Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222

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Sustainable Cities and Society

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scs

Determination of optimum location and tilt angle of solar collector on

the roof of buildings with regard to shadow of adjacent neighbors
Hamid Moghadam ∗ , Saeed Moghadam Deymeh
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Solar systems have been widely used in recent years to supply some portion of buildings energy demands.
Available online 2 October 2014 Solar cells and flat collectors usually installed on the roof of buildings to keep away from the shade
effects. Moreover, those must be installed incline at optimum angle to maximize the receiving energy.
Keywords: Determination of the optimum tilt angle of solar collectors is the subject of many investigations. These
Solar energy studies had supposed that, there is no barrier between the sun and collectors from sunrise since to sunset.
Optimum tilt angle and location
In fact, any building may be surrounded by taller neighboring buildings. In these conditions, previous
Shade effects
studies could not estimate the optimum tilt angle, truly. In addition, there are locations on the roofs
which have more sunny time. These areas are more suitable for installation of collectors. Determination
of optimum location and optimum tilt angle of solar collectors on the roof, with respect to the shadow
of adjacent buildings is the main aim of this paper. Obtained results revealed that for earth’s northern
hemisphere, solar collectors should be installed on the southern edge of the roof as far as possible away
from the taller neighboring building. If the roof is surrounded by two taller buildings, solar collector
should be installed approximately on the center of the southern edge. Accordingly, received energy form
the direct solar radiation on the optimum location could be increases more over the 15%. In addition, it
was found that shade has minor effects on the optimum tilt angle for the parts of the roof near to the
taller neighbor. In contrast, there is a considerable change of optimum tilt angle (up to 10◦ ) for the farther
regions form the taller neighbor.
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
In recent decades, price increasing of common energy sources
(especially fuel source) and environmental considerations cause to
global attention has been drawn to the application of renewable
energy. Among of several kinds of renewable energies such as wind
energy, geothermal energy, ocean wave energy, and so on, many
researches and experimental applications attracted by solar energy.
In fact, solar energy is the origin of other renewable energy types.
In addition, it is accessible in many areas of the earth. Solar energy
is not only applicable in large scale (such as solar electricity power
plant), but it also can be used in small scale (such as domestic heat-
ing and cooling, desalination, and so on). Straight domestic usage
of energy cancels the costs of energy distribution networks and its
losses. Nowadays, a considerable portion of household heating load
(hot water and air heating) (Hazami, Naili, Attar, & Farhat, 2013;
Martinopoulos & Tsalikis, 2014; Nematollahi, Alamdari, & Assari,
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 9355784114; fax: +98 541 2447092.
E-mail address: moghadam.hamid@gmail.com (H. Moghadam).
2014; Rogers, McManus, & Cooper, 2013) and electricity require-
ment (Ban-Weiss et al., 2013; Kalogirou & Tripanagnostopoulos,
2006), could supplied from the solar energy. In fact, some por-
tions of energy requirements of modern buildings are supplied from
the sun by solar system. Solar collectors are one of the important
parts of solar systems which collect the solar energy. Performance
of solar system could decrease enormously when the shadow of
spatial barriers cast over the solar collectors. Thus, solar collectors
are usually located on the roof of buildings, where the effect of
shade is minor. In addition, flat collectors usually installed incline
to gather the higher amount of solar energy (Ahmad & Tiwari,
2009; Skeiker, 2009). It is suggested by different researches that
flat collectors must be installed at tilt angle approximately equal
to location latitude as optimum annual inclination (Elminir et al.,
2006; Gunerhan & Hepbasli, 2007; Moghadam, Tabrizi, & Sharak,
2011). It is supposed by these researches that there is no barrier
between the sun and collectors. Therefore, reaching the solar beams
to the collectors from the sunrise to the sunset is the fundamental
assumption of these investigations. Nevertheless, solar collectors
are not completely far away from the shade affects even on the
roofs.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2014.09.009
2210-6707/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
216 H. Moghadam, S.M. Deymeh / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222

Nomenclature

W hour angle
 incident angle
Wf forward hour angle
Wb backward hour angle
Âh incident angle of neighbor height
d distance from the taller neighbor

Investigation the effect of shade on the efficiency of solar sys-

tems is often limited to the solar cells arrangement in the solar
electricity power plants. Several researches indicated that, the out-
put power of a solar panel decreases severely when the small Fig. 1. Typical demonstration of buildings of an East-West Street.
part of its surface lies on the shade (Ibrahim, 2011; Karatepe,
Hiyama, Boztepe, & Colak, 2008). However, Karatepe, Boztepe, and
Colak (2007), Quaschning and Hanitsch (1996), Sharma, Dwivedi,
Srivastava, and Pathak (1994), and many other researchers showed
that bypass diodes could lighten the power loss of solar cells due
to shading. In contrast, bypass diodes increase the price of solar
cells and lead to difficulties in assemblage process. Effect of partial
shadowing of photovoltaic arrays on the power production of PV
plants is the subject of various studies (Bany & Appelbaum, 1987;
Groumpos & Khouzam, 1987; Weinstock & Appelbaum, 2007). It
is reported that in a solar field, all but the first rows of PV array
loss the some portion of their power output due to shadow of
neighboring, even when sufficient spacing between the rows is
provided (Groumpos & Khouzam, 1987). Therefore, different sug-
Fig. 2. Graphical presentation of required details for mathematical description of
gestions were presented by researchers for optimization of PV array shading.
arrangement in the solar farm such as the work of Diaz-Dorado,
Suarez-Garcia, Carrillo, and Cidras (2011).
There is scant evidence which indicated on the investigation the two other taller buildings, like the one which is labeled by A in Fig. 1.
effect of shade on the utilized solar collectors in buildings. In fact, In second case, a taller building located in the left or right side of a
any building may be surrounded by taller neighboring buildings. considered building, like those marked by letter B. The last case is
In these conditions, shadow of taller building may cast over collec- that, there is not any taller construction around it, like C. in this case
tors for several hours and previous studies could not estimate the sun beams could reach to the roof of such buildings from sunrise
optimum tilt angle, truly (due to their simplifier assumption). In to sunset, and all the roof points receive the same value of energy.
addition, there are locations on the roofs which have more sunny Previous studies could predict the optimum inclination angle of a
time. It seems that, these areas are more suitable for installation of flat solar collector, accurately for this case. However, determina-
collectors. Therefore, determination of optimum location and opti- tion of best location and inclination for the two other cases (A and
mum tilt angle of solar collectors on the roof, with respect to the B) need to more surveys.
shadow of adjacent buildings is the main aim of this paper.
2.1. Investigating the effect of shadow of adjacent buildings on
2. Methodology received solar energy

Buildings in crowded cities are surrounded by their neighbors.
If a building has a taller neighbor, sun may rise from or set behind
this building, instead of horizon. In this condition, shadow of taller
building fully or partially covers the roof of shorter building for a
certain time. This phenomenon affects the optimum inclination of
flat solar collectors. Surely, there are locations on the roofs which
have more shady time. Thus, solar collector must be installed under
optimum inclination angle at optimum location of roofs which have
must sunny time. Fig. 1 shows a typical view of some buildings of
an East-West Street.
Shadow of southern buildings has no effect on received solar
energy on the roof of northern buildings due to the high value
of zenith angle of sun on midday time and existence of consider-
able distance between the buildings in the north and south side of
the street. However, shadow of taller buildings affects the received
energy on the roof of their eastern and western neighbors. In fact,
the shadow of a certain tall building may cast on its shorter west-
ern neighbors roof from sunrise to noon, and may cast on its shorter
eastern neighbors roof from noon to sunset. Thus, there are three
possible cases. In first case, an individual building situated between
For buildings which have taller neighbors in the left or right
side (or both side), shade cast over at all or some area of roof in
a period of time, especially when the sun is near to horizon (sun-
rise and sunset times). Time determination of shade covering on a
certain place of a roof is the key point in investigation the effect of
shadow on received solar energy. Clearly, shade appears when the
straight line between the considered point and sun cut with a bar-
rier. Mathematical description of the problem could perform using
the illustrated details in Fig. 2.
W and Â, in Fig. 2 are hour and incident angle of sun, respec-
tively. According to this figure, shade cast over considered point
if Wf < W < Wb and  > Âh, simultaneously. In such a case, received
energy from the direct solar radiation reaches to zero. There-
fore, total daily received energy from the direct radiation on a
certain place of a roof is estimable. In this regard, we use of MAT-
LAB programming language and modify the code which is used
in our previous work (Moghadam et al., 2011). Effect of shadow
on received energy on the building’s roof from the direct solar
radiation for two possible cases which are mentioned earlier, inves-
tigated in the following section.
 H. Moghadam, S.M. Deymeh / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222 217

Fig. 3. Variation of direct solar radiation intensity on the point of roof marked by P. (a) Necessary dimension information. (b) Program output results.

2.1.1. Shade effects on received energy and optimum tilt angle of
different points of the roof which have taller construction only on
their west or east side
Shade matter is important in the first half of daytime for the roofs
which have taller construction only on their east side. In contrast,
it has importance in the second half of daytime for the roofs which
located on the east side of high constructions. Therefore, placement
of taller construction in the east or west of a roof changes the sunny
or shady time. Thus, only one case is considered here.
2.1.1.1. Shade effects on received energy and finding the optimum
location for collector installation. The modified computer program
which is used in this study needs some characteristics information
about dimensions of roof, its taller adjacent building, and location
of considered point on the roof, for accurate simulation. In addition,
number of day, location latitude and tilt angle of collector need to be
entered. Then, the program calculates solar constant and daytime
long for specified day, at first. Next, it computes the hour and inci-
dent angle of solar beams and consequently direct solar radiation
intensity at sunrise time. After that, it analyzes that whether the
specified point is shady or sunny, according to the criterion which
is mentioned earlier. If the point lies on the shade, value of zero con-
sidered as the direct solar radiation intensity for this time. Finally,
this procedure repeats again by step time of 1 min until the time
reaches the sunset. Therefore, variation of direct solar radiation
intensity for a predetermined day and condition could be calcu-
lated. Schematic view of two typical adjacent buildings and some
essential their dimensions for computer simulation are shown in
Fig. 3a. Simulation performed for horizontal surface at point P on
15-March and 1-July as winter and summer days, and latitude of
25◦ . Fig. 3b graphically shows the program output results of this
simulation.
As it can be seen from this figure, shadow of eastern tall build-
ing affects receiving solar energy on the point P, at the first hours of
the day. It is clearly shown the lower daytime and solar radiation
intensity on 15-March rather than 1-July. Moreover, it indicates
that point P has more shady time on 15-March. Although the gen-
eral trend of solar radiation intensity variation is the same for these
days. However, there is a slight interesting difference between
them. On 15-March, eastern building situate between point P and

Fig. 4. Position variation of tall building shadow on the roof of its western neighbor from sunrise to noon. (a-1) to (a-5) typical summer day, and (b-1) to (b-5) typical winter
day.
218 H. Moghadam, S.M. Deymeh / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222

Fig. 5. Simulation results on 1-July for different point of line L of Fig. 3a. (a) Variation of direct solar radiation intensity versus time at different point of line L. (b) Total
received direct solar energy and energy loss as a function of distance from the eastern building.

Fig. 6. Contour plot of total received energy of solar direct radiation on the roof of building shown in Fig. 3a, on (a) 1-July and (b) 15-March.

Fig. 7. Contour of optimum inclination angle of the roof on (a) 1-July, and (b) 15-March.
 H. Moghadam, S.M. Deymeh / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222
Fig. 8. Contours of (a) total yearly received solar energy and (b) optimum annual tilt angle of solar collector of the roof.
sun, since the sunrise until the sun rise from the back of this build-
ing. In contrast, sun beams could reach to point P, in few early
morning minutes of 1-July. After that, sun moves toward the back of
northern vertical edge of eastern building (which is marked by E in
Fig. 3a) and cause to shade cast over point P. At last, sun radiates her
beams again on point P, when it rises over eastern building. These
descriptions typically illustrated more clearly in Fig. 4, which is
drawn using of Google SketchUp 7. It shows the variation of shadow
location of eastern tall building on the roof of adjacent short build-
ing from sunrise to noon for the first day of July (series A) and March
fifteenth (series B) days. Fig. 4a-1 reveals that, most parts of the
western roof, except of triangle which is marked by T, cover with
the shadow at sunrise. It is interesting that shady portion increase
and this bright triangle become thinner by passing the time. This
is due to the fact that sun rises from a few degrees behind the east
at such days. The results of computer simulation show that sunrise
position located at 11.5◦ behind the east for 1-July. According to this
figure, it is clearly seen that the considered point situate in sunny
part of the roof at the beginning minutes of this day. After that, it
lies on the shade part (Fig. 4a-2). Finally, point P situate again in
sunny part (Fig. 4a-3). In contrast, sun rises from a few degrees in
front the east in winter days. Therefore, the front left side of the
roof could see the sun at sunrise time, when the other parts lie on
the shade (Fig. 4b-1). The shadow of eastern building never cast
over this part of the roof on such days. In addition, shady portion
continuously decrease until noon.
In both days, raising the sun in the sky with the passage of time
decrease the shadow length and lead to solar beams reach to the
more eastern parts of the roof. Finally, sun could completely face
the roof at noon. Generally, it is obvious that solar collectors must be
installed as far as possible far away from the tall buildings. Variation
of direct solar radiation intensity versus time for several points of
line L of Fig. 3a is shown in Fig. 5a. Parameter d in this figure denoted
to the distance between considered point and eastern building. It
is clearly seen that shady time increases by reduction of d.
Obviously, direct solar radiation intensity is zero for a point
located on the eastern edge of the roof in the first half of the day,
where d = 0. Actually, sun beams could never see the all point of
eastern edge of the roof from the sunrise to solar noon. However,
Fig. 5a reveals that the tall eastern building has not any effect on
received direct solar radiation on the roof from the solar noon to
sunset. Surface area below the each curve of Fig. 5a denoted to
the total received solar energy of related point which is presented
in Fig. 5b. It clearly shows that, total received energy increase
by increasing distance from the tall eastern building. Energy loss
versus distance from the taller building also plotted in this figure.
219
Fig. 9. Optimum yearly location and orientation for installation of solar collectors
on the roof which has taller building in east side.
It correctly shows the 50% energy loss for the point which is stick to
the eastern edge of the roof. According to these results, best loca-
tion in the length direction of the roof is the one which has most
distance from the tall building. This conclusion is applicable for the
roofs which has taller construction on their western side.
Program alters in the way that it able to scan the received energy
from the sun not only in length but also in width direction. Fig. 6
shows the contour plot of total received energy of solar direct radi-
ation on the roof, for first day of July and March fifteenth. Darker
parts of Fig. 6 related to more shady regions and more bright parts
indicate the receiving of higher value of direct solar radiation. This
figure reveals that southwestern parts (i.e. region 1) of the roof
are more suitable for installation of solar collectors. Total received
energy on the first day of July from the direct solar radiation on
the optimum location is 40.2 MJ/m2 , which is 14.9% greater than
received energy on the center point of the roof (35 MJ/m2 ). This
bright part is larger in 15-March due to the rising of the sun from a
few degrees in front the east.
2.1.1.2. Shade effects on optimum tilt angle of solar collector. Shade
affects the optimum tilt angle of solar collector as well as receiv-
ing energy of different points of the roof. Rising of sun from the
back of taller adjacent buildings instead of horizon, leads to vari-
ation of optimum tilt angle. This variation depends on the height
of tall building and location of considered point on the roof, and
may be few degrees or insignificant. Daily received energy from the
direct solar radiation for any point of the roof at various tilt angles
220 H. Moghadam, S.M. Deymeh / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222

Fig. 10. (a) Schematic view of the roof and its two taller neighbors. (b) Direct solar radiation intensity at the center point of the roof versus time on 1-July.

Fig. 11. Contour plot of received energy of the roof on 1-July (a) and 15-March (b), for the case of locating tall building on both east and west side of the roof.

Fig. 12. Contour of optimum tilt angle of the roof on (a) 1-July, and (b) 15-March, for the case of locating tall building on both east and west side of the roof.

was calculated and the angle which has higher received energy was
selected as optimum tilt angle of determined point. Fig. 7 shows the
optimum tilt angles of solar collector at various parts of the roof
(which is illustrated in Fig. 3a) on 1-July and 15-March, where the
optimum tilt angles with disregarding of shade effects are −12.6
and 31.1, respectively.
This figure reveals that, variation of optimum tilt angle for the
parts near to the tall building (eastern edge of the roof) is negligible.
Daytime long at these parts of the roof, divides by the tall building
into approximately two equal halves (from the viewpoint of time).
Only about 50% of the sun’s path line observed from these parts, and
the other same half path line placed behind the eastern building.
 H. Moghadam, S.M. Deymeh / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222
Fig. 13. Contour plot of (a) yearly received energy from direct solar radiation, and (b) optimum annual tilt angle of the roof.
In fact, the regions near to the eastern edge of the roof are shady
from the sunrise to about noon. After that, sun radiate on those until
sunset. Therefore, variation of optimum tilt angle of these parts is
negligible. Nevertheless, these changes are considerable by moving
away from the eastern edge in the length direction of the roof. In
addition it can be seen that, optimum tilt angle variation is more
significant on 1-July (as summer day) compared with 15-March (as
winter day).
Total yearly received energy of different parts of the roof is illus-
trated in Fig. 8a. Bright triangle in this figure indicates the receiving
of more yearly direct solar radiation. Therefore, southwest corner
of the roof which has a taller neighbor on its east side is the opti-
mum location for installation of solar collectors. Optimum annual
tilt angle of solar collector for different points of the roof is rep-
resented in Fig. 8b. It shows the negligible variation of optimum
annual tilt angle around the location latitude.
Fig. 9 schematically shows the optimum orientation of the rect-
angular collector at its optimum location. It is clearly seen from this
figure that, although collector B has more physical stability but at a
typical time when the total surface of collector A (with same size)
receive the solar beams, adjacent building cast its shadow on more
about 25% of the collector B.
2.1.2. Shade effects on received energy and optimum tilt angle of
different points of the roof which have taller construction on their
west and east side
When a roof is surrounded on its east and west side by two taller
buildings, shade affect received solar energy on the roofs at both
early and final hours of day. In this condition, sun placed behind
the eastern building at the first hours of day, and goes to the back
of western building at the final hours of day. It is possible that sun
beams radiate on the roof only for 3 or 4 h, especially when the adja-
cent building is very high and the roof has little width. In addition,
optimum tilt angle may change severely in these states. Fig. 10a
schematically shows a typical roof and its taller neighbors. Varia-
tion of direct solar radiation intensity at center point of the roof on
1-July presented in Fig. 10b.
This figure indicates that, solar beams could not reach to the
center point of the roof for about 5 h of daytime. 3 h related to east-
ern building and 2 h related to the western building. It is obviously
reveals that eastern building which is taller has more effect on
shady time on the considered point. Total received energy from
direct solar radiation on other different points of the roof calculated
on 1-July and 15-March using the computer program and results
shown in Fig. 11 as contour plot.
221
Region 1 in these figures indicates the best parts of the roof
for installation of solar collectors. If it is impossible to install solar
collectors in region 1 (due to some limitations) brighter regions
must be selected. These figures reveal that region 2 is brighter than
many other parts and occupies considerable area of the roof. There-
fore it may be suitable for collector installation in some conditions.
This region has more elongation toward western edge of the roof,
whereas western neighboring is shorter than eastern neighbor of
the roof. Fig. 12 shows the optimum tilt angle of different points of
the roof. It indicates the more severe variation of optimum tilt angle
in this case of building arrangement on 1-July. It is expected that,
variation of optimum tilt angle increases for narrower roofs with
higher neighbors. However, there is negligible change of optimum
tilt angle on 15-March.
Total yearly received energy of direct solar radiation on differ-
ent parts of the roof presented in Fig. 13a. Variation of optimum
annual tilt angle of solar collectors also plotted in part b of Fig. 13.
According to left contour plot of this figure, center point of south-
ern edge of the roof is the optimum location for installation of solar
collectors, where the brightest region has more thickness. In con-
trast to the results obtained in the previous case (Fig. 8b, roof with
one taller neighbor), part b of Fig. 12 shows considerable changed
(form 26◦ to 38◦ ) of optimum annual tilt angle for different point
of the roof which has taller neighbors in its both sides.
3. Conclusion
Domestic application of solar energy has widely increased in
recent years. Solar collectors which are one of the important parts
of solar systems usually are installed on the roof of buildings where
the effect of shade is minor. However, they affect from the shadow
of adjacent taller constructions in some period of daytime. There
are two different cases of buildings arrangement. In first case an
individual roof has a taller neighbor on its east or west side. In sec-
ond case, considered roof surrounded on both east and west side
by high constructions. The results of present study show that, in
the first case the effect of shade on received direct solar energy
decreases by moving away from the tall neighbor. Also, the results
imply that, southwestern corner is the optimum location for instal-
lation of solar collectors, where a tall construction located on the
east of the roof. Reversed results will achieve if the tall construc-
tion located on the opposite side of the roof (i.e. west side of the
roof). For the second case, optimum location lies on the southern
edge and it is better to install the solar collector at the center of
this edge. Generally for both cases, shade decreases the received
energy on the parts of roof which are near to tall neighbor even
222 H. Moghadam, S.M. Deymeh / Sustainable Cities and Society 14 (2015) 215–222
more. Moreover, shade changes the optimum tilt angle of solar col-
lectors. In contrast of received energy, variation of optimum tilt
angle is negligible on the adjacent regions of tall constructions. But,
other areas have considerable changes, especially when the wide
of roof is narrower and the height of neighbor is taller. Shadow
of adjacent building has no considerable changes on annual opti-
mum tilt angle for the roofs which have only one taller neighbor.
The value of this parameter is close to the location latitude. Opti-
mum tilt angle is 24.4◦ at optimum location for the first case. In
contrast, there is a considerable difference between the optimum
annual tilt angles (up to 12◦ ) of various parts of the roofs which
have two taller neighbors in their both sides. Optimum tilt angle of
the optimum location for the second case is 26◦ . When it is impossi-
ble to install the solar collectors in optimum location, other better
regions must be selected with respect to the presented contour
plot. Finally, presented results limited to the two typical cases of
this paper, and more general suggestion needs to more studies on
other cases which will be done on future works.
Acknowledgment
Schematic figures in this paper are drawn using free version of
Google SketchUp 7. We gratefully express our acknowledgements
to Google Inc.
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