Wave Optics PDF

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17. WAV E O P T I C S
1. INTRODUCTION
There have always been controversies over the nature of light. Some theories believe light to be a wave whereas
some believe it to be a particle. Newton, the greatest among the great, believed that light is a collection of particles.
He believed that these particles travel from a source of light in straight lines when it is not under the influence of
external forces. This was one of the strongest evidence of the particle nature of light.
A Dutch physicist named Huygens (1629 – 1695), suggested that light may have a wave nature. The apparent
rectilinear propagation of light explained by Newton may be just due to the fact that the wavelength of light may
be much smaller than the dimensions of these obstacles. This proposal remained a dump for almost a century.
Newton’s theory was then challenged by the Young’s double slit experiment in 1801. A series of experiments on
diffraction of light conducted by French scientist Fresnel were some of the activities that put an end to the particle
nature of light and established the wave nature of light.
The twist came around when the wave nature of light failed to explain the photoelectric effect in which light again
behaved as particles. This again brought up the question whether light had a wave or a particle nature and an
acceptance was eventually reached that light is of dual nature – particle and wave. In this material, we will focus on
the study of the wave nature of light.
Key point – Light waves need no material medium to travel. They can propagate in vacuum.
1.1 Nature of Light Waves

Light waves are transverse, i.e. disturbance of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the
wave. Hence they can be polarized. If a plane light wave is travelling in the x-direction, the electric field may be
along the y or z direction or any other direction in y-z plane. The equation of such a monochromatic light wave can
E E0 sin ω ( t − x v )
be written as =
The speed of light is generally denoted by c. When light travels in a transparent material, the speed is decreased
by a factor µ, which is called as the refractive index of the material.
speed of light in vaccum
µ=
speed of light in the material
The frequency of visible light varies from about 3800 × 1011 Hz to about 7800 × 1011 Hz .
Colour Wave-length
Red 620-780 nm
Orange 590-620 nm
Yellow 570-590nm
1 7 . 2 | Wave Optics
Colour Wave-length
Green 500-570 nm
Blue 450-500 nm
Violet 380-450 nm
Light of a single wavelength is called monochromatic light.
Illustration 1: The refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the speed of light in glass. (JEE MAIN)
speed of light in vaccum
Sol: µ =
speed of light in the material
speed of light in vaccum 3.0 × 108 ms−1

Thus, speed of light in glass = = = 2.0 × 108 ms−1
µ 1.5
2. HUYGENS’S WAVE THEORY

It has following two basic postulates:
(a) Consider all the points on a primary wave-front to be the sources of light, which emit disturbance known as
secondary disturbance.
(b) Tangent envelop to all secondary wavelets gives the position of the new wave-front.
Huygens’ Principle may be stated in its most general form as follows:
Various points of an arbitrary surface, when reached by a wave front, become secondary sources of light emitting
secondary wavelets. The disturbance beyond the surface result from the superposition of these secondary wavelets.
Huygens’ Construction
Huygens, the Dutch physicist and astronomer of the seventeenth century, gave a beautiful F1 F2
geometrical description of wave propagation. We can guess that, he must have seen water
waves many times in the canals of his native place Holland. A stick placed in water, oscillated
up and down, becomes a source of waves. Since the surface of water is two dimensional, the
resulting wave fronts would be circles instead of spheres. At each point on such a circle, the
water level moves up and down. Huygens’ idea is that we can think of every such oscillating A1 A2
point on a wave front as a new source of waves. According to Huygens’ principle, what we
observe is the result of adding up the waves from all these different sources. These are called B1 B2
secondary waves or wavelets. Huygens’ Principle is illustrated in (Figure) as the simple case
of a plane wave.
C1 C2
(a) At time t=0, we have a wave front F1 ,F1 separates those parts of the medium that are
undisturbed from those where the wave has already reached.
D1 D2
(b) Each point on F1 acts like a new source and sends out a spherical wave. After a time ‘t’,
each of these will have radius vt. These spheres are the secondary wavelets.
(c) After a time t, the disturbance would now have reached all points within the region
covered by all these secondary waves. The boundary of this region is the new wavefront Figure 17.1
F2 . Notice that F2 is a surface tangent to all the spheres. It is called the forward envelop
of these secondary wavelets.
(d) The secondary wavelets from the point A1 on F1 touches F2 at A2 . According to Huygens, A1 A2 is a ray. It
is perpendicular to the wavefronts F1 and F2 and has length vt. This implies that rays are perpendicular to
wavefronts. Further, the time taken for light to travel between two wavefronts is the same along any ray. In our
P hysi cs | 17.3
examples, the speed ‘v’ of the wave has been taken to be the same at all points in the medium. In this case,
we can say that the distance between two wavefronts is the same measured along any ray.
(e) This geometrical construction can be repeated starting with F2 to get the next wavefront F3 a time t later, and
so on. This is known as Huygens’ construction.
Huygens’ construction can be understood physically for waves in a material medium, like the surface of water. Each
oscillating particle can set its neighbors into oscillation, and therefore acts as a secondary source. But what if there
is no medium, such as for light travelling in vacuum? The mathematical theory, which cannot be given here, shows
that the same geometrical construction work in this case as well.
3. INTERFERENCE
When two waves of the same frequency move along the same direction in a medium, they superimpose and give
rise to a phenomena called interference. Points of constructive interference have maximum intensity while points
of destructive interference have minimum intensity.
3.1 Coherent and Incoherent Sources

Two light sources of light waves are coherent if the initial phase difference between the waves emitted by the
sources remains constant with time. If it changes randomly with time, the sources are said to be incoherent. Two
waves produce an interference pattern only if they originate from coherent sources.
3.2 Intensity and Superposition of Waves

If two waves
= y1 A1 sin ( ωt ) &
= y 2 A2 sin ( ωt + θ ) are superimposed, resultant wave is given by
= y R sin ( ωt + θ )
Where R 2 = A12 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cos φ or I = I1 + I2 + 2 ( ) ( )

I1 I2 cos φ I ∝ A2 and tan θ =
A2 sin φ
A1 + A2 cos φ
For maxima, cos φ= 1, φ= 2nπ n= 0,1,2
For minima, cos φ = −1, φ = (2n − 1)π n = 1,2,...
( )
2
(=A1 + A2 )
2
φ Imax I1 + I2
If I=
1 I=
2 I0 ; I1 = 410 cos2 =;
2 Imin
( A1 − A2 ) ( )
2 2
I1 − I2
Note: Consider two coherent sources S1 and S2 . Suppose two waves emanating S1
from these two sources superimpose at point P. The phase difference between them
at P is φ (which is constant). If the amplitude due to two individual sources at P is A1 P
S2
and A2 , then resultant amplitude at P will be, A = A12 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cos φ
Figure 17.2
Similarly the resultant intensity at P is given by, I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ . Here, I1 and

I2 are the intensities due to independent sources. If the sources are incoherent then
resultant intensity at P is given by, =
I I1 + I2
Illustration 2: Light from two sources, each of same frequency and in same direction, but with intensity in the
ration 4:1 interfere. Find ratio of maximum to minimum intensity. (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Interference, amplitudes added and subtracted not the intensity, =

A A1 + A2 .
2
 I1 
2  +1 
Imax  I1 + I2 
2
 I2  2+1
=    =  =  9:1
Imin  I − I   I1   2 −1
 1 2 
−1 
 I2
 
3.3 Conditions for Interference

(a) Sources should be coherent i.e. the phase difference between them should be constant. For this, frequency of
sources should be the same.
(b) The amplitudes of both the waves should be nearly equal so as to obtain bright and dark fingers of maximum
contrast.
(c) The two sources should be very close to each other.
(d) The two sources of slits should be very narrow otherwise a broad source will be equivalent to a number of
narrow sources emitting their own overlapping wavelets.
If the two sources are obtained from a single parent source by splitting the light into two narrow sources, they
form coherent sources which produce sustained interference pattern due to a constant phase difference between
the waves.
Illustration 3: In a Young’s experiment, the interference pattern is found to have an intensity ratio between the
bright and dark fringes as 9:1, find out: (JEE MAIN)
(i) The ratio of intensities
(ii) Amplitude of two interfering waves.
Sol: In Interference, A2 ∝ I , =
A A1 ± A2 .
( )
2
Imax 9 I1 + I2 9 I1 + I2 3
= ; = ; = ; I1 + I2 = 3 I1 − 3 I2
Imin 1
( ) 1 1
2
I1 − I2 I1 − I2
I1 I1 a I1 a1
−2 I1 =
−4 I2 ; =
2
I2 1
; =
4
I2 1
(
; I ∝ a2 , 1 =
a2
)
I2
;
a2
4 2
==
1 1
Illustration 4: Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensity I & 4I are superimposed. What is the max &
min possible intensities in the resulting wave? (JEE MAIN)
Sol: In Interference, A2 ∝ I , =
A A1 ± A2 .
( ) =( I + 4I ) =(3 I )
2 2 2
Imax = I1 + I2 2 =9I
( ) =( I − 4I ) =I
2 2
Imin = I1 − I2
3.4 Young’s Double Slit Experiment

The experiment consists of a parallel beam of monochromatic light from slit S which is incident on two narrow
pinhole or slits S1 and S2 separated by a small distance d. The wavelets emitted from these sources superimpose
at the screen placed in front of these slits to produce an alternate dark and bright fringe pattern at points on the
P hysi cs | 17.5
screen depending upon whether these waves reach with a phase difference φ = (2n – 1)π producing destructive
interference or φ= 2nπ producing constructive interference respectively. If the screen is placed at a perpendicular
distance D from the middle point of the slits, the point O on the screen lies at the right bisector of S1 S2 and is
equidistant from S1 and S2. The intensity at O is maximum. Consider a point P located at a distance xn from O on
the screen as shown in the figure. The path difference of waves reaching at point P from S2 and S1 is given by Path
x d
difference = S2P − S1P = n
D
S1P = XP
S=
2P S2 X + XP
⇒ S2P − S1P = S2 X = dsin θ
⇒ path difference =
dsin θ
xn
As θ is small sin θ ≈=
tan θ {D >> d}
D
xn d
∴ S2P − S1P =
D
The point P will be bright or of a maximum intensity when the path difference is an integral multiple of wavelength
x d
λ or φ = 2nπ = nλ ; ∴ S2P − S1P =n = nλ
D
The bright fringes are thus observed at distance
P
λD 2λD 3λD nλD
=x1 = ,x = , x3 ,......,
= xn
d 2 d d d
S1 Xn
The distance between consecutive bright fringes,

nλD λD λD
=
β − (n − 1 ) = d
d d d X
The point P will be dark or of minimum intensity when the path S2

difference is an odd multiple of half wavelength or φ − ( 2n − 1 ) π ;
D
x d
∴ S2P − S1P =n = nλ Figure 17.3
D
The bright fringes are thus observed at distances
λD 2λD 3λD nλD

=x1 = , x2 = , x3 ,......,
= xn
d d d d
nλD λD λD
The distance between consecutive bright fringes,=
β − (n − 1 ) =
d d d
The point P will be dark or of minimum intensity when the path difference is an odd multiple of half wavelength or
xn d λ
=
φ ( 2n − 1) π ; ∴ S2P − S1P = = ( 2n − 1 )
D 2
Where n is an integer ∴xn = ( 2n − 1) λ2dD .
The dark fringes will be observed at distance

= x1′
λD
= , x2′
3λD
= , x3′
5λD
,.......,
= xn′
( 2n − 1) λD
2d 2d 2d 2d
Fringe width: The spacing between any two consecutive bright or two dark fringes is equal and is called the fringe
width.
The distance between two consecutive dark fringes = β =

( 2n − 1) λD − ( 2n − 3) λD = λD
2d 2d d
λD
∴Fringe width = β =
d
If a thin transparent plate of thickness t and refractive index µ is introduced in the path S1P of one of the interfering
waves, the entire fringes pattern is shifted through a constant distance. The path S1P in air is increased to an air
path equal to S1P + ( µ − 1 ) t
xn d
δ S2P − S1P + ( µ − 1 ) =
∴ The path difference = t  S2P − S1P − ( µ − 1=
)t − (µ − 1) t
D
xn .d D
For nth maxima at a distance x'n = − ( µ − 1 ) t = nλ ; xn = nλ + ( µ − 1 ) t 
D d 
Thus, when a thin transparent plate of thickness t and refractive index µ is introduced in one of the paths of the
xd
waves, the path difference changes by .
D
xd D
∴ = ( µ − 1 ) t; x = (µ − 1) t
D d
D (µ − 1) t
∴The central maxima shifts by a distance equal to .
d
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
In Young’s double slit experiment, it is important to note that energy is just redistributed over the surface
of screen. It is still conserved! More energy is taken by points near bright fringes whereas dark fringes
have almost no energy.
B Rajiv Reddy (JEE 2012, AIR 11)
Illustration 5: S1 and S2 are two coherent sources of frequently ‘f’ each. ( θ1 =θ2 =0° ) Vsound = 330m s . Find f
(i) So that there is constructive interference at ‘P’
(ii) So that there is destructive interference at ‘P’ (JEE MAIN)
λ
Sol: Path difference for constructive and destructive interference must be λ and respectively.
2
For constructive interference,
S1 3m P
2π 2 2 330
K∆x = 2nπ ; × 2 = 2nπ ; λ = ; V =λf ⇒ V = f=
; f × n For destructive interference,
λ n n 2
4m
2π 1 ( 2n + 1) V 330 × ( 2n + 1 )
K∆x= ( 2n + 1) π ; λ
.2 = ( 2n + 1) π ; λ
=
4
;=
f =
λ 4 S2
Figure 17.4
Illustration 6: In a Young’s double slit experiment, the separation between the slits is 0.10 mm, the wavelength of
light used is 600 nm and the interference pattern is observed on a screen 1.0 m away. Find the separation between
the successive bright fringes. (JEE MAIN)
P hysi cs | 17.7
Sol: Path difference needs to be λ.

Dλ 1.0m × 600 × 10−9 m
The separation between the successive bright fringes is, ω
= = = 6.0 × 10−3 m
= 6.0mm
d 0.10 × 10 −3 m
Assumptions: 2. Since d<<D, we can assume that intensities at P due to independent sources S1 and S2 are almost
equal. or I=
1 I=
2 I0 (say)
Illustration 7: When a plastic thin film of refractive index 1.45 is placed in the path of one of the interfering waves,
then the central fringe is displaced through width of five fringes. Find the thickness of the film, if the wavelength of
light is 5890 A. (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Path difference due to introducing of thin film.
β β ( 0.45 ) t 5 × 589010−10
X 0= ( µ − 1 ) t ⇒ 5p= ∴ t=
0.45
=6.544 × 10−4 cm
λ 5890 × 10−10
Illustration 8: Laser light of wavelength 630 nm, incident on a pair of slits produces an interference pattern in
which bright fringes are separated by 8.1 mm. A second light produces an interference pattern in which the bright
fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Find the wavelength of the second light. (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: The separation between the successive bright fringes, β ∝ λ .
λ1= 630nm= 630 × 10−9 m; β1= 8.1mm= 8.1 × 10−3 m; β2= 7.2mm= 7.2 × 10−3 m
λ2 β2 β2 7.2 × 10−3 8
= ; λ2 = λ1 ; λ2 = × 630 × 10−9 =× 630 × 10−9 =
560 × 10−9 =
560nm
λ1 β1 β1 8.1 × 10 −3 9
Illustration 9: In a Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are illuminated by light of wavelength 5890
Angstrom and the distance between the fringes obtained on the screen is 0.2° . If the whole apparatus is immersed
in water, the angular fringe width will be: (the refractive index of water is 4 3 ). (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Angular fringe width, ω ∝ λ .

( ωa )water λ water ( ωa )water λ
λ d;
ωa = ∴ ωa ∝ λ ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ ( ωa ) 0.15°
=
ωa λ ωa µ water λ water
Illustration 10: In a YDSE, D=1m, d=1mm and λ =1 2mm (JEE ADVANCED)

(i) Find the distance between the first and the central maxima of the screen.
(ii) Find the no. of maxima and minima obtained on the screen.
dy
Sol: Here, sinθ <<1, not applicable. Hence =
∆P dtan
= θ is used.
D
d
= dsin θ ;
(i) D>>d Hence ∆P = 2,
λ
d
Clearly, n << = 2 is not possible for any value of n.
λ
dy
Hence ∆p = cannot be used.
D
λ 1
For 1st maxima, ∆p = dsin θ = λ ⇒ sin θ= = ; ⇒ θ= 30°
d 2
1
Hence,=y D tan
= θ meter
3
(ii) Maximum path difference S1 y

∆Pmax ==
d 1mm
d
D
S2
d
⇒ Highest order maxima, nmax =
 = 2
λ 
Figure 17.5
d 1
And highest order minima nmin =  +  = 2
λ 2
Total no. of maxima ∗

= 2nmax + 1= 5 ∗
( central maxima)
Total no. of minima=
= 2n=
min 4
Illustration 11: Monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 A° is used in a Y.D.S.E., with slit-width, d=1mm, distance
between screen and slits, D is 1m. If the intensities at the two slits are,
= I1 4I
= 0 ,I2 I0, find (JEE ADVANCED)
(i) Fringe width β

(ii) Distance of 5th minima from the central maxima on the screen.
1
(iii) Intensity at y = mm
3
(iv) Distance of the 1000th maxima from the central maxima on the screen.
(v) Distance of the 5000th maxima from the central maxima on the screen.
Sol: Refer to the formulas:-
λD 5000 × 10−10 × 1
(i) =
β = = 0.5mm
d 1 × 10−3
λD
( 2n 1)
(ii) y =−
2d
,n =
5 ⇒y =2.25mm
1 d.y
(iii)
= At y mm, y << D Hence ∆p =
3 D
2π dy 4 π
∆φ= ∆p= 2π =
λ λD 3
Now resultant intensity
4π
I I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos ∆φ ; 4I0 + I0 + 2 4I20 cos ∆φ
= = 5I0 + 4I0 cos = 3I0
3
d 10−3
(iv)
= = 2000
λ 0.5 × 10−6
n=1000 is not <<2000
Hence now ∆p =d sin θ must be used

λ 1
Hence, d sin θ = nλ = 1000λ ⇒=
sin θ 1000
= ⇒ θ= 30°
d 2
P hysi cs | 17.9
1 Maximum intensity
Y=D tan θ = meter
3 4l0
d
(v) Highest order maxima nmax
= =  2000
λ 
Hence, n=5000 is not possible
Intensity variation on screen: If I0 is the intensity
of light beam coming from each slit, the resultant O
intensity at a point where they have a phase Minimum intensity
difference of φ is Fringe width
φ 2π ( dsin θ ) Figure 17.6

I cos2 , where φ
4I0 =
2 λ
For interference in reflected rays

1 1 2
When µ2 > µ1 , µ3; condition for
 1
(i) Maxima: 2tµ2 cosr =  n −  λ , n = 1,2,....
 2 2
t
(ii) Minima: 2tµ2 cosr =λ
n , n =1,2,....
When µ2 is in between µ1 & µ2 , condition for 3

(i) Maxima: 2tµ2 cosr =λ
n , n =1,2,.... 3 4
Figure 17.7
 1
(ii) Minima: 2tµ2 cosr =  n −  λ , n = 1,2,....
 2
For interference in transmitted rays, 3 and 4 conditions are interchanged for maxima and minima in both cases
of µ2 .
Illustration 12: When a plastic thin film of refractive index 1.45 is placed in the path of one of the interfering waves
then the central fringe is displaced through width of five fringes. Find the thickness of the film, if the wavelength of
light is 5890 Å. (JEE MAIN)
β β ( 0.45 ) t 5 × 5890 10−10

∴ X 0= ( µ − 1 ) t ⇒ 5p= ; ∴ t=
0.45
= 6.544 × 10−4 cm
λ 5890 × 10−10
Useful tips: If two slits have unequal sizes (they correspond to intensity). The intensity of the resultant is
( I ) + ( I ) + (2 )
2 2
I= 1 2 I1 I2 cos φ
( ) (
I= I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ= k S1 + S2 + 2 S1S2 cos φ )
Where S1 & S2 is the size of slits
λ2 λ2 φ
Coherence length, Icoh = ; Coherence radius ρcoh = β=
∆λ φ 2
1 7 . 1 0 | Wave Optics
3.5 Optical Path

Actual distance travelled by light in a medium is called geometrical path ( ∆x ) . Consider a light wave given by the
equation
= E E0 sin ( ωt − kx + φ )
ω
If the light travels by ∆x , its phase changes by k∆x =∆x , where ω , the frequency of light does not depend on the
v c
medium, but v, the speed of light depends on the medium as v = .
µ
w
Consequently, change in phase ∆φ= k ∆x=
c
( µ∆x )
It is clear that a wave travelling a distance ∆x in a medium of refractive index µ suffers the same phase change as
when it travels a distance µ∆x in vacuum i.e. a path length of ∆x in medium of refractive index µ is equivalent to a
path length of µ∆x in vacuum.
The quantity µ∆x is called the optical path length of light, ∆xopt . And in terms of optical path length, phase
ω 2π
difference would be given by. ∆φ= ∆x = ∆x
c opt λ0 opt
where λ0 =wavelength of light in vacuum.
However in terms of the geometrical path length ∆x ,
ω 2π
∆φ
=
c
( )
µ∆x=
λ
∆x
 λ 
Where λ = wavelength of light in the medium  λ = 0  .
 µ 
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
Optical path must always be linked to phase of wave, so that it’s more convincing and useful. Only
learning manually will make it confusing and annoying.
If a material of thickness t interrupts the path of light and distance measured from position of an end of
material, then the phase of wave which is found at a distance x(<t) through the material will be same to
phase at distance (mu), if there was no material.
Fringe width (w) is the distance between two successive maximas or minimas. It is given by,
λD
=w ; or w ∝ λ .Two conclusions can be drawn from this relation:-
d
(i) If a YDSE apparatus is immersed in a liquid of refractive index µ , then wavelength of light and hence,
fringe width decreases µ times.
(ii) If white light is used in place of a monochromatic light then coloured fringes are obtained on the
screen with red fringes of larger size than that of violet, because λred > λ violet .
Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 54)
Illustration 13: The wavelength of light coming from a sodium source is 589 nm. What will be its wavelength in
water? Refractive index of water =1.33. (JEE MAIN)
Sol: The wavelength in water is λ = λ0 µ , where λ0 is the wavelength in vacuum and µ is the refractive index of
589
water. Thu=
λ = 443nm
1.33
P hysi cs | 17.11
3.6 Interference from Thin Films

Interference effects are commonly observed in thin films, such as thin layers of oil o
180 phase
on water or the thin surface of a soap bubble. The various colors observed when change No phase
white light is incident on such films result from the interference of waves reflected change
from the two surfaces of the film. Consider a film of uniform thickness t and index 1
2
of refraction µ as shown in the figure. Let us assume that the rays travelling in air are Air air< film
nearly normal to the two surfaces of the film. To determine whether the reflected
A
rays interfere constructively or destructively, we first note the following facts. Film
λ r
(i) The wavelength of light in a medium whose refractive index is µ is, λµ =
Where λ is the wavelength of light in vacuum (on air) µ B
(ii) If a wave is reflected from a denser medium, it undergoes a phase change of Air
180° . Let us apply these rules to the film shown in figure. The path difference
between the two rays. 1 and 2 is 2t while the phase difference between them Figure 17.8
λµ
is 180° . Hence, condition of constructive interference will be, = 2t ( 2n − 1 )
 1 λ 2
or, 2µt=  n −  λ as λµ =
 2 µ
Similarly, condition of destructive interference will be 2µt = nλ ; n=0, 1, 2, …
Illustration 14: Find the minimum thickness of a film which will strongly reflect the light of wavelength 589 nm.
The refractive index of the material of the film is 1.25. (JEE MAIN)

For strong reflection, the least optical path difference introduced by the film should be λ 2 . The optical path
difference between the waves reflected from the two surface of the film is 2µd .
λ 589nm
Thus, for strong reflection, 2µd =λ 2 or,=
d = = 118nm.
4µ 4 × 1.25
3.7 YDSE with Glass Slab
Path difference produced by a slab

Consider two light rays 1 and 2 moving in air parallel to each other. If a slab
, t
of refractive index µ and thickness t is inserted between the path of one of
the rays then a path difference ∆x = ( µ − 1 ) t is produced among them. This

1
can be shown as under,
Speed of light in air = c x
c 2
Speed of light in medium = Time taken by ray 1 to cross the slab,
µ
t µt Figure 17.9
t1 =
= and time taken by ray 2 cross the same thickness t in air will
c/µ c
t
be, t2
= as t1 > t2
c
Difference in time ∆t = t1 − t2 = ( µ − 1) ct
Optical path length: Now we can show that a thickness t in a medium of refractive index µ is equivalent to a length
µt in vacuum (or air). This is called optical path length. Thus,
Optical path length= µt
Shifting of fringes: Suppose a glass slab of thickness t and refractive

index µ is inserted onto the path of the ray emanating from source S1 . P
Then, the whole fringe pattern shifts upwards by a distance

( µ − 1) tD y
d
S1
. This can be shown as under Geometric path difference between S2P and
yd
S1P is, ∆x1 = S2P − S1P = Path difference produced by the glass slab
D
S2
∆x2 = ( µ − 1 ) t
Note: Due to the glass slab, path of ray 1 gets increased by ∆x2 . Therefore,
Figure 17.10
net path difference between the two rays is,
yd
∆x = ∆x1 − ∆x2 or, x
∆= − (µ − 1) t
D
yd
For nth maxima on upper side, or, − ( µ − 1 ) t = nλ ;
D
nλD ( µ − 1 ) tD
∴ y= +
d d
Earlier, it was
nλD
; Shift =
( µ − 1) tD
d d
Following three points are important with regard to Eq. above

(a) Shift is independent of n, (the order of the fringe), i.e.,
Shift of zero order maximum = shift of 7th order maximum
Shift of 5th order maximum = shift of 9th order minimum and so on.
(b) Shift in independent of λ , i.e., if white light is used then,
Shift of red colour fringes = shift of violet colour fringes.
(c) Number of fringes shifted = =

shift (=
µ − 1 ) tD d ( µ − 1 ) t
fringes width λD d λ
These numbers are inversely proportional to λ . This is because the shift is the same for all colours but the fringe
width of the colour having smaller value of λ is small, so more number of fringes of this colour will shift.
Illustration 15: In a YDSE with d=1mm and D=1m, slabs of ( t = 1µm, µ = 3) and ( t = 0.5 µm, µ = 2 ) are introduced
in front of the upper slit and the lower slit respectively. Find the shift in the fringes pattern. (JEE MAIN)
Optical path for light coming from upper slit S1 is S1P + 1µm ( 2 − 1=
) S2P + 0.5µm
Similarly optical path for light coming from S2 is S2P + 0.5µm ( 2 − 1 ) = S2P + 0.5µm
yd
Path difference ∆=
p (S2P + 0.5µm) − (S1P + 2µm) = (S2P − S1P ) − 1.5µm = D
− 1.5µm
1.5µm
For central bright ∆p =0 ⇒=
y × 1m
= 1.5mm.
1mm
The whole pattern is shifted by 1.5mm upwards.
P hysi cs | 17.13
Illustration 16: Bichromatic light is used in YDSE having wavelength 4 7

l1 = 400 mm and l2 = 700 mm. Find minimum order of l1 which overlaps with 12
l 2. (JEE ADVANCED) 3 1
Sol: Fringe width depends on wavelength. 4
2
n1 λ1D n2 λ2D
Let n1 bright find of λ1 overlaps with λ2 . Then, = Or, 2
d d 1
n1 λ2 700 7 n 7 1
= = = . The ratio 1 = implies that 7th bright fringes of λ1
n2 λ1 400 4 n2 4 y=0 y=0
2 1
will overlap with 4th bright fringes of λ2 . Similarly 14th of λ1 will overlap with
Figure 17.11
8 of λ2 and so on.
th
So the minimum order of λ1 which overlaps with λ2 is 7.
Illustration 17: In YDSE, find the thickness of a glass slab ( µ =1.5 ) which should be placed before the upper slit S1
so that the central maximum now lies at a point where 5th bright fringe was lying earlier (before inserting the slab).
Wavelength of light used is 5000 Å. (JEE MAIN)

According to the question, Shift = 5 (fringe width)
∴
( µ − 1) tD =
5λD
y
∴=
5λ
=
25000
=50,000 Å
d d µ − 1 1.5 − 1
Tip: If the light reaching P is direct (not reflected) from two sources then P will be a bright fringe if the path
difference = nλ
λ
= ( 2n + 1 ) → because the
If the light reaching P after reflection forms a bright fringe (at P) then path difference
2
λ
reflection causes an additional path difference of (or phase difference = π rad.) If the interference occurs due to
2
reflected light, central fringe (or ring in Newton’s rings) will be dark. If the interference occurs due to transmitted
light, central fringe (or ring in Newton’s rings) will be bright.
3.8 YDSE with Oblique Incidence

In YDSE, ray is incident on the slit at an inclination of θ0 to the axis of symmetry of the experimental set-up for
points above the central point on the screen, (say for P1 )
p dsin θ0 + ( S2P1 − S1P1 )
∆= Screen
⇒∆
=p dsin θ0 + dsin θ1 (if d<<D)
P1
S1
and for points below O on the screen, (say for P2 )
∆p
= ( dsin θ0 + S2P2 ) − S1P2= dsin θ0 − ( S1P2 − S2P2 )
0
3
1
2 O
P2
dsin4
∆p dsin θ0 − dsin θ2 (if d<<D)
⇒= S2
O’
We obtain central maxima at a point where, ∆p =0.
( d sin θ0 − d sin θ2 ) =0 or, θ2 =θ0 .
Figure 17.12
This corresponds to the point O’ in the diagram. Hence, we finally have the path difference as
d ( sin θ0 + sin θ ) − for points above O

∆p d ( sin θ0 − sin θ ) − for points between O & O'
=

d ( sin θ − sin θο ) − for points below O'
Illustration 18: In a YDSE with D=1m, d=1mm, light of wavelength 500 nm is incident at an angle of 0.57° w.r.t.
the axis of symmetry of the experimental set up. If the centre of symmetry of screen is O as shown, find:
(i) The position of central maxima.
(ii) Intensity at point O in terms of intensity of central maxima I0 .
S1 P
(iii) Number of maxima lying between O and the central maxima. (JEE MAIN) 0.57
o y
S2 O
Sol: Path difference at central maxima =0.

Figure 17.13
 0.57 
(i) θ = θ0 = 0.57°
⇒ y⇒ = −Dtanθ
D tan θ==‒Dθ
−Dθ==‒1 meter × 
−1meter rad  ⇒ y =−1cm
 57 
(ii) For point 0, θ =0
Hence, ∆=
p dsin θ0  dθ=
0 ( )= 20 × (500nm)
1mm × 10−2 rad = 10,000nm
Hence point O correspond to 20th maxima ⇒ intensity at O=I0
(iii) 19 maxima lie between central maxima and O, excluding maxima at O and central maxima.
4. DIFFRACTION
The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners of an obstacle or Light A’
an aperture into the region of the geometrical shadow of the obstacle is
called diffraction of light. The diffraction of light is more pronounced when
A
the dimension of the obstacle/aperture is comparable to the wavelength of
Screen
the wave. S Obstacle
4.1 Diffraction of Light Due to Single Slit B
Diverging light from monochromatic source S is made parallel after refraction

Light B’
through convex lens L1 . The refracted light from L1 is propagated in the form
of plane wave front WW’. The plane wave front WW’ is incident on the slit Figure 17.14
AB of width ‘d’. According to Huygens’ Principle, each point of slit AB acts as
a source of secondary disturbance of wavelets.
Path difference: To find the path difference between the secondary wavelets originating from corresponding
points A and B of the plane wave front, draw AN perpendicular on BB’. The path difference between these wavelets
originating from A and B is BN.
P hysi cs | 17.15
L2
L1
W A
P
x
d
S Q
C
N B

W’ B
DL Screen
2
Figure 17.15
BN
From ∆BAN,
AB
sin θ
= Or, =
BN AB sin θ ∴Path difference, BN=d sinθ  dθ ( θ is small)
(a) For Minima: If the path difference is equal to one wavelength i.e., BN= d sinθ = λ , position P will be of
minimum intensity. Hence, for first minima, d sinθ1 =λ
Or sinθ1 =λ d …(i)
Or θ1 =λ d ( θ1 is very small) …(ii)
Similarly, if BN= 2λ ,
Thus, for second minima, dsin θ2 = 2λ Or sin θ2 = 2λ d ;  sinθ2 =θ2 Or θ2 = 2λ d
In general, for minima, dsin θm = mλ Or sin θm = mλ d

mλ
Since θm is small, so sin θm = θm ∴ θm = (here θ we use is in radians)
d
Where, θm is the angle giving direction of the mth order minima and m=1,2,3,…. Is an integer.
Note: Condition for minima → Path difference between two waves should be mλ , where m is an integer.
(b) For secondary maxima: If path difference, BN= d sin θ is an odd multiple of λ 2 ,
 2m + 1   2m + 1  λ
i.e. dsin
= θm   λ or sin θm = 
 2   2 d
 2m + 1  λ
Since θm is small, so sinθm =θm ; ∴ θm =  …(iv)
 2 d
M=1 ,2, 3, …. Is an integer
Let f be the focal length of lens L2 and the distance of first minima -3 -2 - - 2 3
x
on either side of the central maxima be x. Then, tan θ = -3
f -2 - 2 3
Since the lens L2 is very close to the slit, so f=D d d d d d d
x x
∴ tan θ = Since θ is very small, so tan θ ≈ sin θ ∴ sin θ = …(i)
d d Figure 17.16
y
Also, for first minima, dsin θ = λ or sin θ = …(ii)
d
x λ λD
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we have = or x = …(iii)
D d d
This is the distance of first minima on either side from the centre of the central maximum. Width of central maximum
2λD
is given by: ∴ 2x =
d
Diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a central maximum flanked by alternate minima and secondary
maxima is shown in figure.
Note: That sin θ =0 corresponds to central maxima while sinθ = π , corresponds to first minima.
Diffraction grating: It consists of a large number of equally spaced parallel slits. If light is incident normally on a
transmission grating, the direction of principal maxima is given by dsin θ = nλ
Here d is the distance between two consecutive slits and is called the grating element.
N=1, 2, 3,…. is the order of principal maximas.
Resolving power of the diffraction grating: The diffraction grating is most useful for measuring wavelengths
accurately. Like the prism, the diffraction grating can be used to disperse a spectrum into its wavelength components.
Of the two devices, the grating is the more precise if one wants to distinguish two closely spaced wavelengths.
For two nearly equal wavelengths λ1 and λ2 , between which a diffraction grating can just barely distinguish, the
resolving power R of the grating is defined as
λ λ
=R =
λ2 − λ1 ∆λ
where, λ = ( λ1 + λ2 ) 2 and ∆λ = λ2 − λ1 .
Illustration 19: A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 450 nm passes through a long slit of width
0.2 mm. Find the angular divergence in which most of the light is diffracted. (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Most of the light is diffracted between the two first order minima. These minima occur at angles given by
bsinθ = ±λ
450 × 10−9 m
Or, sin θ = ± λ b =
± ±2.25 × 10 −3 Or, θ = ±2.25 × 10−3 rad
=
0.2 × 10 −3 m
= 4.5 × 10−3 rad .

The angular divergence
4.2 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture

Mathematical analysis shows that the first dark ring is formed by the light diffracted from the hole at an angle θ
λ
with the axis, where sin θ =1.22 Here, λ is the wavelength of the light used and b is the diameter of the hole. If
b λD
the screen is at a distance D(D>>b) from the hole, the radius of the first dark ring is R = 1.22
b
(a)
(b)
b
D P hysi cs | 17.17
(a)
(b)
Figure 17.17
If the light transmitted by the hole is converged by a converging lens at the screen placed at the focal plane of this
λf
lens, the radius of the first dark ring is R = 1.22
b
As most of the light coming from the hole is concentrated within the first dark ring, this radius is also called the
radius of the diffraction disc.
Illustration 20: A beam of light of wavelength 590nm is focused by a converging lens of diameter 10.0 cm at a
distance of 20 cm from it. Find the diameter of the disc image formed. (JEE MAIN)
Sol: The angular radius of the central bright disc in a diffraction pattern from circular aperture is given by
1.22λ 1.22 × 590 × 10−9 m
sin θ = = = 0.7 × 10 −5 rad.
b −2
10.0 × 10 m
The radius of the bright disc is 0.7 × 10−5 × 20cm =1.4 × 10−4 cm
= 2.8 × 10 −4 cm
The diameter of the disc image
4.3 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals

The arrangement of atoms in a crystal of NaCl is shown
in the above figure. Each unit cell is a cube of length
of edge a. If an incident x-ray beam makes an angle θ X-rays
with one of the planes, the beam can be reflected from
both the planes. However, the beam reflected from the
lower plane travels farther than the beam reflected
from the upper plane.
Crystal
The effective path difference is 2d sinθ . The two X-rays
beams reinforce each other (constructive interference) tube
when this path difference is equal to some integer Photographic
multiple of λ . The same is true for reflection from the Collimator
film
entire family of parallel planes. Hence, the condition
for constructive interference (maxima in the reflected Figure 17.18
beam) is 2dsin θ= mλ where, m=1, 2, 3,…is an integer. Incident
Reflected
This condition is known as Bragg’s Law, after W.L. Bragg beam
beam
(1890-1971), who first derived the relationship. If the
wavelength and diffraction angle are measured, the
above equation can be used to calculate the spacing Upper plane

between atomic planes. d
Lower plane
Note: Each fringe in Young’s Double Split Experiment
d sin
has equal intensity while in diffraction, the intensity
falls as the fringe order increases. Figure 17.19
Important Points:
(a) Types of diffraction: The diffraction phenomenon is divided into two types viz. Fresnel diffraction and
Fraunhofer diffraction. In the first type, either the source or the screen or both are at a finite distance from
the diffracting device (obstacle of aperture). In the second type, both the source and screen are effectively at
an infinite distance from the diffracting device. Fraunhofer diffraction is a particular limiting case of Fresnel
diffraction.
(b) Difference between interference and diffraction: Both interference and diffraction are the results of
superposition of waves, so they are often present simultaneously, as in Young’s double slit experiment.
However interference is the result of superposition of waves from two different wave fronts while diffraction
results due to superposition of wavelets from different points of the same wave front.
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
X-ray diffraction is used in crystals to find inter-atomic distance owing to the fact that wavelengths of
x-rays are of order of inter-atomic distance, the required condition for diffraction.
Nivvedan (JEE 2009, AIR 113)
5. RESOLVING POWER OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

When the two images cannot be distinguished, they are said to be un-resolved. If the images are well distinguished.
They are said to be well resolved. On the other hand, if the images are just distinguished, they are said to be just
resolved.
D

(a)
Figure 17.20
Rayleigh Criterion: According to Rayleigh, two objects or points are just resolved if the position of the central
maximum of the image of one object coincides with the first minimum of the image of the other object as shown
in figure (a).
5.1 Limit of Resolution

The minimum distance of separation between two points so that they can be seen as separate (or just resolved) by
the optical instrument is known as its limit of resolution. Diffraction of light limits the ability of optical instruments.
P hysi cs | 17.19
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
Resolving Power: The ability of an optical instrument to form distinctly separate images of the two
closely placed points or objects is called its resolving power. Resolving power is also defined as reciprocal
of the limit of resolution,
1
R.P. =
Limit of resolution
Smaller the limit of resolution of an optical instrument, larger is its resolving power and vice-versa.
Resolving Power of Eyes: Since eye lens is a converging lens, the limit of resolution of the human eye
1.22γ
is that of the objective lens of a telescope i.e. limit of resolution of the eye, α =
D
Where, D= diameter of the pupil of the eye.
1 D
Resolving power of the eye= =
α 1.22λ
Resolving power of an astronomical telescope: Resolving power of a telescope,
1 D
R.P. = or R.P. =
Limit of resolution 1.22λ
Chinmay S Purandare (JEE 2012, AIR 698)
Illustration 21: A star is seen through a telescope having objective lens diameter as 203.2cm. If the wavelength of
light coming from a star is 6600 Å, find (i) the limit of resolution of the telescope and (ii) the resolving power of the
telescope. (JEE MAIN)
1 D
Sol: Resolving power of the eye= = 6600 × 10−8 cm =
Here, D=203.2cm and λ = 6600 Å = 6.6 × 10 −5 cm
α 1.22λ
1.22λ 1.22 × 6.6 × 10−5
(i) Limit of resolution of telescope, α = = = 3.96 × 10−7 rad
D 203.2
1 D 1
(ii) Resolving power of telescope,= = = 2.53 × 106
α 1.22λ 3.96 × 10−7
1
Resolving power of a microscope: Resolving power of a microscope= i.e.
dmin
2nsin β
R.P.microscope =
1.22λ
6. SCATTERING OF LIGHT
Scattering of light is a phenomenon in which a part of a parallel beam of light appears in directions other than the
incident radiation when passed through a gas.
Process: Absorption of light by gas molecules followed by its re-radiation in different directions.
The strength of scattering depends on the following:
(a) Loss of energy in the light beam as it passes through the gas
(b) Wavelength of light
(c) Size of the particles that cause scattering
Key point: If these particles are smaller than the wavelength, the scattering is proportional to 1 λ 4 . This is known
as Rayleigh’s law of scattering. Thus, red is scattered the least and violet is scattered the most. This is why, red
signals are used to indicate dangers. Such a signal transmit to large distance without an appreciable loss due to
scattering.
Practical example of scattering: The blue color of the sky is caused by the scattering of sunlight by the molecules
in the atmosphere. This scattering, called Rayleigh scattering, is more effective at short wavelengths (the blue
end of the visible spectrum). Therefore, the light scattered down to the earth at a large angle with respect to the
direction of the sun’s light, is predominantly in the blue end of the spectrum.
7. POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
The process of splitting of light into two directions is known as polarization.
y
Direction of
propagation of light
Figure 17.21
Phenomenon of polarization: The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of a light vector of the electric field
vector in a particular direction in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called polarization
of light. Tourmaline crystal is used to polarize the light and hence it is called polarizer.
y
P
y
x
x
z
Source Unpolarised Polarised
light z light
Q
Pictorial representation of polarised light shown figure (A) and (B)
(Vibrations in the (Vibrations to the

plane of paper) plane of paper)
(A) (B)
Figure 17.22
P hysi cs | 17.21
7.1 Unpolarized Light

(a) An ordinary beam of light consists of a large number of waves emitted by the atoms or molecules of the
light source. Each atom produces a wave with its own orientation of electric vector E. However, because all
directions are equally probable, the resulting electromagnetic wave is a superposition of waves produced by
individual atomic sources. This wave is called as an unpolarized light wave.
(b) All the vibrations of an unpolarized light at a given instant can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular
directions and hence an unpolarized light is equivalent to superposition of two mutually perpendicular
identical plane polarized lights.
7.2 Plane Polarized Light

(a) If somehow we confine the vibrations of electric field vector in one direction perpendicular to the direction
of wave motion of propagation of wave, the light is said to be plane polarized and the plane containing the
direction of vibration and wave motion is called the plane of polarization.
(b) If an unpolarised light is converted into plane polarized light, its intensity reduces to half.
(c) Polarization is a proof of the wave nature of light.
Partially polarized light: If in case of unpolarised light, electric field vector in some plane is either more or less
than in its perpendicular plane, the light is said to be partially polarized.
7.3 Polaroids
Polaroid
A polaroid is a device used to produce plane polarized light. The direction
perpendicular to the direction of the alignment of the molecules of the
Polaroid is known as pass-axis or the polarizing direction of the Polaroid.
Note: A Polaroid used to examine the polarized light is known as analyzer.
Plane polarised
light
7.4 Malus’ Law Figure 17.23
This law states that the intensity of the polarised light transmitted through Q
the analyser varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane
of transmission of the analyser and the plane of the polariser. Resolve E into
E
two components: We know, intensity ∝ ( Amplitude )
2 P
V

∴ Intensity of the transmitted light through the analyser is given by E sin E cos
Iα (Ecos θ ) or=
2 2 2
I kE cos θ ; O
Figure 17.24
But kE2 = I0 (intensity of the incident polarised light)
=I I0 cos2 θ Or I ∝ cos2 θ which is Malus Law.
PLANCESS CONCEPTS
Plane polarized light is used for chemical purposes in measuring optical rotations of various chemical
compounds. It can also be used for stating the difference in enantiomeric compounds.
Nitin Chandrol (JEE 2012, AIR 134)
7.5 BREWSTER’S LAW

According to this law, the refractive index of the refractive medium (n) is numerically equal to the tangent of the
angle of polarization ( IB ) . i.e. n = tanIB
Illustration 22: What is the polarizing angle of a medium of refractive index 1.732? (JEE MAIN)
Sol: As per Brewster’s law, n = taniB or iB= tan−1 n

= tan−1 1.732
= 60°
PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS
1. Most of the questions in JEE are related to Young’s Double slit experiment with minor variations. For any such
problem, drawing a rough figure and writing down the given parameters is a good idea before solving the
question.
2. Wave optics has a lot of derivations. It is advisable to remember the end results for faster problem solving.
3. Use the concept of optical path carefully and check for phase relations.
4. Only direct formulae related questions are asked from sections of diffraction, polarizations and scattering so
these formulae must be learnt.
FORMULAE SHEET
S. No. Term Description

1 Wave front It is the locus of points in the medium which at any instant are vibrating in
the same phase.
2 Huygens’ Principle 1 Each point on the given primary wave front acts as a source of
secondary wavelets spreading out disturbance in all direction.
2 The tangential plane to these secondary wavelets constitutes the
new wave front.
3 Interference It is the phenomenon of non-uniform distribution of energy in the
medium due to superposition of two light waves.
4 Condition of maximum intensity φ= 2nπ or x = nλ , where n=0,1,2,3,….
6 Condition of minimum intensity

=
φ ( 2n + 1) π or=x ( 2n + 1) y 2 where n=0,1,2,3…
7 Ratio of maximum and minimum

( a1 + a2 )
2
intensity Imax
=
Imin
( a1 − a2 )
2
8 Distance of nth bright fringe from

nDλ
centre of the screen yn = ,
d
where d is the separation distance between two coherent sources of light,
D is the distance between screen and slit, λ is the wavelength used.
P hysi cs | 17.23

9 Angular position of nth bright yn nλ
fringe θn= =
D d
10 Distance of nth dark fringes from

centre of the screen yn′ =
( 2n + 1)Dλ
2d
11 Angular position of nth dark fringe

θn′ =
yn′
=
( 2n + 1) λ
D 2d
12 Fringe width Dλ
β=
d
Diffraction and polarization of light

1 Diffraction It is the phenomenon of bending of light waves round the sharp corners
and spreading into the regions of the geometrical shadow of the object.
2 Single slit diffraction nλ
Condition for dark fringes is sin θ = where n =±1, ±2, ±3, ±4....., a is
a
the width of the slit and q is the angle of diffraction. Condition for bright
( 2n + 1) λ
fringes is sin θ =
2a
3 Width of central maximum is 2λD
θ0 = , where D is the distance between the slit and the screen.
a
4 Diffraction grating The arrangement of large number of narrow rectangular slits of equal
width placed side by side parallel to each other. The condition for maxima
in the interference pattern at the angle θ is dsin θ = nλ where n=0, 1, 2,
3, 4…..
6 Resolving power of the grating For nearly two equal wavelengths λ1 and λ 2 between which a diffraction
λ λ
grating can just barely distinguish, resolving power
= is R =
λ1 − λ2 ∆λ
where λ = ( λ1 + λ2 ) 2
7 Diffraction of X-Rays by crystals The condition for constructive interference is 2dsin θ = nλ
8 Polarisation It is the phenomenon due to which vibrations of light are restricted in a

particular plane.
9 Brewster’s law µ =tan p where µ is refractive index of medium and p is the angle of
polarisation.
10 Law of Malus
= I I0 cos2 θ where I is the intensity of emergent light from analyser, I0 is
the intensity of incident plane polarised light and θ is the angle between
planes of transmission of the analyser and the polarizer.
Solved Examples
JEE Main/Boards β=
D
( )
λ=
1 × 5896 × 10−10
= 2.948 × 10−4 m
= 0.3mm
d 2 × 10 −3
Example 1: In a YDSE, if the source consists of two Now if the system is immersed in water
wavelengths λ1 =4000Å and λ2 =4000 Å, find the
distance from the centre where the fringes disappear, ( β )w λw v
= = as v =
fλ andf =
const. 
if d 1cm;D
= = 1m . β λ c
 c
Sol: The fringes disappear when the maxima of λ1 Or ( β ) = ( β µ ) as µ = 
w
 v 
p p 1
fall over the minima of λ2 . That is − =
λ1 λ2 2 ∴ ( β=
) ( 0.3) × (3 =
4) 0.225mm
w
where p is the optical path difference at the point or
λ1 λ2 Example 4: A beam of light consisting of two
p=
2 ( λ1 − λ2 ) wavelengths 6500 Å and 5200 Å is used to obtain
interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment.
Here,
= λ1 4000Å,
= λ2 4002Å
(a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the
∴p =0.04cm screen from central maxima for 6500 Å wavelength.
In YDSE (b) What is the least distance from the central maxima
where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths
dy D (1000 )
p=
D
∴ y=
d
p=
10
( 0.4 ) = 40mm coincide? The distance between slits is 2 mm and
distance between slits and screen is 120 cm.
Example 2: Light from a source consists of two

Sol: Calculate the fringe width of both light individually.
wavelengths λ1 =6500 Å and λ2 = 5200 Å . If D = 2m
and d=6.5 mm, find the minimum value of y ( ≠ 0 ) d = 2 × 10−3 m,D = 120cm = 1.2m, λ1 = 6500Å
where the maxima of both the wavelengths coincides.
= 6.5 × 10−7 , λ2 = 5200 Å= 5.2 × 10−7 m
Sol: The point where maxima coincides, consider n1th n1 λ1D 3 × 6.5 × 10−7 × 1.2
maxima of λ1 coincide with n2th maxima of λ2 = x =
(a) n1 = 3, 1 d 2 × 10−3
Then yn1 = yn2 =1.17 × 10−3 m =1.17mm
n1 λ1D n2 λ2D n1 λ1 5200 4 (b) x = n1β1 = n2β2 where n1 and n2 are number of bright
Or = or = = =
d d n2 λ2 6500 5 fringes which coincide for respective wavelengths
Thus, fourth maxima of λ1 coincides with fifth maxima n1 λ1D n2 λ2D

λ1 and λ2 . = or n1 λ1 = n2 λ2 .
of λ2 The minima value of y ( ≠ 0 ) is d d
n1 λ 2 5200Å 4
given=
by y =
−6
(
4λ1D 4 0.65 × 10 ( 2 )
= 0.8mm
) or = = =
n2 λ1 6500Å 5
d 6.5 × 10 −3
min. value of n1 = 4 and n2 = 5
Example 3: In Young’s experiment for interference of Distance of a point at fringes coincide
light, two narrow slits 0.2 cm apart are illuminated by
yellow light ( λ =5896Å ) . What would be the fringe n1 λ1D 4 × 6500 × 10−10 × 1.2
= = 1.56mm
width on a screen placed 1m from the plane of slits. d 2 × 10−3
What will be the fringes width if the whole system is
immersed in water ( µ =4 3) ? Example 5: What is the effect on the interference fringes
in a YDSE due to each of the following operations.
Sol: Wavelength changes inside water, hence
(a) The screen is moved away from the plane of the slits
d = 2 × 10−3 m, λ = 5896 × 10−10 m andD = 1m ,
P hysi cs | 17.25
(b) The (monochromatic) source is replaced by another a

= 10−3 m
µm 1.33,d
=
(monochromatic) source of shorter wavelength
1.33 × 6300 × 10−10
(c) The separation between the two slits is increased
= β′ = 0.63mm
1.33 × 10−3
(d) The monochromatic source is replaced by source of
(b) If t is the required minimum thickness of sheet of
white light
refractive index m µg with respect to the medium, the
(e) The whole experimental setup is placed in a medium
of refractive index µ shift in path of the fringes =
D
d
= m µg − 1 t ( )
Sol: Recall the formulas for YDSE and analysis the The shift required to bring adjacent minima on the axis
changes, half width β ' Dλ
 λ = = =
(a) Angular separation  =  of the fringes remains 2 2 2a µ d
 d m
constant. But the linear separation or fringes width

increases in proportion to the distance (D) from the Equating, =
β' Dλ
2 2 µ d d
a
=
D m
µg − 1 t ( )
screen. m
(b) As λ decreases, fringe width ( ω ∝ λ ) decreases λ λ

= t =
 1
(c) As d increases, fringe width  ω ∝  decreases (m
2 µg − 1 µm a
) 2
 a
µ 
 g − 1 a µm
 d  a µm 
 
(d) If a white light is used in the double slit experiment, −10
the different colours will be split up on the viewing = λ 6300 × 10
t = = 1.575µm
screen according to their wavelengths. The violet
end of the spectrum (with the shortest wavelengths)
(a a
2 µg − µm 2 )
(1.53 − 1.33)
is closer to the central fringes, with the other colours
being further away in order. Example 7: A beam of light consisting of two
λ wavelengths 6500 Å and 5200 Å is used to obtain
(e) Since in a medium, the wavelength of light is λ ′ = , interference fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment.
µ
λ ′D λD (a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the
therefore the fringe width is given by= ω =
d µd screen from the central maxima for the wavelength
6500 Å. (b) What is the least distance from the central
Example 6: A double slit apparatus is immersed in a maxima where the bright fringes due to both the
liquid of refractive index 1.33. It has a slit separation of wavelength coincide? The distance between the slits is
1.0mm and the distance between the plane of slits and 2 mm and the distance between the plane of the slits
screen is 1.33m. The slits are illuminated by a parallel and screen is 120cm.
beam of light whose wavelength is 6300 Å. One of the
slits is covered by a thin glass sheet of refractive index Sol: According to the theory of interference, position y
1.53.
D
(a) Find the fringe width
of a point on the screen is given by= y
d
( ∆x ) and as
(b) Find the smallest thickness of the sheet required for 3rd maximum ∆x = 3λ
to bring the adjacent minima at the position of earlier
central maxima. y
=
D
d
( )
3λ=
120
0.2
(
3 × 6500 × 10−8 cm
= 0.117cm )
Sol: Change in the wavelength occur due to liquid,
also as β = ( Dλ d ) , y = 3β i.e.
= β ( y=
3) 0.039cm.
hence parameter depending on wavelength will change,
(b) If n is the least number of fringes of λ1 ( =6500Å ) ,
(a) If the double slit apparatus is immersed in a liquid
medium of refractive index a µm then fringe width which are coincident with (n + 1 ) of smaller wavelength
λD n + 1 β λ1
β′ =
a
µmd
λ2 (=5200 Å), y ′ = nβ = (n + 1) β′, i.e., n
= =
β′ λ 2
= = 10−3 m ; λ =6300Å,D = 1.33m

λ 1.33,d λ2 5200 5200
or n
= = = 4
λ1 − λ2 6500 − 5200 1300
So y ′ = 4β = 4 × 0.039 = 0.156cm. As the intensity is proportional to the square of the

( Amax ) (3A )
2 2
Imax
amplitude,= = = 9
Example 8: In a YDSE, λ =60nm ;= D 2m;= λ 6mm. Imin
( Amin )
2
A2
Find the position of a point lying between third maxima
and third minima where the intensity is three-fourth of
Example 10: In a single slit diffraction experiment first
the maximum intensity of the screen.
minima for λ1 – 660 nm coincides with first maxima for
Sol: Formula for intensity in terms of phase difference, wavelength λ2. Calculate λ2.
φ Sol: Position of minima on diffraction pattern is given

Using equation I = 4I0 cos2 by dsin θ − nλ
2
here I
=
3
= ( 4I0 ) 3I0
φ
∴ cos =
3 For first minima of λ1, we have dsin θ1 = (1) λ1
4 2 2
φ π π λ
Thus, = nπ ± or φ= 2nπ ± or sin θ1 = 1 …(i)
2 6 3 d
The first maxima approximately lies between first and
2π 2π  d.yn  second maxima. For wavelength λ2, its position will be,
Since=φ = p  
λ λ  D 
3 3λ
dsin θ2 = λ2 ∴ sin θ2 = 2 …(ii)
2π dyn π  1  λD 2 2d
∴ = 2nπ ± or y=
n n ± 
λ D 3  6 d
The two will coincide if θ1 =θ2 or sin θ1 = sin θ2
For the point lying between third minima and third λ1 3λ2 2 2
maxima, = or λ2 = λ1 = × 660nm =440nm
d 2d 3 3
 1  λD 17 λD
N=3 and y=
3 3 −  or y 3 =
 6  d 6 d
λ 0.6 × 10−6 m;D

Putting = = 2m;d
= 6mm
JEE Advanced/Boards
y3
(
= 5.67mm
−6
)
17 0.6 × 10 m ( 2 )
Example 1: Two monochromatic coherent sources of
wavelength 5000 Å are placed along the line normal to
6 6 × 10−3 the screen as shown in the figure.
Example 9: The width of one of the two slits in a P

Young’s double slit experiment is double of the other
slit. Assuming that the amplitude of the light coming
from a slit is proportional to the slit-width, find the O
ratio of the maximum to the minimum intensity in the S1 S2
interference pattern.
d D
Sol: Suppose the amplitude of the light wave coming
from the narrower slit is A and that coming from the (a) Determine the condition for maxima at point P.
wider slit is 2A. The maximum intensity occurs at a
(b) Find the order of the central bright fringe if
place where constructive amplitude is the sum of the
d=0.5.mm, D=1m.
individual amplitudes. Thus, Amax = 2A + A = 3A
The minimum intensity occurs at a place where Sol: Consider the given geometry and get the optical
destructive interference takes place. The resultant path difference at P is p = S1P − S2P = dcos θ
amplitude is then the difference of the individual
amplitudes. Thus, Amin = 2A − A = A
P hysi cs | 17.27
The integers between 5.71 and 10 are 6,7,8,9 and 10.

P
∴ The wavelength which forms maxima at P2 are
y λ1 =4000Å for n = 10

O λ 2 =4444 Å for n = 9
S1 S2 λ3 =5000Å for n = 8
d D λ4 =5714 Å for n = 7
λ5 = 6666Å for n = 6
θ2
Since cos θ = 1 − when θ is small, Therefore,
2 Example 3: A monochromatic beam of λ =5000Å is
 θ2   y2  incident on two narrow slits separated by a distance of
p = d  1 −  = d 1 −
  Where D + d ≈ D 7.5 × 10−4 m to produce interference pattern on a screen
 2   2D 
2
placed at a distance of 1.5 m from the slits in Young’s
 nλ  double slit experiment. A thin uniform glass plate of
For nth maxima, p = nλ =
∴ y D 2 1 −  µ =1.5 and 2.5 × 10−6 m thickness is placed normal to
 d 
the beam between one of the slits and the screen.
(b) At the central maxima, θ =0 (a) Find the internal shift of the central maxima.
d 0.5 (b) If the intensity at the central maxima is I0 , find the
∴ p = d = nλ or n= = = 1000
λ 0.5 × 10−3 intensity at this point after the glass plate is introduced.
(c) If the glass plate is removed and the slits are also
Example 2: In a YDSE conducted with white light (4000
illuminated by an additional light of 4000 Å , find the
Å-7000 Å), consider two points P1 and P2 on the screen
least distance from the central maxima wavelengths
at y1 =0.2mm and y 2 =1.6mm, respectively. Determine
will coincides.
the wavelength which forms maxima at these points.
Sol: Consider the theory of path difference on
Sol: Start from the formulas maxima where, the optical introducing the plate as,
path difference at P1 is
d 7.5 × 10−4 m, µ
(a) D=1.5m, = = 2.5 × 10−6 m
= 1.5,t
Lateral shift of central maxima
P2
D 1.5 × 0.5 × 2.5 × 10−6

( µ − 1 )=
S1 y2=1.5mm
t = 2.5 × 10−3 m
P1 d 7.5 × 10 −4
d=1cm y1=0.2mm
= 2.5mm
S2
(b) Path difference caused by sheet at
4m O= x= ( µ − 1) t = (1.5 − 1) × 2.5 × 10−6

= 1.25 × 10−6 m
dy1  10 
p1 = =  ( 0.2 ) =
5 × 10 −4 mm =
5000Å In the Corresponding phase difference
D  4000 
visible range 4000-7000 Å,
2πx 2π × 1.25 × 10−6
=φ= = = 5π
5000 5000 λ 5000 × 10−10
n1
= = 1.25 and = n2 = 0.714 The only
4000 7000
integer between 0.714 and 1.25 is 1. A2 = a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 cos φ,
∴ The wavelength which forms maxima at P is λ Let a=

1 a=
2 a
=5000Å
dy 2  10 
p2 = =   (1.6 ) =
4 × 10−3 mm =
40000Å
D  4000 
40000 40000
Here
= n1 = 10 and
= n2 = 5.71
4000 7000
P
S1

d O
O
S2
Path difference, ∆x , for a point P is given by,

∴ A2 = a2 + a2 + 2a2 cos (5π ) = 2a2 − 2a2 = 0
x dsin θ
∆= ( for small θ,tan θ=sinθ )
A2 = 0, there will be minima at O.
Phase difference
(c) Let n1th maxima of λ1 =5000 Å will coincide With n2th
2π 2π 2π
maxima of λ2 =4000 Å =φ = ( ∆x ) = ( dsin θ ) = × (150 sin θ ) =π sin θ
λ λ 300
n1 λ1D n2 λ2D Resultant intensity due to both slits
=
d d
=I =I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ
n1 λ 2 4000Å 4
= = =
n2 λ1 5000Å 5 As, I1 = I2
For least distance where bright fringes coincide,  π sin θ 

I = 2I1 1 + cos ( π sin θ )  = 4I1 × cos2  
n1 4,n
= = 2 5  2 
4 × 5000 × 10−10 × 1.5  π sin θ 

∴x = = 4 × 10 −3 m For I to be maximum, cos2   =1
7.5 × 10 −4  2 
 π sin θ 
Example 4: In an interference arrangement similar ∴ Imax = 4I1 = I0 or I = I0 cos2  
to Young’s double slit experiment, slits S1 and S2 are  2 
illuminated with coherent microwave sources each = I0 cos2 ( 0=
of frequency 1 MHz. The sources are synchronized to
(a) For =
θ 0,I ) I0
have zero phase difference. The slits are separated by
π I
a distance d=150m. The intensity I0 is measured as (b) For θ= 30°,I= I0 cos2  = 0
a function of θ with respect to the axial line passing 4 2
through the middle point of the slits. If I0 is maximum π
(c) For θ= 90°,I= I0 cos2  = 0.
intensity, calculate I ( θ ) for 2
(a) θ =0
Example 5: In a modified Young’s double slit experiment,
(b) θ= 30° and
a monochromatic uniform and parallel beam of light
(c) θ= 90° 10
of wavelength 6000 Å and intensity W m2 is
π
incident normally on two circular apertures A and B
Sol: Addition of Amplitudes of different wavelength.
of radii 0.001m and 0.002 m respectively. A perfectly
Wavelength of microwaves λ is given by transparent film of thickness 2000 Å and refractive
c 3 × 108 index 1.5 for wavelength 6000 Å is placed in front of the
λ= = = 300m . aperture A. Calculate the power in watts received at the
f 106
focal spot F of the lens. The lens is symmetrically placed
with respect to the aperture. Assume that 10% of the
power received by each aperture goes in the original
direction and is brought to the focal spot.
P hysi cs | 17.29
Sol: First get the intensities and then apply Power= of the power received by each aperture goes in the
IxArea original direction and is brought to the focal spot.
If E is the energy incident in time t for surface area a,
E Sol: As intensity and power are defined as
then intensity I =
at E E
I= , P= and P=IS
E St t
Power = or Power = Ia
t So power received at A and B is respectively,
10
× π × ( 0.001 )= 10−5 W
2
Power received at A
= P= 10 2
A
π PA= × π(0.001)= 10−5 W and
π
10
× π × ( 0.002 ) = 4 × 10−5 W
2
Power received at B= PB = 10
π PB = × π(0.002)2 = 4 × 10−5 W
As only 10% of the power goes in the original direction, π
and as only 10% of the incident power passes,
10
PA′ = × 10−5 =10−6 W 10
100 PA′ = × 10−5 =10−6 W and
10 100
PB′ = × 4 × 10−5 = 4 × 10−6 W
100 10
Pa′ = × 4 × 10−5 = 4 × 10−6 W
Path difference due to film of thickness t and refractive 100
index µ = ∆x = ( µ − 1 ) t
Now due to 10% of the introduction of film the path
2π difference produced
Phase difference produced = φ =
λ
(µ − 1) t
L
2π
φ ) × 2000 × 10−10 3π
(1.5 − 1= A
6000 × 10 −10
F
If I1 is intensity of A and I2 is intensity of B, the
resultant intensity I due to interference is given by, B
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ
∆x = ( µ − 1) t = (1.5 − 1) × 2000 = 1000Å
The resultant power, P, at area a of focal spot is given by, 2π 2π π

So, =
φ
λ
( ∆=
x)
6000
× 1000
=
3
P = Ia = I A a + IBb + 2 I A IB × a × cos φ
But as in interference,
P = PA′ + PB′ + 2 PA′ PB′ .cos φ
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ
= (10 ) + ( 4 × 10 )
−6 −6
+ 2 × 1 × 4 × 10 − 12 × cos
π
3 and S is the area of focal sport,
 1 
( )

10−6 1 + 4  4 ×   =×
= 7 10−6 Watt. P =IS =I A S + IBS + 2S I A IB cos φ
  2 
i.e., P = PA′ + PB′ + 2 PA′ PB′ cos ( π 3)

Example 6: In a modified Young’s double slit experiment,
a monochromatic uniform and parallel beam of light
of wavelength 6000 Å and intensity (10/π)W/m2 is or, P = 10−6 1 + 4 + 2
 ( )
1 × 4 × (1 2 )  = 7 × 10−6 watt.

incident normally on two circular apertures A and B
of radii 0.001 m and 0.002 m respectively. A perfectly
Example 7: In an interference arrangement similar
transparent film of thickness 2000 Å and refractive
to Young’s double-slit experiment, slits S1 and S2 are
index 1.5 for wavelength 6000 Å is placed in front of
illuminated with coherent microwave sources each
aperture A. Calculate the power (in watts) received at
of frequency 1 MHz. The sources are synchronized to
the focal spot F of the lens. The lens is symmetrically
have zero phase difference. The slits are separated by
placed with respect to the aperture. Assume that 10%
distance d=150.0m. The intensity I( 0 ) is measured as a
function of θ, where θ is defined as shown in figure. If Sol: Path difference at O, S1O − S2O =2λ i.e., maximum
I0 is maximum intensity, calculate I( 0 ) for (a) θ = 0° (b) intensity is obtained at O. Next maxima will be obtained
θ= 30° and (c) θ= 90° at point P where,
Sol: For microwaves, as c = fλ , λ Or dcosθ = λ

S1P − S2P =
λ=
c 3 × 108
= = 300m
Or ( 2λ ) cos θ = λ
f 106 1
Or cos θ =
2
And as ∆=
x dsin θ
∴ θ= 60°
2π 2π
φ= (dsin θ) = (150 sin θ) =π sin θ
λ 300
P
So, I = I1 + I2 + 2 ( )
I1 I2 cos φ X
O
S1 S2
P
S1 d
y D

d PO
Now in ∆S1PO , = tan θ or
{
S1O
S2 x
x
D = tan60
= ° 3 ; ∴ x=
3D
d
With I1 = I2 and φ = π sin θ reduced to Note: At point O, the path difference is 2λ , i.e., we
obtain second order maxima. At point P, where path
IR= 2I1 1 + cos ( π sin θ )=
 4I1 cos2 ( π sin θ 2 )
 difference is λ (i.e., x = 3D ), we get first order maxima.
(
and as IR will be max. when cos2  π ( sin θ ) 2 = max = 1
 
The next, i.e., zero order maxima will be obtained where
path difference, i.e., dcos θ =0 or θ= 90° , x = ∞ . So,
So that, ( IR ) = 4I
= 1 I0 (given) our answer i.e., finite distance of x should be x = 3D ,
max
corresponding to first order maxima.
And hence,
= I I0 cos2 ( π sin θ ) 2 …(i)
0 cos ( 0 )
θ =0 I I=
So (a) If = 2
I0 Example 9: An interference is observed due to two
coherent sources S1 placed at origin and S2 placed
(b) If θ= 30°=I I0 cos2 ( π =
4) ( I0 2 ) at ( 0,3λ ,0 ) . Here λ is the wavelength of the sources.
(c) If θ= 90° s =I I0 cos2 ( π =
2) 0 A detector D is moved along the positive x-axis. Find
x-coordinates on the x-axis (excluding x=0 and x = ∞ )
where maximum intensity is observed.
Example 8: Two coherent narrow slits emitting lights
of wavelength λ in the same phase are placed parallel
Sol: At x = 0, path difference is 3λ . Hence, third order
to each other at a small separation of 2λ . The light is
maxima will be obtained. At x = ∞ , path difference is
collected on a screen S which is placed at a distance
zero. Hence, zero order maxima is obtained in between
(D>> λ ) from the slit S1 as shown in figure. Find the
first and second order maximas.
finite distance x such that the intensity at P is equal to
intensity at O. Y
P
X S2
S1 S2
O 3
2
D S1 X
P
S X
P hysi cs | 17.31
(b) Position of central maximum is shifted upwards by a

First order maxima: S2P − S1P =
λ Or x2 + 9λ2 − x =λ
distance
( µ2 − 1) tD
Or x 2 + 9λ 2 = x + λ d
Squaring both sides, we get  µ3 
 − 1  tD
2 2 2
x + 9λ = x + λ + 2xλ 2
(c)
( µ2 − 1) tD =  µ1 
Solving this, we get x= 4λ d d
µ3
Second order maxima: S2P − S1P =
2λ ∴ = µ2 or µ3 = µ1µ2
µ1
Or x2 + 9λ2 − x = 2λ φ
(d) I = Imax cos2  
2
Or x 2 + 9λ 2 = ( x + 2λ )
 2π  φ π φ
Squaring both sides, we get x2 + 9λ2 = x2 + 4λ2 + 4xλ Where
= φ   ∆x or=   ∆x I ∝ cos2  
λ
  2 λ
  2
5
Solving, we get x= λ= 1.25λ In the first and third case, ∆x =0 while in second case,
4
∆x = ( µ2 − 1 ) t . Therefore, the desired ratio is
Hence, the desired x coordinates are,
 π ( µ2 − 1 ) t 
x 1.25λ and x= 4λ
= I1 : I2 : I3 = I : cos2  :1
 λ 
Example 10: A young double slit apparatus is immersed
in a liquid of refractive index µ1 . The slit plane touches Example 11: In a Young’s experiment, the light source
the liquid surface. A parallel beam of monochromatic is at distance I=
1 20µm and I=2 40µm from the slits.
light of wavelength λ (in air) is incident normally on the A light of wavelength λ =500 nm is incident on slits
slits. separated at a distance 10µm . A screen is placed at a
distance D=2m away from the slits as shown in figure.
Find
(a) The values of θ relative to the central line where
S2 maxima appear on the screen?
d
O (b) How many maxima will appear on the screen?
S2
P
S l1
D S1
l2
(a) Find the fringe width. d
C
(b) If one of the slits (say, S2 ) is covered by a transparent S2

slab of refractive index µ2 and thickness t as shown, find D
the new position of the central maxima.
(c) Now the other slit S1 is also covered by a slab of (c) What should be the minimum thickness of a slab of
same thickness and refractive index µ3 as shown in the refractive index 1.5 be placed on the path of one of the
figure due to which the central maxima recovers its rays so that minima occurs at C?
position. Find the value of µ3 .
Sol: For the maxima, total path difference is to be
(d) Find the ratio of intensities at O in the three consider here, as some path difference already exist in
conditions (a), (b) and (c). the two beams before coming to the slits.
Sol: wavelength changes inside the liquid, (a) The optical path difference between the beams
λ1D λD
arriving at P, ∆x = (l2 − l1 ) + dsin θ The condition for
(a) Fringe width=
w = maximum intensity is,
d µ1d
∆x = nλ n = 0 ± 1, ±2,...
1 1 Hence, number of maxima =60-20=40

Thus, sin θ =  ∆x − (l2 − l1 )  = nλ − (l2 − l1 ) 
d   d 
(c) At C, phase difference,
1 n × 500 × 10−9 − 20 × 10−6 
=
10 × 10 −6  
 2π 
 λ 

φ=   (l2 − l1 )= 
2π
−9
 500 × 10 

( −6
)
 20 × 10 = 80π
n    n 
= 2 Hence, θ sin−1 2 
− 1  ;= − 1  Hence, maximum intensity will appear at C. For
 40    40  λ
minimum intensity at C, ( µ − 1 ) t =
2
(b) sin θ ≤ 1
λ 500 × 10−9
Or t
= = = 500mm
2 (µ − 1) 2 × 0.5
n 
∴ −1 ≤ 2  − 1  ≤ 1 Or −20 ≤ (n − 40 ) ≤ 20
 40 
Or 20 ≤ n ≤ 60
JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1 Q.6 What is a wavefront? What is the geometrical

shape of a wave front of light emerging out of a convex
lens, when point source is placed at its focus? Using
Q.1 State the essential condition for diffraction of light Huygens’s principles show that, for a parallel beam
to occur. The light of wavelength 600mn is incident incident on a reflecting surface, the angle of reflection
normally on a slit of width 3mm. Calculate the linear is equal to the angle of incidence.
width of central maximum on a screen kept 3m away
from the slit.
Q.7 Two slits in Young’s double slit experiment are
illuminated by two different lamps emitting light of the
Q.2 (a) State the postulates of Huygens’s wave theory. same wavelength. Will you observe the interference
(b) Draw the type of wave front that correspond to a pattern? Justify your answer.
beam of light (i) coming from a very far-off source and
(ii) diverging from a point source. Find the ratio of intensities at two points on a screen in
Young’s double slit experiment, when waves from the
two slits have path difference of (i) 0 (ii) λ 4
Q.3 In a single slit diffraction pattern, how does the
angular width of central maximum change, when (i)
slit width is decreased (ii) distance between the slit Q.8 Two narrow slits are illumination by a single
and screen in increased and (iii) light of smaller visible monochromatic source. Name the pattern obtained on
wavelength is used? Justify your answer in each case. the screen. One of the slits is now completely covered.
What is the name of the pattern now obtained on the
screen? Draw intensity pattern obtained in the two
Q.4 Derive Snell’s law of refraction using Huygens’s cases. Also write two difference between the patterns
wave theory. obtained in the above two cases.
Q.5 Explain with reason, how the resolving power of a Q.9 Using Huygens’s Principle, draw a diagram to
compound microscope will change when (i) frequency show propagation of a wave-front originating from
of the incident light on the objective lens in increased, a monochromatic point source. Describe diffraction
(ii) focal length of the objective lens is increased, and of light due to a single slit. Explain formation of a
(iii) aperture of the objective lens is increased. pattern of fringes obtained on the screen and plot
showing variation of intensity with angle θ in single slit
diffraction.
P hysi cs | 17.33
Q.10 What are coherent sources of light? State two Q.17 When light travels from a rarer to a denser
conditions for two light sources to be coherent. Derive medium, the speed decreases. Does this decrease in
a mathematical expression for the width of interference speed imply a decrease in the energy carried by the
fringes obtained in Young’s double slit. light wave? Justify your answer.
Q.11 Define resolving power of a compound Q.18 In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits
microscope. How does the resolving power of a 0.12 mm apart are illuminated by monochromatic light
compound microscope change when of wavelength 420 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from
the slits.
(i) refractive index of the medium between the object
and objective lens increases? (a) Find the distance of the second (i) bright fringes, (ii)
dark fringes from the central maximum.
(ii) wavelength of the radiation used in increased?
(b) How will the fringes pattern change if the screen is
Q.12 State one feature by which the phenomenon moved away from the slits?
of interference can be distinguished from that of
diffraction. A parallel beam of light of wavelength Q.19 How does an unpolarised light get polarized
600nm is incident normally on a slit of width ‘a’. If the when passes through a polaroid?
distance between the slits and the screen is 0.8 m and
Two polaroids are set in crossed position. A third
the distance of 2nd order minimum from the centre of
Polaroid is placed between the two making an angle
the screen is 15 mm. Calculate the width of the slit.
θ with the pass axis of the first Polaroid. Write the
expression for the intensity of light transmitted from
Q.13 How would the angular separation of interference the second Polaroid. In what orientations will the
fringes in Young’s double slit experiment change when transmitted intensity be (i) minimum and (ii) maximum?
the distance between the slits and screen is doubled?
Q.20 How does the angular separation between fringes
Q.14 Define the term ‘linearly polarized light’. When in single-slit diffraction experiment change when the
does the intensity of transmitted light become distance of separation between the slit and screen is
maximum, when a polaroid sheet is rotated between doubled?
two crossed polaroids?
Q.21 For the same value of angle of incidence, the
Q.15 In Young’s double slit experiment, monochromatic angle of refraction in three media A, B and C are 15° ,
light of wave length 630nm illuminates the pair of slits 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium would the
and produce an interference pattern in which two velocity of light be minimum?
consecutive bright fringes are separated by 8.1mm.
Another source of monochromatic light produces the
Q.22 (a) In Young’s double slit experiment, derive
interference pattern in which the two consecutive bright
the condition for (i) constructive interference and (ii)
fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Find the wavelength
destructive interference at a point in the screen.
of light from the second source. What is the effect on
the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is (b) A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths,
replaces by a source of white light? 800nm and 600nm is used to obtain in the interference
fringes in a Young’s double slit experiment on a screen
placed 1.4 m away. If the two slits are separated by
Q.16 (a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, a slit
0.28 mm, calculate the least distance from the central
of width ‘d’ is illuminated by red light of wavelength
bright maximum where the bright fringes of the two
650nm. For what value of ‘d’ will
wavelengths coincide.
(i) the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of
30° , and
Q.23 (a) How does an unpolarized light incident on
(ii) the first maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of light on polaroid get polarized?
30° ?
Describe briefly, with the help of a necessary diagram,
(b) Why does the intensity of the secondary maximum the polarization of light by reflecting from a transparent
becomes less as compared to the central maximum? medium.
(b) Two polaroids ‘A’ and ‘B’ are kept in crossed position. Q.4 In Young’s double slit experiment, the wavelength
How should a third polaroid ‘C’ be placed between them of red light is 7800Å and that of blue is 5200 Å. The
so that the intensity of polarized light transmitted by value of n for which nth bright band due to red light
polaroid B reduce to 1/8th of the intensity of unpolarized
coincides with (n + 1 ) bright band due to blue light is:
th
light incident on A?
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.24 Two sources of intensity I1 and I2 undergo
interference in Young’s double slit experiment. Show Q.5 Two identical narrow slits S1 and S2 are illuminated
2 by light of wavelength λ from a point source P. If, as
Imax  a + a2 
that =  1  shown in the diagram above, the light is then allowed
Imin  a1 − a2  to fall on a screen, and if n is a positive integer, the
Where a1 and a2 are the amplitudes of disturbance for condition for destructive interference at Q is
two sources S1 and S2 .
l1 S1
Q.25 Two coherent waves of equal amplitude produce l3
P
interference pattern in Young’s double slit experiment.
l2
What is the ratio of intensity at a point where phase S2 l4 Q
different is π 2 to intensity at centre.
(A) (l1 − l2 ) = ( 2n + 1) λ 2
(B) (l3 − l4 ) = ( 2n + 1 ) λ 2
Exercise 2
(C) (l1 + l2 ) − (l3 + l4 ) =nλ
Single Correct Choice Type
(D) (l1 + l3 ) − (l2 + l4 ) = ( 2n + 1 ) λ 2
Q.1 Two coherent monochromatic light beams of

intensities I and 4I are superposed. The maximum and Q.6 In a young’s double slit experiment, a small detector
minimum possible intensities in the resulting beam are: measures an intensity of illumination of I units at the
centre of the fringe pattern. If one of the two (identical)
(A) 5I and I (B) 5I and 3I slits is now covered, the measured intensity will be
(C) 9I and I (D) 9I and 3I (A) 2I (B) I (C) I/4 (D) I/2
Q.2 When light is refracted into a denser medium, Q.7 In a Young’s double slit experiment D equals the
(A) Its wavelength and frequency both increase distance of screen and d is the separation between the
slit. The distance of the nearest point to the central
(B) Its wavelength increase but frequency remains maximum where the intensity is same as that due to a
unchanged single slit, is equal to
(C) Its wavelength decreases but frequency remain Dλ Dλ
unchanged (A) (B)
d 2d
(D) It wavelength and frequency both decrease. Dλ 2Dλ
(C) (D)
3d d
Q.3 In YDSE how many maxima can be obtained on
the screen if wavelength of light used is 200nm and Q.8 A plane wavefront AB is incident on a concave
d=700nm: mirror as shown.
(A) 12 (B) 7
A
(C) 18 (D) None of these
B
Then, the wavefront just after reflection is
P hysi cs | 17.35
Q.12 Light of wavelength λ in air enters a medium of

(A) (B) (C) refractive index µ . Two points in this medium, lying
along the path of this light, are at a distance x apart.
(D) None of the above The phase difference between these points is:
2πµx 2πx
(A) (B)
Q.9 In a Young’s double slit experiment, first maxima λ µλ
is observed at a fixed point P on the screen. Now the 2π ( µ − 1 ) x 2πx
screen is continuously moved away from the plane of (C) (D)
slits. The ratio of intensity at point P to the intensity at
λ ( − 1) λ
µ
point O (center of the screen)
Q.13 In YDSE, the source placed symmetrically with
respect to the slit is now moved parallel to the plane of
the slits so that it is closer to the upper slit, as shown.
Then,
P
O S
S1
S2
(A) Remains constant (A) The fringe width will remain and fringe pattern will
shift down
(B) Keeps on decreasing
(B) The fringe width will remain same but fringe pattern
(C) First decrease and then increases will shift up
(D) First decreases and then becomes constant (C) The fringe width will decrease and fringe pattern will
shift down
Q.10 In the figure shown if a parallel beam of white light (D) The fringe width will remain same but fringe pattern
is incident on the plane of the slits then the distance of will shift down
the white spot on the screen from O is [Assumed d<<D
λ <<d]
Q.14 In a YDSE with two identical slits, when the upper
slit is covered with a thin, perfectly transparent sheet
d 2d/3 of mica, the intensity at the centre of screen recs to
O 75% of the initial value. Second minima is observed to
the above this point and third maxima below it. Which
of the following can not be a possible value of phase
D
difference caused by the mica sheet.
(A) 0 (B) d/2 π 13π
(A) (B)
(C) d/3 (D) d/6 3 3
17π 11π
(C) (D)
Q.11 In Young’s double slit arrangement, water is filled 3 3
in the space between screen and slits. Then:
(A) Fringe pattern shifts upwards but fringes width Q.15 Two monochromatic and coherent point sources
remain unchanged. of light are placed at a certain distance from each
other in the horizontal plane. The locus of all those
(B) Fringe width decreases and central bright fringe points in the horizontal plane which have constructive
shift upwards. interference will be:
(C) Fringe width increases and central bright fringe (A) A hyperbola
does not shift.
(B) Family of hyperbolas
(D) Fringe width decreases and central bright fringe
does not shift. (C) Family of straight lines
(D) Family of parabolas
Q.16 A circular planar wire loop is dipped in a soap Q.19 In a Young’s double slit experiment, green light
solution and after taking it out, held with its plane is incident on the two slits. The interference pattern is
vertical in air. Assuming thickness of film at the top observed on a screen. Which of the following changes
to be very small, as sunlight falls on the soap film, & would cause the observed fringes to be more closely
observer receive reflected light spaced?
(A) The top portion appears dark while the first colour
Fringes
to be observed as one moves down is red
(B) The top portion appears violet while the first colour
to be observed as one moves down is indigo
(C) The top portion appears dark while the first colour
to be observed as one moves down is violet
(D) The top portion appears dark while the first colour
to be observed as one moves down is depends on the Incoming
refractive index of the soap solution. light waves
Q.17 A thin film of thickness t and index of refraction (A) Reducing the separation between the slits
1.33 coats a glass with index of refraction 1.50. What is (B) Using blue light instead of green light
the least thickness t that will strongly reflect light with
(C) Used red light instead of green light
wavelength 600nm incident normally?
(D) Moving the light source further away from the slits.
(A) 225nm (B) 300nm
(C) 400nm (D) 450nm
Q.20 In the previous question, films of thickness t A
and tB and refractive indices µ A and µB , are placed in
Q.18 Spherical wave fronts shown in figure, strike a front of A and B respectively. If µ A t A =
µB tB , the central
plane mirror. Reflected wavefronts will be as shown in maximum will:
(A) Not shift
(B) Shift towards A
(C) Shift towards B
(D) Option (B), if tB > t A ; option (C) if tB < t A
Q.21 To make the central fringe at the centre O, a mica

sheet of refractive index 1.5 is introduced. Choose the
correct statement(s).
d S1
S
d O
(A) (B)
S2 D>>d
(A) The thickness of sheet is 2 ( )

2 − 1 d in front of S1 .
(B) The thickness of sheet is ( )

2 − 1 d in front of S2 .
(C)
(D) (C) The thickness of sheet is 2 2 in front of S1
( )
(D) The thickness of sheet is 2 2 − 1 d in front of S1 .
P hysi cs | 17.37
Previous Years’ Questions λ  λ 

(A) sin−1   (B) sin−1  
d
   2d 
Q.1 In Young’s double slit experiment, the separation
between the slits is halved and the distance between  λ   λ 
(C) sin−1   (D) sin−1  
the slits and the screen is doubled. The fringe width is  3d   4d 
(1981)
Q.7 A narrow monochromatic beam of light intensity I
(A) Unchanged (B) Halved
is incident on a glass plate as shown in figure. Another
(C) Doubled (D) Quadrupled identical glass plate is kept close to the first one-and
parallel to it. Each glass plate reflects 25 per cent of
Q.2 Two coherent monochromatic light beams of the light incident on it transmits the remaining. Find
intensities I and 4I are superimposed. The maximum the ratio of the minimum and maximum intensities
and minimum possible intensities in the resulting beam in the interference pattern formed by the two beams
are (1988) obtained after one reflection at each plate. (1990)
(A) 5I and I (B) 5I and 3I

(C) 9I and I (D) 9I and 3I
Q.3 In a double slit experiment instead of taking slits l

of equal widths, one slit is made twice as wide as the
other, then in the interference pattern. (2000) 1 2
(A) The intensities of both the maxima and the minima
increase Q.8 Angular width of central maximum in the
Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of a slit is measured. The
(B) The intensity of the maxima increases and the slit is illuminated by light of wavelength 6000 Å . When
minima has zero the slit is illuminated by light of another wavelength,
(C) The intensity of the maxima decreases and that the angular width decreases by 30%. Calculate the
minima increases. wavelength of this light. The same decrease in the
angular width of central maximum is obtained when
(D) The intensity of the maxima decreases and the
the original apparatus is immersed in a liquid. Find
minima has zero.
refractive index of the liquid. (1996)
Q.4 Two beams of light having intensities I and 4I

Q.9 A double slit apparatus is immersed in a liquid of
interfere to produce a fringe pattern on a screen. The
refractive index 1.33. it has slit separation of 1mm and
phase difference between the beams is π 2 at point A
distance between the plane of slits and screen is 1.33m.
and π at point B. Then the difference between resultant
The slits are illuminated by a parallel beam of light
intensities at A and B is (2001)
whose wavelength in air is 6300 Å . (1996)
(A) 2I (B) 4I
(a) Calculate the fringes width.
(C) 5I (D) 7I
(b) One of the slits of the apparatus is covered by a thin
glass sheet of refractive index 1.53. Find the smallest
Q.5 In a YDSE bi-chromatic light of wavelengths 400nm thickness of the sheet to bring the adjacent minimum
and 560nm is used. The distance between the slits is as the axis.
0.1mm and the distance between the plane of the slits
and the screen is 1 m. The minimum distance between
Q.10 In a Young’s double slit experiment, two
two successive regions of complete darkness is (2004)
wavelengths of 500nm and 700nm were used. What
(A) 4mm (B) 5.6mm is the minimum distance from the central maximum
where their maximas coincide again? Take D d = 103 .
(C) 14mm (D) 28mm
Symbols have their usual meanings. (2004)
Q.6 In Young’s double slit experiment intensity at a point

is (1/4) of the maximum intensity. Angular position of
this point is (2005)
Q.11 A beam of unpolarised light of intensity I0 is a rotation of Polaroid through 30° makes the two
passed through a polaroid A and then through another beams appear equally bright. If the initial intensities of
polaroid B which is oriented so that its principal plane the two beams are I A and IB respectively, then I A / IB
makes an angle of 45° relative to that of A. The intensity equals: (2014)
of the emergent light is: (2013)
(A) 1 (B) 1/3
(A) I0 / 2 (B) I0 / 4
(C) 3 (D) 3/2
(C) I0 / 8 (D) I0
Q.14 The box of pin hole camera, of length L, has a
Q.12 Two coherent point sources S1 and S2 are hole of radius a. It is assumed that when the hole is
separated by a small distance ‘d’ as shown. The fringes illuminated by a parallel beam of light of wavelength λ
obtained on the screen will be: (2013) the spread of the spot (obtained on the opposite wall
of the camera) is the sum of its geometrical spread and
d
the spread due to diffraction. The spot would then have
S1 S2 Screen its minimum size ( say bmin ) when: (2016)
D  2 λ2 
(A) a= λ L and bmin =  
 L 
(A) Straight lines (B) Semi-circles  
(B) a= λ L and bmin
= 4 λL
(C) Concentric circles (D) Points
λ2
(C) a = and bmin
= 4 λL
Q.13 Two beams, A and B, of plane polarized light with L
mutually perpendicular planes of polarization are seen λ2  2 λ2 
through a polaroid. From the position when the beam A (D) a = and bmin =  
L  L 
has maximum intensity (and beam B has zero intensity),  
JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Q.3 In young’s double slit experiment the slits are 0.5
mm apart and the interference is observed on a screen
at a distance of 100cm from the slit. It is found that
Q.1 Two coherent waves are described by the the 9th bright fringe is at a distance of 7.5mm from the
expressions. second dark fringe from the centre of the fringe pattern
 2πx1 π on same side. Find the wavelength of the light used.
=E1 E0 sin  − 2πft + 
 λ 6 
Q.4 Light of wavelength 520nm passing through a
 2πx2 π double slit, produce interference pattern of relative
=E1 E0 sin  − 2πft + 
 λ 8 intensity versus deflection angle θ as shown in the
figure. Find the separation d between the slits.
Determine the relationship between x1 and x2 that
produces constructive interference when the two waves
Relative intensity
are superposed.
Q.2 In a Young’s double slit experiment for interference

of light, the slits are 0.2 cm apart and are illuminated
by yellow light ( λ =600nm) . What would be the fringe
width on a screen placed 1m from the plane of slits if
O
the whole system is immersed in water of index 4/3? 0.75 1 2 3 (degree)
P hysi cs | 17.39
Q.5 In a YDSE apparatus, d=1mm, λ =600nm and Considering λ as 4mm, calculate the position of
D=1m. The slits individually produce same intensity maxima and draw shape of interference pattern. Take
on the screen. Find the minimum distance between initial phase difference between the two sources to be
two points on the screen having 75% intensity of the zero.
maximum intensity.
Q.11 Two radio antennas radiating wave in phase
Q.6 The distance between two slits is a YDSE apparatus are located at points A and B , 200m apart (Figure).
is 3mm. The distance of the screen from the slits is 1 The radio waves have a frequency of 5.80MHz. A
m. Microwaves of wavelength 1mm are incident on the radio receiver is moved out from point B along a line
plane of the slits normally. Find the distance of the first perpendicular to the line connecting A and B (line BC
maxima on the screen from the central maxima. Also shown in figure). At what distance from B will there be
find the total number of maxima on the screen. destructive interference?
A
Q.7 One slit of a double slit experiment is covered by
a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4 and the other
by a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.7. The point 200m
on the screen, where central bright fringe was formed
before the introduction of the glass sheets, is now
occupied by the 5th bright fringe. Assuming that both B
C
the glass plates have same thickness and wavelength of
light used is 4800Å, find their thickness.
Q.12 A ray of light of intensity I is incident on a parallel
Q.8 A monochromatic light of λ =5000Å is incident glass-slab at a point A as shown in figure. It undergoes
on two slits separated by a distance of 5 × 10−4 m. partial reflection and refraction. At each reflection 20%
The interference pattern is seen on a screen placed of incident energy is reflected. The rays AB and A′ B′
at a distance of 1m from the slits. A thin glass plate undergo interference. Find the ratio Imax Imin .
of thickness 1.5 × 10−6 m & refractive index µ =1.5
is placed between one of the slits & the screen. Find B
B’
the intensity at the centre of the screen, if the intensity
there is I0 in the absence of the plate. Also find the A A’
internal shift of the central maximum.
Q.9 One radio transmitter A operating at 60.0 MHz is

10.0 m from another similar transmitter B that is 180°
out of the phase with transmitter. A. How far must an [Neglect the absorption of light]
observe move from transmitter A toward transmitter B
along the line connecting A and B to reach the nearest
point where the two beams are in phase? Q.13 If the slits of the double slit were moved
symmetrically apart with relative velocity v, calculate
the number of fringes passing per unit time at a
Q.10 Two microwaves coherent point sources emitting distance x from the centre of the fringes system formed
waves of wavelength λ are placed at 5λ distance apart. on a screen y distance away from the double slits if
The interference is being observed on a flat non- wavelength of light is λ . Assume y>>d & d>> λ .
reflecting surface along a line passing through one
source, in a direction perpendicular to the line joining
the two sources (refer figure). Q.14 A thin glass plate of thickness t and refractive
index µ is inserted between screen & one of the slits
S1 Observation in a Young’s experiment. If the intensity at the centre of
the screen is I, what was the intensity at the same point
surface
S prior to the introduction of the sheet?
S2 Q.15 In Young’s experiment, the source is red light

of wavelength 7 × 10−7 m. When a thin glass plate of
refractive index 1.5 at this wavelength is put in the path while that from L1 and L2 to O is 1.30m. The screen at
of one of the interfering beams, the central bright fringe O is normal SO.
shifts by 10−3 m to the position previously occupied by
the 5th bright fringe. Find the thickness of the plate. (i) If the third intensity maximum occurs at the point A
When the source is now changed to green light of on the screen, find the distance OA.
wavelength 5 × 10−7 m, the central fringe shift to a
position initially occupied by the 6th bright fringe due
to red light without the plate. Find the refractive index A
of glass for the green light. Also estimate the change in S
fringe width due to the change in wavelength. L1
S 0.5mm
Q.16 In a Young’s experiment, the upper slit is covered O
by a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4 while the
lower slit is covered by another glass plate having the L2
Screen
same thickness as the first one but having refractive
index 1.7. Interference pattern is observed using light
of wavelength 5400 Å . It is found that the point P on
the screen where the central maximum (n=0) fell before 0.15m 1.30m
the glass plates were inserted now has ¾ the original (ii) If the gap between L1 & L2 is reduced from its
intensity. It is further observed that what used to be the original value of 0.5 mm, will the distance OA increase,
5th maximum earlier, lies below (Absorption of light by decrease or remain the same?
glass plate may be neglected).
Q.19 A coherent parallel beam of microwave of
Q.17 A screen is at a distance D=80cm from a wavelength λ =0.5 mm falls on a Young’s double slit
diaphragm having two narrow slits S1 is and S2 which apparatus. The separation between the slits is 1.0 mm.
are d=2 mm apart. Slit S1 is covered by a transparent The intensity of microwaves in measured on screen
sheet of thickness t1 =2.5 µm and S2 by another sheet placed parallel to the plane of the slits at a distance of
of thickness t2 =1.25 µm as shown in figure. Both 1.0m from it, as shown in the figure.
sheets are made of same material having refractive
index µ =1.40. Water is filled in space between (a) If the incident beam falls normally on the double slit
diaphragm and screen. A monochromatic light beam apparatus, find the y-coordinates of all the interference
of wavelength λ =5000 Å is incident normally on the minima on the screen.
diaphragm. Assuming intensity of beam to be uniform y
and slits of equal width, calculate ratio of intensity at C
to maximum intensity of interference pattern obtained
on the screen, where C is foot of perpendicular bisector
of S1 S2 . (Refractive index of water, µ w =4/3) 30
o
d-1.0m
x
t1
S1 D-1.0m
C
S2
(b) if the incident beam makes an angle of 30° with the
t2 x-axis (as in the dotted arrow shown in the figure), find
the y-coordinates of the first minima on either side of
Q.18 In the figure shown S is a monochromatic point the central maximum.
source emitting light of wavelength=500nm. A thin
lens of circular shape and focal length 0.10 m is cut into Q.20 In a YDSE with visible monochromatic light two
identical halves L1 and L2 by a plane passing through thin transparent sheets are used in front of the slits
a diameter. The two halves are placed symmetrically S1 and S2 with µ1 =1.6 and µ2 =1.4 respectively. If
about the central axis SO with a gap of 0.5 mm. The both sheets have thickness t, the central maximum is
distance along the axis from the S to L1 and L2 is 0.15m, observed at a distance of 5mm from centre O. Now
P hysi cs | 17.41
the sheets are replaced by two sheets of same material Q.3 In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits act as
µ + µ2 coherent sources of equal amplitude A and wavelength
refractive index 1 but having thickness t1 & t2 λ . In another experiment with the same setup the two
2
t +t slits are sources of equal amplitude A and wavelength
such that t = 1 2 . Now central maximum is observed
2 λ but are incoherent. The ratio of the average intensity
at distance of 8mm from centre O on the same side as of light at the midpoint of the screen in the first case to
before. Find the thickness t1 (in µm ) [Given: d=1mm. that in the second case is
D=1m].
(A) 1:1 (B) 2:1
(1,t,t1)
P (C) 4:1 (D) None of these
S1
d Q.4 Two point monochromatic and coherent sources

O of light wavelength λ are placed on the dotted line in
S2 front of a large screen. The source emit waves in phase
(2,t,t2) with each other. The distance between S1 and S2 is ‘d’
D while their distance from the screen is much larger.
Then,
(1) If d= 7 λ 2 , O will be a minima
Exercise 2 (2) If d= 4.3 λ , there will be a total of 8 minima on y axis.

(3) If d= 7λ , O will be a maxima.
y
Q.1 Figure shows plane waves refracted from air to
water using Huygens’s principle a, b, c, d, e are lengths
on the diagram. The refractive index of water w.r.t. air
is the ratio: S1 S2 O
(4) If d= λ , there will be only one maxima on the screen.

Which is the set of correct statement
(A) 1, 2, & 3 (B) 2, 3 & 4
(C) 1, 2, 3 & 4 (D) 1, 3 & 4
a b
Air C Q.5 Two slits are separated by 0.3 mm. A beam of 500nm
d c light strikes the slits producing an interference pattern.
Water The number of maxima observed in the angular range-
0° < θ < 30° .
(A) a/e (B) b/e (C) b/d (D) d/b

Q.2 In a YDSE, the central bright fringe can be identified:
(A) As it has greater intensity than the other bright
(A) 300 (B) 150 (C) 599 (D) 601
fringes.
(B) As it is wider than the other bright fringes.
Q.6 In the above question of the light incident is
(C) As it is narrower than the other bright fringes. monochromatic and point O is a maxima, then the
wavelength of the light incident cannot be
(D) By using white light instead of single wavelength
light. d2 d2 d2 d2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3D 6D 12D 18D
Q.7 In the figure shown in YDSE, a parallel beam of

light is incident on the slit from a medium of refractive
index n1 . The wavelength of light in this medium is λ1 . t, 2
A transparent slab of thickness ‘t’ and refractive index y
d
n3 is put infront of one slit. The medium between
the screen and the plane of the slits is n2 . The phase , t2
difference between the light waves reaching point ‘O’
D
(symmetrical, relative to the slits) is:
tD
n1 (A) Zero (B)
n3 d
n2
tD
(C) − (D) None
O d
1 Multiple Correct Choice Type
2π Q.10 In a YDSE apparatus, if we use white light then:

(A) (n − n2 ) t (B) 2λπ (n3 − n2 ) t
n1 λ1 3 1 (A) The fringe next to the central will be red
2πn1  n3  2πn1 (B) The central fringe will be white

(C)  − 1  t (D)
n2 λ1  n2 λ1
(n3 − n1 ) t (C) The fringe next to the central will be violet

(D) There will not be a completely dark fringe.
Q.8 In A YDSE experiment if a slab whose refractive
index can be varied is placed in front of one of the slits Q.11 If one of the slits of a standard YDSE apparatus
then the variation of resultant intensity at mid-point is covered by a thin parallel sided glass slab so that it
of screen with ' µ ' will be best represented by ( µ ≥ 1 ) . transmit only one half of the light intensity of the other,
[Assumes slits of equal width and there is no absorption then:
by slab]
(A) The fringe pattern will get shifted towards the
covered slit
I0 I0 I0 (B) The fringe

I0 pattern will get shifted away from the
covered slit
(A) (B) (C) (C) The(D)
bright fringes will be less bright and the dark
ones will be more bright
(D) The fringe width will
remain unchanged.
=1 =1 =1 =1
Q.12 In an interference arrangement similar to Young’s

I0 I0 double-slit experiment, the slits S1 & S2 are illuminated
with coherent microwave sources, each of frequency
(C) (D) 106 Hz. The sources are synchronized to have zero
phase difference. The slits are separated by a distance
d=150.0m. The intensity I( θ ) is measured as a function
=1 =1 of θ at a large distance from S1 & S2 , where θ is defined
as shown if I0 is the maximum intensity then
Q.9 In the YDSE shown the two slits are covered with
thin sheets having thickness t & 2t and refractive index
2 µ and µ . Find the position (y) of central maxima S1

d
S2
P hysi cs | 17.43
I( θ ) for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90° is given by: (C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false

I0 (D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true
( θ)
(A) I=
2
for θ=30°
I0 Q.17 Statement-I: In YDSE, as shown in figure, central

( θ)
(B) I=
4
for θ=90°
bright fringe is formed at O. If a liquid is filled between
plane of slits and screen, the central bright fringe is
( θ ) I0 for θ=0°
(C) I=
shifted in upward direction.
(D) I ( θ ) is constant for all values of θ
Statement-II: If path difference at O increases
y-coordinate of central bright fringe will change.
Q.13 To observe a sustained interference pattern
formed by two light waves, it is not necessary that they S1
must have:
O
(A) The same frequency
(B) Same amplitude S2
(C) A constant phase difference
(D) The same intensity Q.18 Statement-I: In glass, red light travels faster than
blue light.
Q.14 If the source of light used in a Young’s Double Slit Statement-II: Red light has a wavelength longer than
Experiment is changed from red to blue, then blue.
(A) The fringes will become brighter
(B) Consecutive fringes will come closer Q.19 Statement-I: In standard YDSE set up with visible
light, the position on screen where phase difference is
(C) The number of maxima formed on the screen zero appears bright
increases
Statement-II: In YDSE set up magnitude of
(D) The central bright fringe will become a dark fringe. electromagnetic field at central bright fringe is not
varying with time.
Q.15 In a Young’s double-slit experiment, let A and B
be the two slits. A thin film of thickness t and refractive Comprehension Type
index µ is placed in front of A. Let β =fringe width. The
central maximum will shift: The figure shows a schematic diagram showing the
arrangement of Young’s Double Slit Experiment:
(A) towards A (B) towards B
β β
(C) by t ( µ − 1 ) (D) by µt S S1
λ λ a
d O
Q.16 In a standard YDSE apparatus a thin film S2 Screen
( µ 1.5,t − 2.1µm) is placed in front of upper slit. How
=
far above or below the centre point of the screen are D
two nearest maxima located? Take D=1m, d=1 mm, Q.20 Choose the correct statement(s) related to the
λ =4500Å .(Symbols have usual meaning) wavelength of light used
(A) 1.5mm (B) 0.6mm (A) Larger the wavelength of light larger the fringe
(C) 0.15mm (D) 0.3mm width
(B) The position of central maxima depends on the
Assertion Reasoning Type wavelength of light used
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and (C) If white light is used in YDSE, then the violet forms
statement-II is correct explanation for statement-I its first maxima closest to the central maxima
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and (D) The central maxima of all the wavelength coincide
statement-II is NOT the correct explanation for statement-I
Q.21 If the distance D is varied, then choose the correct maximum occurred previously remain unchanged. The
statement(s) minimum thickness of the glass-plate is (2002)
(A) The angular fringe width does not change 2λ
(A) 2λ (B)
(B) The fringe width change in direct proportion 3
λ
(C) The change in fringe width is same for all wavelengths (C) (D) λ
3
(D) The position of central maxima remains unhanged
Q.5 The phases of the light wave at c, d, e and f are
Q.22 If the distance d is varied, then identify the correct φc , φd , φe and φf respectively. It is given that φc ≠ φf
statement (2007)
(A) The angular width does not change (A) φc cannot be equal to φd
(B) The fringe width changes in inverse proportion (B) φd cannot be equal to φe
(C) The positions of all maxima change (C) ( φd − φf ) is equal to ( φc − φe )
(D) The positions of all minima change (D) ( φd − φc ) is not equal to ( φf − φe )
Q.6 Shows four situations of standard Young’s

Previous Years’ Questions doubles slit arrangement with the screen placed
away from the slits S1 and S2 . In each of these cases
Q.1 A narrow slit of width 1mm is illuminated by λ λ
monochromatic light of wavelength 600nm. The S1=P0 S2P0 ,S1P1 − S=
2P1 and S1P2 − S2P2 = , where
4 3
distance between the first minima on either side of a
λ is the wavelength of the light used. In the cases B,
screen at a distance of 2 m is. (1994)
C and D, a transparent sheet of refractive index µ
(A) 1.2 cm (B) 1.2 mm and thickness t is pasted on slit S2 . The thickness of
the sheets are different in different cases. The phase
(C) 2.4 cm (D) 2.4 mm
difference between the light waves reaching a point P
on the screen from the two slits is donated by δ (P )
Q.2 A parallel monochromatic beam of light is incident and the intensity by I (P). Match each situation given in
normally on a narrow slit. A diffraction pattern is formed Column I with the statement(s) in Column II valid that
on a screen placed perpendicular to the direction of the situation. (2009)
incident beam. At the first minimum of the diffraction
pattern, the phase difference between the rays coming
from the two edges of the slit is (1998) Column I Column II
(A) Zero (B) π 2 S2 P2

(A)
P1
P0 (p) δ(P0 ) =
0
(C) π (D) 2 π S1
Q.3 In a Young’s double slit experiment, 12 fringes are S2 P2

(q) δ(P1 ) =
0
λ
(B) ( µ − 1 ) t =
P1
observed to be formed in a certain segment of the P0
4 S1
screen when light of wavelength 600nm is used. If the
wavelength of light is changed to 400nm, number of
fringes observed in the same segment of the screen is S (r) I(P1 ) = 0
given by (2001) λ 2 P2
(
(C) µ − 1 t = )
2 S1
P1
P0
(A) 12 (B) 18
(C) 24 (D) 30
3λ
S2 P2 (s) I(P0 ) > I(P1 )
Q.4 In the ideal double-slit experiment, when a glass-

(
(D) µ − 1 t = ) 4
P1
P0
S1
plate (refractive index 1.5) of thickness t is introduced
in the path of one of the interfering beams (wavelength
λ ), the intensity at the position where the central (t) I(P2 ) > I(P1 )
P hysi cs | 17.45
Q.7 In the Young’s double slit experiment, the in one plane. The radiant powers of sources A and B
interference pattern is found to have an intensity ratio are 90 W and 180 W respectively. The beam from C is
between the bright and dark fringes as 9. This implies of intensity 20 W m2 . Calculate intensity at P on the
that (1982) screen.
C
(A) The intensities at the screen due to the two slits are
5 units and 4 units respectively.
o
60
(B) The intensities at the screen due to the two slits are A P
4 units and 1 unit respectively 60
o
(C) The amplitude ratio is 3

(D) The amplitude ratio is 2 S
B
Q.8 White light is used to illuminate the two slits in a

Young’s double slit experiment. The separation between Q.11 In a modified Young’s double slit experiment, a
the slits is b and the screen is at a distance d (>>b) from monochromatic uniform and parallel beam of light of
the slits. At a point on the screen directly in front of one wavelength 6000 Å and intensity (10 π ) Wm2 is incident
of the slits, certain wavelengths are missing. Some of normally on two apertures A and B of radii 0.001 m
these missing wavelengths are and 0.002 m respectively. A perfectly transparent film
of thickness 2000 Å and refractive index 1.5 for the
(A) λ =b2 d (B) λ =2b2 d wavelength of 6000 Å is placed in front of aperture A
(C) λ =b2 3d (D) λ =2b2 3d (see figure). Calculate the power (in W) received at the
focal spot F of the lens. The lens is symmetrically placed
with respect to the apertures. Assume that 10% of the
Q.9 In an interference arrangement similar to Young’s
power received by each aperture goes in the original
double-slit experiment, the slits S1 and S2 are
direction and is brought to the focal spot. (1989)
illuminated with coherent microwave sources, each
of frequency 106 Hz. The sources are synchronized to
have zero phase difference. The slits are separated by a
A
distance d=150.0m. The intensity I ( θ ) is measured as F
a function of θ where θ is defined as shown. If I0 is the
maximum intensity then I B
S1
d/2
Q.12 In Young’s experiment, the source is red light
of wavelength 7 × 10−7 m. When a thin glass plate
of refractive index 1.5 at this wavelength is put in
d/2 the path of one of the interfering beams, the central
bright fringe shift by 10−3 m to the position previously
S2 occupied by the 5th bright fringe. Find the thickness of
the plate. When the sources is now changed to green
light of wavelength 5 × 10−7 m, the central fringe shifts
( θ ) for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90° is given by (1995)
to a position initially occupied by the 6th bright fringe
due to red light. Find the refractive index of glass for
(A) I ( θ )= I0 2 for θ= 30°
green light. Also estimate the change in fringe width
(B) I ( θ )= I0 4 for θ= 90° due to change in wavelength. (1997)
(C) I ( θ )= I0 for θ = 0°
Q.13 In a Young’s experiment, the upper slit is covered by
(D) I ( θ )= is constant for all values of θ
a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4 while the lower
slit is covered by another glass plate, having the same
Q.10 Screen S is illuminated by two point sources A thickness as the first one but having refractive index 1.7.
and B. Another source C sends a parallel beam of light Interference pattern is observed using light of wavelength
towards point P on the screen (see figure). Line AP is 5400 Å . It is found that the point P on the screen, where
normal to the screen and the lines AP, BP and CP are
the central maximum (n=0) fall before the glass plates (C) From the central maximum, 3rd maximum of λ2
3 overlaps with 5th minimum of λ1
were inserted, now has the original intensity. It is
4 (D) The angular separation of fringes for λ1 is greater
further observed that what used to be the fifth maximum than λ2
earlier lies below the point P while the sixth minima lies
above P. Calculate the thickness of glass plate. (Absorption
of light by glass plate may be neglected). (1997) Q.16 A Young’s double slit interference arrangement
with slits S1 and S2 is immersed in water (refractive
index = 4/3) as shown in the figure. The positions
Q.14 In the Young’s double slit experiment using of maxima on the surface of water are given by
a monochromatic light of wavelength λ , the path 2
x= p2m2 λ2 − d2 , where λ is the wavelength of light in
difference (in terms of an integer n) corresponding to air (refractive index = 1), 2d is the separation between
any point having half the peak intensity is (2013)
the slits and m is an integer. The value of p is (2015)
λ λ
(A) ( 2n + 1 ) (B) ( 2n + 1 )
2 4
λ λ
(C) ( 2n + 1 ) (D) ( 2n + 1 )
8 16
S1
Q.15 A light source, which emits two wavelengths d
λ1 =400 mm and λ2 = 600 nm, is used in a Young’s x Air
double slit experiment. If recorded fringe widths for d
λ1 and λ2 are β1 and β2 and the number of fringes S2 Water
for them within a distance y on one side of the central
maximum are m1 and m2 , respectively, then (2014)
(A) β2 > β1
(B) m1 > m2
PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q. 12 Q.15 Q.16 Q.2 Q.3 Q.8
Q.18 Q.22 Q.23 Q.12 Q.15
Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q.4 Q.5 Q.8 Q.4 Q.7
Q.15 Q.16
Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.5 Q.7 Q.8 Q.3 Q.9
Q.9
P hysi cs | 17.47
Answer Key
JEE Main /Boards Q.15 560nm, when the monochromatic source is

replaced by a source of white light; the fringe width
Exercise 1 would change.
Q.16 (a) (i) 1300nm; (ii) 1950nm
Q.1 1.2 × 10−3
(b) Intensity of secondary maximum is lesser as compared
Q.3 (i) Angular width increases (ii) no change (iii)
to central maxima
angular width increases
Q.17 No, Energy carried by a wave depends on the
Q.5 (i) Resolving power increases (ii) remains unchanged
amplitude of the wave, not on the speed of wave
(iii) resolving power increases
propagation.
Q.7 No, Ratio=2:1
Q.18 (a) (i) 0.007m, (ii) 0.00525m (b) If screen is moved
I0 away from the slits fringe pattern will shrink.
Q.9 Intensity becomes
4
1
−4
Q.12 6.4 × 10 mm Q.25
2
Q.13 Fringe width becomes twice
Exercise 2
Single Correct Question

Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 C
Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 D Q.11 D Q.12 A
Q.13 D Q.14 A Q.15 B Q.16 C Q.17 A Q.18 C
Q.19 B Q.20 D Q.21 A
Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 D Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 D Q.6 C
Q.7 1 49 Q.8 (a) 4200 Angstrom, (b) 1.4 Q.9 (a) 0.63mm, (b) 1.579 µm Q.10 3.5mm
Q.11 B Q.12 C Q.13 B Q.14 B
JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
 1 
Q.1  n −  λ= x1 − x2 Q.2 0.225mm
 48 

Q.3 5000 Å Q.4 1.99 × 10−2 mm
Q.5 0.2 mm Q.6 35.35 cm app., 5
Q.7 8 µm Q.8 0, 1.5mm
32 9
Q.9 1.25m Q.10 48, 21, , ,0 m.m
3 2
Q.11 760m, 21.8m, 89.4m, 19.6m
x
Q.12 81:1 Q.13 v
λy
 π (µ − 1) t  400
Q.14 I0 = I sec2   Q.15 7 µm , 1.6, µm (decrease)
 λ  7

Q.16 9.3 µm Q.17 3/4
1 3
Q.18 (i) 1 mm (ii) increase Q.19 (a) ,; (b) No shift
15 4
Q.20 33
Exercise 2
Q.1 C Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 C Q.6 A

Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 B
Multiple Correct Choice Type
Q.10 B, C, D Q.11 A, C, D Q.12 A, C Q.13 B, D Q.14 B, C Q.15 A, C

Q.16 C, D
Assertion Reasoning Type
Q.17 D Q.18 A Q.19 C
Comprehension Type
Q.20 A, C, D Q.21 A, B, D Q.22 B, D

Q.1 D Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 C
Q.6 A → p, s; B → q; C → t; D → s Q.7 B, D Q.8 A, C Q.9 A, C
Q.10 13.97 W m2 Q.11 7 × 10−6 W Q.12 (a) 7 × 10−6 m ; (b) 1.6; (c) −5.71 × 10−5 m

Q.13 9.3 µm Q.14 B Q.15 A, B, C Q.16 3

P hysi cs | 17.49
Solutions
JEE Main/Boards (ii) Doesn’t depend on D

(iii) If λ decreases, θ decreases
Exercise 1
Sol 4: According to Huygens theory each point on the
Sol 1: Size of obstacle must be comparable to leading surface of a wave disturbance may be regarded
2λD as a secondary source of spherical wave, which
wavelength of light width = themselves progress with the speed of light in the
d
medium & whose envelope at later times constitutes
2 × 6 × 10−9 × 3 × 102 the new wave front.
= = 1.2 × 10–3 m.
3 × 10−3
Sol 2: (a) Wave front is the locus of all particles of

the medium which vibrate in same phase and where
disturbances reach at the same point of time.
Consider all the point on a primary wave front to be
sources of light, which emit disturbances known as
secondary disturbances.
Tangent envelope to all secondary wavelets gives the

position of new wave front.
(b)
(i)  DG 
DM = Vtt = Vt  
 Vi 
n 
DM =  i  DG
 nt 
ni sin θt
⇒ =
nt sin θi
D
Sol 5: R. P. =
1.22 λ
(ii) (i) If f increases, λ decreases
R. P. increases
(ii) R. P. doesn’t depend on f.
(iii) If D increases, R. P increases
Sol 6: Wave front is the locus of points having the same

phase (a line or a curve, etc)
λ
Sol 3: θ ∝
d
(i) If d decrease, θ increases
Sol 7: If the wavelength of both the sources is same, Sol 10: Two sources are said to be coherent if their
then interference may not be possible as even phase frequencies are equal and they have a constant phase
difference must be constant difference. Two independent sources of light cannot be
coherent
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos θ
(i) θ = 0; I1 = 4I0;
I1
(ii) θ = 90° = 2 ; I2 = 2I0
I2
Sol 8: With 2 slits → interference pattern
xn d
S 2P – S 1 P =
D
 δ xn 
 = 
 d D
With 1 slit → diffraction pattern xn d
If = nλ
D
we will observe maximum intensity
xn d λ
If = (2n + 1)
λ 2
we will observe minimum intensity.
In first case, the maximum intensity is constant as we Sol 11: Resolving power of an instrument is its capacity
go from centre. to resolve 2 points which are close together
In second case, the intensities at maximum decrease as (i) It doesn’t depend on μ of the medium
we go from centre.
(ii) It’s inversely proportional to λ of light.
In first case, the fringe length is fixed. In second case,
the fringe angle is fixed.
Sol 12: Difference between interference and diffraction:
Interference is due to superposition of two distinct waves
Sol 9: coming from two coherent sources. Diffraction is produced
as a result of superposition of the secondary wavelets
coming from different parts of the same wavefront.
Numerical: Here, λ = 600nm = 600 × 10−19 = 6 × 10−7 m
D
= 0.8m, = = 15 × 10−3 m
x 15mm
n 2,a
= = ?
In diffraction pattern x
 a = nλ
D
nλD 2 × 6 ×10−7 × 0.8
a
= = = 6.4 ×10−5 m
x 15 × 10 −3
Sol 13: Angular separation of interference fringes in

YDSE depends only on λ, d but not on D.
P hysi cs | 17.51
Sol 14: Linearly polarised light is light in which all sin i

the electric field of all the photons are confined to 1 µ=
sin r
direction perpendicular to direction of wave.
C0 1
I = I0cos2q C= as C ∝
µ µ
I ∝ cos2q
⇒ C ∝ sin r.
θ = 180°
Minimum for r = 15°.
λD
Sol 15: β =
d Sol 22: (a) d sin θ = nλ (for constructive)
β λ
⇒ β α λ; 1 = 1  1
β2 λ2 d sin θ =  n +  λ (for destructive)
 2
If white light is used, there will no complete darkness
as all colours will not be out of phase at a single point
centre will be brightest as all colours will be in phase at
that point.
3λ
Sol 16: First maxima → θ =
2d
λ
First minima → θ =
d
λ1D
(b) b1 =
hc d
Sol 17: E = hν = . c value decrease & λ also decreases
λ
8 × 10−7 × 1.4
maintaining the frequency constant. So E is constant. = = 4 × 10–3 m = 4 mm
−4
2.8 × 10
λD
Sol 18: β = λ2D 6 × 10−7 × 1.4
d b2 = = = 3 mm.
d 2.8 × 10−4
(a) (i) 2nd bright : y = 2b
3b1 = 4b2
β
(ii) 1st dark : y = 3rd bright of 1st light = 4th bright of 2nd light
2
(b) If D increases Sol 23: (a) The transparent medium allows components
of E only in 1 direction & reflects all its perpendicular
β decreases, so fringe width increases.
components.
I0
Sol 19: The centre reflects the components perpendicular (b) As A & B are crossed, I0 = →
to the direction 2
I0 I0
I = I0 cos2q & cos2θ =
2 8
Sol 20: In single slit diffraction angular fringe width Sol 24: Imin = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 .cos φ & I = a2
depends only of λ, d but not on D.
Imax = a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 (1) = (a1 + a2)2
Sol 21:
Imin = a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 ( −1) = (a1 − a2 )2
Sol 25: I0 = 4I1

I0
I'0 = I1 + I1 + 2I1cos90° = 2I1 =
2
Exercise 2 Phase difference =

2π
3
Single Correct Choice Type λD
for 2π →
d
Sol 1: (C) I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cosφ 2π λD
for →
Imax → cos φ = 1 3 3d
I = 9I
Sol 8: (C)
Imin → cos φ = –1
Imin = I
c
Sol 2: (C) γ =
λ
In denser medium, c decreases but frequency remains
the same. Sol 9: (C)
∴ λ also decreases
Sol 3: (B) Maximum path difference = 100 nm = 3.5 λ

So, we can get pd of –3λ, –2λ, …., 3λ.
i.e. 7 maxima.
nλ1D (n + 1) λ2D as D increases

Sol 4: (B) =
d d
I1 moves away from O.
n(2200) = (n + 1)(5200)
∴ I first decreases, then increases.
⇒ 3n = 2(n + 1)
⇒n=2 Sol 10: (D)
(2n + 1) λ
Sol 5: (D) (l1 + l3) – (l2 + l4) =
2
↓ ↓
path by path by
S1
S2
Sol 6: (C) Let intensity due to single slit by I1. By two

2d d d
slits we get I. OI = − =
3 2 6
⇒ I = I1+I2+2 I1 I2 cos(φ)
d nλD
and φ = 0º at centre. =
6 d
⇒ I = 4I1
d2
I ⇒λ=
⇒ I1 = 6nD
4
d2
So is not possible.
Sol 7: (C) Let I be intensity due to single slit. 3D
I=I+I+2 I.I cos φ
2λD
Sol 11: (D) β =
−I −1 d
⇒ cos φ = =
2I 2 as c decreases, λ also decreases
⇒ φ = 120º
so β decreases but there won’t be any shift.
P hysi cs | 17.53
Sol 12: (A) d = µx S1P – S2P = nλ

Family of hyperbolas with n as variable.
Sol 16: (C) First coloured to be received is violet. As

µx 2πµx frequency of violet is high, lred is high and
phase difference = =
λ λ
µred > µviolet
2π
Sol 13: (D)
λ
Sol 17: (A) = 1.33 t
2
300
⇒t= = 225 nm
1.33
Fringe width will not change it depends only on λ, d, D. Sol 18: (C) Image will coincide with S but on opposite
side.
To get Pd = 0, S1O > S2O.
So O will be below O1 pattern will shift downwards.
Sol 14: (A) Imax = 4I0

75% of Imax = 3I0
Sol 19: (B) They will get closer, if we use light of lower λ.
3I0 = I0 + I0 + 2I0.cosφ
i.e. using blue light.
1
cos φ = If ‘d’ decreases, β increases
2
β doesn’t depend on distance between source and slits.
⇒ φ = 2nπ ± 60º
It’s between Sol 20: (D) P1 = µAtA + tB
3π 6π P2 = tA + µBtB
Pd = tA.tB
↓ ↓
If tA > tB → towards B
2nd minima 3rd maxima
[same as in previous question]
π
only is not possible in the options If tB < tA → towards A
3
Sol 21: (A) If we put mica sheet in front of S1.

( 2 – 1)d = (µ – 1)t
⇒ t = 2( 2 – 1)d
In front of S2
Sol 15: (B) ( 2 – 1)d + (µ – 1)t = nλ.

Previous Years’ Questions or

2n – 1
=
7
=
14
=…
2m – 1 5 10
λD i.e., 4 th minima of 400 nm coincides with 3rd minima
Sol 1: (D) ω =
d of 560 nm.
d is halved and D is doubled Location of this minima is,
∴Fringe width ω will become four times. (2 × 4 − 1)(1000)(400 × 10−6 )
Y1 = = 14 mm
2 × 0.1
Sol 2: (C) Imax = ( I1 + I2 )2 = ( 4I + I )2 = 9I Next 11th minima of 400 nm will coincide with 8th
minima of 560 nm.
Imin = ( I1 – I2 )2 = ( 4I – I )2 = I
Location of this minima is,
(2 × 11 − 1)(1000)(400 × 10−6 )
Sol 3: (A) In interference we know that Y1 = = 42 mm
2 × 0.1
Imax = ( I1 + I2 )2 and Imin =( I1 ~ I2 )2 ∴ Required distance = Y2 – Y1 =28 mm
Under normal conditions (when the widths of both the

slits are equal) φ
Sol 6: (C) I = Imax cos2  
2
I1 ≈ I2 = I (say)
Imax φ
∴Imax = 4I and Imin = 0 ∴ = Imax cos2
4 2
When the width of one of the slits is increased. Intensity φ 1
due to that slit would increase, while that of the other cos =
2 2
will remain same. So, let :
φ π
I1 = I and I2 = ηI (η > 1) or =
2 3
Then, Imax = I (1 + η )2 > 4I
2π  2π 
∴φ= =   Dx ... (i)
And Imin = I ( η – 1)2 > 0 3  λ 
∴ Intensity of both maxima and minima is increased. where Dx =d sin q
Substituting in Eq. (i), we get
Sol 4: (B) I(φ) = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ …(i)
λ
sin θ =
Here, I1 = I and I2 = 4I 3d
π  λ 
At point A, φ = ∴ IA = I + 4I = 5I or θ = sin–1  
2  3d 
At point B, φ = π ∴ IB = I + 4I – 4I = I
∴ IA – IB = 4I Sol 7: Each plate reflects 25% and transmits 75%.
Note: Equation (i) for resultant intensity can be applied Incident beam has an intensity I. This beam undergoes
only when the sources are coherent. In the question multiple reflections and refractions. The corresponding
it is given that the rays interfere. Interference takes intensity after each reflection and refraction
place only when the sources are coherent. That is why (transmission) are shown in figure.
we applied equation number (i). When the sources are
3
incoherent, the resultant intensity is given by I = I2 + I2
9 64 3
64 16
Sol 5: (D) Let nth minima of 400 nm coincides with mth
minima of 560 nm, then 9
16
 400   560 
(2n – 1)   = (2m – 1)   4
3
 2   2  4
P hysi cs | 17.55
Interference pattern is to take place between rays 1 (4737 × 10 –10 m)(1.33m)

and 2. ω= = 6.3×10–4 m
(1 × 10 –3 m)
I1 = I/4 and I2 = 9I/64 ω = 0.63 mm
2
Imin  I – I  1 (b) Let t be the thickness of the glass slab
∴ =  1 2 
=
Imax  I + I  49 Path difference due to glass slab at centre O.
 1 2 
Sol 8: Given λ = 6000 Å

Let b be the width of slit and D the distance between
screen and slit.
First minima is obtained at b sin θ = l
or bθ = λ as sin θ = θ  µglass   1.53 
Dx =  – 1 t =  – 1 t
 µliquid   1.33 
 
or Dx = 0.15t
Now, for the intensity to be minimum at O, this path
λ'
difference should be equal to
2
λ'
λ ∴ Dx =
orθ = Angular width of first maxima = 2θ 2
b 4737
2λ or 0.15 t = Å
= ∝l 2
b
∴ t = 15790 Å
Angular width will decrease by 30% when λ is also
or t = 1.579 mm
decreased by 30%.
Therefore, new wavelength
Sol 10: Let n1 bright fringe corresponding to
  30   wavelength l1 = 500 nm coincides with n2 bright fringe
λ’ = (6000) –   6000  Å corresponding to wavelength l2 = 700 nm.
  100  
λ’ = 4200 Å λ1D λ2D
\ n1 = n2
(b) When the apparatus is immersed in a liquid of d d
refractive index µ, the wavelength is decreased µ times. n1 λ2 7
or = =
Therefore, n2 λ1 5
6000Å
4200 Å = This implies that 7th maxima of l1 coincides with 5th
µ maxima of l2. Similarly 14th maxima of l1 will coincide
6000 with 10th maxima of l2 and so an.
\µ = or µ = 1.429 ≈ 1.43
4200 n1 λ1D
∴Minimum distance = = 7×5×10–7×103
d
Sol 9: Given, µ = 1.33, d = 1 mm, D = 1.33 m,
= 3.5 × 10–3 m = 3.5 mm
λ = 6300 Å
I0
(a) Wavelength of light in the given liquid: Sol 11: (B) Intensity of light transmitted by A =
2
λ 6300
λ’ = = Å = 4737 Å = 4737 × 10–10 m According to Malus law, the intensity of light transmitted
µ 1.33
by B
λ 'D
∴ Fringe width, ω = I0 I0 I0
d =
2
cos
= 2
θ
2
( 45°)
cos2=
4
Sol 12: (C) Consider a point P on the screen. The λD λ

path difference between the waves from S1 and S2 Sol 2: β = ; λ = 0
d µ
on reaching P is ( S2 P − S1 P ) . This path difference is
6 × 10−7 1
constant for every point on a circle of radius x with ∴β= ×3× = 2.25 × 10–4 m.
P0 as the centre. Hence the figures will be concentric 4 2 × 10−3
circles with common centre at P0 .
9λ D
Sol 3: 9th Bright fringe =
d
1.5λD
P 2nd dark fringe =
d
λ ×1
x 7. 5 × 10–3 = (9 - 1. 5)
5 × 10−4
P0 ⇒ λ = 5 × 10–7 m = 5000 Å.
S1 S2
Sol 4: Pd = d sin q
Note that S1 and S2 are point sources and (not slit
sources as in Young’s experiment). d sin θ =
λ
2
π
Sol 13: (B) d × 0. 75 = 2. 6 × 10–7
180°
I A cos2 30 = IB cos2 60
⇒ d = 2 × 10–2 mm.
IA 1
=
IB 3 Sol 5: Imax = 4I0
75% of Imax = 3I0
Sol 14: (B) We know that
Geometrical spread = a 3I0 = I0 + I0 + 2 I0 I0 cos φ
λL
and diffraction spread = 1
a ⇒ cos φ =
2
λL
So spot size(b) = a + φ = 60° , – 60°, 120°
a
λD
λL 360 →
For minimum spot size a = ⇒ a = λL d
a
λD
120° → = 0.2 mm.
and bmin = λL + λL = 4λL 3d
Sol 6: Possible pd for maxima → –2l1…. . . 2l

i. e. 5
JEE Advanced/Boards
d sin θ = λ for 1st maxima
Exercise 1 ⇒ 3 sin θ = 1
1
sin θ =
Sol 1: For constructing interference 3
φ = 2xp 1
⇒ tan θ =
8
2π(x1 − x2 ) π π
= − + 2nπ
λ 8 6 y = tan θ = 0. 353 m.
 1 
⇒ (x1 – x2) =  n − λ .
 48 
P hysi cs | 17.57
Sol 7: (m1 – m2) t = Pd = 5l x

Sol 13: n =
β
5 × (48 × 10−8 ) xd
t= = 8 µm n=
0.3 λD
Sol 8: I0 = 4I1 dn x d(d) xv
= =
Pd = (y – 1) t dt λD dt λy
= 0. 5 × 1. 5 × 10–6
Sol 14: Let intensity of individual slit be I1
= 7.5 × 10–7 m
I0 = 4I1
λ = 5 × 10–7 m
with glass plate
Pd = 1. 5 l
(µ − 1)t
∴ I0 = 0 φ = 2π ×
λ
λD I = 2I1 + 2I1 cos f
Shift = 1.5 = 1.5 mm
d
I0
I= (1 + cos φ)
c 3 × 108 2
Sol 9: =
λ= = 5m
ν 6 × 107 2I
⇒ I0 =
λ φ
Dp must be 2cos2
2 2
λ
10 – x – x = (2n + 1)
2 (µ − 1)t 5λrD
Sol 15: f1 = × 2π ; 10–3 = 5b1 =
10 – 2x = 2.5 or 7.5 λr d
to get minimum x and φ = 10π

10 – 2x = 7.5 (µ − 1)t
f2 = × 2π
10 − 7.5 λg
=x = 1.25m
2
Dyc = 6b1
Sol 10: 25λ2 + d2 − d = nλ

Sol 16: Pd = (m1 – m2) t
Possible values of
3
I1 = I
n = 5, 4, …. . 1 4 max
for each value of d, we will get a circle with S1 as center. ⇒ φ = 60° or – 60° ± 2 np
λ φ must lie between 10π, 11π.

Sol 11: | AB – BC | = (2n + 1)
2
AB = 200 m
c 3 × 108
λ= =
ν 5.8 × 106
4 4 16
Sol 12: I A 'B' = × I = I
5 5 25
16 16
1+ +2
Imax 25 25
= = 81 : 1
Imin 16 16
1+ −2
2 5 25
Sol 17: φ =
(µ2 − µ1 ) (t2 − t1 )
× 2π
Exercise 2
λ0
Ic = 2I0 + 2I0 cos f
Imax = 4I0. b d
Sol 1: (C) =
Vair Vwater
Sol 18: S will have 2 images which will act as sources Vair µ
b
and is similar to YDSE ⇒ = = water
d Vwater µair
1 1 1
− =
v u f
Sol 2: (D) For monochromatic light, Imax and fringe
f = 10 cm width is constant.
u = – 15 cm so, we use white light to determine central maximum.
1 1 1 1
= − =
v 10 15 30 Sol 3: (B) Case-I → I1 = I0+I0+2 I0 I0 cos(0º) = 4I0
v
d = 0. 5 × = 1mm Case-II → I2 = I0+I0+2 I0 I0 cos(90º) = 2I0
u
I1
Sol 19: Minima possible when =2
I2
λ
(a) Pd = (2n + 1)
2
Sol 4: (C) At O, Pd = S1S2 = d
i. e. – 0.75, – 0.25, 0.25, 0.75
(2n + 1)λ
d sin θ = pd if d = → 0 → minima
2
y = D tan q d = nλ → 0 → maxima
0.25 0.75 1 3 if d = 4.3 λ,
sin θ = , ⇒ ,
1 1 4 4
Possible minima
1 3
⇒ tan θ = , → –3.5λ, –2.5λ, …. 3.5λ.
15 4
i.e. 8 points.
(b) We need to find the initial Pd
Sol 5: (C)
D/ 3
D/ 3
d
Pd = d sin 30° = = 0.5 mm = l
2
So, there will be no shift.
λD
Sol 20: Let β =
d
5 Pd
= Pd = (m1 – m2)t
β λ
8 (µ − 1) (t2 − t1 )
=
β λ
P hysi cs | 17.59
Pd = d sinθ Sol 11: (A, C, D) Imax = I1 + kI1 + 2 k I1cosφ; (cosf→ 1)

d 3
= = × 10–4 m = I1(1 + k + 2 k ) and k < 1
2 2
3 Imin = I1(1 + k – 2 k )
= × 5 × 10–7 × 103 m = 300 λ
10 so Imax < I0 and Imin > 0
So, possible maxima
β doesn’t change.
–299λ, –298λ, ……. 299λ
Fringes will shift towards covered slit.
i.e. 599 maxima
yd
c 3 × 108
Sol 12: (A, C) λ = = = 300 m
Sol 6: (A) In the YDSE experiment, ∆x = , ν 106
D
yd λ
d=
for the maxima, ∆x = n λ ⇒ = nλ 2
D
n λD d
⇒ y = . In the question, y = .
d 6
2
d n λD d
Then,= ⇒
= λ where, n = 1, 2 , 3 , 4….
6 d 6nD
I1 = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos(0º)
Sol 7: (A) Pd = n3t – n2t
I0 = 4I1
(n3 t − n2 t) 2π λ
φ= × 2n = (n − n2 )t If θ = 90º ; φ = ;I=0
λ0 n1 λ1 3 2
d λ
If θ = 30º; DPd = = ; φ = 90º
Sol 8: (C) Pd = (µ – 1) t 2 4
(µ − 1)t I0
φ= × 2π I = 2I1 =
λ 2
I = I0 + I0 + 2I0cosφ
Sol 13: (B, D) They must have same frequency and
constant φ.
They need not have same A1I.
Sol 9: (B) Pd = 2µt + t – µ(2t)

Pd = t Sol 14: (B, C) lred > lblue
y D Dt ∴ bred > bblue
= ⇒y=
Pd d d Fringe length decreases.
So, no. of maxima increases.
Multiple Correct Choice Type Sol 15: (A, C) Central maxima will shift towards A as
(µ – 1)t is added before A.
Sol 10: (B, C, D) Central fringe will white as phase Dx = (µ – 1)t
difference = 0 for all colours.
We can’t get completely dark fringe as all colours will (µ − 1)t
Dy = × β.
not have phase difference = 0 at a single point. λ
lviolet < lred, lviolet is minimum in visible region.

So, violet maxima is closest.
2λD 2 × 4.5 × 10−7

Sol 16: (C, D) β = = = 9 × 10–4 m
d 10−3
λD
= 4.5 × 10–4 m.
d
1
Pd = (µ – 1)t = 0.5 × 2.1 × 10–6 Sol 21: (A, B, D) β ∝
D
Pd Angular fringe width doesn’t depend on D.
φ=
λ Central fringe doesn’t change from O.
−7
10.5 × 10 1
= =2+
4.5 × 10 −7 3 Sol 22: (B, D) bx angular fringe width depends on ’d’
λd 2λd Position of central maxima doesn’t change.

So ,
3D 3D Rest all maxima, minima positions change.
Assertion Reasoning Type

Sol 17: (D) Statement-I is false as path difference will
be zero.
Sol 1: (D) For first dark fring on either side d sin θ = λ or
PS = µS1O dy yD
1
=λ∴y=
PS = µS2O D d
2
Pd = 0 Therefore distance between two dark fringes on either

2yD
side = 2y =
c d
Sol 18: (A) ν = ; l > lblue
λ red
And µred > µblue
So, light speed of red > light speed of blue.
Sol 19: (C) Electromagnetic field at a point depends

also on time.
It’s magnitude depends with time
So statement-II is false. Substituting that values, we have
2(600 × 10 –6 mm)(2 × 103 mm)

Comprehension Type Distance = = 2.4 mm
(1.0mm)
2λd
Sol 20: (A, C, D) β =
D
So β ∝ λ
Central maxima is always at O in this case.
P hysi cs | 17.61
Sol 2: (D) At First minima, b sin θ = l For minimum value of t, n = 1

λ λ
\t = = = 2l
µ –1 1.5 – 1
Sol 5: (C) All points on a wavefront are at the same

phase.
\ fd = fc and ff = fe
\ fd – ff = fc – fe
y Sol 6: (A) → (p, s) → Intensity at P0 is maximum. It will

or bθ = λ or b   = l continuously decrease from P0 towards P2.
D 
λD λb (B) → (q) → Path difference due to slap will be
or y = or =λ …(i) compensated by geometrical path difference. Hence
b D
δ(P1) = 0
Now, at P (First minima) path difference between the λ λ λ λ
(C) → (t) → δ(P1) = , δ(P1) = – = and δ(P2)
rays reaching from two edges (A and B) will be 2 2 4 4
λ λ λ
= – = . When path difference increases from
λb λb 2 3 6
Dx = (Compare with Dx = in YDSE)
D D λ
0 to , intensity will decrease from maximum to zero.
or Dx = l[From eq. (i)] 2
Hence in this case, I(P2) > I(P1) > I(P0)
Corresponding phase difference (φ) will be
(D) → (r) → Intensity is zero at P1
 2π  2π
φ =   .Dx, φ = .λ = 2p
( )
2
 λ  λ I1 + I2  I / I +1
2
Imax
Sol 7: (B, D) = =  1 2  =
Imin
( )
2  I / I –1
λD I1 – I2  1 2 
Sol 3: (B) Fringe width, ω = ∝l
d
9 (Given)
When the wavelength is decreased from 600 nm to 400
I1
4 Solving this, we have =4
nm, fringe width will also decrease by a factor of or I2
6
2 A1
or the number of fringes in the same segment will But I ∝ A2∴ =2
3 A2
increase by a factor of 3/2.
b
Therefore, number of fringes observed in the same Sol 8: (A, C) At P (directly infrom of S1) y =
2
3
segment = 12 × = 18 \Path difference,
2
Note: since ω ∝ λ, if YDSE apparatus is immersed in a y.(b)
DX = S2P – S1P =
liquid of refractive index µ, the wavelength λ, and thus d
the fringe width will decrease µ times.
b
  (b)
2 b2
Sol 4: (A) Path dirrerence due to slab should be =   =
d 2d
integeral multiple of λ or ∆ x = nλ
or (µ – 1)t = nλ n = 1, 2, 3
nλ
or t =
µ –1
90 180
= 2
+ cos60º + 20 cos 60º
4 π(3) 4 π(1.5)2
= 0.79 + 3.18 + 10
b
= 13.97 W/m2
2
Sol 11: Power received by aperture A,
10
PA = I( πrA2 ) = (π) (0.001)2 = 10–5 W
π
Those wavelengths will be missing for which Power received by aperture B,
λ1 3λ2 5λ3 10
DX = , , … PB = I( πrB2 ) = (π) (0.002)2 = 4×10–5 W
2 2 2 π
Only 10% of PA and PB goes to the original direction
b2 2∆x b2
\l1 = 2Dx = l2 = =
d 3 3d Hence, 10% of PA = 10–6 = P1 (say)
2∆x b2 and 10% of PB = 4 × 10–6 = P2 (say)

l3 = =
5 5d Path difference created by slab
δ Dx = (µ – 1)t = (1.5 – 1) (2000) = 1000Å
Sol 9: (A, C) The intensity of light is I(θ) = I0 cos2  
2
Corresponding phase difference,
2π  2π 
where δ = (Dπ) =   (d sin θ)
λ  λ  2π 2π π
φ= . Dx = × 1000 =
(a) for θ = 30º λ 6000 3
Now, resultant power at the focal point
c 3 × 108
λ= = =300 m and d = 150 m
v 106 P = P1 + P2 + 2 P1P2 cos φ
 2π  1 π
δ=   (150)   = π
 300  2 2 = 10–6+4×10–6+ 2 (10 –6 )(4 × 10 –6 ) cos
3
δ π
∴ = = 7 × 10–6 W
2 4
π I
∴I(θ) = I0 cos2  4  = 0 [option (a)] Sol 12: (a) Path difference due to the glass slab,
  2
Dx = (µ – 1)t = (1.5 – 1)t = 0.5t
(b) For θ = 90º
Due to this slab, 5 red fringes have been shifted
 2π  upwards.
δ=   (150) (1) = p
 300  Therefore, Dx = 5lred or 0.5t = (5) (7 × 10–7m)
δ π ∴t = thickness of glass slab =7×10–6m
or = and I(θ) = 0
2 2
(b) Let µ’ be the refractive index for green light then
δ
(c) For θ = 0º, δ = 0 or =0 Dx’ = (µ’ – 1)
2
∴I(θ) = I0 [option (c)] Now the shifting is of 6 fringes of red light. Therefore,
Dx’ = 6lred
Sol 10: Resultant intensity at P
∴(µ’ – 1)t = 6lred
I p = IA + IB + IC (6)(7 × 10 –7 )
∴(µ’ – 1) = = 0.6
PA PB 7 × 10 –6
= + cos 60º + IC cos 60º ∴µ’ = 1.6
2
4 π(PA) 4 π(PB)2
P hysi cs | 17.63
(c) In part (a), shifting of 5 bright fringes was equal to 3

Intensity at O is given I and since
10–3 m. Which implies that 4 max
5wred = 10–3 m φ
I(φ) = Imax cos2  
(Here ω = Fringe width) 2
10 –3 3 φ
∴wred = m = 0.2 × 10–3 m ∴ I = Imax cos2  
5 4 max 2
λD
Now since ω = or ω ∝ l 3 φ
d or = cos2   …(iv)
4 2
ωgreen λgreen
∴ =
ωred λred From Equation (iii) and (iv), we find that
λ
λgreen  5 × 10 –7  ∆=
∴ wgreen = wred = (0.2×10–3)   6
 7 × 10 –7 
λred   λ 31
i.e., Dx = 5λ + + = λ = 0.3t
6 6
wgreen = 0.143 × 10–3 m
31λ (31)(5400 × 10 –10 )
∴Dω = wgreen – wred = (0.143 – 0.2) × 10 m –3 ∴t = =
6(0.3) 1.8
Dω = – 5.71 × 10–5 m or t = 9.3 × 10–6 m = 9.3 mm
Sol 13: m1 = 1.4 and m2 = 1.7 and let t be the thickness Imax φ
of each glass plates. Sol 14: (B) = Im cos2  
2 2
Path difference at O, due to insertion of glass plates φ 1
will be ⇒ cos   =
2
  2
φ π
⇒ =
2 4
π
⇒
= φ
2
( 2n + 1)
λ λ π λ
x
⇒ ∆= =
φ × ( 2n + 1=
) ( 2n + 1 )
2π 2π 2 4
Dλ
Dx = (m2 – m1)t = (1.7 – 1.4)t = 0.3t …(i) Sol 15: (A, B, C) β =
d
Now, since 5th maxima (earlier) lies below O and 6th
minima lies above O.
 λ2 > λ1 ⇒ β2 > β1
λ Also m1 β1= m2 β2 ⇒ m1 > m2

This path difference should lie between 5λ and 5λ +
2
D   D 
So, let Dx = 5λ + ∆ …(ii) Also 3   ( 600 nm) = ( 2 × 5 − 1)  2d  400 nm
d  
λ λ
Where ∆ < Angular width θ =
2 d
Due to the path difference Dx, the phase difference at
O will Sol 16: For maxima,
2π 2π
φ= Dx = (5λ + ∆) 4
λ λ d2 + x2 − d2 + x2 =m λ , m is an integer
3
2π 2
= (10π + .∆) …(iii) So, x= 9m2 λ2 − d2
λ
∴p =3

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2017-18 100 &

2500 + 1000 (New) Problems

5000+Illustrations and Solved Examples

Topic Covered Plancess Concepts

1.1 Nature of Light Waves

Light of a single wavelength is called monochromatic light.

speed of light in vaccum 3.0 × 108 ms−1

2. HUYGENS’S WAVE THEORY

3.1 Coherent and Incoherent Sources

3.2 Intensity and Superposition of Waves

Where R 2 = A12 + A22 + 2A1 A2 cos φ or I = I1 + I2 + 2 ( ) ( )

For maxima, cos φ= 1, φ= 2nπ n= 0,1,2

For minima, cos φ = −1, φ = (2n − 1)π n = 1,2,...

Similarly the resultant intensity at P is given by, I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos φ . Here, I1 and

Sol: Interference, amplitudes added and subtracted not the intensity, =

3.3 Conditions for Interference

3.4 Young’s Double Slit Experiment

⇒ S2P − S1P = S2 X = dsin θ

The point P will be dark or of minimum intensity when the path S2

The bright fringes are thus observed at distances

λD 2λD 3λD nλD

Where n is an integer ∴xn = ( 2n − 1) λ2dD .

The dark fringes will be observed at distance

The distance between two consecutive dark fringes = β =

Sol: Path difference needs to be λ.

Sol: Path difference due to introducing of thin film.

Sol: The separation between the successive bright fringes, β ∝ λ .

Sol: Angular fringe width, ω ∝ λ .

Illustration 10: In a YDSE, D=1m, d=1mm and λ =1 2mm  (JEE ADVANCED)

Total no. of maxima ∗

(i) Fringe width β

Sol: Refer to the formulas:-

n=1000 is not <<2000

Hence now ∆p =d sin θ must be used

φ 2π ( dsin θ ) Figure 17.6

For interference in reflected rays

When µ2 is in between µ1 & µ2 , condition for 3

Sol: Path difference due to introducing of thin film.

β β ( 0.45 ) t 5 × 5890 10−10

3.5 Optical Path

3.6 Interference from Thin Films

Sol: Path difference due to introducing of thin film.

3.7 YDSE with Glass Slab

Path difference produced by a slab

Shifting of fringes: Suppose a glass slab of thickness t and refractive

Then, the whole fringe pattern shifts upwards by a distance

Following three points are important with regard to Eq. above

(c) Number of fringes shifted = =

Sol: Path difference due to introducing of thin film.

Illustration 16: Bichromatic light is used in YDSE having wavelength 4 7

So the minimum order of λ1 which overlaps with λ2 is 7.

Sol: Path difference due to introducing of thin film.

3.8 YDSE with Oblique Incidence

Sol: Path difference at central maxima =0.

Hence point O correspond to 20th maxima ⇒ intensity at O=I0

4.1 Diffraction of Light Due to Single Slit B

Diverging light from monochromatic source S is made parallel after refraction

In general, for minima, dsin θm = mλ Or sin θm = mλ d

= 4.5 × 10−3 rad .

4.2 Diffraction by a Circular Aperture

4.3 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals

5. RESOLVING POWER OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

5.1 Limit of Resolution

Illustration 10: In a YDSE, D=1m, d=1mm and λ =1 2mm (JEE ADVANCED)

When µ2 is in between µ1 & µ2 , condition for 3

(Vibrations in the (Vibrations to the

Q.12 Light of wavelength λ in air enters a medium of

1 Multiple Correct Choice Type