction
QA 4
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
Oxygen Heat
FIRE
Fuel
QA 5
Phases of Combustion
Pre-ignition
Ignition
Combustion
Extinction
QA 6
What Factors can Increase Heat Transfer?
Complete Combustion
QA 10
Incomplete Combustion
QA 11
Rapid combustion
QA 12
Spontaneous combustion
Ignition
QA 13
Combustion in Turbulent Environment
Combustion resulting in a turbulent flame is mostly
used for industrial application (e.g. gas turbines,
gasoline engines, etc.) because the turbulence helps
the mixing process between the fuel and oxidizer.
Micro-combustion
Combustion processes which happen in very small
volumes are considered micro-combustion.
QA 14
Combustion in Microgravity Environment
m m
Cn H m n O2 nCO2 H 2O
4 2
CH 4 2O2 CO2 2 H 2O
C6 H 6 7.5O2 6CO2 3H 2O
QA 17
Combustion in Air
m m m
Cn H m n (O2 3.78 N 2 ) nCO2 H 2O 3.78 n N 2
4 2 4
CH 4 2(O2 3.78 N 2 ) CO 2 2 H 2O 7.56 N 2
C6 H 6 7.5(O2 3.78 N 2 ) 6CO2 3H 2O 28.35N 2
QA 18
Combustion in Air (Cont.)
Nitrogen is considered to be a temperature reducing
diluter that must be present to obtain the oxygen
required for combustion.
QA 20
Air-Fuel Ratio (Cont.)
QA 21
Formation of NOx in Combustion
Thermal NOx
Oxidation of atmospheric N2 at high temperatures
N 2 O2 2 NO
NO 12 O2 NO2
Formation of thermal NOx is favorable at higher
temperature
Fuel NOx
Oxidation of nitrogen compounds contained in the
fuel
QA 22
Formation of CO in Combustion
Incomplete Combustion
Dissociation of CO2 at high temperature
CO2 CO O2 1
2
QA 23
QA 24
The objective of good combustion is to release all
of the heat in the fuel. This is accomplished by
controlling the "three T's" of combustion which
are:
QA 25
(a) (b)
(c)
QA 26
QA 27
Pre-heating of the Combustion Oil
QA 28
Temperature control of Combustion
Oil
Thermostatic temperature control of the oil is
necessary to prevent overheating, especially
when oil flow is reduced or stopped.
The temperature at which oil can readily be pumped
depends on the grade of oil being handled.
QA 29
Homework:
QA 30
Assignment:
QA 31
QA 32
Coal is burned in three ways:
1. As large pieces in a fixed bed or on a grate
2. As smaller or crushed pieces in a fluidized bed
3. As very fine particles in suspension
QA 33
Combustion Process
QA 34
CHAR COMBUSTION
QA 35
Char combustion is a slow process and therefore
determines the time for complete combustion in a
furnace
QA 36
The combustion of char involves at least four carbon–
oxygen reactions
QA 37
QA 38
The manner in which coal is burned and the
devices in which it is burned are primarily
determined by:
QA 39
Fixed-Bed Combustion
a) Overfeed
b) Underfeed
c) Crossfeed
QA 40
Fluidized Bed Combustion
QA 41
References:
QA 42